Our countrymen are participants in the Afghan battles. Heroes of the civil war The story of the heroes of labor mari el
After the October events of 1917, and especially after the Bolsheviks dispersed the Constituent Assembly elected by all the people (January 1918), the country was engulfed in the flames of a fratricidal civil war. At first, the majority of the Mari had a basically neutral attitude towards it: they wanted and hoped to stay away from the fight between the “reds” and the “whites”. The Bolshevik revolution at first did not give the Mari peasants anything - neither good nor bad. After all, there were no landowners here, there were almost no rich kulaks-farmers, whose lands and property could be seized and divided among themselves. Therefore, a neutral, expectant attitude was quite understandable, natural for the peasants of the Mari.
Mari during the Civil War
But the Bolshevik regime also frightened with its cruelty. For many democratic educators, there was only one thing left to do: to leave political life for cultural activities, for teaching and publishing, in order to take advantage of the opportunities provided by the new government.
It should be noted that only a small group of the Mari intelligentsia went over to the side of the Whites. The white camp frightened the Mari with slogans of a return to "one and indivisible" Russian Empire without any autonomous rights for small non-Russian peoples; following him meant a return to the times when the Mari people, like other "foreigners", experienced all sorts of national oppression.
The masses themselves, even in the conditions of the turbulent events of the civil war, almost did not participate in political life country. They were more concerned with their daily bread. After all, the threat of famine has loomed over the country. It intensified in the late spring - early summer of 1918, when Soviet power was strengthened and the Bolsheviks broke off the alliance with the Left SRs, who defended the interests of the peasantry. The Bolsheviks established a food dictatorship, sent armed detachments to the villages to seize bread from the peasants (food detachments).
It was believed that bread was hidden by "kulaks"; to search for him, it was ordered to create committees of the poor (combeds) in the villages. But the Mari peasants did not have such a sharp division into kulaks and poor peasants. So it turned out that the village loafers and drunkards, hungry for other people's goods, united, received power and weapons and ruined the wealthy farms of the most hard-working, zealous owners (after all, the authorities gave them part of the bread stolen from the "kulaks").
Prodrazverstka
In the summer and autumn of 1918, indignant peasants raised uprisings in many places, cracked down on food detachments, and refused to hand over grain to the state. In response, the authorities brutally cracked down on the local population.
On January 15, 1919, by decision of the Tsarevokokshay district executive committee, the village of Knyazhna was renamed the village of Danilovo.
On September 10, 1918, a Cheka detachment of 25 people was sent to the village of Knyazhna near Tsarevokokshaysk, headed by the chairman of the county Cheka, S.P. Danilov. During the operation "to identify weapons from the population," the commander of the KGB detachment Danilov and the Red Army soldiers Volkov, Zarubin, Anisimov were killed. For this, on the orders of the new head of the Cheka, Ya. Krastyn, for each killed, the first 10 villagers who came across were shot. Then the investigation was checked and about 50 more participants in these events were shot.
As for the civil war, there were no hostilities directly on the territory of the region, with the exception of several skirmishes in the summer of 1918 in parts of the current Volzhsky, Morkinsky, Mari-Tureksky regions. The rest of the territory of the region, both then and in 1919, was a front line ( Eastern Front), where the Red Army units were concentrated, the burden of supplying them with food, wagons was borne by the local population.
As for the Eastern Mari, their lands were under the rule of the Whites for a long time, battles swept over them several times, and power changed. Thousands of Mari were mobilized into the Kolchak army.
When Kolchak's army was defeated at Baikal and the Mongolian border, most of the Mari-Kolchak surrendered to the Red Army, at the same time, hundreds of them went beyond the cordon, scattered around the wide world.
Formation of the Mari Autonomous Region
In 1919, the Bashkir Republic was formed as part of the RSFSR. At the same time, the lands of the Eastern Mari were not allocated and did not receive any special status, but simply became part of the Bashkir ASSR.
The question of Mari autonomy in one form or another has been raised since 1917. But on initial stage Mari public figures reduced it only to cultural autonomy, without touching on territorial autonomy. In 1918, an attempt was made to create the so-called Tatar-Bashkir Republic with the inclusion of the Mari regions. But the events of the civil war pushed back the decision on the issue of self-determination of the peoples of the Volga region, including the Mari.
On November 4, 1920, signed by the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars V. I. Lenin and the Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, M. I. Kalinin, a Decree was adopted on the formation of the Autonomous Region of the Mari people.
As part of the region, three districts were formed, which, following the example of Switzerland, were named cantons: Krasnokokshaisky, Kozmodemyansky, Sernursky.
The organization of the region was completed at the First Regional Congress of Soviets, which took place on June 21-24, 1921. The congress discussed the economic and cultural development of the region, elected the regional executive committee headed by IP Petrov (it was he who became the first head of the MAO).
After 15 years, in 1936, the autonomous region was renamed into an autonomous republic (Mari ASSR).
Famine of 1921 - 1922
Joy over the formation of the Mari Autonomous Region was overshadowed by a huge, terrible disaster - famine. The year 1921 remained in people's memory as one of the blackest, most difficult years.
The main reasons were crop failure, on the one hand, and the food policy of the Bolsheviks, on the other, when armed food detachments raked out all the products from the peasants.
The surplus appropriation of 1920 left the Mari peasants without food and fodder for livestock, with only a small amount of seed material. Winter crops were not fully sown, and the unfavorable winter ruined more than 2/3 of winter crops. These fields had to be plowed up in the spring and sown with spring crops. At the end of spring, when they had already risen, frosts hit and killed most of the spring crops. And then there was no rain for a long time, a drought came.
Famine of 1921 - 1922
In 1922, the Mari Regional Commission for Assistance to the Starving published the book Famine in the MAO in 1921-22. This is a collection of documents and materials of the then press.
Here is at least one of these testimonies: “In the village of Shor-Unzha, out of 162 horses, only 30 remained. All dogs and cats have been eaten, they collect carrion and eat it with appetite. Whole crowds of peasants bring children to the volost executive committee and leave them there, saying: “Feed!”. Members of the RCP/b/ are often threatened by the population that if they are not satisfied with food, they will be killed and eaten. There were cases of tearing and eating the dead.” There are even reports of cases of cannibalism.
By the summer of 1921, three-quarters of the region's population was starving, and typhus, cholera, and other diseases broke out. MAO was recognized as being at risk of famine, then was included in the number of areas that should be assisted.
But trouble does not come alone. Since in late spring - early summer there was no rain at all and it was hot, peat bogs and forests caught fire in many places. Terrible in June Forest fires raged over a wide area. Kozmodemyansky and Krasnokokshaysky cantons were declared under martial law. About 250,000 hectares of forest died, 12 villages burned down, and there were human casualties.
Only from the beginning of 1922 did the state begin to provide assistance: seeds were allocated for sowing, and the export of orphans to more favorable provinces was organized.
The United States came to the aid of the starving through the American Relief Administration (ARA), headed by Commerce Secretary Herbert Hoover. Its activities on the territory of the Mari Autonomous Region began in January 1922. The periodical press of that time repeatedly emphasized the great assistance of the ARA. So, in the newspaper "Yoshkar Keche" on January 22, 1922, a message was published that "ARA promised to supply 140 thousand rations to MAO every day" . "American canteens" were opened everywhere, in which 121 thousand people found salvation from starvation (with a total population of MAO 350 thousand).
Republic of Mari El from ancient times to the XVI century.
Finno-Ugric tribes have inhabited the territory of modern western, northern and central Russia since prehistoric times. Archaeological sources dating back to the first millennium BC have been preserved on the territory of the Republic of Mari El. e. Since the Mari script (tishte) was used exclusively for recording economic information, and the Tatar written sources were destroyed during the capture of Kazan, almost all written information about the history of the middle Volga is associated with Russian sources.
Cheremis (the modern name is Mari) was first reliably mentioned in the 10th century. in a letter from the Khazar Khagan Joseph to the dignitary of the Caliph of Cordoba Hasdai ibn Shaprut. Between the 5th and 8th centuries, the ancestors of the modern Mari interacted with the Goths, later with the Khazars and the Volga Bulgaria, which was located on the territory of modern Tatarstan and was destroyed in 1236 by the Mongol troops of Batu Khan advancing on Russia. With the Golden Horde formed after that, the Mari, apparently, were in allied relations. Between the 13th and 15th centuries, the Mari were part of the Golden Horde and the Kazan Khanate.
Since the 9th century, the Mari also come into contact with the Slavs moving east Kievan Rus who settled on the land of the western Mari (mere) the cities of Rostov, Galich, Yaroslavl, Suzdal, Vladimir and in 1221 Nizhny Novgorod. Gradually, the Western Mari (mere), after the adoption of Christianity, are glorified, those who do not want to accept Christianity flee east into the depths of the Mari region. In the Middle Ages, Russian-Tatar clashes on the Mari lands became commonplace (the Mari are on the side of the Tatars). For the time being, the Tatars and Mari prevail, but then Ivan the Terrible begins a planned war of conquest: in 1551, the lands of the mountain Mari (the right bank of the Volga) fall under the control of Moscow, and in 1552, the tsarist troops take Kazan, and the meadow Mari begin to pay tribute to Moscow . Then systematic colonization begins: for example, Cheboksary was founded in 1555, Kozmodemyansk in 1583, and Tsarevokokshaysk, now Yoshkar-Ola, in 1584.
Republic of Mari El in the XVII-XIX centuries.
In the 17th century in the region, the possessions of Russian landowners appear. However, most of the Mari were not employed in corvee, they paid yasak to the tsarist government. Mari participated in peasant wars early 17th century under the leadership of I. I. Bolotnikov, in 1670-71. - S. T. Razina, in 1773-75 - E. I. Pugachev a. Russian peasants settled on the Mari lands, which became state lands. Under Peter I, something begins to change - Mari are drafted into the army, begins Scientific research territory, the first written monuments of the Mari language are compiled.
In the XVIII-XIX centuries. the first factories with civilian workers and ascribed peasants appear. Significant lands were owned by monasteries and large entrepreneurs. The timber and sawmill industries developed.
In 1872, the Kazan Teachers' Seminary was opened, one of the tasks of which was to train representatives of the Volga peoples, including the Mari. This gave a serious impetus to the national revival, Mari schools were opened, books were printed in the Mari language, including textbooks.
In the 2nd half of the XIX century. enterprises of the factory and manufactory type were founded; built ship repair, glass and distilleries. Forced Christianization leads to the fact that the Mari go into the forests, leaving entire villages empty.
Republic of Mari El during civil war
The first Marxist circle was organized in 1899 by the teacher K. I. Kasatkin in Yurino. In 1905, Social Democratic circles arose in Yurino, Kozmodemyansk, Urzhum, Cheboksary, and elsewhere. During the Revolution of 1905–07, Mari workers and peasants participated together with Russians in the revolutionary movement (demonstrations in Yurino, Zvenigovsky Zaton, and the surrounding villages). After the February Revolution of 1917, in April and May, Soviets were created in Yurino, Tsarevokokshaisk, Kozmodemyansk, and other cities, in which, with the exception of the Yurinskiy Soviet, Socialist-Revolutionaries, Mensheviks, bourgeois nationalists, and kulaks predominated.
A radical turn in the history of the Mari people was the Great October Revolution. socialist revolution. Soviet authority was installed on December 23, 1917 (January 5, 1918) in Tsarevokokshaisk (since 1919 - Krasnokokshaisk), on December 31 (January 13, 1918) in Kozmodemyansk, by the middle of 1918 - everywhere. The struggle for the power of the Soviets was led by the Bolsheviks M. F. Krasilnikov, P. T. Kochetov and others. In February-April 1918, Bolshevik organizations were created in Kozmodemyansk and Yaransk. In the summer of 1918, counter-revolutionary rebellions broke out in the region (Stepanovsky, Tsarevokokshaysky, Kozmodemyansky, Knyazhninsky and others), but they were suppressed by the Red Army together with the Mari workers. In July 1918, a mari department was created under the People's Commissariat for National Affairs of the RSFSR. On July 20–24, 1920, the First All-Russian Conference of Mari Communists took place in Kazan. On November 4, 1920, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR adopted a decree "On the formation of an autonomous region of the Mari people." On November 25, 1920, the decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars "On the Autonomous Region of the Mari People" determined the administrative-territorial composition of the region with the center in Krasnokokshaisk (since 1927 - Yoshkar-Ola). On February 20–23, 1921, the 1st Mari regional party conference was held in Krasnokokshaisk, at which the regional committee of the RCP(b) was elected. On June 21-24, 1921, the 1st Congress of Soviets of the Mari Autonomous Okrug elected a regional Executive Committee. In 1929–32, the Mari Autonomous Okrug was part of the Nizhny Novgorod Territory, and in 1932–36, the Gorky Territory. On December 5, 1936, the Mari Autonomous Okrug was transformed into the Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic as part of the RSFSR. On June 21, 1937, the Extraordinary Eleventh Congress of Soviets of the Republic approved the Constitution of the Mari ASSR.
During the years of the pre-war five-year plans (1929-40), the Mari people, with the support of the Russians and other peoples of the USSR, basically built socialism. During these years, 45 industrial enterprises were built and put into operation in the republic. From the industrial centers of the country, especially from Gorky, engineers, technicians, skilled workers, and also experienced party cadres were sent to new buildings and enterprises. In Moscow, Leningrad, Gorky and other cities, national personnel were trained for the industry and agriculture of the republic. The output of large-scale industry in the Mari ASSR in 1940 increased by 7.4 times in comparison with 1913. By 1941 the collective farms united 94.2 percent of the peasant farms; construction started railways(the first of them Zeleny Dol - Yoshkar-Ola was completed in 1928), a cultural revolution was carried out: illiteracy was basically eliminated, tribal feudal and religious remnants disappeared; national cadres of the working class and the people's intelligentsia have grown; developed national literature and art. The Mari people consolidated into a socialist nation. The region has turned from a backward region of Russia into an industrial-agrarian republic.
Republic of Mari El during the Great Patriotic War
By the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the Mari ASSR had achieved tremendous success. Socialist industry was anew created in it on the basis of which the development of industries moved forward. National economy.
Great Patriotic War 1941-1945 became a huge test of strength for millions of Soviet people both at the front and in the rear, a test that our grandfathers and fathers withstood with honor, providing decades of peaceful life in their country and all mankind.
On Saturday, June 21, 1941, on the day of the 4th anniversary of the adoption of the Constitution of the Mari SSR, the jubilee session of the Supreme Council of the Republic opened. It was the last day of peace. The regional committee and district committees of the party skillfully directed the patriotic aspirations of the working people, roused people to fight against the fascist invaders. At the head of the patriots, party workers and ordinary communists voluntarily went to the front. Over 1620 communists went to the front in the first six months. Following the communists, Komsomol members also filed statements about their desire to voluntarily go to the front. Over 130 thousand people were sent by the Mari ASSR to defend the Motherland. A little over 56 thousand of them returned from the battlefields. From the first days of the war, the life of the republic was restructured on a military basis. Most of the industrial enterprises of the republic in the first months of the war switched to the production of military products. In a short period, the work of enterprises evacuated from the western regions was adjusted. During the war years, only 48 enterprises were built, which made it possible to double the output of military products. They produced aerial bombs, shells, searchlights, optical instruments, trailers for artillery and small arms, vehicles, skis, containers for military equipment equipment, Mari lumberjacks gave the country 14 million cubic meters of timber Many forest industry enterprises also worked well. The Mari forest was used to restore cities, destroyed villages, enterprises and mines in Ukraine and other republics. Lumberjacks supplied gun blanks, birch for the manufacture of skis for fighters to defense plants. Soviet army.
The labor prowess of the collective-farm village during the war years is invaluable. It was a mass feat of village women, old people, teenagers, children, who, in the most difficult conditions, provided food for our army and rear. Women and children mastered tractors, and sometimes harnessed themselves instead of horses and plowed collective farm fields. Agricultural workers of the republic during the war gave the country and the front more than 21.7 million poods of bread, about 4 million poods of potatoes, 1.3 million poods of meat, a lot of milk and other products.
Many industrial enterprises of military importance from different regions of Russia were evacuated to the Mari land, and more than 36 thousand residents evacuated from the western regions of the country: from Moscow, including adults and children, received a warm welcome on the Mari land besieged Leningrad, Kiev, Smolensk, Kalinin, Belarus, the Baltic states, as well as 26 orphanages. The local population rendered great assistance in their arrangement, helped them settle in, get used to it.
Republic of Mari El in the post-war years
In the post-war five-year plans, the economy and culture of the Mari ASSR received further development. New large enterprises of machine-building, instrument-making and other branches of industry arose in the republic. The material and cultural standard of living of the people has risen significantly. The rise of the economy and culture was accompanied by a comprehensive expansion of mutual assistance and the deepening of ties between the Mari ASSR and the fraternal republics. National in form, socialist in content, internationalist in spirit and character, the culture of the Mari people flourished. The working people of the republic in the conditions of a developed socialist society, together with the peoples of all Soviet Union participate in the creation of the material and technical base of communism. In the Mari ASSR in 1974, 19 Heroes of Socialist Labor. For success in developing the national economy of the Mari ASSR, she was awarded the Order of Lenin in 1965 and the Order of the October Revolution in 1970; in commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the USSR in 1972 - the Order of Friendship of Peoples.
In October 1990, the Declaration of State Sovereignty was adopted, since 1992 the modern name is the Mari Republic (Mari El).
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Republic of Mari El with the center of Yoshkar-Ola located in center of the European part of Russia, v the middle reaches of the Volga. If you look at the map of Russia Mari El borders with the Nizhny Novgorod and Kirov regions, with the republics of Tatarstan and Chuvashia.Almost the entire territory of the republic is covered forests : pine, spruce-fir and mixed. Most of the area is swampy lowland, in the east - hills of Vyatsky Uval.
Major rivers Volga and its left tributaries: Vetluga, Rutka, Big and Small Kokshaga, Ilet; the northeast of the region belongs to the basin Vyatka .
History of the Mari region
The Mari are the only people in Europe, a significant part of which did not accept either Islam or Christianity.
For a long period, this territory was the scene of a fierce struggle between West and East, Europe and Asia, Christianity and Islam, Slavs and Turks. Therefore, the Mari became dependent on Khazar Khaganate, then from the Volga Bulgaria, the Golden Horde, the Kazan Khanate. In the middle of the 16th century, the Mari Territory was annexed to the Russian state. and from now on fate Mari people closely intertwined with the history of Russia. The Mari are the only people in Europe, a significant part of which did not accept either Islam or Christianity. Many Mari pray in sacred groves, hold pagan holidays, and perform rituals that have come down to our days since ancient times.
On the territory of the Republic of Mari El preserved archaeological sources relating to the first millennium BC. Since writing cheremis (modern name - mari) did not have until modern times, then all information about the history of the Middle Volga is associated with Russian sources. Cheremis were first reliably mentioned in the 10th century in a letter from the Khazar Khagan Joseph to the dignitary of the Caliph of Cordoba Hasdai ibn Shaprut. Between the 5th and 8th centuries, the ancestors of the modern Mari interacted with the Goths, later with the Khazars and Volga Bulgaria, which was located on the territory of modern Tatarstan, and was destroyed in 1236 by the Mongol troops of Batu Khan who attacked Russia. With the Golden Horde formed after that, the Mari, apparently, were in allied relations. Between the 13th and 15th centuries, the Mari were part of the Golden Horde and the Kazan Khanate.
Since the 9th century, the Mari also come into contact with the Slavs of Kievan Rus moving east, who settled the cities of Rostov, Galich, Yaroslavl, Suzdal, Vladimir and in 1221 Nizhny Novgorod on the land of the western Mari. Gradually, the Western Mari, after adopting Christianity, become Slavic, those who do not want to accept Christianity flee to the east, deep into the Mari region. In the Middle Ages, Russian-Tatar clashes on the Mari lands became commonplace (the Mari are on the side of the Tatars). For the time being, the Tatars and Mari prevail, but then Ivan the Terrible starts a war: in 1551, the lands of the mountain Mari (the right bank of the Volga) fall under the control of Moscow, and in 1552 the tsarist troops take Kazan, and the meadow Mari begin to pay tribute to Moscow. Then systematic colonization begins: for example, Cheboksary was founded in 1555, Kozmodemyansk in 1583, and Tsarevokokshaysk, now Yoshkar-Ola, in 1584.
The first Mari grammar of Putsek-Grigorovich appeared in 1792
Despite the forced Christianization carried out for several centuries, a significant part of the Mari retained pagan pre-Christian beliefs . Forced Christianization led to the fact that the Mari went into the forests, leaving entire villages empty. Under Peter I, something begins to change: the Mari are drafted into the army, the scientific study of the territory begins, the first written monuments of the Mari language are compiled. The first Mari grammar of Putsek-Grigorovich appeared in 1792. The Mari language belongs to the Volga-Finnish group of the Finno-Ugric family . There is writing based on the Cyrillic alphabet, newspapers are published.
Tsar city on Kokshaga
- There are no large cities on earth.
And for the whole year do not go around them.
But in any region I always sing about one thing:
Yoshkar-Ola, I see again
Over the spring Kokshaga bridges.
Yoshkar-Ola, land of fathers,
Forever I have you in my heart.
And you are far away, my good city,
I remember like a home.
Let the years fly, I am your faithful son forever!
L. Derbenev ("Song of Yoshkar-Ola")
Tsar city on Kokshaga (hence later formed the long-established official name of the city - Tsarevokokshaysk ) was founded in 1584 under Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich after the death of Ivan the Terrible. Traditionally, it is customary to begin the description of the history of the city with the first written mention of it. In the life of Yoshkar-Ola such a date - November 1, 1584 . This city was first described in "Economic notes of the Tsarevokokshay district" : “This city was built without a project with an irregular quadrangular, oblong figure, having a circumference of four versts and a hundred sazhens. In that city there are two fortresses, fortified in the eastern side by a river, and in the southern, western and northern sides - by an earthen rampart, there are 5 stone and 29 wooden houses in it.. Yes, the Tsarev city on Kokshag was originally a small military fortress typical of the Middle Ages, surrounded by ramparts and wooden walls. There were driveways in the towers of the wall. Near the walls on the outside there were ditches, usually filled with water.
They started to settle here artisans, merchants, peasants . The main occupation of the population is agriculture . grown in the vicinity of the city hop, prospered fur, forest, and distillery. But the main part of the population was still military. In the 18th century, the first industrial enterprises appeared in the city, and there was a boom in stone construction. The city began to Alexander Elizabethan Fair . At the same time, merchant dynasties formed in the city. The city was located on the banks of two small and interconnected overgrown lakes, or rather swamps, which disappeared completely with time, and in their place arose market square . This is - history Center cities.
Yoshkar-Ola is included in the number of historical cities of Russia
Name "Yoshkar-Ola" "red city" . In 1990, the city was included among the historical cities of Russia. Until the middle of the 16th century, the territory of modern Yoshkar-Ola was part of the Galician Daruga of the Kazan Khanate and was inhabited by the indigenous Mari. In October 1552, Ivan the Terrible defeated the Kazan Khanate and annexed these lands to the Muscovite state, but the local population did not want to obey the new orders of the Moscow government, and in the spring of 1553 a broad national liberation movement began. Ivan the Terrible used his Moscow troops to suppress the uprisings, which were content only with temporary military resource bases in this territory. But the uprisings did not stop, and it was decided to set up “fortified cities” here to pacify the rebels. It is to this event that the city of Yoshkar-Ola owes its birth.
The city has six palaces of culture, five theaters, 2 cinemas, 5 museums, more than 200 monuments of history and culture
Now Yoshkar-Ola is the capital of the Republic of Mari El
with modern residential buildings and developed infrastructure. This is the cultural center of the republic. The city has six palaces of culture, five theaters, 2 cinemas, 5 museums, of which the largest are National Museum. T. V. Evseeva, Museum fine arts, Museum of the History of Yoshkar-Ola and National Art Gallery. There are many in the city parks, squares
, there are more than 200 monuments of history and culture. Among the masterpieces of architecture protected by the state, one can name Ascension Church(1756), House of Pchelin (mid-18th century), House of Soviets (1937).
The city of Yoshkar-Ola is not only surrounded by greenery almost from all sides. forests
, but traditionally considered one of the "greenest" cities in Russia. A large complex of urban forests is being completed water protection zones rivers, reservoirs, shelterbelts along roads and railways. Functioning since 1939 Botanical Garden Mari State technical university
, which is federal specially protected natural area.
Yoshkar-Ola is one of the oldest and most beautiful cities in the Middle Volga region. The fate of the city is rich in historical events. He has gone through a lot and today has acquired a completely new look. Yoshkar-Ola is a city amazing fate, where the old and the new harmoniously coexist, time is acutely felt, going from the past to the future.
- I love you, Yoshkar-Ola.
You are good in winter and summer.
You bloomed a red flower
And I sing loudly about it.
V. Zubarev.
The modern city of Yoshkar-Ola is not deprived of anything - not beauty, nor originality. It coexists and antiquity, and youth, simplicity and greatness. The streets of the city, its squares and boulevards are unique. A river Malaya Kokshaga in a green frame authentic decoration of the city. main street in Yoshkar-Ola is considered Lenin Prospekt. Prospect directly from the reinforced concrete bridge over the river, as if opens the city center. Pushkin Street is considered to be culture street . The hallmark of Yoshkar-Ola as the cultural capital of the republic has become S. G. Chavaine National Library. It is deeply symbolic that main book depository of the Republic is located exactly on Pushkin Street, which bears the name of the Russian poet who had a tremendous influence on S. G. Chavain. And here is Chavaina Boulevard, bearing the name of the founder of Mari literature. Beginning in 1903, Sergei Grigorievich Chavain created works that were included in the golden fund of Mari literature.
- I came here for a reason:
Lines of songs of acquaintances are calling
On the wide boulevard Chavaina
Roses bloom even in autumn.
From Kokshaga to the park itself,
Stretching out the living path
Blazing, swaying brightly
And they nod their heads
A. Yuzykain
- There are many cities on earth,
But forever you are dear to my heart,
Dressed in the greenery of the gardens,
Dear Yoshkar-Ola.
mari art
Story professional musical art among different nations testifies that the initial steps of their development were largely based on folklore and ethnographic basis (among the Mari, for example, this is creativity I. S. Palantaya, Ya. A. Eshpay ). Works created on this basis and enriched, creatively processed, have become an important integral part national culture. Works that are limited, even if only to external folklore features, can acquire a certain interethnic spiritual significance. An example would be the work V. Kupriyanov "Shika-Vika", when the composer, having taken an unpretentious Gornomari comic melody, created a complete musical picture on its basis, in the same sense one can call "Festive" Y. Evdokimov. All of them, with their rhythmic pace and collective form of performance, reflect the positive attitude of the people to modern life.Two national folklore groups of the Republic"Mari Pamash" and "Mari El" are major phenomena of the Mari national art. Ensemble "Mari El" became famous dancing , in which a broad search for new forms of creative expression is manifested, not always based on national folklore choreographic material. The ensemble "Mari Pamash", carefully preserving the folk basis of folklore works, enriches them with the achievements of professional art, the achievements of the same ensemble "Mari El". A rare beauty spectacle - a concert of the State Dance Ensemble "Mari El". The magic of dance together with great music can transform the space of the stage into an extraordinary world! The ensemble was founded in 1939. The originality, bright entertainment of programs, high skill and expressiveness of performance brought the ensemble a well-deserved success not only in Mari El and Russia, but also in many countries of the world.
An active concert activity in the republic and beyond its borders is being created at the music school named after. I. S. Palantaya Ensemble of Folk Instruments "Mari Kundem"(“Mariysky Krai”), headed by Stanislav Elembaev until 2005. V repertoire ensemble: arrangements of folk song and dance music, arrangements of works by Mari composers, author's works by S. Elembaev. The high professionalism of the team allowed him to become a diplomat twice All-Russian competition, laureate of the State Youth Prize. Olyka Ipay (1996), to receive the status of an orchestra of folk instruments (1999).
At the same time, the traditions of national art are not forgotten - genres of choral music. Before the revolution, the Mari region was a backward corner tsarist Russia. There was no professional musical art in the Republic of Mari El. But the Mari have always had a craving for music. Natural musicality was manifested in the design of the simplest instruments, which were molded from clay, made from reeds or wood. More complex folk instruments kusle, karsh (harp), shuvyr (bagpipe), marla accordion (accordion)- sounded in everyday life and ritual ceremonies, accompanying the singing of the peoples of Mari El. Mari songs contain the whole history of the Mari people. These songs are living documents historical life Mari, they show his suffering, the struggle for independence, his aspirations and faith in a brighter future. Fret basis of Mari music is an pentatonic scale . This mode is typical for Scottish, Chinese, Japanese, Hungarian music. The pentatonic zone in our country includes the art of the peoples of the Volga region (Tatars, Chuvashs, Bashkirs, Udmurts, Mordovians), partly Siberia (Buryats). The mari pentatonic scale is meaningful, deep, whimsical, it has, like any pentatonic scale, the property of instant “recognizability” and, at the same time, it is diverse enough to express any emotional states. The folklore heritage of the Mari people deserves great attention. Its collection and accumulation is very valuable, as it captures the most ancient themes of the oral art of the Mari people, reflecting their unwritten history.
Famous countrymen
Andrey Yakovlevich Eshpay was born on May 15, 1925 in Kozmodemyansk. In 1975 he was awarded the title People's Artist of the RSFSR . Initially, he studied music under the guidance of his father, the Mari composer and folklorist Yakov Eshpai. In 1953 he graduated from the Moscow Conservatory in composition with Yevgeny Golubev and in piano with Vladimir Sofronitsky. He improved his composition in graduate school there (supervisor Aram Khachaturian). Eshpay - author of many symphonies and concertos, author of music for numerous theatrical productions and films, songs. Mari folk music is reflected in "Symphonic Dances" on Mari themes (1951), the first concerto for violin and orchestra (1956), the third symphony with a dedication "To the memory of my father" (1964), "Songs of mountain and meadow Mari" for symphony orchestra (1983) . Andrey Eshpay - laureate of the State Prize of the USSR (1976), awarded with orders and medals.******
The childhood and youth of the famous poet Nikolai Alekseevich Zabolotsky were held in Sernur, now the regional center of Mari El, and then - the village of the Urzhum district of the Vyatka province. Having left Sernur in 1917, since then he could only visit here in his memoirs and poems, where he called small homeland "state of daisies". The first time his poems were translated into the Mari language in 1934. Subsequently, Mari poets and translators often turned to the work of their countryman. One of the impressions that make up the original life “fund” of his poetry is “and winter, huge, spacious, unbearably shining on the snowy deserts of the fields, unfolded its outlandish pictures before me ...”. And next to it: “...human life around was so meager! The Mari, the original inhabitants of this region, were especially poor. Poverty, hunger drove them from the world ... " In the third grade of a rural school, he already "published" his handwritten journal and placed his own poems there. In addition to poetry, the young talent was interested in history, chemistry, and drawing.In the early poems of the poet, the memories and experiences of a boy from the village, organically connected with peasant labor and native nature, impressions of student life and colorful book influences were mixed. At that time, Zabolotsky singled out for himself the work of Blok, Akhmatova. In 1920, after graduating from a real school in Urzhum, he went to Moscow and entered the medical department of the university there. Very soon, however, he ends up in Petrograd, where he studies at the Department of Language and Literature of the Herzen Pedagogical Institute, which he graduates in 1925, having for his soul, by his own admission, "a voluminous notebook of bad poems". V next year he is called to military service. He serves in Leningrad, on the Vyborg side, and already in 1927 he was transferred to the reserve. Despite the short duration and almost optional military service, the clash with "turned inside out" the world of the barracks played the role of a kind of creative catalyst in the fate of Zabolotsky: it was in 1926-27 he writes his first real poetic works finds his own, unlike anyone else's voice. Zabolotsky was fond of painting by Filonov, Chagall, Brueghel. The ability to see the world through the eyes of an artist remained with the poet for life.
On March 19, 1938, Zabolotsky was arrested and then convicted on a fabricated case for anti-Soviet propaganda. He was saved from the death penalty by the fact that, despite the most difficult physical tests during interrogations, he did not admit the charges of creating a counter-revolutionary organization. Victim experience Stalinist repressions v memoir "The Story of My Imprisonment" have been published abroad English language in 1981, in Russia in 1988. A partial idea of his camp life is given by the selection "One Hundred Letters 1938-1944" - excerpts from letters to his wife and children. In 1946, Nikolai Alekseevich was reinstated in Union of Writers and received permission to live in the capital.
Historical places
National Museum of the Republic of Mari El named after Timofey Evseev is the leading scientific and methodological and information center republic, has unique archaeological, historical, ethnographic and natural science collections , conducts archaeological and ethnographic research on the territory of the republic and beyond its borders. The museum actively cooperates with the university and academic science, has experience in holding international and regional scientific and practical conferences, seminars and cultural events.Currently, the museum has three permanent exhibitions : « amazing world animals. Specially Protected Natural Territories of the Republic of Mari El”; "Rites of the life cycle: the traditional culture of the Mari XIX-XX"; "Pages of the history of the Mari region". The expositions tell about the unique nature Republic of Mari El, introduce visitors to the animal and flora edges: inhabitants of forests, open spaces, river valleys, animals listed in the Red Book. Also, the attention of visitors is presented with information about specially protected territories of the republic: Reserve "Bolshaya Kokshaga", national park"Mariy Chodra", state reserves and amazing monuments of nature Mari El. Unique ethnographic exposition talks about rituals, traditional activities of the Mari, pagan religious beliefs. The exposition presents environment and the relationship of man with nature, the gradual development of human living space, the world associated with the gods and religious life, the astral cult of the Mari people.
V exposition "Pages of the history of the Mari region" original material and photo-documentary materials on the most important periods of the history of the Mari region are presented. The visitors of the exhibition are presented with a rich archaeological and paleontological material: ancient tools labor from stone, bone, bronze, iron, ancient weapons, jewelry, household items, the remains of fossil animals - mammoths, woolly rhinos, bison, cave bears that once lived on the territory of the Mari region. In the room medieval history you can see important event in the history of the Mari people - the entry of the Mari Territory into the Russian state, to examine medieval household items and weapons, to see the model of the Tsarevokokshaysk fortress, from the foundation of which the history of the capital of the Republic began. In the exhibition dedicated to pre-revolutionary history visitors can get acquainted with the life of representatives of various classes, see authentic costumes and household items of townspeople and peasants, merchants and intellectuals. The life of a rich noble estate is shown in the section "Sheremetyev's Castle" .
Brick walls… Gothic turrets Sheremetev's estate in the village of Yurino because of her appearance often called a castle. The owners of the estate were Vasily Petrovich and Olga Dmitrievna Sheremetevs. Olga Sheremeteva was the sister of the famous General M. D. Skobelev, who repeatedly visited them. The palace occupies more than a hectare in area, it has almost a hundred rooms.
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If you sail on Volga, behind Yurin on the left side opens a wide expanse of water. This place where the Vetluga River flows into the Volga. Since ancient times, this river has been one of the main routes along which timber rafts from the Volga region were rafted. The timber trade served as a source of income for the inhabitants Kozmodemyansk that stretches downstream on the right bank. It was founded by Ivan the Terrible in 1583 as a guard fortress. According to legend, the king stopped at this place on the day of the memory of Cosmas and Damian. In the 19th century, the city was the second center of the timber trade in the Russian Empire after Arkhangelsk. Kozmodemyansk, which has preserved its pre-revolutionary layout, can be called monument in the open air . It is believed that Kozmodemyansk became prototype Vasyukov described in novel "The Twelve Chairs".On the banks of the backwater of the Volga River, in the town of Paratskaya dacha, Kazan province, October 25, 1889 was opened sawmill of Kozmodemyansky merchant V. I. Gubin . In 1923 the plant was given the name "Dawn" .
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It was a stormy time - the 30s! Many decades have passed, but even today one cannot read archival documents without excitement, listen to the stories of old-timers about how the city of Volzhsk. Industrialization accelerated the pace: energy and mechanical engineering, communications and instrumentation developed - they needed a large amount of paper - cable, telephone, impregnating, etc. There were few of these types of paper in the country. Therefore, the idea of building a paper mill in the Mari Autonomous Region was supported. By the beginning of 1935, a village was built of wooden 12-apartment residential buildings and dormitories, a canteen for 600 people, a bakery, and a shop. With the organization of the workers' supply department, the provision of builders with food and industrial goods improved. But there were always not enough workers, and there were practically no earth-moving and lifting machines. Thousands of cubic meters of soil were selected with shovels, beams, floor slabs were raised to multi-meter marks using the simplest devices. Commissioning of housing did not keep pace with the growing team of builders. Residential houses and especially barracks were overcrowded. Working in such difficult conditions, people took the test of endurance. Many could not stand such physical stress, everyday disorder and left. Those who came because of money did not linger either. Not so much working as snooping around the construction site. They found out where they pay better, how much more you can earn. There were those who had a strong character. They built Marbumkombinat and the city of Volzhsk. Building local history museum one of the oldest in the city. Work in the museum three divisions : "Department of the history of the city of Volzhsk and the Volga region"; "Department of ethnography"; two exhibition halls, where exhibitions of works by artists of the Republic of Mari El and neighboring republics, products of applied art of folk craftsmen are demonstrated.Forest lakes of Mari El
Lakes are the national treasure of this region. Failed, interdune, floodplain, they invariably attract with summer coolness and the purest refreshing water. Most of the failed lakes are located in lower reaches of the Ilet River: Yalchik, Deaf, Bottomless, Kichier .The deepest karst lake in the Republic of Mari El- Explosion. Its depth reaches 56 meters. Most of the failed lakes located in the forests are very picturesque. From the depths of the karst failure, the Sea Eye, the famous local lake, looks at you. They christened him so for the right round shape and amazing, emerald color of the water. Green algae give this color to the lake.
Tabashinsky lake- one of the unique and most beautiful lakes not only in the Republic of Mari El, but also in the entire Middle Volga region. The maximum depth of the middle part reaches 55 m. The lake is flowing and has an oval shape. Its water is clear bicarbonate-calcium-magnesium, fresh, constantly kept at the same level. Found in the lake pike, bream, crucian carp, tench, burbot, roach, bleak . In 1974 the lake was recognized natural monument . According to legend, two hundred - two hundred and fifty years ago there were dense swampy forests, they were cut only by the threads of highways connecting the cities of Tsarevokokshaysk, Tsarevosanchursk and Yaransk.
Another beautiful lake is Lake Tair, located 42 km south of Yoshkar-Ola and 14 km north of the village of Kokshaysk. The name of the lake comes from Mari "Oto er" ("oto" - grove, "er" - lake). In the middle of the lake there is a small Island on which grows grove .
Hydrogen sulfide silt mud, covering the bottom of the lake, is not inferior to the mud of Odessa estuaries in terms of its healing properties.
In general, almost all lakes in the republic are karst, and therefore very deep and clean. Lake Shungaltan is special. It is located at the foot maple mountain , surrounded on all sides by a forest that seems to come ashore straight out of the water. This lake hydrogen sulfide . A faint smell of this gas is felt if you swim on the lake or stand near it. The lake is an oval karst funnel 100x150 m in size and up to 16 m deep, filled with mineralized water of sulfate-calcium composition. Hydrogen sulfide silt mud, covering the bottom of the lake, is not inferior to the mud of Odessa estuaries in terms of its healing properties.
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Some 50 meters from the lake flows one of the cleanest rivers of the republic - Ilet. This is a fairly fast river, especially in high water. Many live and nest on it. birds . If you look closely, while sailing in a kayak, you can see people hiding under the bushes near the shore. ducks with broods of ducklings, and in front of the nose kayaks constantly fly from coast to coast waders-carriers, and red-nosed importantly walk along the shore oystercatchers. The water in the river is very cold, because many springs flow into it. One of them is source "Green Key". This is the largest mineral spring , which are more than 20 at the foot of Maple Mountain.From the source, you can climb the Maple Mountain itself. You will come to the old Kazan tract, along which merchants carried goods to Kazan. And right along this path you will go to the next, and, perhaps, the most famous monument of nature - Oak Pugachev. When the troops of Emelyan Pugachev were defeated near Kazan, one of his detachments stopped under this oak, and it was from him, according to legend, that Pugachev looked at the glow of the Kazan fire. And then he went further along the highway, where the Mari peasants helped him cross the Volga.
On the banks of the Ilet River, at the confluence of the Yushut River, there is spring group, which are hydrogeological natural monument of federal rank . There are three main groups of springs. On the left bank, 2 km above the mouth of the Yushut, is Zeleny Klyuch, whose water comes to the surface in the form of griffins for 100 m along the coast. The composition of the water is sulfate-bicarbonate calcium-magnesium. On the right bank there are also springs from oolitic limestones. In the southern part of the village of Krasnogorsk, source Atlashka With sulfate-calcium composition of water, high content hydrogen sulfide. Here, in the Maple Mountain area, there are many oxbow lakes, at the bottom of which accumulates therapeutic hydrosulphuric mud.
Mari Chodra - "Mari Forest"
- Spring cloudless day
Washed with crystal dew.
A misty shadow cheered up,
Pulling the forest with a veil.
Filled with blush fields
Beyond the scarlet horizon
And bask in the light of dawn,
And freedom intoxicates the earth.
Gimadeeva Rosalina ("Datura of Freedom")
The Mari forests are the largest forest area on the Volga.
The Mari forests... They are not in vain famous throughout the Volga region, throughout Russia, this is the largest forest area on the Volga. Forests are the main wealth of the Republic, containing huge reserves of timber. The forest is home to many animals , pantry of all kinds berries, mushrooms and medicinal plants . The left bank of the Volga is covered with a continuous green carpet of forests. These regions are called Forest Zavolzhie . Here, in the Mari taiga is located Reserve Big Kokshaga . The name of the reserve was given one of the cleanest rivers in the European part of Russia, left tributary of the Volga - Bolshaya Kokshaga . The reserve is a typical site Mari lowland . There are no steep ravines and high hills here; quiet beaver streams make their way through swampy forests to Kokshaga. The reserve preserves intact plant communities: forests, swamps, meadows, which are habitats for rare animals and the growth of many rare and endangered plant species.
Growing in the reserve lady's slipper, leafless chin, May palmate root . There are in the reserve and birds , listed in the Red Book of Russia. This is - snake-eater , a rare and silent bird that catches snakes exclusively, secretive and cautious black stork . nests osprey , whose whole way of life is connected with the water element, a large and beautiful predator stops on the migration - white-tailed eagle . Here are protected and listed in the Red Book of Russia bat - a giant evening party, and the usual ones for the surrounding forests elk, wild boar, wolf, bear, hare . In the reserve they feel free.
In the local forests, unique places have been preserved, the importance of which in nature protection cannot be overestimated. One of them is oak forests in the floodplain of the river Bolshaya Kokshaga . In the oak forests on Bolshaya Kokshaga, you can find germinated acorns, young oak trees, and middle-aged trees. They say about such oak forests that they have a future. The Bolshaya Kokshaga Reserve is a small island of untouched nature in the Republic of Mari El, its pride and wealth.
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Mari Chodra National Park . "Mary Chodra" translated from Mari means "Mari forest". The forest here is amazing, beautiful! There are places rightly called Mari taiga , and there is even Mari Switzerland . The taiga is real, with thickets, impassable places. Imagine a shallow clean river in the middle of a dense impenetrable forest, above it there is a makeshift log bridge, and under the bridge in its shadow half a meter, or even a meter long, stand in anticipation of prey pike . The park was created in 1985. Its main wealth is the forest. Here and pine forests , and broadleaf forests . And they are richly populated: alone mammals 56 species . Chipmunks and moose, squirrels and bears, rabbits and foxes. birds you can find even more - 164 species . In the summer it can soar above you golden eagle, you can see the nest on tall oaks serpent eagle or white-tailed eagle, on the shore Ilet river nests kingfisher, and once in the spring, right on the field, on a small lake left from the melting snow, they splashed down more than 10 pairs of swans . In one of the lakes, a woman thought to have disappeared was rediscovered. muskrat . Settled in the park and american mink , frolicking on the rivers muskrat .The highest absolute mark of the park top of Maple Mountain (196 m) . Gives character to the landscape active karst process, which results in numerous funnels 50-60 m in diameter and failed lakes up to 36 m deep. The oxbow lakes of the Ilet River and lakes contain rich reserves healing mineral mud .
Most common type of forest in the park pine forest. Flora the park has 1155 species of vascular plants and 109 types of mushrooms. Registered 115 rare and endangered plant species : saranka lily, Siberian iris, licorice-leaved astragalus, brittle bladderwort, semilunar grapevine other. Meet plants listed in the Red Book of the RSFSR : feather grass, real lady's slipper, red pollenhead, neottiante klobuchkovy and 5 types of mushrooms. Meet here 159 land vertebrate species , 48 of which are rare and endangered. Allocated within the park 10 natural monuments . Among them: water lakes Yalchik, Kichier, Ergeshyer, Shut-er, Kuzh-er, Shungaltan, Glukhoe, Green Key spring, Maple Mountain, Klenogorskaya oak forest. Here are 2 historical monuments : Puachev's Oak and Old Kazan Road and 30 archaeological sites (the most significant of them is the Oshutyalskoye settlement of 14 dwellings of the Prikazan culture). In the village of Ilet created park museum .
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When enemies attacked the peoples of the Mari, they hid in some mountains; later these mountains were named "Pockets" . One of them is "Karman-Kuryk". Its name also translates as "fortress-mountain". Karman-Kuryk is located in the low-mountain part of the Vyatka-Mariysky rampart and is comprehensive geological monument of nature federal rank. On the steep northern and eastern slopes mountains outcrop the deposits of the Kazanian stage of the Permian system. In outcrops more than 30 m high, a sequence of interbedded limestones and dolomites with interlayers of multi-colored gypsum, marl, clay and sandstones. Limestones contain fauna corals, bryozoans, molluscs, crinoids, rhizomes etc. Closed vaults are visible on the northern slope karst cave , along the foot of the mountain can be traced whole line sinkholes .- My land is a lost fairy tale
My land is a hidden dream.
And the one who left his heart here
Left himself forever.
Shrouded in mystery, bewitched
Proud forests are glowing.
Silent firs-giants -
Their crowns "hold" the heavens.
The leaves will whisper indistinctly.
Trills will flow slowly -
The soul instantly freezes -
And I will heed them a little breathing.
Fields glow like gold
The amber river murmurs
And carries away into the distance of oblivion
She is my dreams.
One you, Motherland, such!
It's better not to find you!
I love with my soul and sing
You, Mari land!
Gimadeeva Rosalina ("My Land")
The Mari region can be called a haven of silence, the kingdom of mushrooms, berries, birds and animals. The nature of the Mari Republic is amazing and resembles alpine nature with many lakes, rivers and protected forests. The Mari are distinguished by a special commitment to nature, the earth, which largely determines their way of life. Today, more than two thirds of the Mari population of the republic are rural residents. And this is good, because the rural way of life contributes to the preservation of the national image of the people. The Mari people, despite all the vicissitudes of their historical fate, has retained its originality not only at the level of dance and songs, but, more importantly, at the level of a deep understanding of the world order.
All the energy and thoughts of most people are directed towards satisfying the growing material needs and symbols of social prestige: to have time to buy the "best" car, the "best" apartment, the "best" clothes, etc. - this cannot go on indefinitely. And most importantly, it does not give happiness, peace, or joy. But the greatest blessing for Marie is to feel that I am an integral part of God and to feel unity with him. Happiness is possible only in harmony with God. This idea runs like a red thread through the entire culture of Mari - architecture, clothing, rituals, music, healing, cooking, hunting, agriculture. The Maris are perhaps the only European people who have gone through all stages of the development of civilization without losing their ancient identity, worldview, philosophy, language, culture.
Eliseev Mikhail Grigorievich, senior sergeant, was born in 1899 in the village of Kolunets, Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, Russian, non-partisan. Before the war, he worked in the city of Volzhsk at the Marbum Combine.
The son of a poor man, who experienced the bitter life of an errand merchant, Eliseev, without hesitation, in 1918 joins the ranks of the defenders of the young Soviet Republic. He fights with the White Guards near Voronezh and Tsaritsyn.
He had to follow the same front roads during the Great Patriotic War. The commander of the anti-tank gun M. G. Eliseev reflects the attacks of tanks in the battle on the Volga.
On January 17, 1943, a tactically important village was recaptured from the Nazis. The Nazis, not wanting to leave him, undertake a series of counterattacks. They suffer big losses. Tanks do not save them either. From time to time, Eliseev brings the shells himself, loads the cannon himself, aims and shoots himself. Shells are running out. Eliseev lets the tanks get closer to destroy them for sure. Here is another one with a cross on the tower. But a machine-gun burst fired from this tank struck him down.
The death of senior sergeant Eliseev cost the German invaders dearly. Dozens of Nazis perished on the battlefield.
Koshkin Andrey Evdokimovich, senior sergeant, born in 1922 in the village of Bolshoe Podberezye, Kaibitsky district, Tatar ASSR, Russian, non-partisan. Before the war, he worked in the city of Volzhsk at the Marbum Combine.
On September 5, 1943, six scouts led by A.E. Koshkin were ordered to go behind enemy lines. The Nazis noticed the daredevils. A shootout ensued. During the mission, the scouts destroyed the ammunition depot, exterminated 15 Nazis. Upon returning, they met a group of fascists and, having entered the battle, destroyed three and took five prisoners.
On September 29, 1943, A.E. Koshkin, under heavy enemy fire, crossed the Dnieper, destroyed the defense system and enemy forces, managed to extract important documents from the German headquarters and delivered them to his command.
On the night of October 8-9, 1943, when attacking a height in the Kutsevalovka area, A.E. Koshkin was one of the first to break into the enemy’s location, throwing grenades at a firing point, disable an enemy machine gun, which ensured the successful advance of the unit. In this battle, he personally destroyed 3 Nazis in hand-to-hand combat.
On February 22, 1944, A.E. Koshkin was awarded the high title of Hero of the Soviet Union for his courage and bravery.
He died in 1958 in the city of Volzhsk.
Prokhorov Zinon Filippovich, Guard Lieutenant, was born in 1909 in the village of Bolshoi Olykyal, Volzhsky District, Mari ASSR, Mari, non-partisan.
Guard Lieutenant Prokhorov participated in Battle of Stalingrad, in battles on Kursk Bulge, Dnieper, Ukraine, Moldova.
On August 31, 1944, in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Bezymyannaya height, with his platoon, he repelled 8 enemy counterattacks in a day, while he personally destroyed 30 Nazi soldiers and officers from a machine gun.
On September 19, 1944, the company received a combat mission to attack the height on the outskirts of the village of Khodosh and capture it. Guard Lieutenant Z. F. Prokhorov, who was ahead of his platoon, with a grenade in his hand, crawled up the slope to the enemy's firing point. No more than 15 meters remained before the German machine gun, and the brave officer prepared to throw a grenade. But an enemy bullet pierced the brush of a brave man - the grenade fell out of his hands. Then the commander, having gathered his last strength, rushed to the machine gun and covered it with his body. The machine gun is silent. Guard Lieutenant Z. F. Prokhorov died heroically on September 19, 1944, repeating the feat of Alexander Matrosov. On March 24, 1945, Z. F. Prokhorov was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
A collective farm and one of the streets of the city of Yoshkar-Ola are named after him.
Fedin Mikhail Alexandrovich, lieutenant, was born in 1920 in the city of Volzhsk, Mari ASSR, Russian, member of the CPSU (b). He worked on the construction of the Marbum Combine in the city of Volzhsk. In 1938 he was called to Pacific Fleet. At the front - from February 12, 1943.
Our troops rushed to the Dnieper. The commander of the machine-gun company, Sergeant Fedin, with his squad, was among the first to land at night on one of the sections of the western bank of the Dnieper. The enemy made fierce attacks to throw Soviet soldiers into the Dnieper. But the enemy failed to crush the positions of our fighters. During the liquidation of the enemy breakthrough near the village of Medvin on October 8, 1943, after the death of the platoon commander, Sergeant Fedin assumed command of the platoon. Constantly repulsing one attack after another of a numerically superior enemy, the guardsmen stood invincibly. Fedin himself lay down behind a machine gun and repelled enemy attacks.
In this battle, the platoon destroyed up to 150 Nazis. Having defended the bridgehead, the guards ensured the crossing of the Dnieper for the advancing units of our troops. In this battle he was wounded.
After being transferred to the reserve, he returned to the city of Volzhsk. He worked as a director of a brick factory. M. A. Fedin died in 1948.
Yamulov Ignatiy Romanovich was born on April 21, 1928 in the village of Mari-Otary, Zvenigovsky district, Mari ASSR. In 1944 he entered the vocational school No. 2 of the city of Volzhsk. In 1946 he graduated from it and was sent to work at Marbumkombinat as a cellulose cooker. From 1950 to 1953 he served in the Soviet Army. After the service, he again returned to his former place of work at the Marbum Combine, where he worked until 1979, that is, until he retired (a pensioner of union significance).
During his work at the plant, he was awarded the badges "Excellent worker of the socialist competition of the RSFSR" in 1958, in 1959, Honorary diploma Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR in 1960, the Order of the Badge of Honor in 1961, the medal "For Labor Valor" in 1963.
In 1966, for outstanding success in fulfilling the seven-year plan of 1959-1965, he was awarded the high title of Hero of Socialist Labor with the Order of Lenin and the Hammer and Sickle gold medal.
In 1970 he was awarded the jubilee medal "For Valiant Labor. In commemoration of the 100th anniversary of the birth of V. I. Lenin." He was awarded badges "Winner of the socialist competition in 1974", "Winner of the socialist competition in 1975", "Drummer of the ninth five-year plan". In 1963 he was a participant in the second All-Union Conference of the leaders of the movement "For Communist Labor".
In 1968 he was a delegate to the 14th Congress of Trade Unions of the USSR, in 1974 - a participant in the transfer of the All-Union Lenin relay race of wallets in the Central Lenin Museum in Moscow. In 1978 I. R. Yamulov awarded a medal"Veteran of labour".
Ivanov Valery Vyacheslavovich, private, was born on November 29, 1975 in the village of Chasovnaya, Volga region. Called up for military service from the city of Volzhsk.
Childhood and school years were spent in the city of Volzhsk. From the age of seven, he began to play sports, and when he was in the eleventh grade, he entered the bodyguard school in the city of Yoshkar-Ola. I traveled from Volzhsk to the capital until I finished it.
After passing the exams for high school, he got a job as a coach in a children's club, where he worked until the army. They called him in December 1993, in 1994 a letter came from Chechnya... The son wrote that he was alive and well, everything was fine. And in other letters it was the same - alive and well. The last letter, however, was a little different: wait home. It arrived in May. And then - the notice of death. Along with this notice, Valera's parents received a letter from Yury Kostyuk, assistant chief of artillery of military unit 22033. He wrote to them how it all happened...
"... There was a battle, and the second division was carrying out the task of hitting the enemy by fire. And at that moment the enemy shelled the firing position with mortar fire. As a result of the hit, the self-propelled unit caught fire. Valery, having shown courage, took decisive measures to from the combat position.Unfortunately, from the resulting fire, the combat packing caught fire, and the installation exploded in front of everyone.After the explosion, the soldiers of the division were lined up and checked.Some of them were wounded by shrapnel.Everyone still had a glimmer of hope that Valery was alive, the explosive was thrown back wave. All the officers and soldiers of the division combed the area for three hours, but Valery was not there. In different places - small pieces of the body ...
According to the commander and fellow soldiers, Valera was a very good guy, an excellent soldier, he always helped his friends in the difficult soldier's service, especially in the conduct of hostilities. Courage and courage, steadfastness and kindness, reliability - these are the qualities that characterize Valery. When Valery died, all the soldiers and officers of the division were very worried, many had tears in their eyes. The guys said that they had lost a friend ... "
Decree of the President Russian Federation dated December 1, 1995, No. 1205, Private Ivanov Valery Vyacheslavovich, born in 1975, called up for military service from the city of Volzhsk, was awarded the title of Hero of the Russian Federation (posthumously).
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