"There was no shortage of conscience in the blockade. Pediatricians on the days of the blockade of Leningrad - daily work and great feat Medical sisters of a blockade Leningrad

Yesterday, 69 anniversary of the removal of the Leningrad blockade were noted, 872 days became the last day of hunger for most residents. From September 8, 1941 to January 27, 1944, Leningrad doctors, like everyone dying from exhaustion, did not leave therapeutic work, while studying a new specialty, because practically all nosologies have undergone significant changes and long-forgotten diseases appeared.

In two months, the blockades - By November 1941, more than 20% of stationary patients suffered from an alimentary dystrophy, to the new 1942 - 80%, in March, there were cases of zingi, there were tens of thousands in May. Tuberculosis, raw tit, dysentery and infectious hepatitis were a real disaster, not only because it did not exist specific treatment, hunger led to atypical flow, however, mortality from infections was low.

During the entire time of the blockade as a result of bombing and art robes from fragmentation wounds, 50,529 people survived 33,728. The average duration of the treatment was injured - 28 days, the percentage of deaths in surgical hospitals was low, most of the wounded recovered, the maximum of 20% of mortality was Fixed in the first half of 1942, which was due to the large number of patients with an alimentary dystrophy.

The number of household and industrial injuries increased due to the attraction of children and adolescents, fell asleep to the work and because of the hungry faint with the working mechanisms. Local sanitary parts with a wide network of medical sites and sanitary posts were created, the 2003-300 Trudard residents were allocated to the Sandard, a post with a medical sister served 500-600 people, a medical medical center - 1500-2100. One sanitary doctor was supposed to serve up to 3-4 thousand rear workers.

Chronic diseases did not go anywhere, but inpatient treatment was available only in extremely heavy cases, which created the illusion of a sharp decrease, for example, rheumatism. During the blockade, such diseases such as myocardial infarction, diabetes, thyrotoxicosis were noticeably less commonly, there was practically no appendicitis, cholecystitis, ulcer of the stomach. As a result of exhaustion and edema, the ulcers of the lower limbs were extremely extensive, with necrosis and infection, often led to death.

In the structure of the morbidity of 1942-1945. The growth of cardiovascular diseases is noted, but the increase in the number of patients is more manifested not in the period of the strongest hunger, but much later. During the blockade, heavily angina, it is possible due to the mobilization of the internal resources "to win", the light options were not noticed. But mental disorders, on the contrary, increased, in 1942 in two operating psychiatric hospitals were at the treatment of 7,500 people.

In the spring of 1942, an acutely developing form of hypertension disease has sharply increased, the first to identify ophthalmologists began to be the first to identify, since 1943 there was a significant increase in hospitalization. Immediately after the end of the war and 5 - 10 years later, Cardiologists Volynsky Z. M. and Isakov I. I. examined 40,000 Leningradians. The frequency of hypertension at the frontovikov was higher at 2 - 3 times, in surviving blockade without dystrophy - 1.5 times, and after an alimentary dystrophy - 4 times.

Date: 09/13/2015 0 5502

One of the most tragic pages of the Great Patriotic War has become leningrad blockade. On September 8, 1941, the German troops took Shlisselburg, and the city was practically surrounded. " Big land»It was possible to achieve only through the Lake Ladoga.

872 days the blockade of the city continued. Liberation came on January 27, 1944. However, the terrible hunger of 1941-1942 was reflected not only on the health of the Leningradians who survived the war, but still affects the health of the children of the blockadicists, their grandchildren and even the great-grandchildren ...

Hunger, cold and bombing

Many blocks still have the beginning of hunger in Leningrad tie with fire on Badaevsky warehouses. On September 8 at 18:55, the Germans made a massive flare and dropped the incendiary bombs into the city. There was 183 fires, including in Badayev's warehouses.

Huge black smoke clubs were visible from all areas of the city. The townspeople said that the products were burned on the basis, which would be enough for three years. This is one of the blockade legends. One-story wooden buildings rented many enterprises. There were empty glass jars, beds and sofas in the sheds, even orange peels ...

From products in large quantities there were vegetable oil and sugar. Hence the huge black smoke clubs. Flour, grain in Badaevsky warehouses were practically not stored. This food was stored at mill combines. And of course, stocks were not three years ahead - just a few days. The fact is that from Petrovsky times the city supplied food from the wheels, that is, they brought, they quickly sold out, again they brought ...

Already in August 1941 (even before the start of the blockade) from Smolny, Moscow was reported to the lack of food in Leningrad. And in October, doctors recorded the first cases of dystrophy among the population.

Hunger spread rapidly. From memories residents blood Leningrad Nelli Alexandrovna Pretovoye: "In the winter of 1942, a barrel with casein glue was carried on the Kirovsky Prospect (now the stone-s), from which the nutrient liquid was obtained. The wheel of the cart hit the crack of the pavement, the barrel overturned and split. The contents resulted in dirty snow. The cadence fell on all fours and began to lick glue from the ground. "

What fastened to Leningraders, or rather what tried to soak hunger? On September 6, for the first time, bread was baked with additives: from 15 to 33% of different impurities were in the product. Then the impurities became more and more: food cellulose; sawdust, slightly arched by yeast; Soon the wallpaper dust went to move - what was able to knock out from the bags where flour was once kept.

The blockade of Lyudmila Konstantinovna Kochetova remembers the time: "Mom loved all sorts of spices - there were quite a lot of them in the house. Upon first enough. Water poured into the pan, several laurel leaves were added, black pepper peas - "Soup" is ready. Then they cooked a jelly from belts, joinery glue, consumed a lot of salt water, until the salt was.

Pathetic calories that received the human body, burned cold. There was nothing to trample. On the street minus 30 degrees, in the room - for 1-2 degrees warmer. The art robes and bombings have become a severe psychological test for Leningraders.

Shards were killed. But the Germans were dumped with empty drilled barrels from the aircraft. From the "bombs published by such" bombs "you could lose the reason. Residents of the city were in a constant stress situation ...

First research

The consequences of a terrible hunger of the first blockade winter did not make himself wait long. By the spring of 1942, the road of life laid on the ice of the Lake Ladoga earned at full capacity. Food lads increased significantly. And people continued to die thousand and in March, and in April, and in May. Doctors came to the conclusion: negative changes occurred in the body of Leningraders.

Therefore, there is nothing surprising that in May 1945, completely young people were dying. Diagnosis - myocardial infarction.

Remembering the war, Galina Grigorievna Romu told the author of this article: her husband died a few decades after the victory from ... exhaustion. And he worked as a cook! His body absorbed vitamins in insufficient number - the consequences of blockade hunger.

Almost immediately after the start of the blockade, the doctors began to surprise patients with a reduced temperature, a tendency to swelling, women had ceased menstrual cycle. These were the first signs of the disease, named later than an alimentary dystrophy.

Even during the blockade, scientists began to conduct research in this area. For example, according to the results of experiments on animals, which are starved, it turned out that even six months after the end of the hunger strike, the cells of the whole organism at our smaller brothers were not restored to the initial sizes.

In 1948, doctors examined 140 workers of the metal plant who suffered dystrophy. It turned out that blockade hunger and daily stress caused irreversible negative processes in the cardiovascular system.

Drystrophy disease is a rare case during the blockade. Basically, Leningradians had a bouquet of diseases, who also contributed to irreversible processes. For example, in the post-war years in Leningrad, the number of hypertension patients has sharply increased. Then this "flash" is not associated with the blockade.

Started in 1948 studies did not bring to the end. The "Leningrad business", "Case of Doctors" - and the consequences of the blockade forgotten for many years.

Blocade "Legacy"

Only at the end of the last century, doctors returned to the study of the long-term consequences of the blockade and came to disappointing conclusion: the changes in the body of the blockade occurred at the genetic level, that is, all their ailments, fraud and other diseases were inherited by children, grandchildren and great-grandchildren.

Here characteristic example. The female doctor survived all the horrors of the blockade. Her husband did not die at the front. Came back home. After some time, a daughter was born in the family. Since childhood, the girl suffered from a complex of diseases of the cardiovascular system, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas and sex glands. Doctors could not cure her, and in the blooming age of the daughter of the blocks died.

Studies of the Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor Boris Mikhailovich Rachkov showed that at the end of the last century, 40% (!) The grandchildren and great-grandchildren have certain diseases.
There are such rare diseases of the spine, as Calve's disease and Kummel's disease - the descendants of the blockadicists, they are more common than their other peers.

Also blocade awarded them by another rare Sheerman-May disease. It is expressed in the fact that the vertebral person is rapidly deformed, lose normal form, as their structure is destroyed.

Also, the descendants of the blockadics are diagnosed with heart disease, hearing a, view, musculoskeletal system, "poor-quality" joints and teeth. There are often diseases due to disruption of calcium exchange, phosphorus, magnesium, which, again, leads to the pathology of the spine.

Already in modern St. Petersburg, a child was born - the great-grandchildren, who had the first teeth appeared in seven years!

"Nothing on Earth passes without a trace ..." As it turned out, the Leningrad blocade did not end in January 1944. Fighting the consequences of those scary years There is still a long time.

Work as part of the project "MK-Ural" to the 70th anniversary of the victory

June 22, 1941 for everything Soviet Union Bloody war began. Already on September 8, 1941, the Germans took the city of Leningrad in blockada. Student of the Medical Institute Nadezhda Vasilyevna Kulikova, born on August 21, 1924, lived at the time in Leningrad and Mother and younger brother And sister, father was at the front, where he died during the war.

Hunger began in a few days after the establishment of the blockade. For three months, daily bread standards, outstanding on cards, dropped to a fatal level of 125 grams per person. There were no workers in the family, and hope tried to feed the expensive people as she could.

It was very difficult to learn. In the morning it was necessary to go to the institute on foot, despite the hunger, cold and constant bombing. She quickly got used to the sirens who announced the city about the next air attack. Because of the frequent bombing, students sometimes were late for study for several hours. Especially severe in winter, 1941, it was necessary to wade among the snowdrifts and corpses of people who died from hunger. At the end of all the lessons held in ice audiences devoid, like all at home, and heating, electricity, and water, the student went to the hospital, where he worked as a sister of mercy. She often settled on the rooftop duty, where the "Fugasky" burned to the land - Fuchasy airbones, which were discharged to the city of fascist aircraft. If you do not have time to do this in time, the whole building can burn. The work was not easy, because I had to work in the conditions of bombing. Just throw one bomb - on the other end the roof is falling two more. So it was necessary to run, overcome pain, fatigue and exhaustion.

Fortunately, grateful soldiers, whom the hope managed to cure, shared their bread with her. Only thanks to these gifts, she was able to survive herself and somehow to feed his brother and sister who were dependents. Mother tried to feed themselves alone.

In the summer, when the life of a blockade city is slightly improved, a small family decided to arrange a holiday: to celebrate the birthday of hope. Carefully rummaged in the gods, sisters and mother found potato cleaning and the cake prepared on the olife. "Never in life did not eat anything deer," said birthday man.

Later she did not like to remember these tragic days experienced in his youth. Nadezhda Vasilyevna practically did not tell about his life, but it was not necessary: \u200b\u200bthe fates of all the inhabitants of the Blood Leningrad were similar.

The whole blockade, from September 8, 1941, and until January 27, 1944, Hope lived in Leningrad, with difficulty caring for his family. The year of removal of the blockade was the last in her training in medical Institute. The final exams were transferred to the winter, and in February 1944, all graduate students were offered to choose a place where you can go to practice. Hope could not take a mother, brother and sister with him, but he herself decided to go there, where it would be peacefully, warm and a lot of fruit. From the proposed options, her choice fell on the Pamir, who was never able to justify her expectations. Arriving on the southern border of the USSR, the former student was disappointed: there were only naked rocks and hunger. So hoping for a healthy, full-fledged life, she was able to eat only a little better than in a blockaded city. But it was there she found her future husband.

Loginov Nikolai Artemyevich was born on May 22, 1924 in the small town of Ust-Katav, located in Ural Mountains. When the war began, he was 17 years old. They took the front only with 18, and he was sent to serve in Tajikistan, on the border with Afghanistan. A young soldier who has served before the title of the foreman and who was considered a good border guard, was asked to the front all the time. Finally fifteen military, among whom was Nikolai, allowed to go to the front. Going into your last bypass of the posts, Nikolai stopped on the shore of a small mountain river, which was held the border. During the watch, he admired the surroundings, said along with nature and mountains in which he served for several years, when a shot suddenly heard on the opposite shore. The bullet was pleased right in the thigh of Nicholas. The wound was empty, but Echelon, who left the next day, did not take a military man with him.

It was not possible to get to the front of this train and failed: at the entrance directly to the car landed one of the air bombs, abandoned by the opponent aircraft. No one survived from fifteen border guards. Since then, Nikolai Artemyevich has not yet asked to the front.

He served on the border until the end of the war and receiving two combat wounds, Nikolai could not return home: at that time, the service life was counted only to front-line. Military rear had to re-serve the years.

Left on the border, Nikolay met with a doctor hope. A few years later they got married, but the hope passed the practice for six months earlier than the service of Nicholas ended. Having written your family about the beloved woman, the spouse gave his wife the exact addressAnd Nadezhda one went to unfamiliar places to find her new home.

In only the Kizz boots and a thin stole, she traveled to the husband's family. Stern Ural Frost, night, blizzard. All people are sitting in the houses at a warm oven, and only a lonely woman wanderers on an unfamiliar street. The legs were laughed long ago, the chinel does not save from the wind, but she still knocks on the gate, although no one is waiting for the guests so late at night. And yet, the owners, long ago waiting for his wife's beloved son, which they never seen, open the gate and let hope in a warm house. Having searched her in the oven, they ask her about the past life and about their sons.

Hope quickly made friends with new relatives, and Nikolai returned in half a year. Children appeared, among them - my grandfather, father's father. Until the end of the life, Nadezhda and Nikolai lived in this house in Ust-Katava. She worked in the hospital, retired reserves to the margin. The Great Patriotic War, who left a deep mark in the fate of each Russian man, ended, and people gradually began to restore their country and to improve their lives.

Already 70 years have passed since the Great Victory, and there are quite a few people who remembers those days lived in youth. Many know the events of this war only on the stories of parents, relatives, from books. This story about the logic hopes and Nicolae, my great-grandmother and great-grandfather, I heard the mouth of their son Sergey. I myself do not remember them, both went away when I was very small. After the death of hope that left this world before her husband, her sons were found in the attic of their small wooden house four large bags of crackers. Such a tragedy, experienced in youth, leaves uncertainty in tomorrow and fear in the soul of a person for the rest of his life.

The house itself remained standing in the same place, I was even there a couple of years ago. This is a small wooden structure. Log walls, smooth floor, carpets on the floor and walls, a large Russian oven, water supply, heating, electricity - it was still built by the father of Nicholas, and this cozy house with favorable conditions will be suitable for a few decades ahead.

Traces of blockade keeps St. Petersburg, former Leningrad. For another six months ago, I saw how gramophones were still left, who had exhausted people who had gathered to listen to the radio - the only proof of the fact that the city is still alive. Then some theaters and museums worked. And in the entrance of one house on Nevsky Prospect there is even a marble plate, indicating that during the war there was the only hairdresser in the whole city. At some homes, monuments of cats are also supplied and the city also saved the city in those year: at first they were ate, and then they caught their rats threatening with poor food reserves and the source of diseases. And on the coast of the Neva, on the site of the hole, from which people took water in the harsh blockade winters, there is a monument to women. And almost imperceptible holes in the walls of houses and bridges, which remained from hitting fragments of the broken shells, which did not restore the blockade memory - everything reminds of the tragedy that thousands of people experienced. And one of many is my great-grandmother who escaped himself, gave life to the grandfather, which means dad and me. Maybe she did not save the lives to many people, like my great-grandfather, like many others from my family, who died in war or stayed alive. But the victory, which took our ancestors with such difficulty, was out of millions of victims, from billions of small unknown feats, and each in that war did everything that could, and even more.

Our generation, whose only the memories of ancestors should appreciate their freedom and remember that many many paid for her with their blood. And the best gratitude that we can bring them is not to allow someone to go through our land again, destroy our cities, kill our children. If every person on the planet will strive for the world, will never be war more.

I learned about the beginning of the war from the speech of Molotov on the radio in the sanatorium Alushta, where I spent my vacation before the dissertation defense (at the first medical institute of Leningrad, where I graduated from graduate school on the department of pharmacology).

With difficulty managed to go to the city of Zaporizhia for her daughter left at her husband's mother. With the horrors of raids, the enemy and bombardment we met on the way to Leningrad, when the railway rail was destroyed. A trembling from fear, we were waiting for the train at last and we will get to Leningrad.

Bombing and raids were daily and more in the evening (up to 23 hours). Objects were destroyed, which are pre-planned by signal filming of hostile people. With horror, these signals often observed.

Already in the early days of the war, the victims of the raids and bombardments began to come to the clinic of the Medin Institution, the Erisman hospital, who turned into hospitals.

Our medical institute was evacuated in Novosibirsk, and the remaining teachers and students were sent to the militia. Women who were not mobilized immediately began to work in the hospital to assist victims from raids and bombardments. I also started working in a surgical clinic, where the head was Professor Yu.Yu. Dzhanladze. Helped to accept and process the arrogant wounded, affected by raids. Later, I began to work as a salad doctor in the hospital, where the surgeon was Olga Vladimirovna Bekhtereva. The most terrible thing was that the entire sewage system was destroyed in the early days of the war. There was no water or heat. With the onset of cold weather, the wounded lay under several blankets, rarely bandaged not to cool them. The chambers were heated by bourgearies with tap tubes through the turns of the trench. Operational, where applicants were processed, were not heated. And in these terrible conditions, the surgeon was worked in the winter in winter, which freshed hands and then entered the hospital for dystrophy, open only in early 1942

Because of the colds, the dressings were made with great breaks, and often observed under the bandage of white worms who eaten the rose and thus cleared by the wounds from the pus. We realized that in such difficult conditions, nature helps to treat purulent wounds.

The most terrible trouble struck Leningrads when Badaevsky warehouses burned down and hunger began. We watched the horror on September 8, when the flame was shot on the city with the smoke-raised black clubs. All products in the stores and the norms of the black piece of bread in 125 were lacking not only for children, but also working at the factories. People died from hunger, often not reaching the place of work. Fallen on the road, unable to climb. Initially, hungry and weakened men were taken for drunk, and only then realized that this is the result of hunger.

Early in the morning before work in the hospital, I went for bread and on the way to bakery fell under the shelling, hiding in the entrance. And on the threshold in the bakery or the store saw women who have no strength to climb or already dead. There was no one day to see passing cargo cars filled with dead corpses. On the way, I saw lying wrapped in white sheets and left at the hospital fence. Only in the first days of the war of the war, they were drunk on the slochki, but later they were left on the road or at the fence.

Having received a piece of black bread on cards, I left his daughter, dividing it into 4 parts. I myself could not eat this piece of bread, leaving a four-year-old child. In the basement of our hostel, where we lived (on the Petrograd Embankment, 44), was a children's "focus". It was received from it a dutch in the form of a liquid soup with floating beam - more often wheat. Sometimes Alla, having received this soup and drinking it with greed, said: "Mommy, I will leave you," by imperceptibly all the Sup has eaten. It was not so much.

We did not have any stocks of products. At first, in the fall we had 80 potato tubers one thing for the day. I cooked a clean potato, and myself cooked cleaning from this potato. Once, together with the purification of her sprouts. It was a terrible intolerable brew, who spoiled me a stomach. All that had to eat, squeezed by vinegar and thus lost a feeling of taste. I got 0.5 kg of oats, I cooked, twisting several times through the meat grinder. The liquid gave the child, and from the cake of the bake directly on the plate of the pellets. This food finally closed my stomach and intestines. My happiness - I did not feel feelings of hunger.

At night, the stove wasted at night so as not to cool the kitchen, where we lived with my daughter and with the employee who had moved to me with two sons of twelve and ten years. I lay and recalculated your ribs under dry skin. Sleep was not, feelings of hunger too.

Leaving to work in the hospital, I left Alla in the doorway on the chair. Exactly this safe placeSince the walls were very thick (this is the former royal stable). And in the evening, when bombing with incendiary bombs happened more often, we often descended in a bomb shelter. The baby put on the baby, the bag, where the shirt was lying and a piece of sugar.

In winter, I really weakened, with difficulty moved. At our happiness at the institute, a hospital for dystors was opened, where I received a ticket to back up. These two, saved me weeks. It was at the beginning of 1942.

I want to talk about the tragedy of one family. The assistant of our department went with her son every morning to catch a dog or a cat for nutrition. But never managed to catch - all animals were catching and eaten hungry. They were somewhat supported by a large dog, which the elderly led to put it painlessly. This dog supported this family for some time. Then the wife and son died. Girl staff staff supported their crumbs. Then in the early 1942, when the hospital for dystrophics was opened, this assistant received a ticket to it. What was preparing, he took home for his daughter, and from the first portions of this good food from Alexei Ivanovich began a hungry diarrhea, and he soon died. The remaining girl was supported by the staff of the department, and she remained alive.

In 1942, the rate of bread increased. Family members received 250 g of bread, and working on 500 g. It was possible to live, although there were no other products. We had no joinery glue, which supported life from our neighbors. In March 1942, misfortune happened - we lost bread cards. How it happened, I do not know. My troubles are not over. Alla asked: "Mommy, now we will die?". At the institute, I met the familiar worker of the Regional Committee, who was suggested evacuated with the "Red Cellés" plant - he was already loaded into Echelon. So we were evacuated. First, in Echelon, then in the car, packed by people, in Ladoga, the lake to some point, in order to further follow in Echelon, accompanying the guys-fazeushnikov.

These were dystrophics suffering from hungry diarrhea. They could not have any network, barely breathed, there was no possibility to move them into dry clothes. And so we drove in the heavers (on the upper shelves). Somewhere on the way to Sverdlovsk we were overloaded to cool cars. So we reached Sverdlovsk. The path from Leningrad took 19 days. During this time I recovered, gained strength. But everything experienced, both in Leningrad and the way, so shocked me that at the sight of smiling people in Sverdlovsk, I was outraged: "How can this be smiling in such a terrible, hungry time."

In Sverdlovsk, we lived a few days, received food until it became possible to go further to my parents to the Altai station. There worked my father at the construction site of Barnaul-Stalinsk. They lived in a simple hemp without amenities. There, my parents left my daughter for 4 years. I found it necessary to go to the draft board ask you to send me to the front. It was 1942. I was not sent to the front, but offered to work in the EvaukoPatella of -3727, who were in the village of Titz and the Altai Territory.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Posted by http://www.allbest.ru/

GBOU VPO "St. Petersburg State University"

ESSAY

courses: Medicine History

Topic: Medicine in Blocade Leningrad

Work checked:

k.I.N., Doc. Davydova T.V.

Work completed:

Lyubimova Anna-Maria Yuryevna

Faculty of healing

St. Petersburg 2014

Introduction
Medicine in Blocked Leningrad
Diseases of Blood Leningrad
Children's doctors in a blockade Leningrad
References

Introduction

The topic of "Medicine in Blocade Leningrad" is chosen as the basis of the abstract. In my opinion, this topic Pretty relevant and plays important in the life of people. Since the second world War He strongly influenced the lives of people, the blockade of Leningrad was one of the most severe events in the history of not only St. Petersburg, but also Russia as a whole. Therefore, reflecting on this event, you need to know how it affected medicine in Russia, which it led to, what diseases were distributed during this period, which drugs were used for treatment.

The purpose of the abstract was to consider what was distinguished by medicine during the blockade of Leningrad from another time, what were the victims, what their number. Also, it is important to explore which diseases were, to identify ways as fought with these diseases.

Three tasks are put in this essay.

The first task: to disassemble the reasons for the influence of the blockade of Leningrad on medicine. Learn the number of victims and main events in a blockade Leningrad.

The second task: to consider the main diseases in this difficult period of time, what is the statistics of ill, the number of victims of diseases.

Third challenge: Disassemble a separate specialty of medicine- pediatrics. It requires a separate consideration, as children's doctors played a key role in maintaining fertility and protect children during the blockade.

Medicine in Blocked Leningrad

In September 1941, the Germans surrounded Leningrad. Residents of the city had to survive 900 terrible blockade days. Leningrad doctors rose to protect the life and health of people.

The most severe trials for precipitated citizens were hunger and cold, resulting from a catastrophic food shortage and heating problems. A few weeks from the beginning of the harsh autumn among the population there were mass cases of an alimentary dystrophy, which first of all struck children. In November 1941, people suffering from this disease amounted to about twenty percent of the total number of patients, and in 1942, more than eighty percent of all Leningradians suffered an alimentary dystrophy. She became the main cause of the death of more than a million citizens.

In March 1942, doctors began to identify certain cases of the disease in Qing, and in the next two months the number of patients began to grow uncontrollably. At the same time, patients suffering from various kinds of avitaminoses appeared.

One of the terrible consequences of malnutrition, the deficit of heat, bombing and other horrors of the blockade was the increase in the number of patients with tuberculosis, as well as mental and infectious diseases. Only in 1942, 5,4203 mental patients were adopted by the doctors of psychoneurological dispensers, and 7,500 people were treated in two psychiatric hospitals. Among infectious diseases most often met a rapid typhus, dysentery and infectious hepatitis, which became a real disaster for medical workers. Often, doctors could not cope with these diseases, lacked the necessary drugs, the deplorable state of sanitation and hygiene affected. But in most cases, the price of incredible efforts, the struggle for the life of patients ended in a complete victory over the disease.

Thousands of Leningradians died from not stopping during the afternoon, no night bombing and shelling. Only in September-November 1941, 17378 people were injured, the total number of victims of the enemy was 50529 people for all the time of the blockade, including 16747 killed and 33728 wounded. The wounds received mainly the citizens of middle-aged, but the most terrible was that children and adolescents were also often among the victims. During the blockade, 529 children were injured, including 333 boys and 196 girls, of which 157 children died of injuries. Almost always injuries were wary, fragmentary character, most often there were injured heads, chest and lower extremities.

After the start of the blockade, the health care system was reorganized, which at that time completely obeyed the conditions of the war.

For the scientific coordination of all the activities of urban health care, the Scientific Council was established at Lengranvotel. Upon improving diagnosis and treatment, committees were created to study alimentary dystrophy, avitaminosis, hypertension, amenorrhea. Issues related to the organization of medical care of the population, Lengormztvotel solved with the active participation of medical scientists.

The coordination of numerous medical institutions of the city was engaged in the hospital council organized at Lengranvotel. It included well-known scientists, specialists, representatives of various departments and organizations.

In September 1942, at one of the meetings of the Scientific Council, it was proposed to introduce the posts of the main therapist of the city and senior therapists of the regions.

With the beginning of the blockade, special attention was paid to discipline among medical personnel. The responsibilities of all governing medical professionals and the main doctors were accounted for strict accounting of working time, preventing any violations of the internal regulations by medical personnel. For special control, the issuance of hospital sheets was taken.

In the near approaches to Leningrad and in the city in the difficult conditions of the blockade and at regular art printing workers, employees and students continued to build defensive structures. Medical workers And here did not remain aside. All defensive sites have created local sanitary parts with a wide network of medical sites and sanitary posts. The work of such sanitary coverage was carefully thought out and planned. For example, a sanitary post led by a sanitary warrior was designed for servicing 200-300 Tpedarmes, a post with a medical sister - for 500-600 people, a medical medical point - for 1500-2100. One sanitary doctor (or epidemiologist) had to serve up to 3-4 thousand people. Doctors, sisters and sanitary warriors showed exceptional dedication, sometimes forgetting personal security, assisted assistance to victims from enemy artillery and aviation.

An important direction in the health care area of \u200b\u200bLeningrad was health care services for industrial enterprises.

The tasks of the physicians in their activities at the enterprises were complicated by the fact that the works of the men who went to the front were taken by women and adolescents. Insufficient professional training New workers, and even its absence, age features, severe working conditions - all this entailed the growth of industrial injuries, an increase in the number of professional diseases.

In the summer of 1942, at the enterprises transferred to the manufacture of defense products, nursanes were created as independent medical organizations. They performed therapeutic and preventive work of all medical institutions, serving employees of enterprises, as well as, as far as possible, and their family members. By the beginning of 1943, 15 such health units operated in the city.

Together with the reorganization of the activities of enterprises, the regime of the treatment of medical and preventive institutions of the city has changed. Opening time Polyclinic and open-type ambulatory, as well as children's consultations were determined from 9 to 19 hours. Doctors duty to provide emergency care from 19 to 22 hours. A year later, this regime was somewhat changed, and from November 1942, Leningrad's clinics worked from 9 to 17 hours. From 17 o'clock to 9 am the next day in each clinic, the consultation was attendant medical personnel.

An integral part of the air defense (air defense) of the Blocade Leningrad was a local air defense service (MPVO), designed to eliminate the effects of the enemy fire terror. The medical and sanitary service and the responsibility of which included rescue events in the foci of defeat. Urban health services (MCC) MPVO included precinct organizations, the main of which were polyclinic areas. MCC consisted of moving and stationary formations. The first of these were sanitary links of self-defense groups, the sanitary posts of the Red Cross, medical and sanitary teams (MSK, MSR) and the detachments of the first medical care (OPM).

Stationary formations were surgical hospitals (hospitals) MPPO, first aid points (PPM), stationary medical care points (SPM), stationary kneading points (SOP) and sanitary-chemical laboratories. Having important assistance to the victims during artillery shelling and aviation bombing was provided by the dedicated work of the Druzinnitz - members of the self-defense groups and the sanitary posts of the Red Cross, created at enterprises, institutions and at households.

MPVO hospitals were divided into two groups. In some, specialized surgical assistance was provided, while others were intended for the treatment of accelerated. The wounded were headed, as a rule, in the hospitals of their area. In total, MSS employees of the Bloodstone Leningrad were provided for medical care for more than 33780 victims. The duration of the treatment of the wounded on average was 28 days. The number of deaths among patients undergoing treatment in surgical hospitals MPVO was extremely insignificant, most wounded recovered. The largest percentage of mortality - more than twenty percent - was recorded in the first half of 1942, which was due to the large number of patients with an alimentary dystrophy among the wounded.

During the blockade on urban medical institutions, at least 140 artillery and aviation attacks were committed, which led to the loss of more than 11 thousand hospital beds. 427 attacks were committed to military hospitals, resulting in more than 26 thousand beds; 136 people were killed, 791 people were injured and controversial. During the blockade, as a result of 226 airplanes and 342 artillery shelling, almost 37 thousand hospitals were lost.

Despite the harsh conditions of the blockade, in the spring and summer of 1942, the work of most scientific medical societies of Leningrad was resumed.

On April 26, 1942, after a short forced interruption, his activities in Leningrad and the Soviet Union, N.I. Surgery, continued its activities. Pirogov. The first meeting was chaired by I.P. Vinogradov. The topics of the reports of this and subsequent meetings of the Company were dictated by military time and blockade living conditions of the city: "firearms of the rectum", "Gypsum boots, replacing skeletal stretching for fears of hip", "New apparatus for a simultaneous reposition during forearm bone fractures", "To Casuality of fragmentation wounds, "" Surgery complications for dystrophy "," On intestinal obstruction in power defects "," The imposition of a gypsum bandage in a vertical position during hip fractures ", etc.

On May 12, 1942, for the first time after the start of the blockade, members of the therapeutic society were gathered. S.P. Botkin. Most of the reports were devoted to an alimentary dystrophy and avitaminosis, Qing and Pellagra. One of the special meetings of the Company was devoted to themes of pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum period with an alimentary dystrophy, as well as the treatment of children suffering from this disease.

On September 19-20, 1942, a citywide scientific conference of surgeons of medical institutions devoted to the problems of military time surgery was held at the initiative and in active assistance to members of the surgical society. The topicality of the issues under consideration was obvious. The meetings discussed methods for the treatment of firearms of limbs with deaf gypsum bandages, firearrous damage to the hip joint, firearm damage to the chest, lungs and pleura.

With a breakthrough of blockade and improving the population, the number of patients with an alimentary dystrophy and avitaminosis has decreased almost 7 times.

During the blocks of the blockade, Leningrad dozens of thousands of patients and wounded, bring up victory to their feet. In inhuman conditions, when the soul of every Leningrad was saved only by the hope and passionate desire of victory, doctors took care of their lives and health. For dedication and heroism in the conditions of a blockade city, many doctors and researchers were awarded high government awards.

Diseases of Blood Leningrad

872 The day became the last day of hunger for most residents. From September 8, 1941 to January 27, 1944, Leningrad doctors, like everyone dying from exhaustion, did not leave therapeutic work, while studying a new specialty, because practically all nosologies have undergone significant changes and long-forgotten diseases appeared.

In two months, the blockades - By November 1941, more than 20% of stationary patients suffered from an alimentary dystrophy, to the new 1942 - 80%, in March, there were cases of zingi, there were tens of thousands in May. Tuberculosis, raw tit, dysentery and infectious hepatitis were a real disaster, not only because there was no specific treatment, hungry led to an atypical flow, however, the death rate from infections was low.

During the blockade, as a result of 226 airplanes and 342 artillery shelling, almost 37 thousand hospitals were lost, 136 employees were killed, 791 were injured and controversial.

Children's doctors in a blockade Leningrad

In the blockade Leningrad there were about 400 thousand detects?. Kindergartens and Nurserie were a real salvation for little Leningradyev, and scientists beat over what to feed the kids? In blockade conditions. Leningrad doctors and nurses fought for their lives and health, defeating the unsanitary conditions of the besieged city and the constant shortage of medicines.

Hunger and cold were the most serious tests for Leningradians. With the beginning of the harsh? Autumn in the city was an alimentary dystrophy, which first of all amazed the detects? In March 1942, the first cases of quantities have appeared?, And the number of patients began to grow uncontrollably. Thousands of Leningradians died from not stopping during the afternoon, no night bombing and shelling. Among the victims often were children and adolescents. Almost always injuries wore heavily? Splinchy? character. Malnutrition, cold, bombing and constant? Fear provoked tuberculosis, mental and infectious diseases.

In memories, published international? Associations? Public organizations? Blockers of the city of Hero of Leningrad, there is a story of Blochadnica V. Latyshevoy?. In February, War Latyshev was placed in a children's hospital with a diagnosis of "Cing and the third dystrophy? degree. " The gums bleeded, the legs were swollen ... "Only huge men's boots could be pulled on his feet, and it was me then 13 years old," so she writes in his memoirs. - Otherwise, I looked like a skeleton, covered? Very white? Goals? ". She was sure that enhanced nutrition, vitamins and care of the doctors? Save, but no - cutting? Transition to calories? Nutrition caused dystrophic? diarrhea? Only an organism exhausted even more. The girl lost appetite, and a lot of unselected bread gathered in the bedside table. He was asked to attribute his mother, who did not visit her daughter for a long time. And the girl all weakened - "the view was such? What are the children passing by Moyy? Beds, not embarrassed, spoke to each other: "This will soon die." The same doctor told the doctor and Mom Vola, when she got to the hospital. "When my mother came and saw that the" corpse "blinks through his eyes, hurried to report this to the doctor," writes Varvara Afanasyevna. Then the doctors suggested doing blood transfusion. They warned that this operation can be sacrificed and cause instant death. The miracle was accomplished, and Varnah soon went to edit, I started to learn to go.

Later she wrote poems:

blocade Leningrad Medical Illness

... Thought since I smelled to me,

That I am not a gift saved,

That life in advance is given to me,

So I do not work tired.

With the beginning of the blockade, the whole health system obeyed the conditions of war? During Lengranvotel, scientists were educated? Council with the Committees for the study of alimentary? dystrophy, avitaminosis, hypertenside? Diseases, amenorrhea. Hospital? The Council coordinated the work of all therapeutic institution? cities. In September 1942, the positions of the main therapist of the city and senior therapists of Rai were introduced? Onov. In the clinic at consultations around the clock there were duty officers? Medical? staff. History for everyone children's Doctor It is possible to be regarded as a feat, but no one considered it then the feat. They just did not know how otherwise.

Natalia Ivanovna Yerinosova, graduate of Pediatrics? The academy worked in a blockade Leningrad by a district doctor. Scary? Winter? 1941/1942 Natalya Ivanovna sold everything that was valuable in the family to buy at least something edible. Vintage pocket silver watches of her father, she exchanged on small? Pouch (1 kg) millet. Spring? 1942 she cut her grass with scissors on a Mars field to cook like so-hairs?. During the war? She lost her father and brother ... Her memories are the children whom she saved, bypassing the frozen, broken passages, literally crawling on terrible, faded and turned frost in the icy mountain, dark and steep stairs of the ancient Leningrad building? . Her plot captured my? Ku next to Winter Palace And stretched to Marsh field. Often she found a small still live calze near the dead? Mother and then, staggering from exhaustion, carried a child to the hospital or nursery. And so day to day.

Sophia Zinovievna Badhan, Childish? Doctor, at the beginning of the Wari? We were taken out of Leningrad three thousand hedgehogs? of the nursery and kindergarten age, and after removing the blockade returned them to their relatives? The city is healthy and unharmed. To the beginning of the Great? Domestic? Will the Sophia Zinovievna be the main pediatrician of Frunzen Rai? She is Leningrad and raised two daughters? - Teenagers - Betty and Masha. On June 22, the Wari baked? On, and already on June 29 they began to evacuate the little Leningraders. She began with Frunzen Rai? She headed her Sophia Zinovievna. "Since then, we have not seen my mother," Betty remembers. - She ran down the houses? In my absence and left a note with the requests? Collect two nodes of the most necessary for me and car companies?. We had to come for us. " Leningrad Detees? Brought in the village of Rybinsky Rai? She is Yaroslavskoy? Areas. Do not have time guys get a job, how did the rapid offensive of German war begin? SK, the railway station was broken. Was it decided to carry a detection? In the boarding school in Molotovskoy? Areas (current? Permskiy? Edges?). Betty remembers: "When did our train rode across the bridge, bombers appeared in the sky with blacks? Swastiko? on the wings. They walked on a shaking flight. It was very scary. We all laid us on the floor. Kids cried. Fortunately, the train managed to slip the bridge. " Accommodation of a detection? on steamers and send them? Supervised Sophia Zinovievna. In the city of arrivals of the Deta? Posted by railway station, they settled in the train. The path from Rybinsk to the boarding school took two months. Fragile on the sight of a woman rushing between the branches of the boarding school, passed the day to thirty kilometers on foot, without letting his peace or night, no night. She selflessly leaning her detects?, Prevented the measles epidemic, walked with assistants around the villages with tin bids and asked to give a little milk to small Leningraders. From all gastric uptools? SVTs were treated with a grinding garlic filled with milk. After removing the blockade of Sofya Zinovievna again, began to work again by the chief pediatrician of Frunzen Rai? She. Often, women returned from the front to the broken houses left a detection? Directly in the building of Rai? Onan health care department. Sophia Zinovievna gave a ticket to every princess.

It was especially difficult for future mothers and newborn and those who, without regretting themselves, worked in their maternity homes.

Large fugasic bombs, fallen near the NO 6 maternity hospital on Mayakovsky Street, seriously damaged the building. In the corridors of the lower floor it was necessary to place the guinea, the doctors worked at the light of anchitolok, the water in the water pipes frozen, seeded sewage. In spite of everything, in the days of the blockade, the hospital did not stop working for any day. Doctors and nurses along with medical care dragged all the goods to ensure the vitality of the building?. Already in February 1942, the separation of the second floor was heated using brick-rods? Substations, glazed broken windows, partially restored the water supply and sewage.

"The physical development of Leningrad docking unionless newborns for last years Before Great? Domestic? Will? Noah? It was quite satisfactory, "wrote known? Soviet? Statistics Novoselskiy?. So, average? Weight of newborns of both sexes was 3378 g, medium? The growth is 50.6 cm, the middle circle of the chest is 33.5 cm, the average circle of the head is 34.6 cm. Wari? The physical development of newborns significantly worsened the physical development of newborns. Especially sharply deteriorated in 1942, when average? The weight of newborns of both sexes dropped more than 600 g. In 1943, continuous improvement of the physical development of Leningrad newborns begins, and in 1945, the kids began to be born strong and healthy, as in pre-war time. LengranvoTeel issued an order for the ban to write premature detects? Domoys?, and they could stay in maternity hospitals up to two months. The statement of premature newborns was carried out accompanied by a nurse, if possible, Domoi? Did they come off on the cars, while Deta? placed in special "suitcases" heated by the heating plates. Doctors, sisters, nyacki fought for every life, but they are also in full? The measure was pulled by a serious strap blockade. Children of the blockade who survived and grew, forever retained the gratitude of the pediatricians of the blockade Leningrad - people who retain their lives.

References

1) http://www.pediatriya-spb.ru/gazeta/28-04-2011.pdf.

2) Smooth P. F. Health of the Blocade Leningrad. - L., 1985.

3) Smooth P. F. Healthcare and military medicine in the battle for Leningrad through the eyes of a historian and eyewitnesses. 1941-1944 - St. Petersburg, 2007.

4) Smooth P. F., Loktev A. E. Health service in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945 - St. Petersburg, 2005.

5) Life and death in a blocked Leningrad. Historical and medical aspect. - St. Petersburg. Academy of Military Historical Sciences, 2001.

6) Kovalchuk V. M. Essays of the history of Leningrad. T. 5. - L., 1967.

7) Doctors and blockades: look through the years. Book II. - St. Petersburg, 1997.

Posted on Allbest.ru.

...

Children and Study - Information Portal