"Vegetable and animal world" - Tundra. The placement of animals is subject to the law of latitudinal zonality and high-dimensional explanation. Animals steppes. Purbitating animals. Predators tundra. Find the territory engaged in deserts, tundra, forests and steppes on the vegetation map. Deer - Forest inhabitant. Vegetable and animal world of Russia.

"Ocean Animals" - Skatov Sometimes a joke is called flattened sharks. White dolphins live in temperate and warm waters of the Pacific Ocean. Life in the ocean. Fish-parrot. Sea stars. Skats. The biggest animal. The length of the ordinary sea pig is about 180 cm., And the average weight of 50 kg. In total, 40 species of dolphin-shaped in total in the world ocean.

"The vegetable and animal world of Africa" \u200b\u200b- Okap. Cheetah. Savannas and gentlemen occupy the largest area of \u200b\u200bthe mainland. African turtles good migrants. Date palm. Camels. Hippopotamus. At any point of the mainland you can meet reptiles. Buffaloes. A lion. In Africa, the most high animal in the light is giraffe. A bright representative of the vegetable world Savannan - Baobab.

"Geography of the Indian Ocean" is the island of the Indian Ocean. Skat. Sea turtles. In the Indian Ocean dwell - ... Bat fish. Mauritius Island - Pearl of the Indian Ocean. Coral. Minerals. Dorado. Ocean research. Mainland. Tuna. Bartolome Diash. Langust. Sea fishery. Starfish. Animal world.

"The development of plant world" is the output of plants to land in terrestrial water 350-400 million years. The main stages of the development of the plant world. Lower plants. Mossi. The development of the plant world on earth. Theme lesson. Eukaryotes. Tasks of the lesson: Chlammedonade Laminaria Cukushkin Lena Pine. The emergence and domination of the land is over 200 million years old.

"Animal Peace" - on the shores are satisfied with the rookers of Sivochi and Sealing, Nerva. One of the oldest in Russia (1919) is an Astrakhan Reserve. Red - the color of danger. Wryneck. Sable. Steel rarity Caucasian brown bear, lynx, forest cat. Sterle. Foresty. In reed thickets of river valleys, there is a boar.

The geographical location of the Indian Ocean lies in the southern hemisphere. On the
north he is limited to Eurasia and has no connection with the Northern
Arctic ocean. The shores are slightly cut. Little islands.
Large islands are located only on the ocean border. Area
With seas 76.17 million km2, water volume 282.7 million km3, average
Depth 3711 m. Sea and large bays: Red m., Arabian
m., Persian hall., Andamansky m., Bengal., B.
Australian hall. In the north, he is limited to Asia, in the West -
Arabian Peninsula and Africa, in the East - Indochite,
Sunda Islands and Australia, in the south - South Ocean.
The border between the Indian and Atlantic Ocean passes by
20 ° Meridian of Eastern longitude, between Indian and quiet
Ocean passes at 147 ° Meridian of Eastern longitude.

Relief DNA

In the area of \u200b\u200bRodriguez Island (Mascarensk Archipelago) exists
Triple connection where Central Indian and
West Indian ridges, as well as Australo Antarctic
raising. The ridges consist of ripped mountain chains,
rich perpendicular or oblique with respect to
axes of chains of discharges and share the basalt bottom of the ocean on
three segments, and their vertices are usually
Forest volcanoes. The bottom of the Indian Ocean is covered
sediments of chalk and later periods, thickness
whose layer ranges from several hundred meters to 2-3 km.
The deepest of numerous ocean gutters - Yavansky
(4,500 km long and 28 km wide). Rivers flowing into
Indian Ocean, carry huge quantities
sedimentary material, especially from India,
Creating high apparent thresholds.

Climate

In this region, four elongated along
Parallel climatic belts. In the first
north of 10 ° southern latitude, monsonic climate prevails with
frequent cyclones moving towards
coarse. In summer, the temperature above the ocean is 2832 ° C, in winter it drops to 18-22 ° C. Second zone (trade mat)
It is located between 10 and 30 degrees of southern latitude. IN
The current of the whole year is shown by southeastern winds, especially
Strong from June to September. Average annual temperature
Reaching 25 ° C. The third climatic zone lies between 30 and
45 Parallel, in subtropical and moderate latitudes. In summer
The temperature here reaches 10-22 ° C, and in winter - 6-17 ° C. Between
45 degrees of southern latitude and Antarctica lies the fourth
Sanctarctic and Antarctic Climatic Zone
belts for which strong winds are characterized. Winter
Temperature here ranges from -16 ° C to 6 ° C, and in the summer - from
-4 ° C to 10 ° C.

Characteristic water

Indian Ocean Waters Belt Between 10 Degree Northern Latitude
and 10 degrees of southern latitude is called thermal
Equator, where the temperature of the surface waters is 2829 ° C. South of this zone temperature drops, off the coast
Antarctica reaching -1 ° C. In January and February ice along
The coast of this mainland is pushing, huge ice
Blinds are bowed from the Ice Cover Antarctica and
Drain in the direction of the open ocean.
North the temperature characteristics of water are determined
monsoon circulation of air. Summer is observed here
Temperature anomalies when the Somali course
Cooling surface water to a temperature of 21-23 ° C. IN
Eastern part of the ocean on the same geographical latitude
water temperature is 28 ° C, and the highest temperature
Mark - about 30 ° C - was recorded in Persian
Bay and the Red Sea. The average salinity of ocean waters
is 34.8 ppm. The most saline of Persian waters
Bay, Red and Arabian Seas: This is explained
intense evaporation with a small amount of fresh
Water brought to the sea rivers.

Flora and fauna

Many tropical coasts of the Indian Ocean are mangroves
Thickets where special communities of plants and animals were formed,
adapted to regular floods and drainage. Among the plants of this
Ecosystems * First of all, it is necessary to highlight the rhizofors - mangrove
Trees, and among animals - various crabs and fish - or a jumper,
inhabiting almost all mangers of the Indian Ocean. Tropical shallow water
The water of the whole ocean was chosen by the rhyme-forming corals and inhabiting them
Fish and invertebrates. In temperate zones on shallow water in abundance
grow red and brown algae, among which most
Laminarium, Fukusov and giant macrocysts. Phytoplankton is presented
Peridinees in the tropics and diatomians in moderate latitudes, as well as cinema algae, places for seasonal clusters.
Among the animals living in the Indian Ocean, the most racks
Coppeods, which here has more than 100 species. Surprisingly, no
If we are weighing all the Coppeods of the Indian Ocean, their mass will exceed the mass
All other inhabitants of this ocean. Among invertebrates
Numerous molluscs, as well as jellyfish and squid. Among fish
Open Ocean Most of all volatile fish, tuntsov, Corryryne, Sailboats and
luminous anchovs. Indian Ocean sheltered a lot of dangerous for
Animal man - in abundance there are different types of sharks and a large
The number of poisonous sea serpes, there are even sea graves crocodiles,
prone to cannibal. Among mammals in the Indian Ocean a lot
Whales, dolphins and sea cats, are also common Dougony. Among birds
The hosts of the Indian Ocean can be called frigates and albatrosov, and in
Cold and temperate waters - penguins.

Indian Ocean countries

In the Indian Ocean there are many island
states. Among them: Madagascar, Seychelles,
Maldives, Mauritius, Sri Lanka, Indonesia.
Countries on the coast: Sudan, India, Somalia,
Tanzania, Mozambique, Thailand, Australia, South Africa, Pakistan, and
Others.

Economic importance

Natural wealth has not been studied enough. Shelf is rich
mineral resources. In the thickness of sedimentary breeds at the bottom
Persian Gulf is huge deposits of oil and natural gas.
On the coasts of Mozambique, Madagascar Islands and Ceylon
Operated Ilmenite, Monacite, Rituil, Titanit and
zirconium. And off the coast of India and Australia there are deposits
Barita and phosphorite, and in the offshore zones of Indonesia,
Thailand and Malaysia on an industrial scale
Exploited deposits of Cassiiterite and Ilmenite.
The most important transport paths of the Indian Ocean
are Routes from Persian Gulf to Europe and
North America, as well as from the Aden Bay in India,
Indonesia, Australia, Japan and China. Indian value
Ocean for world fishing fishery is small: catch
Here are only 5% of the total. Main
Fishery fish of local water - Tuna, Sardin, Hams,
Several types of sharks, barracudes and skates; Catch here also
Shrimps, lobsters and lobsters.

Study history

The history of the study of the Indian Ocean can be divided into 3 periods: from
ancient swimming pools up to 1772; from 1772 to 1873 and from 1873 to the present.
The first period is characterized by studying the distribution of ocean and sushi
This part of the globe. It began the first waters of the Indian, Egyptian
and Phoenician navigators who are 3000-1000 BC. e.
traveled around the northern part of the Indian Ocean, and ended with swimming
J. Cook, in 1772-75 penetrated south to 71 ° sh. Second period
marked at the beginning of deep-water research, first conducted
Cook in 1772 and continued by Russian and foreign expeditions. Main
Russian expeditions were - Kotseb at Rurik (1818) and Pallena on
"Cyclone" (1858-59). The third period is characterized by complex
Oceanographic studies. Until 1960 they were performed on separate
ships. The largest work was carried out by expeditions on ships.
"Challenger" (English) in 1873-74, "Vityaz" (Russian) in 1886, "Valdivia"
(German) in 1898-99 and "Gauss" (German) in 1901-1903, "Discovery II"
(English) in 1930-51, the Soviet Expedition on "Ob" in 1956-58 and others. In
1960-65 Intergovernmental Oceanographic Expedition at UNESCO
International Indookean Expedition was held, gathered new
valuable data on hydrology, hydraulic, meteorology, geology, geophysics and
Biology I. O. Soviet and foreign participated in this expedition.
Scientists in the research courts "Vityaz", "A. I. Waikov "," Yu. M.
Shokalsky, Nemagnetic Schoon "Zarya" (USSR), "Natal" (South Africa),
"Diamantina" (Australia), "Knevnaya" and "Varuna" (India), "Zulfikvar"
(Pakistan).

Problems

The main environmental problems of the Indian Ocean, like others
parts of the world's ocean are primarily associated with anthropogenic
influences on marine ecosystems and serious damage
The stability of these natural systems. Among various species
indian ocean water pollution special place occupies oil
pollution. The region of the Middle and Middle East plays a role
The main "oil crane" in the overseas global economy. On him
There are more than 2/3 of all reserves and 1/3 of oil mining of foreign
World. The Persian Gulf Pool is especially allocated. Export
Oil from the countries of this basin is more than 500 million tons. annually.
The main from the sea cargo flows of oil begin with the largest
ports of the Persian Gulf and go to Western Europe, North
America and Japan. The largest tankers go through Western
Part of the Indian Ocean along the shores of Africa and its northern part
shores of South and Southeast Asia, less large oil
Courts are sent through the Suez Canal. Therefore, it is northern,
Northeast and Western ocean water areas are most covered.
Oil film.

The serious danger of indian ocean contamination comes from
Militarization, preparation of wars and hostilities themselves.
War ships tend to avoid environmental
Control and cause substantial harm to the waters of the ocean. To Now.
pores at the bottom of the seas lies many vessels flooded in
Time of various wars, in particular, Irano-Iraqi war.
Last Military Conflict in the Persian Gulf Region
(Iraq-Kuwaiti) led to damage to many
large tankers and drilling platforms and as a result
To a huge petroleum pollution in the bay. Dangerous
Character is pollution of the Indian Ocean Heavy
Metals, primarily mercury, lead, cadmium. They are
fall into the ocean water through the atmosphere and with river runoff
And therefore found everywhere. Harmful act on
marine organisms copper, zinc, chrome, arsenic, antimony, bismuth,
contained both in industrial and agricultural waste. In contrast to petroleum products, metals are not destroyed in nature, but only change the physico-chemical state in one or another environment and can accumulate in marine
organisms. The most dangerous pollutants include pesticides - pesticides and herbicides.

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Prepared teacher geography Korsun T.I.

Lesson Plan: Geographical position. From the history of the study of the ocean. Features of the nature of the ocean. Types of economic activity in the ocean.

Map of the Indian Ocean. The Indian Ocean is distinguished by a peculiar position on the planet: most of it lies in the southern hemisphere. In the north he is limited to Eurasia and has no connection with the Arctic Ocean.

Who opened and explored the Indian Ocean? Description of routes Swimming over the ocean was the first to be Arabs. Information about the Indian Ocean began to accumulate with the time of swimming in Vasco da Gama (1497-1499). At the end of 18 V. The first plates of the Depth Bina of this ocean held the English Moroshopher J. Cook.

The structure of the relief of the bottom is complex. The mid-oceanic ridges divide the ocean bed into three parts. In the western part, the Range extended, connecting south of Africa with the Mid-Atlantic Range. For the center of the ridge are characterized by deep faults, areas of earthquakes and volcanism at the bottom of the ocean. Frails of the earth's crust continue in the Red Sea and go to the land. The feature of climate-seasoned winds of monsoon in the northern part of the ocean, which is located in the subequatorial belt and is susceptible to the significant influence of sushi. Monspi has a huge impact on weather conditions in the northern part of the ocean.

In the south, the ocean is experiencing the cooling effect of Antarctica; Here are the most severe areas of the ocean. The properties of the water masses are connected with the characteristics of the climate. The northern part of the ocean is well warmed, deprived of the influx of cold waters and therefore the warmest. The temperature of the water is higher here (up to + 30) than on the same latitudes in other oceans. By the south, the water temperature decreases. The salinity of the ocean water on the surface is generally higher than the salinity of the oceans, and in the Red Sea it is especially high (up to42%). In the northern part of the ocean on the formation of currents affects the seasonal shift of the winds. Monsions change the direction of water movement, cause them vertical mixing. Reconcile the flow system. In the south of the flow, they are an integral part of the overall scheme of the World Ocean.

Organic World of Indian Ocean. Tropical aquatic masses are rich in plankton, in which there are especially many single-celled algae. There is a lot of algae of plankton at night of organisms. Film Fish Types: Sardinell, Mackerel, Akla. Especially rich in life shelf areas and shallow water in coral reefs. In warm waters, turtles live, sea snakes. Molluscs have a lot of Caracatiet and squid, and near Antarctico, whales and seals.

Types of economic activity. The shelf of the ocean is rich in minerals. In the thickness of sedimentary rocks at the bottom of the PNRSD bay, deposits of oil and the dangers of water pollution are huge. Developed and fishing. Through the Indian Ocean there are numerous shipping routes. Especially a lot of sea roads in the northern part of the ocean, where small sailing ships still use. The direction of their movement is associated with monscons.

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Ocean Nature Grade 7. History of research, the terrain relief, the properties of waters, the inhabitants and the human activity in the oceans. The Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Northern Arctic Ocean, ...

• GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION.
• From the history of the study of the ocean.
• Features of the nature of the ocean.
• Types of economic activity in the ocean.

Map of the Indian Ocean.

The Indian Ocean is distinguished by a peculiar position on the planet: most of it lies in the southern hemisphere. In the north he is limited to Eurasia and has no connection with the Arctic Ocean.

Who opened and explored the Indian Ocean?

Description of routes Swimming over the ocean was the first to be Arabs. Information about the Indian Ocean began to accumulate with the time of swimming in Vasco da Gama (1497-1499). At the end of 18 V. The first plates of the Depth Bina of this ocean held the English Moroshopher J. Cook.

Organic World of Indian Ocean.

Tropical aquatic masses are rich in plankton, in which there are especially many single-celled algae. There is a lot of algae of plankton at night of organisms. Film Fish Types: Sardinell, Mackerel, Akla. Especially rich in life shelf areas and shallow water in coral reefs. In warm waters, turtles live, sea snakes. Molluscs have a lot of Caracatiet and squid, and near Antarctico, whales and seals.

Types of economic activity.

The shelf of the ocean is rich in minerals. In the thickness of sedimentary rocks at the bottom of the PNRSD bay, deposits of oil and the dangers of water pollution are huge. Developed and fishing. Through the Indian Ocean there are numerous shipping routes. Especially a lot of sea roads in the northern part of the ocean, where small sailing ships still use. The direction of their movement is associated with monscons.

Class: 7

Purpose: to study the features of the nature of the Indian Ocean, its economic use.

During the classes.

2. Studying a new material.

one). Geographical position of the ocean. Slide 2.

Task: Using a physical map of the world and an ocean map, describe the geographical position of the Indian Ocean. Slide 3.

Indian Ocean - the third largest ocean of our planet. The border between the Indian and the Atlantic Ocean passes at 20 ° Meridian of Eastern Longitude, between the Indian and the Safety Ocean, 147 Meridian of Eastern Lifesty passes. The northernmost point of the Indian Ocean is about 30 northern latitudes in the Persian Gulf. The width of the ocean is about 10,000 km between the southern tips of Africa and Australia; Area 73 556,000 square meters. km, including the Red Sea and the Persian Bay. Ocean's volume of approximately 292,131,000 cc.

Task: This ocean is the ocean of heated water. Is this the consequence of his geographic location?

• The Indian Ocean is protected from cold air masses from the north;
• its water is not found with the waters of moderate and arctic latitudes;
• in the southern part, the influence of Cold Antarctica is affected, Icebergs meet;
• characterized by monsoon winds and monsoon flows.

2). Ocean research.

Using the slide 4, name the first Ocean Researchers. What do you know about them?

The Indian Ocean was the first ocean, which was opened by primacy. Previously, he was called East. In his name, the desire of Europeans was reflected in the waters of the fabulously rich and the amazing country - India.

In the Middle Ages, the most famous discoverer was the Portuguese Prince Heinrich Majanger: he did not go anywhere, but he financed a bunch of expeditions and would passionately dreamed that someone would open the sea path to India for his money.

In 1487, Bartolomeh Diash still reincuted Cape of Good Hope and Cape Needle, and the sea route to India was opened. Slide 5.

In 1497, Vasco da Gama was successfully completed to India. Slide 6, 7.

3) the structure of the oceanic depression. Slide 8.

Task: List the shape of the relief of the ocean bottom? Record write to the notebook. Slide 9.

The task: Using atlas maps, give examples of islands in the Indian Ocean. Slide 10.

four). Features of the island of Madagascar.

At Madagascar, 740 types of orchids are growing, 6,000 types of beetles, 147 species of birds, 35 types of lemurs are found, are very diverse chameleons. The island is often referred to as the "country of Lemuria". In Madagascar, there are neither lions nor elephants or monkeys or poisonous snakes nor other typical representatives of the fauna of Africa. Slide 11.

five). Flow. Slide 12.

The task: Name which groups are flowing. Give examples of the warm and cold flows of the Indian Ocean.

6). Minerals. Slide 13.

Oil and gas production is maintained on the shelf. The water of the Indian Ocean has become raw materials for fresh water in the countries - Kuwait, Saudi Arabia.

7). Animal world. Slides 14 - 26.

The animal world is diverse, the main mass of the ocean animals make up capping (more than 100 species), then follow the mollusks, jellyfish and other invertebrates. Numerous squid. Fish from fish is the most common volatile fish, corneters, tuna, various sharks, sea turtles and large marine mammals - Dujoni, whales, laston-either. Among the birds are most characteristic of the frigates and albatrises, several types of penguins inhabit the coast of South Africa and Antarctica.

eight). Fishing.

The task: Using the slide 27, atlas maps describe fishing and sea fishing. Slide 28.

nine). Shipping.

In the northern part of the ocean, the main transport routes are held ( Slide 30.), popular tourist routes ( Slide 31 - 33).

3. Reflection. What did we know in the lesson? What did you especially like?

4. Homework. Lesson 29, on the contour map to sign the sea, bays, straits and islands of the Indian Ocean. Slide 34.