January 6 - a memorable date of national military history. On this day in 1813, the Russian army after a long, heavy and bloody campaign of 1812 officially graduated from Napoleon. And on January 7, 1813, the entire population of the country was read by the manifesto of Emperor Alexander I "On the expulsion of the enemy from the limits of the empire and the end of the Patriotic War." The emperor commanded annually on the day of the Nativity of Christ to celebrate and the Great Victory Day.

The Patriotic War of 1812 has become a heavy test for our country. Russian troops had to confront much more numerous and experienced " Great Army"French emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. Returning from the borders of the Empire, our troops led the terrigard battles, gave large. Napoleon's army forces were broken in Great. The second in the meaning of the battle of 1812 was the battle under Maloyaroslavets. For the summer and autumn of 1812, the French suffered immaculate losses, and to winter were forced to leave Moscow and retreat from Russia. Of the more than 660 thousand Napoleon soldiers were able to leave Russia only a few tens of thousands. Russian troops covered themselves the unfading fame of winners, persistent and stubborn fighters. This status, our army confirmed later, in the course of completed by the full defeat of France and.

Jean Charles Langlua. Battle at Smolensk. Source: https://ru.wikipedia.org/

Conducts a lot of work in the area of \u200b\u200bpreserving historical memory of the exploits of the Russian Army during the Napoleonic Wars. Conferences, lectures, seminars and historical reconstruction of battles of 1812 are held regularly. And on January 7, 2019, under the auspices of RVIO, celebrations and memorable events will be held under the auspices of the Borodino Field, including the reading of that very manifesto Emperor Alexander I.

In anticipation memorial date The correspondent of the portal "History.rf" met with a candidate of historical sciences, Associate Professor MGIMO Nikolai Aleksandrovich Kopylov. With him, we restored the course of events of two hundred years ago, and also tried to find out why Russia could not refuse to participate in an overseas campaign? How to confront attempts to falsify the history of the Patriotic War of 1812? And finally, how did the victory of our country influenced Russian society and the whole world?

"The whole" Great Army "rank in Russia"

Nikolay Alexandrovich, tell us how much the domestic war of 1812 was severe for Russia at that time?

It should be borne in mind that Russia was a serfstone, so its resources were limited. And the war required the mobilization of the entire society, all resources of the Empire: military, human, economic, ideological. Peasants as recruits served in the army, they also gained militia. Mercury sacrificed its fortune. Noblemen, who did not consist in the service, created their military units: For example, in Moscow, a hussar regiment was formed on the son of the famous favorite of the Empress, M. A. Dmitriev-Mamonov, where the poet S.M. was inflamed Glinka, the young A.S. was recorded there. Griboedov. Later, this regiment became regular and renamed Irkutsk Gusar Regiment. Another example is a battalion created and contained on the Tverskaya Great Princess Catherine Pavlovna, the famous Music emperor. This battalion reached Paris. That is, really, the war, the collision of the two empires, demanded the mobilization of all resources from Russia. And the potential of Napoleon's empire, which controlled almost the whole of Europe, was incomparably higher, and the scale of the events was such that during the invasion of Napoleon's army consisted of 660 thousand soldiers, 10-15 thousand Napoleonic soldiers were able to go away. The whole "Great Army" remained lying on the road from Moscow to Vilna. After November 26-28, 1812 (according to a new style), it was completely destroyed as a combat body. Her soldiers literally fled from Russia, saving their lives. Napoleon left the troops and twisted in Paris. Pursuing the enemy, Russian troops overlook the border of the Empire, and on January 6, 1813, on a new style (December 25, 1812, the Emperor Alexander I signs two manifesta. The first - "On the expulsion of the enemy from the limits of the empire", and the second one on the opening of the monument in honor of the heroes of the war and dedicated to the power of providence, which helped Russia to withstand this serious war with an antichrist. By the way, later, according to him, the Church of Christ the Savior will be erected. And on January 7, the manifestos were voiced, that is, published and printed, and were announced in cities, and read out ... And if they speak a state language, this manifesto officially completed the war of 1812 in our territory.

THEM. Spinters. "In 1812." Source: https://www.pinterest.se/

- And what were these manifests as documents?

The manifesto itself is the solemn appeal of the emperor to his subjects, in which he announces the end of the war in our territory in which he notes that all classes in the Terrible hour were rallied to defend the Fatherland and the throne. By the way, later this formulation of Alexander I will turn into the famous formula "Orthodoxy, autocracy, nationality". And of course, the document noted that each class contributed to and should be rewarded. And then it was indicated which awards and privileges were given to each of the estates. Nobility, merchandise, mesh, ... Further, of course, the decisive role of the masses and God's fishery was indicated, thanks to which the victory was won.

"Falsifiers are trying to force the story to speak in modern times"

Now many unfair researchers or pseudoistorics are trying to falsify the events of the Patriotic War of 1812. To bring the significance of the feat of our people and the army, to reconsider its move and the results, in the end, to discard its status as a domestic one. What can we answer them?

Contemporaries and participants initially called war, as it was then accepted, Campanis of 1812. Indeed, the concept of domestic was attached to this war a little later, in the reign of the emperor, but it does not become less from this, and people do not disappear anywhere.

Yes, the fighting was carried out on a relatively small section of Smolensk roads towards Moscow: Maloyaroslavets and several other places adjacent to it. But I repeat once again, taking into account - and this was just noted in his manifesto Emperor Alexander I - that every class contributed to the altar of victory, that the war united the class society, we can talk about the folk and comprehensive nature of the war.

I.V. Lucinov. "The blessing of the militia of 1812." Source: http://aria-art.ru.

Yes, a certain extent was created by the myths, which now, when working with documents, begin to flex. But this is not a reason to make such escapades that some "researchers" can afford. In the heat of overturning some inaccuracies, these people themselves give rise to even large and sometimes completely monstrous myths and structures are completely not coinciding with reality. Working with any events at least 75-year-old, at least a 200 years ago, requires the ability to search and analyze the facts. The most important thing is to take a look at the events of that time through the eyes of his participants. In 1812 there was a completely different system of values \u200b\u200bin Russian society, rather than now. And the problem of what we now call the falsification of history is that we are trying to pull the past to your table and make the past speaking in our language. What gives rise to, in turn, distortion, misunderstanding of the facts and processes occurring in society.

- Could you give an example?

Now sometimes it is fashionable to deploy the image of Feldmarshal, to blame him in the inability to command the troops, to attribute to him various "sins" on the personal front ... Exposures are shutters from letters and memories, the same Ermolov or Bagration, any officers. On the one hand, it is cited by everything correctly. But few understand that this is worth a great opposition of two generations.

For example, Kutuzov himself always called himself a "simple serunen nobleman." For him, the service of the throne and the sovereign is the basis of the whole life. Another one did not see for himself and always as a commander, and as a diplomat, and a resident, and the administrator carried out the instructions of the sovereign, wherever he was sent. The generation of young, born and received education in an already enlightened era, speaks of the rights and freedoms, about the values \u200b\u200bof human life, and other progressive concepts at that time. Naturally, they condemned some solutions to the commander of Kutuzov, did not understand them. Stories about the coffee pot, who the young 25-year-old last favorite of Catherine II, Plato Zubenu, brought already formerly at the age of Kutuzov. But those who said that, including cadets of that corps, who were headed by Kutuzov, did not know that he was trying to get money in their shape, the arrangement of life and other equipment needs. That is, the conflict of generations: fathers and children, different systems of values \u200b\u200b... And as you know, the fact that a person does not understand, he always pushes from himself, criticizes ...

S. Gerasimov. M. I. Kutuzov on the Borodino field. Source: https://www.culture.ru.

And on the example of Kutuzov, if we gather certain quotes of his opponents and ill-wishers, we can form it as if a negative image. But if we deeply analyze all available materials, documents; Let's see where it came from, then his image will become completely different. Therefore, it can be said that modern falsifiers demonstrate a simple lack of professionalism.

If we touched the Kutuzov: there is an opinion that he did not want a hike to Europe; His phrase is in every possible way that England is ready to fight to the last Russian soldier. Tell me, where did it come from?

Appeared from the Deposte and Letters of the representative of Britain at the Kutuzov bet, Robert Wilson. Who himself critically referred to Kutuzov. I allowed myself phrases to the manner: "Kutuzov builds the Golden Bridge Napoleon, allowing him to leave." Later these letters were published, and the people received this information. But here we need to understand, in what conditions this source arose. Wilson expressed only his opinion. He did not sit with Kutuzov when developing plans, he constantly underwent between a bet and St. Petersburg. Moreover, his goal was all their forces to keep Russia in a state of war. Hence this criticism - since Wilson himself saw the achievement of his goal in changing the commander. That is, personal hostility has become the basis of this myth. Kutuzov himself, if we see his famous order on the army about the congratulation of soldiers and officers with the end of the campaign, continues with that thought: "You have to go further and punish Tirana, on its fields." Yes, and the army did not stop at the border, but went further. In his deposits, the emperor of Kutuzov scrupulously follows the problem of a foreign hike. There were moods that you don't need to fight further in the so-called "group of old people", but they were headed by Admiral Shishov, not Kutuzov.

"Napoleon dreamil about revenge"

Describe, please, the role of the Russian army is already in an overseas campaign. To what extent she became decisive?

At the first stage of the foreign trip, to the summer truce 1813, it was absolute - Russia plays a leading role in the new sixth anti-Napoleon coalition. Prussia, our ally, did not have an army in fact since 1806, relying on the Landworks shelves (militias). The Prussian army was low, and the Russian army exceeded it and quantitatively, and qualitatively.

HELL. Kivchenko. Entry Emperor Alexander I with allies to Paris. Source: https://www.pinterest.se/

The second stage of the foreign hike is characterized by the entry into the war of the Austrian Empire. But Russia at this point already has the authority of the diplomatic and military leader in the coalition, there is the role of the ridge. Although the Austrian Feldmarshal Schwarzenberg became a formal commander, and Russian generals managed on the battlefield on the battlefield: Barclay de Tolly, Wittgenstein, Yermolov, Osten-Saken, Raevsky. The most vivid and significant victories occurring precisely thanks to our troops and commander. For example, in the "Battle of Peoples" under Leipzig, it was the Russian army who kept the french strike of the French.

- And how, in your opinion, Russia changed as a result of the war internally and what weight acquired on the external stage?

Russia wins the strongest and experienced Army of Europe - this is a reason for pride. Proud victory over a strong opponent, of course, worthy, but on the other hand, it is concluded that we are fine, and nothing needs to be changed. And it was that. The society begins to fall into some stagnation, and in the case of the stagnation of the nobility, Alexander could not conduct a course on reforms. He had the tragic fate of his father before his eyes, who himself went against the will of the nobility ... It is interesting that the unfulfilled hopes for reforms and changes lead us to what we call the "Decembrists' movement". And exactly 10 years after the end of the Napoleonic Wars, we approach December 1425 ...

On the other hand, from the point of view of diplomacy and international relations, a Vienna system arises, which actually acts a hundred years to the First World War. We know that the Russian Empire and personally, Alexander I played a big role in the conduct of the Vienna Congress, thereby increasing the status of Russia as an international player. It was based on the principle of legitimism, or the principle of empires. International and Russian diplomacy followed in many ways the principles that laid the Vienna Congress ended in 1815.

Vienna Congress 1814-1815. Source: https://paintingvalley.com/

And at the end: what do you think, should Russia get involved in the overseas campaign? Could we stay at the border and watch the situation in Europe by?

It was the point of view of the State Secretary of the emperor responsible for Russian diplomacy, Charles Nesselrod, and it was quite obvious at that time that Napoleon would make every effort to restore the army and take revenge among Russia. That is, we threatened another Russian-French war. Or required the transfer of the war to Europe, where with the help of European armies and peoples could be defeated by Napoleon. Here are two alternatives, and the third is not given. Therefore, the view is that de let europe be cooked in its own boiler, does not comply with the international and political relations of that time. And given the experience of the previous war with France, and the country has already been to a certain extent depleted, it is unknown, what would this revenge turn to us, we have a border ...

Cover: https://www.pinterest.se/

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9 comments

Shafin Rashit

well, almost perfectly, incomplete. The Great Army fell in 3 directions and the war was carried out in the Baltic States, Ukraine and Belarus. Not 10-15 left (this can be indigenous French) thousands of Napoleon's army soldiers, and more. There are all sorts of Austrians, Different Germans and others. Of those countries that moved from Napoleon's subordination and mainly became opponents of France.

Shafin Rashit

and how many losses of the Russian army, not specified. And Kutuzov like a commander during the very Borodino battle behaved sluggishly, almost slept. He chose the position is excellent, but Napoleon changed the place of release.

Clemontov Sergey

Kutuzov Brilliant commander. On the battlefield, he chose what is better for the Russian army. Your speeches about the outlet or no way out, or about the won the battle of Kutuzov, as you sleep, are just funny. "Brilliant" commander Napoleon lost the battle of "Spawn" Kutuzov)! The losses of the Napoleon's army (not France), the French there was no more than 30% - simply 500 thousand. In order is thus higher than in the Russian army and militia, even from the most "skeptical" sources. So learn Russian history!

Svyatsky Dmitry.

Here is the full text of manifestos, especially in terms of money. To whom the estates were divided - the money, to whom a hundred, to whom, some of the Filnica. And the norinal is the rest of the "God will repay." That's the peasants were glad ... Well, and the Church of Christ the Savior is a separate story, when they built it, through the century after the events? Well, and saved on blood for how much up? This is so, the touch about the characteristics of the attitude of the ruling dynasty to the subject.

Clemontov Sergey

Dmitry you have war to come down to money. And how many lives of people, hundreds and thousands of dead, disinterested feat of the army and militias! How do you measure, in dollars or rubles! The Russians passed a hard war, defended Fatherland and faith, lifestyle! This "norinal" put all over Europe on his knees. And the temple was built after the war, when each penny lad was to restore the country. At that time, the power was one, the power and the people did not share anyone. "West" always represents Russia as a gathering of wild tribes, and Russia -Iet and multinational country.

Myth about war 1812

About the war 1812 Created and still many myths are created. Under the word myth, of course, it is necessary to understand just frank lies and a lie.
To strengthen this lie, not only textbooks and books written and published by the pripers and manual "historians" are used, but also the media are constantly used and even ads in the subway, as it takes to be every September, when I heard to my surprise that Borodino is It turns out ... the victory of the Russian army! That's how! But more on that later.
Headquarters of the Russian Army

Before moving directly to the events of 1812, consider what was represented by the headquarters of the Russian army and, if possible, compare it with the French headquarters.
The headquarters of the Russian army was represented by almost completely foreigners:

Head of Staff - General Leonti Leontievich Bennigsen - In fact, no Leonty Leontievich, and Levin August Gottlyb Teofil von Bennigsen, was born in the Ganovera - the German region, which in that epoch was under the Program of the English king, was a subject of the English king. However because Napoleon occupied the Ganover, then it follows that the head of the headquarters was legally submitted by Napoleon.
Karl Fedorovich Tol - in fact, nor Karl Fedorovich, and Karl Wilhelm von Toll - later located the troops on the Borodino field.
The Russian army committed Bagration - born in Georgia before joining Russia.
Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay de Tollya - no Mikhail Bogdanovich, and Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly, comes from German barons, and then by origin - Scot.
Mikhail Kutuzov - comes from Prussian kind, as well as the owner of 6567 Russian slaves. Cutuzov preferred to be treated, like all rich Russians, in Germany.
The Russian headquarters spoke French - it was the main language. In addition to him, they were talked in German, English, but not Russian. In Russian spoke only slaves soldiers. About why they are slaves, a little later.

Winter Palace Military Gallery

A great understanding of the headquarters of the Russian army gives us the famous Military Gallery of the Winter Palace. The Military Galleries of the Winter Palace contains a number of pictures of the participants of the war of 1812. Curious, but most of the characters written in these pictures were written not from nature, but many later their death, so with the same success there can hang pictures with Darth Vader and the Terminator.
Another curious moment and the mockery is that these pictures are written by the English artist George Dow, which represents the only country that won absolutely for all items during the war against Napoleon. And of course, it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that the palace himself was built not by the Russian architect, but as usual, - the Italian architecture - Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli.

: //Pasteboard.co/1h3p2munk.png.

This is an amazing gallery of an amazing event - the Russians have caused this war, lost all the battles of this war, including: the battle near Smolensky, the general battle with Borodino, the battle of Maloyaroslavets, and could not win the victory over the retreating Napoleon under Berezin, when there was no artillery nor cavalry. Russians suffered huge human and material losses, while the huge number of human losses was the cause of stupidity of both Kutuzov and Alexander, but nevertheless, these characters are in Winter Palacelike heroes!

The pedigree "Russian" king - Alexander I

Consider its pedigree:
His father - Paul I - the son of Germans Catherine II, whose full name Sofia August Frederick Anhalt-cersbst.
Father Paul I - Peter III - Peter Karl Ulrich Duke Holstein-Gottorpsky.
Alexander I - Sofia Maria Dorothea Augustus Louise Württemberg.
Alexander I- Luisa Mary of Augustus Badenskaya.

It is noteworthy that Alexander I did not speak Russian.
As you can see, the king Russian Empire There was the same Russian as Napoleon.
By the way, many do not know, but Alexander I was not novel. It was the Dynasty of the Holstein-Gottorpian House of Romanovs, and not the Romanov Dynasty i.e. Simply put, Germans ruled in the Russian Empire.
Thus, no difference between non-Russian Napoleon and non-Russian Alexander I was not. However, Alexander I, at different from Napoleon - Orthodox, but apparently not very believer. He was a fatherly.
Alexander killed, of course not himself, he "only" agreed to murder. The murder of the father of Alexander - Paul I - was exercised in English. England did not need a world between Alexander and Napoleon.

As a child, Alexander was brought up in an unhealthy psychological situation between the grandmother Catherine II and the father of Paul I who hate each other and, as contemporaries rumored, dreamed of killing each other. Thus, it is possible to imagine what fastened the psyche of the Russian king.

It should be added that Alexander I shy his own people who he ruled and dreamed of editing civilized French.

But one of the curious and disgraceful facts, the so-called Romanovs, which Russian intercursors of history are chosen: in 1810 - 1811. Alexander I sold about 10 thousand state peasants to fortress slavery!
("World News". 08/31/2012, p. 26; more about this "seasonal sale" and about the situation of sovereign slaves, how these Russian Orthodox people were made to buy new gloves, see: Druzhinin N. M. State peasants and reform P. D. Kiselev. M.- L., vol. 1, 1946).

Speaking about Alexandra, it is impossible not to mention the Minister of Foreign Russia, which 40 years old did the foreign policy of that country - this is Karl Vasilyevich Nesselrod, who actually did not Karl Vasilyevich, how habitual Russian "historians", and Karl Robert von Nesselrod - German , the person who did not know the Russian language and did not even learn it over 40 years old!
In general, notice how every foreigner in power in Russia, the writers of interpretations of Russian history are trying to make a deception to Russian, or rather even to do, but to submit Russian leadership as the same Russians as they themselves.

However, but even names already indicate colonial management Foreigners, as it was always at Slavs: Recall, first, they ruled the Khazars, Avars and Norman, then Tatars, then the Germans. It is extremely curious.
As for the Russian people (and in fact, in addition to the Russian people, the Russian empire was included, as well as now, almost two hundred of other peoples), then this people blood shed for this leadership and for nothing more.

Which was the Russian army and the population of the Russian Empire

Even in the XIX century, Russia was an extremely backward agrarian country, with a slave-feudal system. 98.5% of the Russian population were slaves, which in historiography are "serfs".
The Russian army, considering the soldiers, and not officers, was not from free people, but from those the most slaves that slave owners were supposed to be in the army. This scheme was named reclaimed. It consisted in the fact that the serf slave was died from the "family" and sent to serve. The word "family" is taken in the cupcakes, because The family at the serf slave was very conditional - at any time the barin could sell his family in different ends of the country. Also, the barin could at any time could use his wife or daughters (even young) serfs for their bed fun. Well, if the barin had a certain kind of sexual succity, then it could use not only the daughters of the serf slave, but also sons.
The service in the Russian army lasted 25 years, the Russian soldier did not receive anything for it. It was a meantic. Naturally, if during these 25 years he did not die, he had already had nowhere to return to him and he could not create a family. So, the best option for the Russian soldier was to die during the service.
At different from the French army, the Russian army was not accompanied by the boring, and they did not pay the money to Russian soldiers. For example, the French soldiers Napoleon paid golden napoleonders.
Thus, the Russian fortress slave, forcibly taken to the Russian army, could not be implemented as well as his sexual desires and naturally, as it happens in such cases in the modern Russian army or in Russian prisons, the Russian army was widely developed by pederasts between the soldiers.

Differences of a person in France and Russia

To understand the cause of fear and aggression of European countries to France for those years, it is necessary to fascinating a piece from the Declaration of Human Rights and a citizen of the French Republic written by Napoleon:

And now let's compare this declaration in France with the fact that in Russia 98.5% of the Russian population were fortress slaves.
It is noteworthy that this phrase from the declaration also splits all the bikes about supposedly the partisan movement of peasants against Napoleon. Imagine the situation: "Commissioner" comes to Russian slave and says something like: "A terrible attack for you, Napostat Napoleon, he says that all people - and you, slaves - and your landowners and even Your king is born free and equal in rights! Do you really want to be free and equal in rights with landowners and king? Not ?! That's it! Let's steadily, with arms in hand, your right to be slaves! "
And the peasants in response, throw up the caps and shout: "Hooray, whatever our slavery! Differences Rounded Napoleon who declared that everyone is born free and equal."
You, reader, are ready to believe in such a peasant reaction?

Causes of War 1812

Objective reasons for war 1805, 1807, 1812 There were no Russia with France. Geographically Russia did not have common borders With France, therefore there were no territorial disputes. Economical did not exist any competition, because France XIXV is a capitalist country with a developing industry, while Russia is an extremely backward agrarian country with feudal-slave-owner entry, unable to export anything other than natural resources (forest), wheat and hemp. The real competitor of France in the field of economics was only Britain.

Russian professional (and therefore paid) intercursors (!) Russian history explain that the reason why Alexander was preparing for war with Napoleon was supposedly what because of joining the trade blockade, Russia lost huge money, which allegedly ruined the economy as It was a forced reason for the preparation for war.
This is a lies! And the fact that it is a lie - proved statistically!

1) To Blogada, Alexander joined only at the end of 1808, when the financial crisis was already extremely noticeable.
2) After joining the brand blockade of Britain, the English goods immediately began to flow into Russia under the neutral flag, which completely leveled Russia's accession to the blockade. The situation is similar to as after the trade sanctions of Moscow in 2015 against the Russian Federation, the bananas began to come from Belarus, like sea fish.
3) In 1808, the first peace year after the conclusion of the Tilzite world, according to the decree of Alexander I, military expenses increase from 63.4 million rubles in 1807 to 118.5 million rubles. - i.e. Difference twice! And naturally, the result of the result of such military spending the financial crisis has occurred.
1) In the report to Alexander I, the Chancellor of Rumyantsev writes that financial problems are not from joining the blockade, but from the embezzlement to the army and this is statistically checked: the loss from the blockade was 3.6 million rubles. And spending on the army increased by more than 50 million rubles - the difference is obvious!

Thus, it is clearly seen from the statistics that the cause of the war was not trading sanctions.

And long before the events of 1812, the day after the conclusion of the Tilzite world, Alexander writes a letter to his mother, that "this is a temporary passage" and begins to create an invasion army.

The main real causes of the war 1812 can be allocated as follows:

1) Fear of the fact that the ideas about equality will turn into Russia. In order not to be unfounded, you can keep quotation from the Declaration of Human Rights and a citizen of the French Republic, written by Napoleon:

"People are born and remain free and equal in rights, public differences can only be based on the total benefit."

And the fact that Russia was a slave-owner country, where any equality and speech could not be!
1) Another reason was the complex of the national inferiority of Tsar Alexander I, who realized in what flawed country he lives, and he so wanted to hang out and be equal to all of these kings of the ruling in civilized countries, for which he obviously lested from leather to be The first among the general discontent of the old royal Europe, which was most scared by the ideas of equal rights of the French. Therefore, Alexander's actions very accurately resemble the deeds of Soviet and post-Soviet figures, such as, Gorbachev, Yeltsin, etc. Which made anything, if only they took them in the Western Club, praised and considered equal to themselves.
Alexander I of course was the king, like many other European monarchs of that time, but at different of them, Alexander was the king of the extremely backward slave and poor country, which has huge, but uninhabited sizes, where the civilization itself was lacking even where there was life. He was the king of the country, where all the rich people lived most of the year abroad and often did not even know Russian. He was the king of the country where everything to know was spoke exclusively in French.

Russian intervention 1805-1807gg and preparation for war 1812

Starting from the very first days of the French Revolution, other countries began to prepare interventions. The air of freedom was too dangerous for European monarchies. Interventions lasted continuously from 1791 to 1815.
Immediate aggression Russia showed 3 times: this is the campaign of Suvorov to Italy in 1799, until Napoleon is busy in Egypt, as well as two aggressions in the composition of Anti-Napoleon coallations in 1805 and 1807. Preparations for the fourth aggression Russia began in immediately after the conclusion of the Tilzite world, and the immediate concentration of troops already in 1810g, with the intention of moving to France in the near future.

The war against Napoleon also from 1805 sponsored Britain buying Russian soldiers, rather paying the Russian king for this participation. The rates were not so what, for every 100 thousand soldiers, the British paid the Russian king of 1 million 250 thousand pounds. Although it is not ahti what money, but for the country that can only sell the forest and hemp, these were essential money, especially since the life of the population did not cost anything, and Alexander could have been perfectly poured into this money.

The beginning of the Russian intervention is coming from 1805 when Alexander I creates anti-armzu coalition and sends troops after half of Europe - through Austria to France. As a result of this campaign, all these troops were headlong under Austerlitz where the famous Russian commander - Mikhail Kutuzov. In the future, Kutuzov will also be divided under Borodino, but in Russian historiography, the intercursors of Russian history will record it in brilliant commander.

In 1807, Alexander participates in the New War against France.
And on June 2, 1807, Alexander's troops were again defeated, already under Friedland. However, even this time, Napoleon did not again pursue the broken Russians! And he did not even move the borders of Russia, although if he had suddenly planned a campaign on Russia, then the best moment was difficult to imagine: the country was without the army and her military leaders were completely demoralized. However, Napoleon pursued only the world with Russia. This explains not only what he gave to go away by the broken parts of the Russian army, did not pursue them, did not move the borders with Russia, but also, for the sake of peace and establishing a good relationship, he outfit at the expense of the French treasury almost 7,000 prisoners of Russian soldiers and 130 generals and headquarters and July 18, 1800 sent them free of charge and without any interchange back to Russia. Trying to enlist the world, Napoleon did not demand in the tilsite of the Contribution from three times (twice - personally) punished for the aggression of Russia. Moreover, Russia has also received the Belostok region! All for the sake of peace.

A vivid example of Russian aggression in the war against Napoleon is the convened militia in 1806 in the amount of Already 612,000 people!
Think about this word - militia. It a priori means military buildings from local residents to combat the occupant on their territory. But what kind of occupant was for the Russians in Russia in 1806? Napoleon was not close! So, the militia it was created for intervention to France. Climbing forward, it should be noted that the militias were serfs that were scored at landlords by discharger. However, by typing this militia, Alexander I deceived landowners who allocated fortress slaves, and tonsured them into recruits. In the future, this act will affect 1812, when the landowners are remembered about how the king deceived them will be given to the militia of only crown and patients.

The fight against Napoleon was carried out not only on the battlefields, but also on the Niva faith and religion. So in 1806, Orthodox Alexander orders the Synod (church ministry) to declare Catholic Napoleon. And the unbelieving Catholic Napoleon was declared anaphheme from the ROC, and at the same time they declared him and an antichrist. Napoleon was probably surprised as the Roman Catholic Church.
The ridiculum of this anathema manifested itself in 1807 at the conclusion of the Tilzite world. Understanding that when signing the world, Alexander will have to kiss with Napoleon - "Antichrist", the ROC took off AnaPheme. True later, still announced.
Another ridiculence of the world's conclusion in 1807 was that Alexand was awarded Napoleon to the Order of Andrei First-Called, who was the highest award-winning of the Russian Empire.

Anyway, but already in 1810, three Russian army were already on the Western border, ready for a new intervention, and on July 27 and 29, 1811 a number of "highest commands" by the corpus heads were signed, in which they ordered to prepare for surgery at the river Vistula!

On October 5 (according to the old style), 1811 was signed by the Russian-Prussian Military Convention against France. However, at the last moment, Emperor Austria and the King of Prussia were afraid to once again be able to fight with Napoleon and agreed only on secret agreements that in the case of the war they would not seriously act against Russia.

Thus, Napoleon began to collect troops later than Alexander and to split Russians before they unite with Proshiy and Austria.
For the entire spring, 1812, Napoleon was waiting for the offensive of the Russian, so he did not move. It was impossible to wait infinitely, so Napoleon went to the offensive himself, but he lost a good time and started the war at the time when she was no longer started - the troops began on June 24!

The undeniable evidence that Napoleon was not only not going to move the border, but, having reliable intelligence information, was preparing for defense against Alexander's aggression (as it was always in previous years): the most important part of Napoleon correspondence 1810 is the first half of 1812. Deals in ensuring fortifications in the Warsaw (Handelsman M. Instrukcje I Depeszerezydenów Francuskich W Warszawie. T. 2, Warszawa, 1914, s. 46; Correspondance de Napoléon I. P., 1863, V. 23, p. 149 - 150). Napoleon constantly warned his marshals. "If the Russians will not start aggression, the most important thing will be convenient to arrange the troops, it is good to provide them with food and build prerequisite strengthening on the Wist", - 16 May 1812 to the head of the main headquarters. "... if the Russians do not move forward, my desire will spend here all April, limited active work On the construction of the bridge in Marienburg ... ", - March 30th." ... While the enemy starts offensive operations ... "- June 10th." ... If you have enemy troops ... Reference on Coveno to cover this city ... ", - wrote Marshal L.A. Bertier General Sh.L. Granzhan on June 26th.

And finally, the main thing, the legal evidence that the war began the war:
June 16 (i.e., eight days before Napoleon's crossing through Neman!) The head of the French Mid of the Duke de Bassano assured a note about the cessation of diplomatic relations with Russia, notifying the official European governments about it. On June 22, the French Ambassador J. A. Loriston informed the head of the Russian Foreign Ministry on the following: "... My mission ended, because the request of Prince A. B. Kurakina about issuing passports to him meant the gap, and his imperial and royal majesty since that time considers ourselves in a state of war with Russia. "
This means that Russia is the first to declare the war of France.

Patriotic War

The war of 1812 was short - only 6 months: and only 2.5 of them are on the "original Russian" territory. Even rumors that the war is somewhere, they reached the entire population! And considering that the speed of dissemination of the news occupied a month or more, then for many war, "went" for a whole month or not even one after it ended. To compare how mail worked in France: per day, the news was delivered to the most remote corners of the empire.

The beginning of the war, which Alexander I himself was preparing, began with the fact that he decided to throw his army and Moscow and escaped right from the Bala to Petersburg.

In the Russian military headquarters, they took the idea of \u200b\u200bBernadott received from Sweden, to retreat using the presence of an extensive territory and its non-life. In the Russian headquarters they understood that they could not defeat Napoleon in the open battle. At the same time, they retreated very tightly, so much that the cavalry avant-garde of the French wrote a report that they were losing from the type of retreating Russian infantry!

The war of 1812 is declared in the Russian history of the Patriotic War. But was this war of domestic?
No, this war has never been domestic!
First of all, we see that none of the countries of the Anti-Napoleon coallation, in the territory of which Napoleon passed and more than once, did not declare these wars domestic! Such an announcement occurred only in Russia, and even then, in a few decades after the end of this war. The war of 1812 was declared domestic only in 1837 in the poison of Nicholas I and as will be shown below, its goal was to conceal the uprising of serf slaves.
In general, before talking about the national patriotism in the context of this war, it is necessary to understand that the Russian Empire in 1812 is an empire occupied about 200 nations and thus the empire and national patriotism in principle are not combined. Indeed, what kind of national patriotism should the bastards or Chukchi or even the Tatars in relation to the country occupy?
To visually show how Russian intercursors of history bypass the national question, it is enough to bring what they write about the following: let's judge the nature of the war only in the territory from Smolensk to Moscow. They (inquosers of Russian history) are inconvenient Lithuanian corps in the Napoleon army, showing visual as the Occupied Russian Lithuanian people perceived the "Patriotic War", they are inconvenient to the Malorosiysk partisans acting against the Moskalei (which and then hated the same as now), they are inconvenient Baltic Collaborators (although there were many of them in the original Russian provinces), etc. They are not interested that in Georgia, the recruit set has not even been made, which once again shows that this is for the "domestic war" for the occupied lands. Thus, the territory of Lithuania, Kurling, "Malororsia", former Polish lands in the area of \u200b\u200bmodern Belarus, huge Asian expanses and tribes, Georgia, Siberia and the Far East (to which even the news of the war reached at least a monthly delay), captured by Finland domestic " Historic scientists "among the Russian Empire annex and destroy in favor of their ambitious idea about the" domestic "war.

But maybe this national patriotism had to feel Russian themselves?
This picture of the Russian population gives us statistics:
98.5% of the Russian population of Russia are serfs.
The serf slave is a person with whom the slaveman could do absolutely all that he wants. The slaveman could sell him and his family both together, and for one. The slaveman could breed slaves, selling their ranges. The slave owner could fuck and rape a slave wife (if she was) or his daughters of a slave (if he had), regardless of their age (an example with Kutuzov further shows that the less the age of slaves was the better). The slaveman could cripple, beat and in principle, even kill the slave and nothing for it was! Moreover, by decree Catherine II, slaves that complained about their owners sent to the catguard and reference to Siberia.
So you can imagine that insensorial arbitrariness that the Russian slave owners worked. And these slaves were 98.5% among the entire Slavic population.
Therefore, it is impossible to talk about the Patriotic War, because Slaves have no Fatherland! They are not even citizens of the country, they are simple - speaking things, slaves.
Slaves absolutely no difference who their owner today. Yesterday he could have one owner today, and tomorrow will be the third and all these owners can be from absolutely different areas of the country. His owner is the one who bought it today!
The serf slave could not understand and where he is geographically, because On the next village, he never was never in principle and did not know what was followed, in his understanding the world ended with the boundaries of the neighboring village he knew. The formation of the fortress slaves was also not clearly to make sure that the Russian peasants did not realize themselves with the "citizens" of the country, it is enough to bring an example of how they answered the question of "who they", unfortunate answered that they were "such a barrike "Or" from such a village, parish "(" Kutuzov "," Ryazan "- but not Russian!)
Total Slavic peasants (serf and small part - state) amounted to 98.5% of the Slavic population! Therefore, there is nothing surprising that when Napoleon joined Moscow, most of the counties announced Napoleon's citizenship. Russian fortress slaves - peasants and said "We are now - Napoleon"!
And we must admit that they were right, because they just changed the owner!

Therefore, there is nothing surprising in the fact that for those 36 days that Napoleon was in Moscow, no peasants and the Russian army tried to knock out Napoleon from there. The motive of the Russian army is clear - they were already broken and they were afraid of a new battle, so they just pulled the time in the hope of winter, that Napoleon would have to leave himself, and the serfs were not attacked because they simply changed the owner.

Russian peasants in 1812 refused to defend "faith, king and fatherland," because they did not feel the relationship between themselves and all this verbalia! And even the French were horrified by the inhuman position of the Russians: General Zh.d. The company wrote that pigs in France live better and cleaner than serfs in Russia (Goldenkov M. Decree. Cit., P. 203). So telling the fairy tale about how the fortress slaves living worse than French pigs allegedly fought for their slavery against the French - this is simply a typical disrespect and contempt for the Slavs.

The defeat of the landlord estate (Painting V.N. Kurdyumova):

: //Pasteboard.co/gwdkkukoz.png.

With all this, it is impossible to forget that the Russian military managers conducted the so-called tactics of the "scorched land", which was the fact that the peasant houses were burned, their crops were all what was hug away by unbearable labor. And this once again shows who for the Russian peasant was a real enemy - not a Frenchman who carried the ideas of freedom and equality in the bays and did not conduct tactics of total destruction, namely, Russian soldiers burned and robbed everything, as well as landowners who mocked their centuries slaves.

Against this background, propaganda statements look as if the peasants acting as partisans were killed by the French. Let's look at this photo taken by a few later than those events, but on which we can observe all the hopelessness of the life of Russian fortress slaves:

: //pasteboard.co/gwdxaofif.png.

And now let's compare this hopelessness and the realities of slavery with those propaganda paintings and stories that began to create in the poison of Nicholas I and later, for example, one of these paintings depicting a serf slave named Vasilisa, who allegedly fights with the French and kills them:

: //Pasteboard.co/1h41db9fd.png.

Try to compare pictures on this topic With paintings and photographs of Russian slaves in the Russian Empire, in order to understand that this could not be in principle.
It should be noted that any unity of slaves with oppressors (landlords and king) and no patriotism of slaves could not be closely!

Changes in the political top of the Russian Empire did not affect the fortress slaves - they are without a difference who their owner, especially since Napoleon would be beneficial because Napoleon began to free the fortress.

But since this war was not domestic for slaves, maybe she was domestic for soldiers?
No, not. The soldiers in the Russian army are slaves who have prepared their landowner with a more bitter destiny by sending them to the Russian army, where only death could be the best fate for them. And they came there not voluntarily, even being serfs, they preferred to remain fortress slaves than to go to the fortress soldiers.

But since this war was not domestic for slaves and soldiers, maybe she was domestic for nobles? Let's figure it out, and what lurished the nobles from the arrival of Napoleon and how the patriots were.
So, they are nobles, they spoke French, lived most of the year abroad, read French novels written in French, listened to French music, drank french wine and fir french food.
What is war from the conqueror? - It is a loss of independence and lifestyle.
But what lifestyle Russian nobles could lose if they lived in the image and likeness of the conquerors?!
And what lifestyle could lose fortress slaves? - Only your slavery and nothing more.
Their theoretical changes from the arrival of Napoleon would be zero - they already lived in French.
However, Napoleon was not going to conquer them and introduce their orders, the whole goal of his war was to destroy the threat from Russia and the conclusion of the world, on which he insisted until the very last moment.

Speaking about the level of patriotism of the noble, it is necessary to bring a visual example which will exceed their level of noble patriotism:
Already after the war, the government allowed (but then quickly canceled this initiative) to apply for compensation for damage from the war.
Here is a small list of what they demanded commemorate nobles:

Claim Count Golovin -229 thousand rub.
Claim Count Tolstov - 200 thousand rubles.
Claim Prince Trubitskova - almost 200 thousand rubles.
But in the registry of Prince Sagekin, among other things, are listed: 4 jugs for cream, 2 carnival, a cup for broth.
The daughter of Brigadier ARTEMENOVA required: new stockings and shemodests.

The level of patriotism of the nobility is just shine! - stockings and chemisites refund, and do not forget the jugs - we lost them because of this war!

However, the investigation showed that all this stole the peasants hated their Lords, and none of the French. By the way about the thieves of the peasants: this once again shows that it was concerned about the fortress slaves during the offensive of the interventory - they were cared for the possibility of stealing, and not to partition!

Let's go back to the go of war. Many pose it to themselves as the seizure of the hordes of the entire territory of Russia. But in fact, it was a small campaign that mostly walked around the territory of the so-called "Smolensk Road", which was not expensive. It was even unreleased!
Thus, in view of objective reasons (territory, lack of decent infrastructure), the war of 1812 was only extremely local in nature!
Why no one ever wrote about it? Maybe because pseudopatriotic ideologues did not consider the population most of the country for people? From Smolensk to Moscow - Russia, and then - other people, temporarily occupied land?

Most main moment Events of those times is that at the same time the mass peasant uprising was going! And this uprising was not against the French, as we show well paid Russian artists and tell the well-paid Russian intercursors of history, it was a uprising against landowners and the king! Some numbers speak a lot: out of 49 provinces of the Russian Empire 32 provinces were covered by the peasant uprising! And only 16 provinces were somehow involved in a direct war with the French. At the same time, this does not mean that the battles went in these 16 provinces. This only means that there were some military parts there, or some newspapers were spread, it's just the provinces somewhere somehow knew about the war. But the real war of the Russian king at that time did not lead with Napoleon, but with the rebel slaves 32 provinces! That is why, trying to hide and the causes of war and the course of the war, and this is the rebellion of slaves and was described the term about the alleged "domestic" war!
One of the main plots of correspondence of the Russian nobility of that time is the fear of the peasants, among whom the rumor is about the fact that "Napoleon came to us to give us," will raise the uprising. In parallel, the ropes of the landowners who lost their estates rose.

Battle of Borodino

Before talking about the Borodino battle, it is necessary to dispel one of the myths of Russian history about the so-called "indental hordes" of Napoleon.
After the transition of the River Neman, the French entered the territory of the recently occupied Russia and the non-Russian territory.
In the first echelon, Napoleon introduced a person from 390-440 thousand thousand, but this does not mean that this number reached Moscow, it only means that they went on garrisons and after Smolensk Napoleon had only about 160 thousand.
And already near Moscow, with Borodino, the number was as follows:
The French: about 130 thousand soldiers minus Guard 18862, which did not participate in the battle. Thus, the number of French participating in the battle was about 111 thousand and 587 guns.
Russians: about 157 thousand soldiers, given 30 thousand militia and the Cossacks, as well as 640 guns.
As we can see, a numerical advantage was for the Russians whose number exceeded the French army by 30%, and it should not be forgotten about another 251 thousand population of Moscow (not counting other cities), which can quickly provide the human resource.
At the very same Borodino field, the Russians were in a fortified position, having redoubts, floss, etc. And according to military rules, the advancing should have had at least 1/3 more numerous Sowing in fortifications in order to successfully fight with fortunate.
However, in the battle where Russians had a numerical and fortified advantage, the Russians were broken. Kutuzov lost all fortifications: the battery of Ranevsky, Bagrations Flash, Utina Kurgan, Shevardinsky Rally, etc. And the Russians retreated to passing Moscow without a fight (by the way, which had fortified walls and fortress - the Kremlin) and ranging in Tarutino.
It is noteworthy that running out of Moscow, the Russians threw many guns and more than 22,500 of their wounded soldiers - so in a hurry, but they found the time to bring all fire cranes and sleeves to the spoiled state. After that, in the pointer of the Governor's Governor, the city was set fire. In the flame of the fire, almost all of the Russian soldiers abandoned by Russians have burned down in the wounded Russian soldiers. Kutuzov knew about the preparing arson, but did not even try to save the wounded soldiers.

It is curious that after the defeat with Borodino, which Kutuzov literally slept while it was going, Kutuzov writes a denunciation to accusing Barclay de Tolly in defeat.
The undoubted wines of Kutuzov lies in subsequent huge sky losses (more than 100 thousand soldiers!) Since he did not take care of the provinte and winter clothes for the army, but he was constantly sleeping and amused with the 14 year old Cossack.
September 20, Rostopchin wrote Alexander I: "Prince Kutuzov no longer - no one sees him; he lies everything and sleeps a lot. The soldier despises him and hates him. He is not solved for anything; young virgins

Syabra, at the occasion of the gates of Spañenets 205, a waters of Napalona to Rasian I amper. Tama Napaleonўski Warў Adna Z Niemensh Papulanaya in Belarusian gramade, Yak І PERSON SUST. Bo, Dziakuchi NEFEKVATAY Prapagandse, we do, we are ў Svettsa was only Adna Vaine, and Belarus s'avіl ў 1945.

GRA Napaleonўskaya Campane Zabytynnya Belarus Veday Tolkі З Level Lermantava "Baradzіno", Gamandyi "Hussarskaya Balad" Dya Ramana "Vain I MIR". Tim not Mensh 1812-s year Z'Yuўlyaettsa ad nnoms from the most MiFalag_naya at our І Ryadskay Gіstorei.

WATT CHABLE NOT ABVINAVATSILA OF us from "Svyatomit fairy tales and fantasies", Pubert Matheryal raskaga Nastaўka Gіstoryi, Kuratar Tami "Gіstoreya" on the Praecece Thequestion.ru Highway Babaysava.

"Usaenodnya Vaine 1812 Yak Nyovalіkshy Mіf at Rayiskay Gіstorei"

Adzіn s Naivalіkshy Mіfaў Rasіyskay Gіstoreі - Gata "ўNeorodnaya Vaine" of the Suprattva Rayiskai ІMPERII Supratsy Napaleon ў 1812 Godje. Survised by the Frenchman Supratsіlenna Padarka Vyslіkay Aichynnai, Kali Svalіkaya Aichynnai, Kali Spareb_loga on Geravaya Plights Z Mіnoglak Tslіkatsi Gramadziang USSR Da Baraziba Z Natsimm. Daley Savetskiya AўTara Act Act Troopalі Gata Mercavanne. Syvizі z was a jealous scales of jeanzanskіkh atrataў at Aichynnai Vine 1812 was Nabgruntavan Perabols, and ІХ characteristics are the adrozinal hell of SapraўDnaga.

Nasamrach at the enzymes of meat seats busy adornos of meat jelly, yes Vyalіkai Armіi was inadessing. Jana Vagali's hell jums_talnagna Zakhaplennnya yes adkrytai nyavіstsi.

Napaleon Disclarava Napalo Disclaravaў Adna Zalo Mateў Svaygo Skat - Adnazlennna Soverani Polyshche (Rachey Paspalіtai). In Ya, the warehouse planned ў Welchtzi Ukrainian, Belarusian І Lіtoўskiya Zemlі, Yakiya ўveischlі ў Rizayskaya Іmperiyu ў Vyanka Padzelў Rachi Paspalіtai at the XVIII Strojdzi. New Diarzhava Pavinna was ўroўnavazhtsi Svaigo ўShodnaya Susda.

Gadgets ў Cherwenі 1812 ў Zhodnіya Gubernіі Rayisskay ІMPERIII, French Troops Sustra Sіmpatyi s side of meatzovaga inhales. Sustrakali Uricysta Sustracal Garad Sustrakalі І Music. Amal under the Lіtoўsk-Belarusian gentry, Yakaya Speckled on Adnazlenna Rachi Saspalіtai at the mezzahs of 1772, Hona SMAD SAMADZAPHAZHA, HELL OUTREN КАРАСА Самадиская радіская. Catimskiya, a ў ў noncatar moles І RESTLAYANYY Saint Taksama Padtrymlіvі Napalaleon.

Eight Yak Pisala Pra Sustritch Vyalіkai Armііі ў Vіlnі Garadskaya newspaper "Kurjer Litewski": "Gates Zen We were twisted by the Bacherti from the scenes of our stars of IMperatra French ... Vyglikaga Napalaleon, on Chali Yago Neuraxy Armіі."

Taxam Pavenamed: "Mudery Mooda would be on Wulіtsi, Masse Nawaskolnaya Mount Tsalkov was Pakrzytya Lyudzmі, Yakiya Praglotі Pershmі ў Kachytsi French. SMAT HTO ZHTO Gatay Mastai climbed on Dahi Damoў, Wise Tserkvaў І Zvitansi. Vygidiznaya NATO Pabegli for the Kovna Zava, the adkul chakali french. Cream Gate Baked, Sutkala, Hamіla, Nagadvaychi Azin Variazny Var'yatki House. "

Sustecha Napalon ў Vіlnі

Belarusian Gіstorek Wladzіmіr Krasnoyanskі pіsaў, Што ў Мінска і і и пасуты горада казульніііііі "The French Sustrate Sustrates of the Catytskіm Duhavennomies І Pradstāniki Morad; Guffling Avatsii NATOPAPU, ILUMINATSII ўvechars, Overdigelty, ajulennenna, Okayvіlі Pameshchyki, piercing with Navacachkaya Visak Adsvyatkavatsi, Paabedai, Parasmälyati Pragusno Poland. "

The meat assholes cranked warehouses of ipyans і karmmі, not the dasvalyuchi znіshchyti іh adtupyuche rally frequency, і peradavі gatya stocks of Vyalіkai Armіі. Dumpture, at Vilice Brogadna General P'er souls DE Konbere-Shabany ATRAMAў Hell Garajan 2 thousand KVTALAў MUKI, AD 30 Yes 40 thousand Rasynovoў Sukharoў і Shmat Aўa.

Pradstānіki Ryaschardnaya SHAKHETKIKI Rhodacho-Dapamagі Gorsham Napaleonўskіv's troops. In Vіlnі Knyagin Karalyn Radzіvіl Padaraval Francam Spetalylum 30 Bochak Zhyteason Mukі і 2 Bocke of Circular Razz Vazamі, and Taxama 10 Valoў і 12 Baroўў. On Ya ўzor Pradstāki of the Onshad Tworanskіx kind of taxa of the festival, Achvaravatsi, lawyant French Lazarhet.

« Polyshcha Napalon ў Mіnsk » - In the 1812 year of the year, the Swabody was the Penoshcha, the Gonar of Frenchman Imperatra.

Asobna VARTA DEVELATICS Usabadnosna Vyalіkay Armііі і Samaga Shmatlіkaga Sassloўi Rayyskay Іmperi - Salayania. PRSHPACATKOVA FRONE FRONTRENў Agricultural Zhaykhaya ў SPRYA SPRATSIVA ІМ is not Acazvali.

Spade NapaleonўSki Troopsў Shodsova Gubernіі Xiarod Sialyan Wadchari Acts of Acts Ashudzvatsza Ceutkі GRA Durable Hell Jong, Adman Cheynshi І Panshchyna. Ale French ў Panishia Pavinnassky, Zbor, Zbor, Salayan, was Navat Pialіchan. Gata miscalid Supratsіў Selskaga Nashelіtvtva. Salayan ADMAўLEALIY GANDLAVAZ ZBIRAZY URAZHEY Z PALEўў, Sking Napaleonўskaya Troops Harceanne і forab. Yana Bedrooms ўlasnaya Ladies І Svіrna z reserves, Calimi Semaymі Syhyodzіlі ў Lyasi. Starshina Palіtsi Bayarezіnskay Padprefect Dambroўskі pіsaў: « I am a Zagadvaytsy, a dastaance, and the ўzyath nyama adkul ... on Palah Shmat Zlogyzha, Nia Jershnaga z-for Nipadakavannya Salayan. "

In the beacons, Salayan, the Pencharium Scheraza Samaabarona і Perohodzіtzi Yes Act Supratsyv. Supratsy Vyglіkai Armіі Dzainіvі Farmіravnі Salayan Z Vesak Staraselli, Mazhaans, Esnamans і Klekіkі ў Barysāskіm Pavetse, Varonkі ў Drysenskіm Pavets, hotts ў Balazkim Pavets and Іnshyh.

The asoban falls of Abornne Selskaga Nashalіtvtva had a Supravan Supratsy Landalniku. Scharagu Vesak's jacket on the Visitor of Perastali Padparadkoўvatstsa Sviim Pameshchykov, Walchari Rabavats Dvranskiya Sydazby. Baby Abaranіtsi Ulassya Maudki, meatsya Shuchtsy Zvarnutsa Pa Dapamoga da Frenchy Admіnski. Novy ўRerad Zgadzіўsya Dapamagchy, Bo, Kabinchi Society Armia Rightsіyii, would be unabroad Paradak on Acupavanai Agriculture Meatsovtsi. With dadamogai french troopsў Bunty Salayan was strangled.

Looked ўzbroen Supratsіў Salayan Zhodkіkh Gubernіya ў not by Masaw. Asobnya ўPeschki UnknownStzі Schutka ўціхамірві рагуранный фир фертсиі. Tama Kazatsi AB Usaagulniy Salayanskiy Partyzanskay Vaine was b Nnyavitna.

Standard Yes, Vyalіkai Armіі became Chutka Zezyanyatska, Kali Yana Padchal, Dale, Gubernіі, Zhilo Peravazhna Ruska Seaslіzzv. Yashcheu ў Vіtsebska Napalaleon ATRAMLIVAў PAVEDAMENNІ AD PATRUALEў І FEDERSIRAў AB PRAURSEYSKIKI MOVEMENTS ZHYCHEў ON THE GROWN HELL RUDNI І CHERVONAGA. Kapіtan Vіctar Castelan Pisaў: « Cali We Budze Zusіm at Rasіі, Budy Yak in іspanіі ". French Іmpeartar І well-reason і, Što Pesa Tago, Yak Veloskaya Armіya Posydze Old National Rachet Paspalіtai І ў followed on Schomatnia Smartshchyna, Campane Paramalna Beastan Vaynina for adnthanne Polecs. Adnak Z-ON Tago, SATO ў Napalleon did not attempt the demarison of Ruska Armia ў Bayakh on the naps of the і databasya, please fade Mіrnai Dama, Yong would be wounded Rushti Dale, Pommel Supernika Datsi General Boyku.

Napalono in Smallask

18 Zhnіўnya 1812 Pasil Zyazhkіh Trochdzrenoy Bakek Vyalіkaya Armia occupied Smallesh. Introduction there is a rippuster rack of grumbling on the past polish lands. Mooda, Yaki Pakinulі Amal Usa Zhaychaya, would be swarms І Agornituts, and Yago Vulіtsi is crumpled by the corpses of the і Kіnutyi Paraden. French Afizher Vіkont Lii G_ Dha Pyibyisk pіsaў: "The dead is the worst of Scheduuts in a bunch, there are Ms. Kalya Pamirauchy, on Dvarah і ў Gardens; Nyama Nі Rydlevak, NІ Hands, Kab Kabyania іh y Zaml. Yanya Walls ўzho Gnistsi; Nyatzczpna SMUROD on ўSіh Vulіtsakh, Yong Yashchee Great Pialіchwetsa Hell Garadskіh Ravoў, Dzea Yes Gatag Hoach, Velikіkiya Kuchny Devil Castle, and Daksama Mortil Horses Pakryvayuts Vulіtsi і Navacul Mooda. Usa Gatya Brydoty, Ulіchvaychi Davival Garachay Nadvor, Zarabіlі Smallask Nabolsh, unbearable Meszham on Zymli. "

Schuch of G_story Akupitsi Schyarshchyna Vyalіkai Armiany Vyatonyya Epizoda, Kali Ruskіya Vaisski, Yakiya Aquauliўya ў Palion, DOPAKHOVET DAPAMAGARI NAPOALEONўSKAYA ADMINIKAI. Tai of the dandasie was Neshmatlіkiya, Ale Yana, Zdaray.

PAS Measures of Prasovovnya French troopsў on the approach of activation of Supratsіў Salayan. Zibajalya Zalona Ruskiy Vaiski і dofochvotnіkі z lіku meat zhezharoў и ініцятарамі аргазізация итрадаў Самабарараны. Salayanskіya Pharmіravannі Sachilі for the Assobnyi Walking Party II Atratami, Znіshchali French Framed by Maradzeraў. Maor General Benkendorf Pisaў: "Pameshchykі і spranіkі ўzbroіlі Syalayan і wplli ... Dzainіchats Supratsy Agulnaga Voraga. It was not a lot of hot, Yakiya Adbelivі ў Belarus ".

MINSK CHAPER NAPALOONE

Traba Slatov, the price of Raekzia Salt Poiskattvtva і Tsentralna Rasіі at the ruffodenth of Vyazhikai Armіі Daluka did not have a negative one. Chasta Salayan Pad Pad Float Chuq Abandmen Frenchmani Padtrymlіvі Napalaleon. Senatar Pavel Cavergy at Lisza yes Alyaxandra I Danasіў: "Perakananne voragam have employed IM mestsah ... agulna pamіzh syalyan raspaўsyudzhvaemae, upeўnenasts in neprynalezhnastsі great Rasіі i ¢ nedatykalnastsі yes ix settle pameshchykaў Maglev pahіsnuts ix Rozum, hell chago nekatoryya ¢ Smalenskay gubernіі spryyalі nepryyatselyu ¢ adshukannі forage i ўtoenyh maomastsyaў and іnshyya, Pa damove Z Im, Pachenali Navat Rabavats Panskіyya Lady ". PAVEDAMILED, STATE ў Raslaўlskіm І Elninskіm Paveta "Voragі, Yakiya Prakhodzіlі, і Maradzёra, Castoo ... Pakіnuі, Asabyva ў Salayanov, Obnevnaya Snegotzі", and ў Yuhnoўskіm Pavets "Salayans of Bedaten Easterіschchaў AD Valnaddia Pachusnayuts Zabіvatsy Da Smerzi Gaspadaroў Svіhh і Padovjatsi French by Messsy, jeep a hell of Havayutsz's fear."

Paskaya Tago Yak at Verasnі 1812 Gada French ўveischlі ў Maskwa, Scharagu Messeta Maskўskay Gubernіі's adhesive scattering. Salayan, Yakiya Spajwali, sediment, Sadododas, jungging Admenia, SAMAVOLNA NEZLІLІ Z Padparadavannya Pameshchiki. Yana ADMAўLEYLI Заноковацись павіннасці і і итціць Ченш. Salayan Kazali, Calc Chokes "Tama of Ston Banapart from Maskwe, and the knowsman, Yong ІХ HASUDAR".

Napalon is clearly "Magchemastsy Adman Jodge. Yong Spajwedaў Сто, пото пото мерама помапакая готогина на по по замилікай русіІІ Шматміленняяя мася руская саяновся І penalіць картовка Канапіі. Adnak French Іmpeartar is not an advazyuya Raal_zavatsi Svalya Zaduza, the bobbing of the Satsian Satzalnaga Skyuhuh in the troops busy troops. Napalon Kazў: "I used Padnian Supratsya Yago Large Palk Ya ўLasnaga Nazniktvtva, Abvatzіshi caused by slave ... ale kali I am a great-grandfather Noravaў Gathaga Schmatlіkaga Clasta Ruskaga people, I am Admovіў переги переть самерь перемина в и мость .

Yak Bach, Zusіm is not ў and the jacket of the busy Frenchmani Taeter Bachylі ў \u200b\u200bІХ Voragaў. Asybiva Gata Zaduzhnaya on Jazzdze Zhodkіx Gubernіyaў, Dze Natsyanalna Two, Garazhana І Frequenka Duzavency, Yakiya Spajvali, Study Supreme Spacese Paspalіtai Buddze Adinolen, Ahvutna Padtrymali Napalaleon. Salayani ў Gethy Ragіyan Tracama Farm did not paў's sustrakali Vyazliki Armia Z Vіlamі і Ratsіshchamі. "Dub_na Peopoli Vaine" ў Tolki Padzennya Smallaska fell down. Adnak Navat from Tsantralna Rasei Palion of Selskag in the Nazillian Plotzel on Napalona Yak on the zba to hell junk. Salayanskaya tortured chalk Vyalіkai Annuna for French Admіnski. Ferred, Kali B Napalon is advated to Adman Jodgon, then snog would be sprinkling on Karnna Penal at Vaine ° C. Ale French Іmpeartarter is not a levykavatsi.

Hell Radaktsi Dadamo, SATO AўTAR did not break the prake of adnaine incl, Yaki Taxam Lunaў at the plans of Napalon. Alla Rae Gate We are padbrussels to tell the onloaded Publikatsy. The downloads, this year marks 205 years from the moment Napoleon's hike to the Russian Empire. The topic of Napoleonic wars is one of the most minor in Belarusian society, as well as the First World War. After all, thanks to inadequate propaganda, we know that there were only one war in the world, and Belarus appeared in 1945.

About the Napoleonic campaign, the middle Belarus knows only from the work of Lermontov "Borodino", the comedy "Hussar ballad" and the works of "War and Peace". Nevertheless, the 1812 year is one of the most mythological in our Russian history.

In order for the Vatans not to declare us in "Svyatomit fairy tales and fantasies", publish material russian History teachers, curator theme "History" on the project Thequestion.ru Vyacheslav Babaitseva.

"The National War of 1812 as the largest myth in Russian history"

One of the largest myths in Russian history is the "National War" of the population of the Russian Empire against Napoleon in 1812. The idea of \u200b\u200bthe mass resistance to the French was widely spread during the Great Patriotic War, when it took heroic examples from the past to encourage the USSR citizens to combat Nazism. In the future, this point of view was actively replicated by Soviet authors. In this regard, the scale and nature of the actions of partisan detachments in the Patriotic War of 1812 were unreasonably exaggerated and embellished.

In fact, in the territories engaged in the French, the attitude of local residents to the Great Army was extremely ambiguous. It hesitated from welcoming delight to frank hatred.

On the eve of the invasion, Napoleon declared one of the main goals of his campaign - the restoration of sovereign Poland (Commonwealth speech). It was planned to include Ukrainian, Belarusian and Lithuanian lands, which entered the Russian Empire on the results of the sections of the Commonwealth in the XVIII century. The new state was to be counterweight to her Eastern neighbor.

Having joined in June 1812 to the Western province of the Russian Empire, French troops met sympathies from the local population. Citizens solemnly met them with flowers and music. Almost the entire Lithuanian-Belarusian gentry, which considered the recovery of the Commonwealth, perceived the French as liberators from the Russian autocracy. Catholic priests, and in a number of places and Orthodox hierarchs, also supported Napoleon.

This is how I described the meeting of the Great Army to the Vilna City newspaper Kurjer Litewski: " On this day, we won happiness to see the French in the walls of our capital ... The Great Napoleon, headed by his invincible army».

Also reported: " The whole city was on the street, all the surrounding mountains were completely covered by people who are first to see the French. Many of this purpose climbed on the roofs of houses, the tower of churches and the bell tower. Huge crowds ran for the Coven Zava, from where the French were expected. All this was ran, faced, Goldelo, reminding himself in general one huge house of crazy».

Meeting Napaleon in Wilna

Belarusian historian Vladimir Krasnyansky wrote that in Minsk and county cities of the province everywhere happened " foreign solemn meetings of the Catholic clergy and representatives of the city; Noisy ovations of the crowd, evening illumination, unusual revival, introduced by landowners, spent from the surrounding villages to vacate, have lunch, talk about restored Poland».

Local residents took control of warehouses with a provisionant and feeds, not allowing them to destroy them with retreating Russian parts, and passed these reserves of the Great Army. For example, in Vileyka, Brigadier General Pierre Davie de Colbember Saban received 2 thousand quintals of flour, from 30 to 40 thousand crackers and a lot of oats.

Representatives of noble shuttless names voluntarily provided material assistance to Napoleonic troops. The Karolina Radziville presented to the French Karolina Radzivillian hospital and 2 cereal barrels together with wagons, as well as 10 oxen and 12 rams. According to her, representatives of other nobles also began to sacrifice products to French lazates.

"Napoleon's Square in Minsk" - in 1812, the Square of Freedom was renamed in honor of the French Emperor

Separately, it is worth identifying the relationship between the Great Army and the most numerous estates of the Russian Empire - the peasantry. Initially, the parish of the French rural residents perceived restrained and did not have any resistance.

Upon joining the Napoleonic troops in the Western province among the peasants, rumors were actively spreading about exemption from serfdom, the abolition of faults and barbecues. But the French authorities retain all the former duties, fees from the peasants were even increased. This led to the passive resistance of the rural population. The peasants refused to join trade transactions with the French, collect the harvest in the fields, supply the Napoleonic army food and fodder. They burned their own homes and barns with stocks, leaving themselves in the forest. Chief of Police of the Berezin Podrefecture Dombrovsky wrote: " I order everything to deliver everything, and take it nowhere ... There are a lot of bread on the fields, not cramped because of the disobedience of peasants».

In some areas, the rural population began to create squads of self-defense in the French rear and move to active resistance. Against the Great Army, the formation of peasants of the village of Strielda, Mozhans, Esmans and Klekki in Borisovsky, the funnels in Drissansky, roar in Polotsk and others.

In some cases, the indignation of the rural population was directed against their own landowners. The inhabitants of the village in Vitebshchina stopped submitting to their landowners, took up the routing and robbery of the noble estate. To protect their estates, the local gentry had to seek help from the French administration. The new authorities agreed to help, because to ensure the provisional army, it was necessary to order in the occupied countryside. With the help of the French troops, peasant rebounds were suppressed.

In general, the armed resistance of rural residents of the Western provinces was not massacious. Separate outbreaks of discontent quickly were quickly sembed with regular French parts. Therefore, it would be wrong to talk about the universal peasant partisan war.

Attitude towards the Great Army began to quickly change as it was further advanced in the province, where the Russian population prevailed. While still in Vitebsk, Napoleon received reports from patrols and foragers about the pro-Russian sentiments of residents to the east of Rudney and Red. Captain Viktor Kastelelan wrote: " When we will be completely in Russia, it will be like in Spain" The French emperor himself well understood that after the Great Army would switch the old border of the Commonwealth and join the territory of Smolensk region, the campaign formally ceases to be a war for the restoration of Poland. However, since Napoleon failed to defeat the Russian army in border battles and achieve a profitable world, he was forced to move on with the aim of imposing a general battle to the enemy.

Napoleon in Smolensk

On August 18, 1818 after heavy three-day battles, the Great Army occupied Smolensk. The situation here was sharply contrasted with a solemn reception in the former Polish lands. The city, which left almost all the inhabitants, was destroyed and lined with a flame, and his streets were littered with corpses and abandoned injured. French officer Viscount Louis Guillaume De Puibüsk wrote: " Dead bodies are folded into a bunch, immediately, be dying, on the courtyards and in the gardens; There are no intercessors or hands to burrow them into the ground. They started to rot; Unbearable stench on all the streets, it is even more increasing from urban regions, where large piles of dead bodies are still dumping, as well as many dead horses cover the streets and surroundings of the city. All these abominations, with rather hot weather, made Smolensk the most unscrewed place on the globe».

At the same time, in the history of the occupation of the Smolensk region, the Great Army is known episodes, when Russian servicemen who fired voluntarily helped by the Napoleonic administration. Such cases were few, but they took place.

As the French troops move to the East, the resistance of the rural population was activated. Russian military servicemen who fled from captivity and volunteers from among local residents took the initiative to organize self-defense detachments. Peasant formations were tracking separate enemy parties and detachments, destroyed French foragers and marauders. Major General Benkendorf wrote: " The landowners and fixes armed the peasants and began ... to act against the general enemy. No more phenomena took place in Belarus».

Minsk Times Napoleon

It must be said that the reaction of the rural population of the provinces of Central Russia to the parish of the Great Army was not always negative. Often the peasants under the influence of rumors about the abolition by the French of serfdom openly supported Napoleon. Senator Pavel Caveryin in a letter to Alexander I came: " The suggestion of the enemy in the places engaged in them ... Everywhere between the midst of Russia, confidence in the nonreparation of more Russia and in inviolability of the landlords could shake their minds, from which some in the Smolensk province contributed to the enemy in finding forage and hidden property, and others, saying with him , even stuck on the robbery of the Lords. " It was reported that in the Roslavl and Elninsky counties "those who held the enemies and the remaining Marauders ... sowed, especially in the peasants, the concept of independence," and in the Yukhnovsky district "the peasants of some villages from liberty begin to kill the Lords of their own and summarize the French in those places where Fear are hidden from fear».

After in September 1812, the French joined Moscow, riots broke out in a number of places in the Moscow province. The peasants, hoping with the arrival of the French on the abolition of serfdom, were arbitrary from subordination to the landowners. They refused to bear the mantle and pay the lifts. The peasants declared that now completely free " because Bonaparte in Moscow, and therefore he is their sovereign».

Napoleon considered the ability to cancel serfdom. He hoped that this measure would help bring the multi-million dollar masses of the Russian peasantry to the side of the Great Army and reversal the course of the campaign. However, the French emperor did not solve the realization of his ideas, fear of a large social explosion at the territories engaged in his troops. Napoleon said: " I could raise the most part of her own population, proclaiming the liberation of slaves ... But when I learned the rudeness of the morals of this numerous class of Russian people, I refused this measure that would obey many families to death, looting and the most terrible flour».

As you can see, not all residents of the territories engaged in the French have seen enemies in them. This is especially noticeable on the example of the Western province, where the national nobility, the townspeople and part of the clergy, who hosted on the restoration of the independence of the Commonwealth, was willingly supported Napoleon. The peasants in these regions also not everywhere met a great army with forks and horns. "Dubube People's War" fully rose only after the fall of Smolensk. However, even in the regions of Central Russia, a part of the rural population looked at Napoleon as a ridder from serfdom. The peasant question was of great importance for the French administration. Probably, if Napoleon decided to cancel the serfdom, he could count on a radical fracture in the war with Russia. But the French emperor preferred not to risk.

In contact with

The French invasion of Russia, as well as known as the Russian campaign of 1812, has become a turning point in Napoleonic wars. After the campaign, only a few of their former military power remained at the disposal of France and the Allies. The war left a huge trail in culture (for example, "War and Peace" L.N. Tolstoy) and national identification, so necessary during the German attack in 1941-1945.

Our French invasion is called the Patriotic War of 1812 (not to be confused with the Great Patriotic War, which is called the attack of fascist Germany on). In an attempt to enlist the support of Polish nationalists, while playing their feelings of the national idea, Napoleon called this war "The Second Polish War" ("The First Polish War" was war for the independence of Poland from Russia, Prussia and Austria). Napoleon promised to revive the Polish state in the territories of modern Poland, Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine.

Causes of Patriotic War

At the time of invasion, Napoleon was on top of power and actually submitted all continental Europe under his influence. He often left the local government in defeated countriesWhat has gained the glory of a liberal started wise policy, but all local government worked for the benefit of the interests of France.

None of the political forces acting at the time in Europe did not dare to go against Napoleon's interests. In 1809, according to the conditions of a peace treaty with Austria, she pledged to convey Western Galication to the Great Duke of Warsaw. Russia saw this infringement of his interests and the preparation of a springboard for the invasion of Russia.

This is what Napoleon wrote in attempts to enlist the help of Polish nationalists in his decoet of June 22, 1812: "Soldiers, the second Polish war began. The first ended in Tilsit. In Tilsit, Russia swore in the eternal union with France and the war with England. Today Russia violates its oaths. Russia leads fate and the presenter must be fulfilled. Does this mean that we should be degenerate? No, we will move on, we cross the Neman River and begin the war on its territory. The second Polish war will be victorious with the French army led what was the first war. "

The first Polish war was the war of four coalitions to liberate Poland from under the power of Russia, Prussia and Austria. One of the officially announced goals of the war was the restoration of independent Poland within the boundaries of modern Poland and Lithuania.

Emperor Alexander first accepted the country in the economic pit, since the industrial revolution has widespread Russia by the party. However, Russia was rich in raw materials and was part of the Napoleonic strategy for building a continental European economy. These plans made it impossible to trade with raw materials, which was vital for Russia from an economic point of view. Russian refusal to participate in the strategy has become another reason for the attack of Napoleon.

Logistics

Napoleon and the Great Army developed the ability to maintain combat capability outside the territories where they were well supplied. It was not as difficult in densely populated and agrarian Central Europe with its network of roads and a well-defined infrastructure. Fast movements were put in a dead end of the Austrian and Prussian army, and it was achieved by the timely supplies of the forage.

But in Russia, the strategy of warning war by Napoleon turned against him. Forced march of throws often forced the troops to do without supply, as the caravans with the supply simply did not have time for the rapid Napoleonic army. The lack of food and water in the weakly-sealed and undeveloped regions of Russia held people and horses to death.

The army was weakened by constant hunger, as well as diseases caused by dirty water, as they had to drink even from the puddle and use rotten fodder. Advanced detachments received everything that managed to get, while the rest of the army was forced to starve.

Napoleon conducted an impressive training to supply his army. Seventeen weapons consisting of 6000 carts were to provide the Great Army with supplies for 40 days. The system of warehouses with ammunition in the cities of Poland and East Prussia was also prepared.

At the beginning of the campaign was not planned to take Moscow, so the supplies did not have enough. However, the Russian armies dispersed in a large area could not oppose Napoleon's army, consisting of 285,000 thousand people, in one large battle separately and continued to retreat in an attempt to connect.

It made the Great Army advanced along dirty roads with bottomless swamps and frozen rings, which led to the death of exhausted horses and broke the wagon. Charles Jose Minar wrote that most of the losses of the Napoleonic army suffered, moving towards Moscow in the summer and autumn, and not in open battles. Hunger, thirst, typhoid and suicide brought the French army more losses than all the battles with the Russian army combined.

The composition of the Great Army of Napoleon

June 24, 1812 the Great Army, the number of 690,000 people (the largest army from ever collected in European history), crossed the Neman River and moved towards Moscow.

The Great Army was divided into:

• The army for the main strike has numbered 250,000 people under the personal command of the emperor.
  Two other advanced armies under the command of Ezhen de Bogarne (80,000 people) and Zheroma Bonaparte (70,000 people).
• Two separate buildings under the command of Jacques McDonald (32,500 people, mostly Prussian soldiers) and Karl Schwarzenberg (34,000 Austrian soldiers).
• The reserve army of 225,000 people (the main part remained in Germany and Poland).

The National Guard was also the number of 80,000 people, which remained to protect the Great Duchy of Warsaw. Including them, the number of the French Imperial Army on the border of Russia was 800,000 people. This huge accumulation of human strength strongly broke the empire. Because 300,000 French soldiers together with 200,000 thousand Germans and Italians fought in Iberia.

The army consisted of:

• 300,000 French
• 34,000 Austrian Corps under the leadership of Schwarzenberg
• about 90,000 Poles
• 90 000 Germans (including Bavarians, Saxons, Prussians, Westphalts, Württemberg, Badenz
• 32,000 Italians
• 25,000 neapolitans
• 9,000 Swiss (German sources clarify 16,000 people)
• 4 800 Spaniards
• 3 500 Croats
• 2,000 Portuguese

Anthony Joez in the "Conflict Research Journal" wrote: Data on how many soldiers of Napoleon participated in the war and how many of them returned, differ greatly. Georges Lefevre writes that Napoleon crossed Neman with more than 600,000 soldiers, and only half of them were French. The rest were predominantly by the Germans and Poles.

Felix Marcham argues that 450,000 soldiers crossed Nemman on June 25, 1812, of which less than 40,000 returned to a certain session of the army. James Marshall Cornwall writes that 510,000 imperial soldiers invaded Russia. Evgeny Tarl believes that 420,000 were with Napoleon and 150,000 followed behind that in the amount of 570,000 soldiers.

Richard K. Riine leads the following figures: 685,000 people crossed the border of Russia, of which 355,000 were French. 31,000 were able to leave Russia with a combined military formation, more than 35,000 people fled alone and small groups. The total number of survivors is estimated at about 70,000 people.

Whatever the exact figures really were not, everything converge in the opinion that, practically, the whole great army remained killed or wounded in Russia.

According to Adam Zamoysky from 550,000 to 600,000 soldiers of France and allies, including reinforcements, took part in the intersection of Nemman. At least 400,000 soldiers died.

The infamous schedules of Charles Minar (innovator in the field of graphic methods of analysis) map the size of the upcoming army on the contour map, as well as the number of retreating soldiers with a drop of temperatures (the temperature in that year fell to -30 Celsius). According to these graphs, Nemman crossed 422,000 together with Napoleon, 22,000 soldiers separated and headed towards the north, only 100,000 survived on the way to Moscow. Of these 100,000, only 4,000 survived and connected with 6,000 soldiers from a side army in 22,000 people. Thus, only 10,000 of the initial 422,000 soldiers returned back.

Russian Imperial Army

The troops, which opposed Napoleon at the time of the attack, consisted of three armies with a total number of 175,250 soldiers of the regular army, 15,000 Cossacks and 938 cannons:

• The first Western Army under the command of General Feldmarshal Mikhail Barclay de Tollya numbered 104,250 soldiers, 7,000 Cossacks and 558 cannons.
• The second Western Army under the command of General from the infanteria of Peter Bagration with a number of 33,000 soldiers, 4,000 Cossacks and 216 cannons.
• The third reserve army under the command of General from the cavalry of Alexander Tormasov consisted of 38,000 soldiers, 4,000 Cossacks and 164 guns.

However, these forces could count on reinforcement, which was 129,000 soldiers, 8,000 Cossacks and 434 guns.

But only 105,000 of this potential reinforcement could take part in defense against the invasion. In addition to the reserve, recruits were recruits and militias with a total number of approximately 161,000 people of varying degrees of training. Of these, 133,000 took part in the defense.

Although total number All formations were 488,000 people, but of them only approximately 428,000 thousand times once again opposed the Great Army. Also did not participate in open confrontation with the army of Napoleon more than 80,000 Cossacks and militias and about 20,000 soldiers stood garrisons in the fortresses in the combat zone.

Sweden, the only ally of Russia, did not send reinforcements. But the Union with Sweden allowed to transfer 45,000 soldiers from Finland and use them in subsequent battles (20,000 soldiers were sent to Riga).

Start Patriotic War

The invasion began on June 24, 1812. Shortly before that Napoleon sent the last offer of the world to St. Petersburg at the terms favorable for France. Without receiving an answer, he gave an order to move to the Russian part of Poland. At first, the army did not meet resistance and quickly moved through the territory of the enemy. The French army at that time consisted of 449,000 soldiers and 1146 artillery guns. They were opposed by Russian armies, consisting only of 153,000 soldiers, 15,000 Cossacks and 938 guns.

The central army of the French forces rushed to Kaunas and the crosslons were made by the French Guardsmen with a number of 120,000 soldiers. The crossover itself was implemented south, where three pontoon bridges were built. The location of the crossing was chosen by Napoleon personally.

Napoleon put a tent on the hill, where he could observe the intersection of Neman. The roads in this part of Lithuania were a little better than just dirty gaunes in the midst of a dense forest. From the very beginning, the army suffered, since the weapons with supplies simply did not have time for marching troops, and the rear formations experienced even more deprivation.

March for Vilnius

On June 25, Napoleon's army met, moving along the existing crossing, the army under the command of Michel Nei. Cavalry under the command of Joachim Murat went to the forefront, together with the Army of Napoleon, the first building Louis Nikola Davi walked. Eugene de Bogarne with his army crossed Neman north, the army of McDonald was followed and crossed the river on the same day.

The army under the command of Zheroma Bonaparta was not transported with everyone and crossed the river only on June 28 in Grodno. Napoleon sought to Vilnius, not giving recreation with infantry, wearing heavy rains and an unbearable heat. The main part was 70 miles in two days. The third housing was marching on the road to Suter, while on the other side of the river Vilnia marched Nikola's housing Udineos.

These maneuvers were part of the operation, the purpose of which was the surroundings of the Army of Peter Wittgenstein by the armies of Ney, Udinos and McDonald. But the McDonald army was delayed and the possibility of the environment was missed. Then the jermaity was commissioned to oppose Bagration in Grodno, and the seventh body of Jean Rainier was expelled to the Bialystok to support.

On June 24, the Russian headquarters was located in Vilnius, and the deaths rushed to notify Barclay de Tolls about the intersection of Neman's enemy. Overnight, Bagration and Boards received orders to move on the offensive. Emperor Alexander I left Vilnius on June 26, and Barclay de Tolly accepted command. Barclay de Tolly wanted to fight, but appreciated the situation and realized that it had no sense to fight, due to the numerical superiority of the enemy. Then he ordered to burn warehouses of ammunition and disassemble the Vilnius Bridge. Wittgenstein with his army advanced in the direction of the Lithuanian town of Piece, breaking away from the environment of McDonald and Udineos.

It was not possible to avoid the battle and followed behind Wittgenstein's squads after all, came into a collision with advanced squads. On the left flank of the Russian army, the Dashtur Corps threatened the third cavalry fault case. Bagration was given an order to advance in Wilaku (Minsk region) to meet the Barclay de Tolly army, although the meaning of this maneuver remains a mystery to this day.

June 28 Napoleon, almost without battles, entered Vilnius. The replenishment of the forage in Lithuania was difficult, as the land there for the most part is not fertile and covered with dense forests. Supplies of forage were meager than in Poland, and two days of non-stop march only worsened the situation.

The main problem was all the increasing distances between the army and the supply region. In addition, no travel time had time for the infantry column during the march. Even the weather itself has become a problem. So writes about her historian Richard K. Ryn: thunderstorms with lightning and heavy rains on June 24 blocked roads. Some argued that in Lithuania there are no roads and everywhere bottomless swamps. The sumizers sat down "on the belly", the horses fell in exhaustion, people lost their boots in the puddles. The stuck sums became obstacles, people were forced to bypass them, and fodder and artillery columns could not go around them. Then the sun and accumulated deeply pivot, turning them into concrete canyons. In these ruts, the horse broke their legs, and the wheels of the wheel.

Lieutenant Merrtes, Vürttemberg, who served in the third building, wrote in his diary that the depressing heat that followed the rain killed the horses and forced to break the camp, practically in swamps. In the army raged dysentery and flu, despite the field hospital, designed to protect themselves from the epidemic, hundreds of people were infected.

He reported on time, place and events that took place with high accuracy. So on June 6 there was a strong thunderstorm with thunder and lightning, and already 11 people began to die from solar strikes. The Crown Prince of Württemberg reported on 21 died in Bivouak. The Bavarian Corps reported on 345 seriously ill by June 13.

Desertion flourished in Spanish and Portuguese formations. Deserters terrorized the population, warp everything that came to hand. Areas, where the Great Army was held, remained destroyed. The Polish officer wrote that people threw at home, and the county dislike.

The French lightweight cavalry was shocked how much surpassed her Russian. Superiority was so tangible that Napoleon ordered the infantry to support his cavalry. It concerned even reconnaissance and intelligence. Despite the thirty thousandth cavalry, they did not manage to determine the location of the troops of Barclay de Toll, forcing Napoleon to send columns in all directions, in the hope of determining the position of the enemy.

Pursuit of the Russian army

The operation, the purpose of which was to prevent the Association of the Army of Bagration and Barclay de Tolls nearby Vilnius, cost the French army of 25,000 killed from small skins with Russian armies and diseases. Then it was decided to navigate from Vilnius in the direction of Nemenchin, Mikhalshka, Oshmyany and Maliata.

Eugene crossed the river in River on June 30, while the train led his seventh body to the Bialystok along with the parts carried out by crossing Grodno. Murat nominated in Nemenchina on July 1, pursuing the third cavalry corpus of Dohturov on the way to Junashev. Napoleon decided that it was the second Army of Bagration and rushed afterwards. Only after 24 hours of infantry chase after the cavalry regiment, the intelligence reported that it was not an army of Bagration.

Then Napoleon decided to use the army of Davu, Zheroma and Ezhen to catch the army of Bagration between the hammer and an anvil in the operation covering Oshmyan and Minsk. The operation failed on the left flank, where McDonald did not have time and pleased. Most Meanwhile, the Dashtur moved from Junashev to Spear to meet the Army of Bagration, avoiding battles with the French army. 11 French regiments and battery from 12 artillery guns were too slow to prevent him.

Contrary to each other orders and lack of intelligence almost brought the army of Bagration between the army of giving and Zheroma. But here I was late with the Zhero, stuck in the mud and experiencing the same problems with the supply of food and weather as the rest of the Great Army. The army of Zherom lost 9,000 people in four days of chase. Disagreements between the pressing Bonaparte and General Dominic Vandamm walked even more aggravated the situation. In the meantime, Bagration joined his army with the Dohturov Corps and had 45,000 people at his disposal in the village of the village of New Situlente to the 7th of July.

Davu lost 10,000 people during a march to Minsk and did not dare to fight without supporting the army of Zheroma. Two French cavalry corps were defeated by the Corps of Matthew Platov, leaving the French army without intelligence. Bagration was also not aware enough. So Davu believed that Bagration was available about 60,000 soldiers, while Bagration believed that the army gives 70,000 soldiers. Armed with false information, both generals were in no hurry to enter into battle.

Bagration received orders and from Alexander I, and from Barclay de Toll. Barclay de Tolly for ignorance did not provide Bagration of understanding the role of his army in a global strategy. This flow of contradictory orders gave rise to disagreements between Bagration and Barclay de Tolly, which later had consequences.

Napoleon reached Vilnius on June 28, leaving behind 10,000 dead horses. These horses were vital for the supply of army supplies, so desperately in them in need. Napoleon assumed that Alexander would ask the world, but this disappointment did not happen. And it was not the last disappointment. Barclay continued to retreat to Verkhnedvinsk, deciding that the combination of the 1st and 2nd armies was the most priority task.

Barclay de Tolly continued the retreat and, with the exception of the accidental skirmish of his argear of his army with the avant-garde of the army, the promotion took place without a rush and resistance. The usual methods of the Great Army now worked against it.

The fast march-throws caused desertion, hunger, forced the troops to drink dirty water, the epidemic happened in the army, the logistic calls lost the horses with thousands that only aggravated the problems. 50,000 of the retired and deserters turned into an unmanaged crowd fighting with peasants in a full-scale partisan war, which only aggravated the situation with supplies for the Great Army. By this time the army decreased by 95,000 people.

March to Moscow

The Supreme Commander Barclay de Tolly refused to join the battle, despite the calls of Bagration. Several times he made attempts to prepare a powerful defensive position, but Napoleon's troops turned out to be too fast, and he did not have time to finish the preparation and retreat. The Russian army continued to depart deep into the country, adhering to tactics developed by Karl Ludwig Pfule. Departing, the army left the burned land behind him, which caused even more serious problems with forage.

On Barclay de Tolly there was political pressure, forcing him to give a battle. But he continued to abandon the idea of \u200b\u200ba global battle, which led to his resignation. The post of the Supreme Commander was appointed boastful and popular Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov. Despite the populist rhetoric of Kutuzov, he continued to adhere to the Barclay de Toll plan. It was obvious that the performance against the French in the open battle would lead to the aimless loss of the army.

After an indecisive collision near Smolensky in August, he finally managed to create a worthy defensive position in Borodino. Borodino battle took place on September 7 and became the very bloody battle of Napoleonic wars. To the 8th of September russian army It was halved and again was forced to retreat, leaving the road to Moscow open. Kutuzov also ordered to evacuate the city.

By this point, the Russian army reached its maximum number of 904,000 people. Of these, 100,000 were in close proximity to Moscow and were able to join the Kutuzov army.

Taking Moscow

On September 14, 1812, Napoleon joined an empty city, from which, by decree of the governor Fyodor, Rostopchin was taken out all the supplies. According to the classical rules for conducting the war of that time aimed at seizing the enemy capital, although the capital was St. Petersburg, Moscow remained the spiritual capital, Napoleon expected that Emperor Alexander I would announce the surrender on Poklonnaya Mount. But the Russian command did not think about the delivery.

Preparing for entry into Moscow, Napoleon was surprised that he did not meet a delegation from the city. When the victorious general approaches, local authorities usually met him at the gate with the keys from the city in an attempt to protect the population and the city from looting. Napoleon sent his assistants to the city in search of the official authorities, who could conclude an agreement on the occupation of the city. When I could not find anyone, the awareness came to Napoleon that the city was unconditionally left.

With a normal surrender, urban officials were forced to take measures to accommodate and feeding soldiers. In this case, the situation forced the soldier to seek the roof over her head and feed for themselves. Napoleon was secretly disappointed by non-compliance with the customs, since he believed that this was deprived of his traditional victory over Russians, especially after taking such a spiritually significant city.

Before the order of the evacuation of Moscow, the population of the city was 270,000 people. After most of the population left the city remaining robbed and burned the products so that they do not get the French. By the time Napoleon entered the Kremlin, there were no more than a third of its inhabitants. They remained in the city mostly foreign merchants, servants and people who could not or have not wanted to evacuate. The remaining people tried to avoid troops and a considerable French community, numbering several hundred people.

Burn of Moscow

After taking Moscow, the Great Army, dissatisfied with the conditions of the content and not rendered to the winners of the beginning of the beginning to rob what remained from the city. In the same evening, fires began, which only growed over the next days.

Two thirds of the city were wooden. City burned almost to the alert. Four fifth city was burned, which left the French without a roof over her head. French historians believe that the fires were sabotaged by Russians.

Lion Tolstoy in his work "War and World" declares that the fires were not caused by a Russian sabotage, nor French laughing. Fires have become a natural result of the fact that the city was filled with strangers in the winter season. Tolstoy believed that the fires became the natural consequence of the fact that the invaders raised small fires for heating, cooking and other domestic needs. But soon they came out from under control, and without the current fire service, there was no one to extinguish them.

Napoleon's retreat and defeat

Sitting in the ashes of the destroyed city, without receiving a Russian surrender and faced with the restored Russian army, who displaces him from Moscow, Napoleon began his long retreat by mid-October. In the battle of Maloyaroslavets, Kutuzov was able to force the French army to use the same Smolensk road to retreat, which they went to Moscow. The neighborhood was already deprived of food reserves with both armies. This is often presented as an example of the scorched land tactics.

Continuing to block the southern flank to prevent the return of the French on another route, Kutuzov again launched the partisan tactics to constantly beat the French procession in the most vulnerable places. Light Russian Cavalry, including horse Cossacks, attacked and destroyed scattered French troops.

The army supply has become impossible. The lack of grass weakened the already few horses that were killed and eaten starving soldiers in Moscow. Without horses, the French cavalry disappeared as a class and was forced to march on foot. In addition to this, the lack of horses meant that the guns and the weapons had to be thrown, which left the army without artillery support and ammunition.

Although the army quickly restored its artillery arsenal in 1813, thousands of abandoned military unimportants created logistics problems until the very end of the war. With increasing fatigue, hunger and numbers of patients, the number of deserters grew. Most deserters were captured or was killed by peasants, whose lands they plundered. However, historians are mentioned when the soldier regretted and fit. Many remained living in Russia, afraid of punishment for desertion, and simply assimilated.

The French army weakened by these circumstances was a bit three times in Vyazma, Red and Polotsk. The crossing of the Berezina River has become the last catastrophe of the war for the Great Army. Two separate Russian army broke the remnants of the greatest Army of Europe in their attempt to cross the river on pontoon bridges.

Losses in the Patriotic War

In early December 1812, Napoleon finds out that General Claude de Male took an attempt to a state coup in France. Napoleon throws the army and returns home to Sanya, leaving Marshal Joachim Murata commander-in-chief. Murat soon deserted and fled to Naples, whose king he was. So the commander-in-chief became the step of Napoleon Eugene De Bogarne.

In the following weeks, the remnants of the Great Army continued to decrease. On December 14, 1812, the army left the territory of Russia. According to a commander, only 22,000 people from Napoleon's army have experienced a Russian campaign. Although some other sources declare no more than 380,000 dead. The difference can be explained by the fact that almost 100,000 people were captured and the fact that from the side armies who were not under the direct command of Napoleon returned about 80,000 people.

For example, most Prussian soldiers survived, thanks to the Taurogenic Neutrality Convention. The Austrians were also escaped, who in advance with their troops. Later, the so-called Russian-German legion was organized from German prisoners and deserters in Russia.

Russian losses in open battles were comparable to French, but losses among civilians have greatly exceeded the military. In general, in early estimates it was believed that several million people were killed, but now historians inclined that losses, including the peaceful population amounted to about a million people. Of these, Russia and France lost 300,000, about 72,000 Poles, 50,000 Italians, 80,000 Germans, 61,000 inhabitants of other countries. In addition to human losses, the French also lost about 200,000 horses and more than 1000 artillery guns.

It is believed that winter has become a decisive factor in the defeat of Napoleon, but this is not the case. Napoleon lost half of his army in the first eight weeks campaign. Losses were due to the leaving of garrisons in supply centers, diseases, desertion and small clashes with Russian armies.

In Borodino, Napoleon's army numbered no more than 135,000 people and the victory with losses in 30,000 became Parrida. Stuck at 1000 km in the depths of the enemy territory, proclaiming yourself with the winner after the take of Moscow, Napoleon flew to the 19th of October. According to historians, the first snow in that year fell on November 5th.

Napoleon's attack on Russia was the most deadly military operation of that time.

Historical assessment

In 1812, the Russian victory over the French army inflicted a huge blow to Napoleon's ambitions to European domination. The Russian campaign became a turning point of Napoleonic wars, and ultimately led to the defeat of Napoleon and the link on the island of Elba. For Russia, the term "Patriotic War" has formed a symbol of national identity, which had a huge impact on Russian patriotism in the nineteenth century. The indirect result of the patriotic movement of Russians was a strong desire to modernize the country, which led to a series of revolutions, starting from the Decembrists's uprising and ending with the February Revolution of 1917.

Napoleon's empire was not completely defeated by the lost war in Russia. IN next year He will collect the army of about 400,000 French supported by the quarter million allied France soldiers to challenge control over Germany in an even larger campaign, known as the war of the sixth coalition.

Despite the fact that he was inferior in numbers, he won a decisive victory in the battle of Dresden (August 26-27, 1813). Only after the decisive battle under Leipzig (the Battle of Peoples on October 16-19, 1813) he was finally defeated. Napoleon simply did not have the necessary troops to prevent the invasion of the coalition to France. Napoleon showed himself as a brilliant commander and still managed to apply heavy losses to significantly superior to the union armies in the battle for Paris. The city was still captured and Napoleon was forced to renounce the throne in 1814.

However, the Russian campaign showed that Napoleon was not invincible, putting the end of his reputation of an invincible military genius. Napoleon foresaw that it would mean, so he quickly ran to France before it became aware of the catastrophe. Feeling this and enlisted with the support of Prussian nationalists and the Russian emperor, the German nationalists rebelled against the Confederation of the Rhine and. The decisive German campaign would not take place without the winners of the most powerful empire of Europe.

"Patriotism began to write. Apparently, stuck "
M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin

I.

The insightful August Strindberg once formulated sad, but the truth: "When the state begins to kill his citizens, it always calls himself a homeland". In 1812, the state in the face of the then "land owner of the Russian" king Alexander I is not the beginning, but continued to kill his, however, rather, not citizens in the full sense of the word, and slaves.

Details of this story using a wide database of sources, I set out in detail in my monograph "True about the war of 1812" (M., 2004), in a variety of articles, lectures and in the same name of the author's documentary film shown in the "Television of the Komsomolskaya Pravda" in May-June 2012. However, the cycle was closed by censored reasons (what was violated by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the censorship forbidding): the seven series of twenty-two were filmed, only six came to the ether; Now they are available on the Internet.

So, fabul prehistory The tragedy of two hundred years ago is such (for the lack of space, I will state it only briefly - it can be studied in the mentioned studies). Being in the authorities of their personal ambitions and painful complexes, Alexander I untied the war back in 1805, sprouting the third antifranzu coalition (brought by Swiss F. Ts. Lagarp is not on the history of Russia, but solely on the history of ancient Greece and Rome, the young king Pital maniacal envy To the "antique hero" Napoleon). Then he headed intervention to France through Austria, but the French pregnants Russian army from its borders, and then defeated on December 2 under Austerlitz. However, Napoleon, for whom the Union with Russia was the "idea of \u200b\u200bFix" from the very beginning of his rule (the benefit of such a union understood and Paul I, but it was immediately killed on the orders of the British government and from the knowledge of the Son - the future of the "Anointed God", the very Orthodox Tsar Alexander : Ponassenkov E.N. Decree. Cit., P. 58, 70, etc.), contrary to military expediency did not pursue demoralized Russian parts. But Alexander was to do not care about the interests of his country, on the death of the subjects, at Napoleon's mercy, on his persistent demands of the world immediately after his own victory! In the inflammed consciousness of the king envy cried with shame of loser, After the Austerlitz, the retinue did not immediately find, and crying under the tree during the attack not the most heroic disease (more on the state of Alexander in that period: Troitsky N.A. Alexander I and Napoleon. M., 1994, p. 109 - 110) .

So the autocrats were the point of psychological and historical return: now he will fight against Napoleon to the loss of the pulse of many Russian soldiers. I emphasize: It was Alexander I, despite the interests of his country, he began the war against Napoleon in 1805, after which both powers became gradually retracting into conflict, every day which created the reason for the escalation of this conflict (the principle of movement on "Patient Circle").

In 1806, as neither comical, the king orders the manual Orthodox Mini-Synod to declare Anafeum: no, not an Orthodox "mysterious Russian soul" Lion Tolstoy, and not girls who did not pay for the rental of premises for their prayer, but the Catholic "Anointer of God" Napoleon . Immediately November 30 (now Attention: this is not 1812, and another 1806 year!) Alexander announces convening militia (requires 612,000 people!). The landowners were obliged to highlight the peasants with the top of the recruit set in order to protect their huts and fields, but for a new campaign through the whole of Europe (!) Intervention to France because of the paranoid Ambitions of the king (by the way, Alexander deceived the nobles: they did not return the fortress - they recorded them in Recruits: War of war of 1812. M., 2012, p. 14). As in 1804-1805. The Russian emperor persuaded Austrian, so in 1806, he convinced the Prussian King Friedrich-Wilhelm III to reiterate the coalition and declare France's war. War declared. Napoleon was forced again protect own country. Thanks to his genius, the French emperor managed to defeat superior in the number of Prussian and Russian army. Russian people again worked for "cannon meat" in the kitchen of an unbalanced king and cunning English bankers.

By the way, two words about "bankers". When an objective rival of France England (Russia with France did not exist, neither geopolitical problems, nor historical, or economic) ordered the murder of Paul, she was enough that Russia would not disturb the British monopoly on the hosts on the seas and would not enter the effective military union with Bonaparte . However, Alexander, guided exclusively personal motivesNevertheless switched to the strongest aggression against France. Yes, this aggression was paid to him well: as it is known, for every one hundred thousand soldiers of the continental troops of Britain paid a huge amount of 1,250,000 pounds of sterling - that for the effective economic development of the serfdom, it was quite "by the way" (in terms of 8 million . rub.: Troitsky N.A. Decree. cit., p. 97). One can only rejoice at British citizens: their rulers often used in the war of other people's subjects. This is the power responsible for civil society. Although not all amounts sent to Russia for war with France were held under beautiful paragraphs. English Ambassador in St. Petersburg Lord Ch. Worth, for example, could not brave in the official press with the fact that he sponsors the murderers of the emperor Paul through his mistress - a relative of the conspirators of the tooth O.A. Stallion (ibid., P. 67).

And now the most important moment: pay attention - none of the countries that Napoleon passed along and across (and not one time) did not call such companies "domestic wars"! Moreover, the level of development and education of the population of Austria and Prussia was incomparably higher than in Russia (Ponassenkov E.N. Decree. Op., P. 126, 153). Existed in those countries and militia - Landver (where, in contrast to the Kalenny Russian militia, went from principle; In Russia, the owners of slaves landowners sent to the squads of those who were unfounded to work). Here the war touched a negligible territory uncooked(I would say "Extrafection") Countries (from Neman to Moscow): And due to the lack of normal roads and solid cities, the invasion army practically did not deviate from the narrow strip of the old Smolensk tract (many soldiers of the Great Army did not even believe that they were going on the real road - before It was bad!). Thus, in view of objective reasons (territory, lack of decent infrastructure) war of 1812 was only local!

Why no one ever wrote about it? Maybe because pseudo-patriotic Ideologists did not consider the population most of the country for people? From Smolensk to Moscow - Russia, and then - just "Washing my dear"? Toy ideology? Where this is where this complex consider yourself different from people in the rest of the world? Here they have there - anti-armnce coalitions, and here we see, suddenly (!) "Patriotic War"? Apparently, from there, where and the destructive idea about the "own way", etc.

Let's return to chronology. On June 2, 1807, Alexander's troops are once again defeated - under Friedland. And this time, Napoleon, the logic of military benefits did not pursue the Russians! Moreover (once again I ask for attention): He did not even move the borders of Russia, although if he had suddenly plunged a trip to Russia, then the best moment was difficult to imagine: the country was absolutely not protected by anyone. But, as we remember, Napoleon pursued only one goal: soyuz with Russia. For this, he outflowed at the expense of the French treasury 6732 soldiers and 130 generals and headquarters of Russian prisoners (who came with Suvorov on borders with France with all the same aggressive goal) and on July 18, 1800 sent them to free ( without interchange!) to the homeland (Troitsky N.A. Decree. cit., p. 40); For the sake of this, the Great Commissioner did not require in the Tilsitis of Contribution from three times (twice - personally) punished for the aggression of Russia. Moreover (this is generally a record of generosity and the Christian sorry of his enemy): Russia also received the Belostok region! All for the sake of peace and union.

And what about Alexander? Orthodox king started a hypocrisy game: during numerous dates in Tilsit, he was kissed and hugged with Napoleon's Antichrist, then five years wrote to him letters starting with the words "Sovereign, Brother My ...", but in parallel Shot Mary Fedorovna (in Maiden - Sofia Maria Dorothea Augustus Louise von Württemberg) Depostees of this content: Tilzit is a temporary respite to collect an even more numerous army and again start the war (Ponassenkov E.N. Decree. Op., P. 133 - 134). At the same time, Alexander goes to an unprecedented step: on the conclusion of the world, he increases defense costs twice (!): From 63.4 million rubles. in 1807 to 118.5 million rubles. In 1808 (ibid, p. 107, etc.). Military budget increased in subsequent years. Let's compare it with Napoleon's actions. Documents unequivocally testify to his devotion to the idea of \u200b\u200bthe Union with Russia. From the letter S.M. De Talleyran immediately after the conclusion of the world: "I have reason to hope that our union will be permanent" (Troitsky N.A. Decree. cit., p. 125). From the letter of the Ambassador in St. Petersburg Rene Savary: "... if I can strengthen the union with this country and give him a long-term nature, do not spare anything for this" (Ponassenkov E.N. Decree. Cit., P. 134).

It is quite natural that in Russia the financial crisis has begun, which some unrelated historians tried to attach Russia to the blockade of England, but statistics - refutes such fabrications. The fact is that the non-charge from the customs in the same period was total 3.6 million rubles. (Compare with a sharp increase in the cost of the army of 55.1 million!). At one time, I conducted a detailed analysis of documents, and with numbers in the hands showed this whole process: how many and whose ships came to Russian ports since 1800, how much goods were brought and sold, as it affected all the population's estates, the development of industry etc. In my course investigations (See Read more: Ibid, p. 94 - 113) additionally it turned out that joining Britain's blockade positively affected the development of Russian domestic production: especially on cotton-based, sugar and salt industry. The number of factories of all industries has sharply increased (in the same place, p. 109).

By the way, I found out that long before the young historian students of Moscow State University, who broke corporate Villas and Silence (For details, see: Ponassenkov E.N. Tango alone, or 25-year-old memoirs. M., 2007, p. 29 - 30, 50 - 51), the historical person came to the same conclusions - Chancellor N. P. Rumyantsev (ibid., P. 107 - 108). In the report of the king of December 8, 1808, he wrote that the main cause of the crisis is not a break from England, but the expenses for defense! If the idea of \u200b\u200bblocking a monopolist-Britain did not arise from Napoleon, then it would be necessary to invent the ruler of Russia to her good (if the king had suddenly thought). Meanwhile, in 1805, the Moscow merchants asked Alexander to take measures to limit foreign trade, "the great commercial assignment" (Sokolov O.V. Battle of two empires. 1805 - 1812. M. - St. Petersburg, 2012, with . 357).

However, the development of its own production did not worry Alexander; As if in nonsense, he repeated Mantra: "Napoleon or I, he or I - together we cannot reign." Today, historians try to silence the disgraceful fact for the home of Romanov: in 1810 - 1811. Alexanderi sold about 10 thousand state peasants to fortress slavery ("World News". 08/31/2012, p. 26; more about this "seasonal sale" and about the situation of sovereign slaves, on how these russian Orthodox people Sales to buy new gloves, see: Druzhinin N. M. State peasants and reform P. D. Kiselev. M.- L., vol. 1, 1946). No one regret for your own blazh! February 2, 1810 and February 11, 1812 - a sharp increase in all taxes.

Eventually: since 1810. (!!!) Russian army already stood in combat Deploying at the borders of the Duchy of Warsaw (Sokolov O.V. Decree. cit., p. 368 - 381). Napoleon stubbornly did not listen to his advisers who warned him not to believe Alexander (Napoleon lived in logic: if the Union is beneficial to both powers, it means that both powers will save it). Moreover: the French commander begins to withdraw his troops from German lands (ibid., P. 373)! Russian king again with mad energy begins to narrow the anti-Manzu coalition (sixth on account). By mid-1811, he almost persuaded Prussian and Swedish rulers to start a war with France, on 27 and 29 October 1811 a number of "highest commands" by corpus heads (Ponassenkov E.N. Decree. Op., P. 136), in which Ordered to prepare for surgery at the Vistula River! 5 (17 N.St.) October 1811 Signed the Russian-Prussian Military Convention against France (Ibid., P.133). However, at the last moment, the Emperor of Austria (with whom the secret negotiations also conducted a few later) and the King of Prussia was afraid again open To fight with Napoleon - and agreed only on secret agreements that, in the case of the war, they will not seriously act against Russia (there, p. 132).

All this gradually declares Alexander to accept not a plan (it was not seriously designed), but the idea he advised by the former Marshal of Napoleon (and now renegat) J.B. Bernadott: Since the Russian generals have proven their failure to fight the French - you need to use space and climate (Ibid.). The same opinion adhered to only the small part of the officers (most, including L.L. Bennigsen and P.I. Bagration, were for immediate offensive: Ibid, s. 134 - 135). When 26 April (N.St.) 1812 Napoleon was still in Paris (and, by the way, planned for summer Journey to Italy: Fedotova E.D. Canova. M., 2002, p. 236), Alexander already Garcel at the army in a wine, having left St. Petersburg on the 20th (Nikolai Mikhailovich, Vel.Kn. Emperor Alexander I. Experience of historical research. T.1, St. Petersburg., 1912, p. 111)! Napoleon sends a parliamentary with a proposal not to enter into war, Alexander does not agree.

II.

Here indisputable Evidence that Napoleon not only was not intended to move the border, but, having reliable intelligence information, was preparing for defense against Alexander's aggression (as it was always in previous years). The most important part of the correspondence of the commander 1810 is the first half of 1812. Deals with provision strengthening fortifications in the area of \u200b\u200bWarsaw (Handelsman M. Instrukcje I DepeSzerezydenów Francuskich W Warszawie. T. 2, Warszawa, 1914, s. 46; Correspondance de Napoléon I. P., 1863, V. 23, p. 149 - 150). Napoleon constantly headed his marshals. "If the Russians do not start aggression, the most important thing will be convenient to arrange the troops, it is good to provide them with food and build premium strengthening on Vistula," - on May 16, 1812, the head of the General Staff. "... if the Russians do not move forward, my desire will be held here (in Paris - approx. E.P.) All April, limited to the active work on the construction of the bridge in Marienburg ..." - March 30. "... While the enemy will begin offensive operations ..." - June 10th. "... If you are enemy troops to eat ... Reference to Coveno to cover this city ...", - wrote Marshal L.A. Berthier General Sh.L. Glanzhan June 26 (all quotes - by: Ponassenkov E.N. Yukaz cit., P. 136 - 137).

With such circumstances, the diplomatic announcement of the war did not have exactly any meaning. However, it happened, and, in all the rules. On June 16 (i.e., eight days before the crossing through Nemman), the head of the French Mid of the Duke de Bassano assured a note about the termination of diplomatic relations with Russia, notifying the official European governments about it. On June 22, the French ambassador J. A. Loriston informed the head of the Russian Foreign Ministry of the following: "... My mission ended, since the request of Prince A. B. Kurakina (the Russian representative in Paris - approx. E.P.) about issuing passports to him meant the gap, and his imperial and royal majesty since that time considers himself in a state of war with Russia "(ibid, p. 137 - 138). Translated into clear language: Russia first Announced the war of France.

Thus, no plans are not that capture, but also the invasion of Russia did not have and could not be (for, sorry, there is no need). This, by the way, explains the fact that he did not take advantage of the obvious trump card - the abolition of serfdom: with such a turn of affairs, he would not receive the desired world with the Russian monarch. Forced Coluting the army again, the emperor of the French (it is so correctly the title of the monarch, chosen by the vote in 1804) wanted only psychological effect (Read more: Ibid, p. 114 - 140) to force Alexander to fulfill the conditions of the Tilzite world (I remember once again that of this Napoleon events reached the wrong, and his brought out With his aggressiveness Alexander). Therefore, the campaign began incredible late (If Napoleon planned a deep invasion, it would not wait for hot summer and rainy autumn). The French moved Neman only Because it's more opposite each other and wait "By the Sea of \u200b\u200bWeather" (or, when in the rear Austria and Prussia openly go to the side of Russia!) It was impossible! That's what I wrote in the memoirs a very informed Polish General Desidir Klapovsky: "So late speech in the campaign and all the location of the troops clearly showed that Napoleon wanted only to intimidate the emperor Alexander ..." (in the collection: Military K. historical essays and articles related to 1812 year. M., 2011, p. 59). From France - the campaign of 1812 is a classic self-defense case.

Napoleon counted on psychological effect First, from the preparation, then from the invasion, then to win in the border battle, which would once again forced the "Orthodox" emperor to kiss with a fictitious "antichrist" and carry out what the Russian sovereign subscribed And for what he was responsible for honor (and this honor lost). However, what happened that the ruler thinking about the welfare of his country cannot count even in a hot dream. Emperor Alexander left The army that became almost chaotic to retreat (at the level of the concept - for, as usual in Russia, the Russians were the first to prepare for war, but unlike the enemy, to the beginning of the hostilities, as planned and did not accept and did not even come up with the commander-in-chief: Ponessenkov E.N. Decree. Op., P. 134 - 138, etc.). The French are just pursuing the army who leaves and does not give the battles (this is exactly what explains why Napoleon did not go to the capital, in St. Petersburg - he did not plan military operations at all!). Fun Alexander is standing his country of enormous victims! The Russian army leaves Coveno, Vilna, Vitebsk, Smolensk. Events unfold rapidly (so rapidly that not all the provinces of Russia at first reached rumors of war).

III

Initially, national outskirts are moving towards the side of the army of the invasion (in Lithuania, a large building is even formed to combat russian invaders: about 20,000 fighters in the composition of 15 squadrons, 18 battalions and 1 art. Rotes - Ponassenkov E.N. Decree cit., P. 141), and then throughout Russia, peasant performances are intensified against landowners (one of the main plots of correspondence of Russian nobles - the fear of the peasants, among whom the rumor is already walking about what "Napoleon came to us to give," will raise the uprising - there , p. 152 - 153, etc.). In parallel, the ropes of the landowners who lost their estates rose! Alexander is forced to go for a tricky move: all the bumps got himself to himself and "German" (Scottish origin) Barclay, so the further chief of retreat until winter Mastydnoye serpent assigned, owner 6567 slaves M.I. Kutuzov (Troitsky N.A. Decree. Cit., P. 208). And let, they say, not "German" and not the king, but his Criticize!

Well, according to modern Legal Rules, the law does not have the inverse force: otherwise Kutuzov would not be appointed, and not monuments now put, but to go on trial for malicious and recurrent pedophilia (now the topic of pedophilia has become very fashionable to discuss and exaggerate its importance in agriculture: It is necessary to find some "pest" - before they "worked" with many families "Kulaks", "Trotskyists", "Rodkov", cyclists and Leningrad doctors of Soviet-Jewish origin). In 1811-1812 Instead of active activity in the Turkish front, he was entertained with 14 years old Moldovka. Here, as General Count Alexander Fedorovich Langeron describes: "The first thing Kutuzov, on arrival in Bucharest, was to find himself a lord; ... but his choice struck us. He fell on a 14-year-old girl, the millet niece and the former is already married to one young boyarian Gunan. ... When a 64-year-old old man, one-eyed, thick, ugly, like Kutuzov, cannot exist without having three, four women ... it is worthy or disgust or regret ... "(Feldmarshal Kutuzov. Documents. Diaries. Memories. M ., 1995, p. 332). Such were morals orthodox The aristocrat whose dust is resting in the Kazan Cathedral.

The newly represented commander-in-chief loses the general battle under Borodino, leaves the primary, retreats to Tarutino. Governor General F.V. Rostopchin is highly independent (not the fact that girls praying in the temple are not by the pointer, but in their own feeling) burns the city along with its century artistic and material heritage ("Motherland". No. 6-7, 1992, p. 88 - 93). Moscow burns alive at least 22,500 Russian wounded soldiers(Troitsky N.A. Field Marshal Kutuzov: Myths and Facts. M, 2002, p. 221): For the nobles, a significant part of the officers of the Kutuzov landowner ordered to take out, and "Mobile" - let the light believes in a fairy tale about the Patriotic War . These crimes against humanity will forever go on the conscience of Rostopina and Kutuzov.

French people quietly live in Moscow for more than a month (and, they get echelon with food - they would live to Gorbachev thaw), but then starts again the pursuit Russian army - fight under Maloyaroslavets. Entertaining their strengths and rested Russian troops in the camp Battle (being in a fortified position - in the city!) losing, and Kutuzov orders retreat to the linen plants. Napoleon understands that Kutuzov can with the same level of military talent to Kamchatka, which frost is coming that the country is not adapted to life - and decides to move to the other side, where eat food (to the west). I note that in Europe, French soldiers as decent Bought food from local residents for golden napoleondors, in Russia to buy food physically no place. And not only the French: instead of a market system - spirituality and cattom, that is, there are no European stores as a class (except boutique french Hats in Moscow). The Russian army suffered from this: Kutuzov brought 130 thousand soldiers from Tarutina, and 27 thousand cited wine - this is at 90 percent nebassy Losses (Ponassenkov E.N. Decree cit., p. 213)! The fact is that "the light" increasingly intrigued (for example, wrote klauza. The king on so much who made Barclay for Russia, after which the army left the latter in his heart) and slept, but he did not take care of the provincial and winter clothes for the army (there, p. 213 - 214). September 20, Rostopchin wrote Alexander I: "Prince Kutuzov is no longer - no one sees him; He all lies and sleeps a lot. The soldier despises him and hates him. He is not solved for anything; A young girl, dressed as a Cossack, takes him a lot "(Shimov A.V. Unknown Kutuzov. M., 2001, p. 378). So, the "Coffee Tank" even in the "Terrible Team" of Wars of the 12th year could not do without role playing.

Kutuzov not It goes into the offensive, but goes "parallel march", not even trying to seriously disturb the Army of Napoleon. On Berezine, where the normal Western generals would have happened to capture the Army of Napoleon, this last brilliant maneuvers deceives P.V. Chichagova, throws off the housing P.Kh. Wittgenstein, successfully brings the bridges and is successfully recreated (ibid., P. 210 - 211). In this emperor, not only his own talent was helped, but also "the bright" Kutuzov (stood without movement for two days), who Mescheghu Mescheague for the fact that he replaced Kutuzov as the army commander in Turkey. But there was little that I changed, and I revealed the financial frauds of Kutuzov (which is not the first time: the director of the Land Cadet Corps, Mikhail Illarionovich, was profitable for himself for himself. However, of course, the main reason was the psychological fear of Catherine Velmazbi Kutuzov in front of the commander Napoleon, who broke the "Coffee pot of Zubet" in two general battles (there, p. 210 - 213).

The French leave Russia. As early as 1812, the Prussian Corps of General Hans David Ludwig York passes to the side of the sixth antifranzuz coalition. That's all right. I note that the war lasted only 6 months: and, only 2.5 of them - on the "original Russian" territory (Even rumors about the fact that somewhere there is war, they reached the entire population!). It is ridiculous to read the children's bowing of some pisak about "almost complete destruction of the Napoleonic Army": the total losses of the murdered and wounded were almost almost lessthan Russians, but several tens of thousands (especially from among nephrantsysky parts) just scattered through the territory of Russia, then called "prisoners" (which often did not have any resources), and then returned In their states. And now attention - questions: what is proud of, and why should the war be called "Patriotic War"? Let's reflect on all internal political, ethnic, psychological and social aspects in order.

IV

No threat to the integrity of Russia from France did not proceed (and in general, Russia was always unclealed because of the external attacks, but as a result of the failure of the internal economic, social and ideological policies). Like all wars since the beginning of the century, the war of 1812 was carried out for the interests of England and because of the personal complexes of Alexander. Consequently, and won from her only England and the sickness of the king. Well, of course, from a purely military point of view, the French winners who won in all major battles, including the general, and also occupied the "primitive". So what of these battles are to be proud of Russian? You can not put the monument to what happens every year - winter? Moreover, not only "enemies" died from frosts and hunger, but their own - peaceful population and Russian soldiers.

Fun Alexander was worthwhile the country of terrible losses: the cities, fields, died many people, livestock, material and cultural values \u200b\u200bdied. Today, according to the most modest counts of researchers, the total amount of material losses of Russia from war is estimated at 1 billion rubles! Astronomical figure (Read more - see: Greek E. War of 1812 in rubles, in betrayals and scandals. M., 2011, p. 290). At the same time, it is necessary to understand that more than half of the material values \u200b\u200bwere destroyed by the Russians themselves, and everyone in general losses lie on the conscience of the Russian king. In a rich government, the reign of Alexander I Recruitchina absorbed a giant number of people: according to incomplete data - 1,933,608 people (century of the military ministry. Historical essay of the recruitment of troops in the reign of Emperor Alexander I. SPb., 1902, t. IV, part 1, kN . 1, p. 132). This is about a third of the whole male population of Russia in working age from 15 to 35 years old! Little who managed to survive ...

Well, well (or rather - bad), we will take away from material values \u200b\u200band talk about the notorious patriotic rise, about the "People's War", about Orthodoxy etc.

So, my "opponents" (pseudo-patient writings) offer to dismember (!) Own state: cut off the huge territory from it - and consider only a very small part of the Russian Empire as a convenient "Russia" as a convenient "Russia". No matter how scared it sounds, but the idea of \u200b\u200bdismembering Russia has always been in plans only Russian unscrupulous historians, and not at Napoleon. For the purpose of defense of their country from permanent An attacks (which the money sponsored the money, and the bodies - the continental powers led by Russia) he led only to a political war for the fact that Alexander performs the obligations signed by him and even agreed that Russia captured Finland, Moldova and Valachia(Wow Orthodox peacefulness!).

Moreover, the ideologists engaged in the historic front state order are engaged in the historical front of their wild plan in practice, when again in 2012 they write about the following: let's judge the nature of the war only in the territory from Smolensk to Moscow. Them uncomfortable Lithuanian corps in the Army of Napoleon, Malorosiysk partisans (acting against Moskalei), the Baltic collaborators (although they were abundant in the original Russian provinces), etc. They are uninteresting that in Georgia (which then did not have time to give the Russian romance my favorite Nani Breggvadze) did not even produce the recruit set (and where is this Georgia now? ..). Thus, the territory of Lithuania, Kurland, Malororsia, former Polish lands in the area of \u200b\u200bmodern Belarus, huge Asian expanses and tribes, Georgia, Siberia and the Far East (to which even the news of the war came with a large delay), captured by Finland domestic "scientists" The Russian Empire is annexed and destroying in favor of its ambitious idea about the "Patriotic War" (for them the goal - justifies the funds). Personally, I regard it as a state crime. For me, Russia (as the adviser of the USSR, and the one, in turn, the Russian Empire) is one and indivisible! Already, if you study and draw conclusions - then throughout the territory.

Well, I am ready to explore the situation on the "convenient" shulers from the history of the territory of the territory (they have a seeming place "Patriotic War"). The main part of the country's population is serfs. Question: What are the rights to serfs, which can be disappearing on the stable, rape in the kitchen and "sell alone" (Griboedov)? Answer: No. Consequently, they do not have the right and patriotism (otherwise this property will have to be called a scientific: masochism).

The concept of "patriotism" (by the way, the word Nestlavian, expressing the modern language, the "State Department" root) is generally very western and upgraded. It is associated with the formation of national states, and for this you need two thousand years to live on one territory, speak in one language (albeit with dialects), learn how to lose and understand that you live in the country, and not only in your village. Russian peasants of the sample of 1812 (and much later) did not realize themselves with "citizens" of the country; To the question of "who they", unfortunate answered that they were "such a barrike" or "from such a village, parish" ("Kutuzovsky", "Ryazan" - but not Russian). Total peasants (serf and small part - state) amounted to 98.5% of the population (Ponassenkov E.N. Decree. Op., P. 139). Consequently, the absolute majority of the country's population can no longer give our ideologists such joy as the "patriotic rise" (men for such incomprehensible words could generally go!). By the way: what, today, someone from Rostovchan is aware of their civilizational unity with Muscovites, or Siberians are confident in their economic and cultural union with St. Petersburg? Kaliningraders dream of a prosperous vacation in sunny Chechnya or in the warm Tatarstan?

For "patriotism", sorry, you need at least a terrific idea of \u200b\u200bthe place (country), in which you dwell, for consciousness, at least the primitive education is necessary. We will not speak about serfs - there is a complete darkness, but here, for example, a certificate of the development of intellect and ideas about the world of ordinary Muscovites: "After the news of the announcement of the war, Moscow people gathered on the square and began to argue. First of all, it was unanimously decided that the war is the Kara of God, and it is necessary to pray hard, and one merchant spoke that he had long thought out something wrong: and his porridge was dismantled in a pot, and the house was loosened, and the cat Vaska became M. Napoleon and Kutuzov: Unknown War of 1812. M., 2010, p. 190). Then the same eyewitness transfers the stories of common people about the French as a huge monster - with fangs and huge pastes, with a copper forehead, etc. " (Ibid, p. 191). And when the Great Army entered Moscow, the crowds of the people argued about two hours argued - whether these are the British and Swedes who came to defend Moscow, Ali who else (there, p. 193)? And you want in this "Chamber number six" to arrange a holiday of consciousness? No, well, for cutting an anniversary budget, you can celebrate something, of course ...

I may argue that it is, they say, theory, but in practice - serf suddenly Everyone turned out to be Schillers - and how one ran with a deep awareness to expel the enemy from her deeply experienced Fatherland! But here Opponents-Shuler waiting for the worst disappointment. Answer me on a simple question: here are Napoleonic forces in the amount of less than 160 thousand (National Forces Battle at the Moscow River. M., 2001, p. 24) come into invoking Russian territories (those that after Smolensk). One hundred and sixty thousand, this is sorry - twice the rally on the marsh. And where is the whole mighty Russian people who got up and saved the Orthodox Fatherland by attacking Napoleon's army? 160 thousand (including, stretched on a large space of Communications garrisons) exhausted, hungry soldiers who are afraid to move away from the old Smolensky path for foraging, because they do not have normal locality maps. Where are our "Miracle Bogati"? Where are these heroes of the films of the "Orthodox" lover of Alexandrova S. Eisenstein? Somewhere the Russian field (words of Inna Hoff, Music Jan Frenkel, performs Joseph Kobzon), where it can easily fit everything Are these unfortunate French, and where will they put invisible Russians?

Maybe the Russian patriots of peasants are hard to fight "Basurmans" only by the power of spirit and horns? But why then nothing Unable to make an armed orthodox army? Answer me another simple question: why are Russian, having a numerical superiority (about 155,000 people and 640 guns against less than 135,000 at 587 guns at the French: Troitsky N.A. Field Marshal Kutuzov ... p. 170) and being in a fortified position . borodino lost? After all, Kutuzov even icon theatrical He wore around the building with a pretimile pathos! W. winners In the battle of the French, I will not pay, priests and icons in the army! Where is the "Russian Spirit", which all wins? Where those "caps", with which Bagration and Co. wanted to throw the Great Army (Troitsky N.A. Field Marshal Kutuzov ... p. 26)? The French took all fortifications, about 2000 prisoners (Boturlin D.P. History of the invasion of the emperor Napoleon to Russia in 1812. M., 2011, p. 168), and forced Russians to retreat with b. aboutwellthan at home (at the striker to strengthen the parties) losses: more than 50 thousand among the Russians and in the region of 35 thousand from the French (Zemtsov V.N. Decree. cit., p. 260 - 267, etc.). At the same time, Napoleon did not even need to enter 21 thousand guards (Lachouque H. The Anatomy of Glory. Napoleon Andhis Guard. London. 1961. P. 247)! You can dilute demagogy for a long time and about the other case of a separate case of a cast "on the ambrusura", but about the essence of the case testifies exclusively result.

Try to think now without stamps and, throwing that rubbishwhich is from generation to generation to us impose Ideological machine! Imagine: Russians leave "non-obsce" first-palist! Together with the deceic coffins, with the graves of the Grand Princes, with many Orthodox churches, with their generic nests! I could still understand whether the handful of Russian soldiers oppose the epic millionth "hordes" of the "Antichrist", but we are talking about in the other: just if the generals do not know how fight, and the people do not see meaning War, then you will not cope with the tired parts of the army, which is inferior to you in numbers! That is why "people" quietly "Waiting for the sea by the Sea," until Napoleon lives in Moscow; That is why the partisan detachments appeared not themselves, but by order of Barclay de Tolly (and the first was the detachment of Ferdinand von Vincingerger); That is why Kutuzov is engaged in Tarutino not by preparing for the offensive, but by sending punitive detachments (Ponassenkov E.N. Decree. Op., p. 139, 214-215), gone in the blood flashed with an unprecedented scale of the peasants (that is, sheds the disinner Orthodox blood!).

Russians lost Borodino and left Moscow not only because officers and generals were not enough talented, but also because soldiers did not really want to fight for the Fatherland! For two hundred years, no historian focused on well-known documents - on official "army orders" M.I. Kutuzov, where the first phrase and the main theme was the problem of looting (among the same population!) And colossal desertion from the army! And it is in the days of Borodin! This is what it says, for example, an order for the army No. 2 of August 18 (according to the old style): "Today it is caught in the shortest time of the lower ranks of the lower ranks. This is done not by the effort of chiefs, but helping the military police. ... The habit of looting, I sew the weakness of the authorities, having occurred at the moral of the soldier, turned him in almost ordinary ... "(Feldmarshal Kutuzov ... p. 170 et al.) Desertion from the Russian army began more before Wars (Sokolov O.V. Decree. Op., p. 696)! In Russia in 1812, the serfs of the peasants constituted more than half of the population - 23 million people. (Goldenkov M. Decree. Op., P. 210), and the position of others (only 98.5%) was just as bad. The peasants were more prepared to rob their own, than to get up to fight, unknown with whom, defending their shackles.

In 1812. peasant war against serfdom and royal regime covered almost the entire empire - 32 provinces (Abalikhin B.S. Features of the class struggle in Russia in 1812 // from the history of class struggle in pre-revolutionary and Soviet Russia. Volgograd, 1967, p. 130): It is more than in times the domestic "patriots" by the favorite of domestic "patriots" Suvorov Pugachevshchina! Thus, in parallel with one war, another happened. Peasant Bunty instantly They broke out both in the central provinces (Moscow, Smolenskaya, Vitebsk, Mogilev, Minsk) and in remote (Vologda, Perm, Tambov, Saratovskaya, Orenburg; Read more For more details: Babkin V.I. Class struggle during the Patriotic War of 1812 Ivanovo, 1984).

I emphasize: War of the peasants against landowners and the regime had an incomparably larger front than the local Napoleon campaign! The uprising of expensive peasants in official documents was even called "Revolution"(Savin N.I. Unrest of serfs in the patrimonies of the Smolensk Lip of the Lady Dear Road. Doroboguz, 1926, p. 10, 23)! The largest riot (more than 20 thousand participants!) There was a 12 mossets of the Perm province (Babkin V.I. Decree. Op., P. 96 - 97). And the most cruel suppression "became famous" armed uprising warnikov Penza militia. Seven thousand militia captured the city of Insar, put into prison officers. Citizens supported the peasants: "This is not Pugachevo: then you were not advised not all, but now you will not turn out!", - Wailed rebuilders (Shishkin I. Bunching Bunching in 1812 // Bounce of the Military Palaughte in 1831 SPB., 1870, p. 245). Kutuzov sent troops against the rebels. After bloody collisions, the riot was depressed. Captive warriors pulled out the nostrils, to death sequels with sticks: so alone Orthodox people with others were repeated (Godin V. S. Anti-Rostess Raznikov Raznikov in December 1812 // Local Lore Notes. Penza, 1963, Vol. I, p. 25) . Now, knowing about these facts, answer me honestly to the question: what kind of "domestic" war against the French can we talk about? Rather, it was civil War In Russia, against the background of the local Russian Napoleon campaign.

And what does the culprit of all disasters Alexander? He, sorry, whistles (well, and, of course, it praises hard). The fact is that the Russian king had a hobby - an artistic whistle (Melgunov S.P. Alexander I. M., 2010, p.94). The king therefore preferred salons with military plases: the officers laughed at him, but the ladies gladly accompanied and led confidence conversations with him, as with a friend (see Historical memoirs about the emperor Alexandra and his courtyard Countess Shoisel Huffier. M., 1912, p. 107 - 114).

We continue to use the mind, ask new questions. Explain who from the Russians was beneficial to the war of 1812? Peasants who were killed in the regular army and in the militia, whose heats burned? Landlords who lost their employees and their estates? Merchants, whose trading stopped at all? Perhaps the war was beneficial only to Orthodox priests - they became relevant: they blessed some Christians for the murder of others, then fled, and then they gathered money for temples in honor of those killed.

Find me at least a hint of the unity of the population of the Russian Empire in 1812! The serfs cut the landowners and envied the state peasants, the landowners were mostly afraid to arm peasants in the world (which costs one play, arranged by Rostopchin, who began to distribute a rifle with a rifle without locks and cartridges, so that they did not capture arsenal with a good weapon: "Moscow Vedomosti" , 1872, № 52); Orthodox hierarchs disliked state peasants (many of them used to be church propertyBut enlightened Ekaterina held the secularization of Popovsky lands: after all, our wonderful priests were the largest serfs, and recognized such a right, in which "souls" were considered only men's individuals). Cossacks in Russian cities and villages robbed the invasion army forest (dozens of certificates of officers and the Kutuzov himself), persecuted Old Believers (those who did not have time to cut their brothers) continued to hide in remote regions. Lithuanian soldiers entered the Army of Napoleon, the capture of Moscow and TPR celebrated in Malorussessia.

"Our enemy is broken in the general battle under Mozhaisk, the capital of it is taken and dissolved the shackles of the Polish people ..." - so reacted by the Lithuanian press on the defeat of Russian "compatriots" under Borodino (Kurjer Litewski. 1812, No. 7). Napoleon is different as the "Great" or "deliberator of peoples" was not called (No. 85, etc.). Lithuania, naturally, "Fatherland" (No. 84, etc.). There was also their "People's Guard" (No. 86, etc.). And the Polish Muslim Tatars "In the Name of Love Homeland" even created one squadron of Tatar cavalry (see the appeal of his commander Mustafa-Murza Akhmatovich in Kurjer Litewski. 1812, No. 86). On September 23, the celebrations on the occasion of the capture of Moscow (№ 78) were held everywhere in Lithuania, and on December 3, in honor of the anniversary of Napoleon's coronation on December 2, 1804 (No. 98). In Poland and Lithuania, donations were conducted on the military needs of the Great Army (No. 54). Schoolchildren and women also rushed into battle (№ 58, 68). In 1812, in Lithuania, magnificently celebrated July 22 - Name Day of Empress Mary Louise, August 15 - Napoleon's birthday (No. 67 - 78).

Let us now turn to the Caucasian region, the joining of which began too shortly before the war. Recruits of the 83rd and 84th sets (respectively, manifestes of August 4 and November 30, 1812) were completely illiterate and fought only against Iran and Turkey, implementing the policy of expansion of tsarism in the Transcaucasus. Moreover, in the Caucasian province, the 84th set was produced only in August 1813, and a total of 739 recruits managed (Nersisyan MG. Patriotic War of 1812 and the peoples of the Caucasus. Yerevan Publishing House An. Armenian SSR. 1965, p. 70 - 71). Donations for the defense of "Fatherland" were really produced only 1813 - 1816, and this is the population prescribedFor no zeal detected!

The exact number of Kalmykov tribes kept in those places (who did not know the Russian language, nor the fact that they are "citizens" of Russia, not to mention the political geography of the war) was unknown to the authorities. According to some documents: "The number of Kalmyk people ... extends on the data from them to 14,000 male kibits ..." (ibid, p. 82). It is clear that female Half "Kibesta" It was clearly not possible to publicly prove their love for the Russian "Fatherland". Their main occupation since the Gold Horde was cattle breeding. From the Astrakhan and Caucasian Kalmykov in 1807, a militia was collected for the IV anti-armnce coalition (ibid., P.86). Caucasian mountaineers had a strong anti-Russian orientation. In 1812, Turkish Sultan urged Muslims of the region to start a sacred war against "Moscow Gayurov" (ibid., P. 274). A number can be continued. Soil for Future Caucasian Warwhich is finally not extended to this day, was the king prepared.

Further. Many Russians (and not very Russian) officers were terrible anti-Semitians, treated Jews with contempt and did not even consider them with their compatriots (1812 ... Military diaries. M., 1990. P. 70-71, 84, etc.) - Although they were purchased and table. Therefore, there is nothing surprising that from a similar relationship (do not forget that Jews in Russia could live only within the framework of a sidewality) Jews, so to speak, did not strongly opposed the provisions to the French and show the sights (de la Fliz. Hike Napoleon to Russia In 1812. M., 1912, p. 4-5, 12, etc.). By the way, anti-Semitism was generated at the state level. What do you think it became the main ideological foundation of both Anapa Napoleon (I forgot to say about the second: she was announced in 1812 - immediately after that period, when the Orthodox "Anointer of God" Alexander kissed Napoleon and called him his "brother")? I will answer you: Napoleon de Level in France Jews in Rights with the rest of the citizens (plus - convened Sannedrion), that is, helped the "killets of Christ Christ" (who, if you believe the Orthodox Bible, mother and ... stepfather - Jews, and father - In general, the Jewish God Yahweh). In the official document read in all Orthodox churches, Napoleon was called "Zhidovsky Lzhemesis." In most Russians, in general, unhealthy cognitive dissonance in relation to the "original Russian faith" is not in Perun and Veles, and in the reformer of the cult of Yahweh on the Platonist-Osirisian manner (about this "manner", however, they do not suspect: erudition does not allow). By the way, about the anathema: before burning portraits of Napoleon at the XXS (now the fascist "Harugvents" are fashionable), remember that Napoleon is the cavalier of the Order of St. Andrew the First Called (awarded the "Anointer of God" by Alexander in Tilsit: Troitsky N.A. Alexander I and Napoleon. S. 127).

Today, they talk a lot about the repression of Stalin and Hitler, but for some reason neither in monographs, nor in textbooks do not write about the terrible deportation of 60,000 Jewish families from the villages, which Alexander announced from January 1, 1807 (Ponassenkov E.N. Decree. Op. , p. 146 - 147). Moreover, small sections highlighted under Jewish colonies in the Kherson county was lacking, the process began to delay and soldiers were sent to acceleration. There is even no desire to tell about this shame. And what: Jews also had to feel passionate love for the Imperial Fatherland in 1812?

We continue. Only the occupied Finland felt unity with Ryazanu? Georgia - with the Urals? Asian "and now wild" nomads realized their aesthetic and ethical unity with Madame Shero's salon? What we are talking about! Often, the Russian generals even elementary did not understand each other: the majority wrote in French or German (by the way, only 60% of domestic generals wore Slavic surname), and poorly understood illiterate notes on the corps of the admissal Russian language of some of their colleagues, such as NTV , It is worth noting, so deeply felt spiritual unity and the cattom, that on the day of Borodino battle was drunk to the dead state and did not make a raid on time). It is appropriate to say here and how "patriotic" was tuned in 1812. Cossacks and their chief Ataman personally.

The famous brave, in the future "Conqueror of the Caucasus", General Alexey Petrovich Yermolov recalled that already after leaving Russian Smolensk: "Ataman's boards stopped serving, the troops were betrayed to breakout and robbery, they were scattered by hit monsters, rabbits and devastated the land from Smolensk to Moscow. Cossacks brought less benefit, rather than harm "(Ponassenkov E.N. Decree. Cit., P. 207). Their parking lots were reminded to express the future chief of the third branch of Alexander Christophore Benkendorf, "Vorovsky Titon". Describing the Borodino battle, Kutuzov accused the platforms in the "Slutty behavior." The memoist testifies: "He was drunk in both days of the Borodino battle (meaning and the fight at Shevardin on September 5 - approx. E.P.), which forced, by the way, Prince Kutuzov ... tell me that he sees for the first time Complete general without feelings drunk. " In the report of Alexander about the Borodino battle of Kutuzov, in particular, reported that the hussars could not "take anything, because the Cossacks, ... so to speak, did not act" (ibid.). Even the creator of officials for Nicholas Palkin A.I. Mikhailovsky-Danilevsky was forced to record: "... I was assured by reliable people that the boards sent me to rob the villages and villages to his own expense, and sent some things to the Don several things with stolen things" (ibid, p. 145). I even have a version that the famous "Moscow treasure" Napoleon (values \u200b\u200bexported by the French from Moscow) must be sought on Don ...

Let's not forget about the "spirituality", which is often remote Cheap speculation on the themes of faith and its supervisor - religion (now it is generally a fashion trend: previously asked party affiliation, and now confessional). First of all, I remind you: It is the Russians from the common way that they were removed from the big cross from the bell tower of Ivan the Great, who Napoleon, allegedly, was going to hoist on the disabled house in Paris (1812 in the memoirs of contemporaries. M: Science. 1995, p. 169). And the descendants of these Russians destroyed temples after 1917: not the French from the Entente, not educated atheists from Russian universities - and simple people who were brought up in the atmosphere of hatred in church-parish schools (among graduates who quoted the Old Testament Slas, was also the main monster last century - Stalin). By the way, about "Orthodox" descendants: here I am now writing, but it is practically impossible to focus: drunk to the Skotian state of the Russian military personnel in striped T-shirts (today the holiday of their kind of troops, about which you know) for three hours under the windows, bumps good mat and rush All sides with bottles (and the police do not touch them ...). Defenders of the Fatherland, however. NATO soldiers so many inconveniences did not deliver so much ...

In the era of 1812, Orthodoxy introduced split In the Russian society, which was a multi-conversion (significant part of the Theater of the Military Activities of 1812 was Catholic), polyethnics, and in the medium of the dominant class almost there were almost no believers (from the letter of the author of the tale of 1830 "On the Pop and his Bald Worker" Pushkin, Odessa, 1824: "I read the Bible ... but I prefer Goethe and Shakespeare"). Enlightened people from the eighteenth century understood that Orthodoxy turned Russia from the path of development of the European civilization In the direction of the Dark Byzantinism, which was a stupor of the development of society (more specifically, all this truth was formulated by the prototype of Chatsky - P.Ya. Chadaev).

Indeed, the Orthodox mentality in the face of fanatical adepts was terribly aggressive in relation to the people around people, and especially to the brothers in the Christian faith. Here, what terrible (and nasty spirit of the covenants of Christ) said the publicist N.I.Grech about the enemies of the Turks and about compatriots (after the accession of Polish lands to Russia) Poles: "The first not Christians, the last and worse" (Greek N. I. Notes about my life. M., 1990, p. 212). Today we hear at some fanatics shameful speeches that "all Catholics will fall into hell." Echo of such a genre of war sounds still ... Personally, I am unbearable myself the idea that Plato and Socrates who did not live to a bright future era and Socrates, and perhaps such unconscious comrades, like Shakespeare, Bach, Mozart, Leonardo da Vinci, Caravaggio , Verdie, Wagner, Standal, Einstein, Antonioni and Edith Piaf, headed by still living Madonna, or will burn in hell! How not to remember the outstanding Russian philosopher Konstantin Leontiev, with his famous statement that Christianity in Russia has not yet been preached ...

In my opinion, the story is best known through the metaphor. Let us turn to the history of the creation of the christ of Christ the Savior (built in honor of the campaign of 1812). According to the legend, even the place itself (with a very "appropriate" name for the temple by the name "Damnole") was cursed The first monastery who was demolished (!) By order of the king to build another monument of ideological properties (by the way, she turned out to be right: "Nothing will stand at this place"). The circumstances of the creation of XXs are a series of corruption scandals. The talents of the architect and the artistic appearance of the building quite figuratively appreciated the great Russian artist V. V. Vereshchagin: The project of the cathedral "is a direct reproduction of the famous Taj Mahal in the city of Agra" (Vereshchagin V. V. on North Dvina. By Wooden churches. M., 1896, p. 17). Actor's unified brother Alexei Batalova - famous theologies of Archpriest Mikhail Ardov expressed very specifically: "The first temple on this place built an architect tone, and the architect of Movetona built the second temple"; This is the "Temple of the Builder Logging" (according to Wikipedia materials and for personal certificates). Today, as part of the large XX complex, banquets and concerts are held, shops work ... The Russian People's saying is involuntarily remembered: "The closer to the temple - the farther from God."

... as they say, "What Pop is such and the arrival": Now I propose to consider the "people God-head" in the Godina 1812. This determines the famous French writer Germen de Steel of the Russian peasant (I pay attention: she was inclined to tear the Russians to Ukrainian, which suffered a "undemocratic" Napoleon, on which the lady broke out for the fact that General Bonaparte rejected her hand and heart proposal): "By The reason for the same uneducation, they almost do not have moral principles ... "(de Stelle Zh. Ten years in exile. M., 2003, p. 208). And also: "In a word, the inhabitants of this empire are scattered along its surface, and the knowledge of one is almost never arrived by others. The peasants consider only with the help of wooden balls, and postal officials also often follow this fashion. Orthodox priests are less educated than Catholic Cure, not to mention the Protestant pastors "(ibid, p. 235).

And now we read the notes of the simple Russian - Kuzmina A.K., which describes how "the people-gogonist" is painted with unarmed people (violating all the covenants of Christ and civilization): "Given their man a dozen and behave in this fishing line. There we will give them the blades and say: Well, Musoe! Swipe your graves! Slightly will leave, then you whistled his baton in the head ... "(Patriotic War of 1812 by the eyes of contemporaries. M., 2012, p. 98). In 1812, the Russian peasants demonstrated a terrible and very strong gene of barbarism, inhumanity, which, a century, will manifest itself in atrocities in relation to their collections. The "God-Bogonian" lived in the boiling water of unarmed prisoners, wrapped with straw and burned them up, the European soldiers were planted on a column, cut off on pieces of axes ("Top Secret." No. 8, 2012, p. 16). Naturally, we are talking about those overwhelming French, which just came in search of bread. There are no guerrilla raids here, no conscious protection of the state, no fictional (ibid) chicken and skin. All as in the Stone Age: Who will go to my cave from neighboring - that will kill without explanation and reasons. Peasants even in the head did not come that they were obliged to transfer the Russian command. Of course, there were not so many similar cases (I repeat once again, the war was local in nature: a narrow strip on both sides of the old Smolensk tract), but nevertheless, they are very indicative.

But, as they did with the Russians, those who were called "non-obeys", tells the "Ladley of Nabilkinsky Institution" P.F. Gerasimov: "The French came to us for another day. We did it all over, but they began to calm us down - the children were closed, and with the mother ... All "Madame" yes "Madame" ... And for sure, they gave us money for a whole month ahead, just how much I don't remember, and the flour we are from them Received, and sometimes baked bread "(ibid, p. 224 - 223). One scored by the Moscow nun, seeing published the French, rushed into the river (to dry) - so the French cavalider saved it, which dreamed into the water (stories about the twelfth year, collected by T. Tolovyeva. M., 1912, p. 102). And similar stories - hundreds.

Of course, laddering happened, but this is a common thing in war: after Borodina, Kutuzov reported on several thousand Russians (!) Marauder soldiers. To set all points over "I" - a simple logical task. The French have passed the whole of Europe - and have not been made any serious unrest. Why? Because the European inhabitants behaved adequately (I'm already silent about the fact that in Vienna in 1805, Napoleonic officers were invited to the premiere of the opera Beethoven "Fidelio"). The Great Army fought according to the laws originating from the traditions of Knight's honor and on international legal entities. Russia, civilization touched on weakly (there was a person two hundred knights - and they drowned), which objectively led to unrest on both sides.

From spiritual undevelopment takes place not only the dicar attitude towards the innings, but also the same criminal attitude towards their own. That's what I recalls Archimandrite Pavel Egorov: "There are a lot of wounded and embankient soldiers near the Spasski barracks from half of August. Many of them complained and have rushed to their bosses: "If the soldiers are healthy, they feed it and dress, and if they got sick - they threw him like a dog, without any prize" (there, from 207). Russian "Patriots-Noblenians" who did not read the Russians have already fifth the class contempt for Orthodox, but unsubstantial people. That's what writes officer I.R. Drilling (by the way, the direct ancestor of the "presidential candidate confidant" Nikolai Nikolayevich Drozdova): "On September 3, we passed through all of Moscow ... In the streets and lanes, there was one poor thing and the urban scum. In desperation, they had enough for our reins, begging for salvation and protection "(1812. Memories of the warriors of the Russian army. M., 1991, p. 377).

In general, the flight of Moscow inhabitants from the first-hearth is one of the most shameful pages of Russian history. And I will ask again: why on September 14, 1812, 275,547 Muscovites (Troitsky N.A. 1812. The Great Year of Russia., M., 1988, p. 187) and more than one hundred Orthodox soldiers could not protect the fortified city from 93 thousand . ("Motherland", No. 6-7, 1992, p. 69) exhausted French? Where is the patriotic zeal? Where is "all-standing spiritual power"? Instead of her - that's what the famous memoirman and friend Pushkin FF recalls. Vigel: "The mess was the picture the only one in its kind, terrible and at the same time a few caricature. There was visible pop, who put one on another rhyps and kept a knot in his hands with church utensils, vessels and other (without watch Brez, probably not cost - approx. E.P.); ... there was a sufficient bureau or caplea in a braching dress and in pearls, in everything that did not have time to put ... "(Melgunov S.P. Decree cit., P. 171).

Thus, it is necessary to categorically for themselves to be aware of: to call Russian peasants 1812 "Christians" is not possible. On the one hand, they (as, by the way, the majority of Dyachkov) were illiterate and could not read the Gospel (i.e. with same Their success could be called Buddhists, philatelists - at least Mickey Mouses!), On the other, mostly lived "not in Christ": all the ideas of Nagornohnaya and other sermons violated their atrocities. The last item automatically concerns the nobles (especially military). At all, "our people"sprawling over the shoulder, leaving a glass on the grave, who believe in virtue of the ancestors ("Chur Me!"), Coming the Black Cat - and the like, always in essence remained pagans, and low Stages of development. Ranting about the struggle "Orthodox" against "Nechristian Catholics" (!?) Is just propaganda, moreover, the cheapest property.

And now about the "unity of all in the face of the enemy." The apologies of the serfdom and the author of the lobular messages to the proliferative people of Rostopchin initially banned the departure of Moscow "unprivileged classs" - and this is terribly shown by the people (there, p. 172 - 173). Hate for "privileged" nobles and Popam reached the limit. Where, answer me, praised unity of Orthodox? Not an advertised metaphysics of Orthodoxy, and in practice a primitive class scheme, expressed in the current attitude towards human rights - this is a reality that does not allow to call the war of 1812 "Patriotic". The Russian Empire of the Sample 1812 was a ball of hatred of all classes and ethnic groups to each other. And it ended in collapse in 1917, when, according to Vasily Rosanov, "Rus merged in two days. At most - three ". Because it was a colossus on clay legs: a solid hypocrisy, everything was held on strength and fear, and the economy and culture did not develop (this situation does not remind you?).

When I talk about that remarkably spiritual "Rusi", which we lost in 1917, I always ask: a where Would you like to read about it? Gogol, Dostoevsky, Saltykov-Shchedrina, Nekrasova, Chekhov? These authors are mainly described by the freaks, thieves, chinodrals, alcoholics, styles, psychos, slaves, idlers and obscurants. The Russian society of 1812 consisted of boxes, Manilov, Famusovye, Sobekyevichi, Tyipkina, Scalozubs and those who are working to death, drinks to half seeing. " I feel sorry for the French who met with this "team of like-minded people." If everything was spiritually and wonderful, then the catastrophe would not happen in 1917! Then they try to tell me about the "moral" USSR. And I am interested again: and where can I enjoy this? In Zoshchenko, Shalamov, at Solzhenitsyn, in Ilf with Petrov, in Brodsky, at the shot of the poet Gumilyov, from the herself of philosophers, from the murdered Meyerhold? If all that you have is Aguts of Pyryev and Zesov's coffins, then the "morality" lost in 1991 is better to pray! Mother-Rus does not even know where the graves of Tsvetaeva and Mandelstam are located! But now the entire Internet is clogged with chubby advertisements: "Buy the anniversary T-shirt" 1812 - 2012 ""!

V.

Let's go back to our narration. The French were in Moscow for more than a month, and during this time no people had no people and did not kill Basurman. But that's what we read from the French memoirist Sergeant F. Bourgona about the behavior of the peasants: "On October 19, from the early morning, the city of Kishel Jews and Russian peasants: the first came to buy all that they could not carry with them, and the second to Looking at what we were thrown out on the street "(Russia of the first half of the XIX century. Eyes of foreigners. L., 1991, p. 258).

He deserves a big attention to the projected statement of DP Runich (in 1812 - Assistant Moscow post-director, and after - a member of the Main Directorate of School of St. Petersburg academic district): "Patriotism was ..." Neither ... Russian man defended in 1812 not his political rights. He fought in order to destroy the predatory animals who came to devour his sheep and chickens, empty his fields and the residents ... A Russian peasant ... lives only to meet his physical needs and in order to enjoy the freedom that he is looking for vegetable life ... "( "Russian Starina". № 3, 1901, p. 612).

Few people know that in the most modest counting, more than 40 thousand (!) Russian soldiers, stepping into French land in 1814, scattered In the surrounding villages "Basurman", where they got a job for farmers and even married their daughters. And when in 1815, Alexander sent an official request to Louis XVIII to help return deserters to his homeland (they were guaranteed impunity and pay for the move), no one Of them disagreed (Ponassenkov E.N. Decree. cit., p. 152).

So, we see that no mass patriotism neither the peasants of Russian indigenous regions, nor different estates of national outflows have experienced. What was the "patriotism" in reality - nobles (the same traditionally Russian territories)? And then my "opponents" from Soviet times became cunning, recognized that there was no patriotic lift among the peasants, but nobles - allegedly, loved Russia for everyone else!

Let's start with the fact that in the highest light and near him everyone spoke and prayed (!) In French. There were still Angloofils and Germanophiles, but in French spoke all. Dressed in Europe, they read European novels (because the Russians did not exist), they listened to European music, studied science on European textbooks, remembered only antique mythology. Yes, and the geography of France, Austria and part of Italy knew immeasurably better than their alien and alien homeland. Provided nobles and lived in Europe, returning to Russia only sitches (All this is remarkably described in the memoirs of one of the favorites of Alexander I, who did not meet with his monarch for years, and the teacher of his daughter took the nurse of his daughter Lucien Bonaparte: the notes of the graph E.F. Komarovsky. M.: Vyshnorgizdat, 1990). Hence the question: why to fight? Fight with those who want to make you live in your own way, dressed in your own way, etc. How can I get to do what alreadyfor a long time done, and voluntarily?! It will not be superfluous to notice that the similar situation was in the USSR. Love for the Motherland is for the peasants and proletarians, and for children of large ranks KGB and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Wolnitsa abroad (ask, for example, Alexey Mitrofanov deputy - he will tell you in the colors). The director of Alexandrov with the artist L. Orlova sent Soviet people to the construction of communism - and they themselves left for long journeys in the "reinstalling" capitalist paradise (I remember the old joke: capitalism is the exploitation of man by a person, and socialism is when the contrary!). Today, as you know, major officials read pathetic speeches closely monuments of 1812 - and fly to their estates to France, in Italy - and further on the list.

"Who has not experienced that hidden unpleasant feeling of shyness and distrust when reading patriotic essays about the 12th year," Lion Tolstoy (Melgunov S.P. Decree. Op., P. 238) was forced to frankly admit. For the bikes about patriotism was ashamed and Pushkin, who ridicked these vulgar players in his "Roslavl": "The persecutors of French and Kuznetsky bridge took a decisive top in society, and the living rooms were filled with patriots. Who poured the French tobacco from Tabakcoque and began to sniff Russian; who burned a dozen French brochures; Who abandoned the Lafita and began for sour soup "(ibid, p. 239). Very brightly describes the same clownade a resident of Moscow Madame Khomutov: Provided girls imagined themselves "by Amazons, then the halves, then the sisters of mercy" and approximately suitable theatrical costumes (ibid). So it was at the beginning of the war, but already on August 10 (when Napoleon scored the speed) the same hypocrites "with a view of despair thought only about flights and to take their good or burned it into the ground, or closed into the wall" (there ). However, it is in Moscow. The main part of Russia did not notice the war: in Tambov, for example, as Madame Volkov writes on September 30, "everything is quiet, and if not to lead Moscow fugitives, but not French captives, we would have forgotten that we live during the war!" (Ibid.).

Here is the evidence of the role and behavior of the nobility in 1812, Prince S.G. Volkonskogo: "In a good trial ... Whether it does not cover himself with all the colors of monstrous korestoloby and inhuman, thorough everything that could be cleared, even clothes, even food, and warrids, and recruits, and prisoners, despite the patriotism, which is really There was no spark ... "(" Journal of Europe ", 1867, KN. 2, p. 197). This recognition, I am convinced, has no right to reap any historian!

But not trouble! The peasants were worthy of their unworthy owners. In 1812, they began the real war against landowners, army and state (these official historians have always grilled). For example, 28 (10) of July, under the place of blueberries, armed farmers attacked the Big Military Transport of the 1st Western Army MB Barclaya de Tolly, captured all the carts with things of Kargopol, the fish and Moscow dragoon regiments ("completely secret." No. 8, 2012, p. 15-16). On July 9, the peasants of the village Tomcino pounced on the team of the Belostok inner garrison battalion, accompanied by transport with surgical instruments, captured five non-commissioned officers, six ordinary and ensign (ibid, p. 16). On the same day, the village of Katle (in 18 versts from Polotsk), the armed peasants captured the transport, following the protection of the ensign, seven Unter-Officers and as many as 18 ordinary (there)! Similar military Actions against "their" became the norm (more about dozens of similar cases during all Wars - See: Polycarpov N.P. Battle Calendar-Diary of the Patriotic War of 1812).

It is not surprising that, who fearful to arm the peasants (on the one hand) and did not want to go according to the scenario 1806 - 1807, when the Orthodox king deceived them and hijacked the warrids to the recruit Kabalu (on the other hand), the landowners were given to the militia of only patients, carved, Drunkys and Starikov (Goldenkov M. Decree. cit., p. 204 - 209). Often, the peasants, as afraid that after the militia they will be controlled in recruits, hid in the forest! As a result, from the collected force of the militia of 1812, 70% of the composition was almost immediately deserted("Top Secret". № 8, 2012, p. 15)! And the remaining 30% expelled from life was nothing - in the July appeal to his subject Alexander warned: as soon as the war is over, the peasants are obliged to return to their "primitive state" (Buturlin D.P. Decree. Op., P. 99). Suitable term ... How can these facts be combined with the myth of the "domestic" war and patriotic rise?!

On the question of the "union of all classes": it is curious that in 1812, many landowners first saw their peasants near the throat (though, with the forks in the throat of their throat), because before they existed as it were in different worlds. Virtually not introduced into the scientific turnover of the note A.T. Bolotova. The peasants, he calls no other than the "black" or "living people", and summarizes: everything that treats them "does not deserve any attention." The memoirist is recognized that for the first time merged with the "Russian people" in 1762, when he sent for his fortress to equip the garden (more - see: Life and Adventures of Andrei Bolotov, described by him for their descendants. M., 1986).

Wonderful documentary evidence against official fairy tales are those petitions that Moscow residents began to send the government immediately after the war. Among them and claims of the most significant surnames: Count A.G. Golovin (for 229,000 rubles), Count I.A. Tolstoy (200,000 rubles), Prince A.I. Trubetsky and others. They were "patriots" even in trifles: in the registry of the prince (!) Classification, for example, among other things are listed (demanding to the Russian state, to Russia-Mother compensate): 4 jugs for cream, 2 "Oils" , cup for broth. The daughter of the Brave Brigadier Artamonov went further: demanded "new stockings and shemodests". The number of requirements was so huge that the state soon ceased to take them, especially since it often turned out: things did not die in the fire and were not exported by the French, but cleared themselves Moscow residents and near Moscow peasants (Melgunov S.P. Decree. cit., p. 248).

Witness from the opposite side (Personally, Napoleon I Bonaparte wrote: "Many owners left notes, asking for French officers who will take care of the house, take care of furniture and things; They said that they left everything that could be needed and that they hope to return in a few days, as soon as the emperor Alexander will settle down all the things that they will see with us with delight. Many baryni remained "(the thunderstorm of the twelve year. M., 1991, p. 563).

One of forbidden Those - collaborators. To my studies 2000 - 2004. None of the scientists did not raise it thoroughly, but in Soviet times, they simply did not mention a half-word! Meanwhile, I happened to find out what the collaborators in 1812 turned out to be abound: a real boom! Napoleon had to organize a local government system from scratch: unlike balanced Europe in Russia, most officials and many residents went over the army (as "Fridays", which at first they were frightened by Robinson and hid in the bushes), and there was no one, suppose to follow Fire safety cities. Without going into details (they are in my monograph in 2004), I will say that this Napoleon first in Russia introduced mayors and municipalities, where did everything come in (!). Russia did not know such "democracy", no time later. Here, for example, the composition of the municipality of Moscow: 15 Russian officials of different rank (from the surviving and titular adviser to college registrars), 15 merchants and children merchant, four military retired, four scientists (professor and master from Moscow University and two teachers), Two yard people and even one freely! In addition, 20 foreigners (Ponassenkov E.N. Decree. Cit., P. 184 et al.; The case of officials of the Moscow administration by the French by the French in 1812 // Russian Archive, 1868, No. 6, p. 896 - 902 ). Today it would be called "anti-crisis management."

To the collaborators, so to speak "officials", it is necessary to add a whole army of servants, Laces and others, which remained in Moscow, and actively (!) Serves served as the French (more details: Military K. historical essays and articles related to 1812. M. , 2011, p. 78 - 79 et al.). And, of course, it was not without Popov: His Holiness Synod stated that "two thirds of the clergy in the Mogilev Diocese learned the oath on the enemy" (acts, documents and materials for political and household history of 1812, ed. K.A. Military T.3, St. Petersburg., 1912, p. 236). Archbishop Vitebsk and Mogilev Varlaam commanded the whole diocese to call "to continue ... In thank you, instead of Alexander the French emperor and the Italian King of the Great Napoleon" (ibid, p. 170). Smolensk Orthodox priests met Napoleon with all sorts of humility; In Minsk, the bishop served a solemn lunch, in Podolia and on Volyn Churchmen distributed to the parishioners the leaves with the text "Our Father", where "Instead of the name of God, the name of the emperor French" (ibid., T.1, p. 361; T.3, with . XV - XVI; Andreev P.G. Smolensk province in the Patriotic War of 1812. Smolensk, 1959, p. 57 - 58). So, the priests went in their betrayal of the Motherland further Other classes - they did not just move to the side of Napoleon, but also forced to pray for him, and even declared Bonaparta his new god ! There were exceptions (especially in areas far from the theater of combat operations), but exceptions are known to science, only confirm rule. Recall the story: Orthodox Church of 300 years (!) Was the faithful support of the Ordane Iga! From all the amons sounded prayers in the health of KhanFreeding clerics from filters! The priests called on Russian people not to resist the will of the enslavers: this is why the yoke lasted three centuries (and his traditions live and so on!). Hitler came - the priests prayed for him, Stalin won - they went over to this monster.

However, I can answer that this is, they say, all the "rotten intelligentsia", but the people were behind the king! So about the "people of the mountain". Napoleon, as is known, did not just not want to free the peasants from serfdom, but even in every way resisted similar to the impulses that came from the peasants themselves: his only task was the world from slave trade Alexander (for details - see an extraordinary article A.I. Popova in a very unprofessional one in his general level Edition: Patriotic War 1812: Encyclopedia. M., 2004, p. 382; De Chenkur A. The campaign of Napoleon to Russia. Smolensk, 1991, p. 188, etc.). But peasants, ozvertegov From age chains and injustice, very vigorously began to move on the side of the "new owner" (which, as I said, such a "gift" was absolutely inappropriate!). After all, they did not think of the categories of "Fatherland" and "Citizen": Slaves knew only one word! Only one thing: "Master". Who came new, strong - that owner!

In the end - listen to the list of facts. The peasants of Roslavlsky, Sychevsky (this is "rooted Russia"!) And the Pechora counties ceased to obey the authorities (in the same place), saying that they are now "the Cases of the French"! In a roadsoborovsky district, rebellion began against the royal authorities in the villages: Aleksino, Podughai, Bakanovo, Zaberj, Markova, Puffy, Olelegovo, Potapovo, Chesnikovka, Mitino (more - see: Savin N.I. Decree. Op.). The same thing is in the Vyazemsky county. In the Yukhnovsky district, "the peasants of some villages from liberty begin to kill the Lords of their own and apply the French in those places where they are hidden from fear" (Patriotic War of 1812: Encyclopedia. M., 2004, p. 382). The peasants of the Volokolamsky, Serpukhovsky, Kolomensky, the Pokrovsky counties of the Moscow province said that "Bonaparte in Moscow, and it became, he is their sovereign" (ibid). And such examples - mass! But, you sorry me, and what else remains from russian geographythat becoming war!? It turns out that Napoleon did not just won the battles, but the inhabitants of the country moved on his side! Maybe this is called "Patriotic War"? And such "Fatherland" is the essence of Napoleon's citizenship?

"Fatherland" slave is always Efemern: where will be sold, there and suffer to the fraternal grave. Why no one Does not think about the legal, geographical and psychological status of Russian peasants? If you are resold (without a family, without land, without the right to treatment and the sane court), then you can not experience not only civilian feelings to the state, but even primitive - To his hut! You have no "your" hut. Everything belongs to the whims of a damage galloon german origin! What a feeling of patriotism may experience "girl", which is mentioned by the typical announcement of the Orthodox newspaper of the era of 1812: "The bitch is sold with two puppies, Paraska girl who knows how to sew, and a speaking parrot ..." (Sokolov O.V. Decree op. , p. 253)?

... well, what: Was it, and now principal Question: What did you achieve? Already in 1813 and in the subsequent years, Galleania was even intensified! Each (even low-income) family considered their moral duty to have a French teacher with him. The Russian literary language was largely "translated" by its creator of Pushkin from French! Today, the Russian can no longer be able without torment and without the omission of half the meaning of the written text in the Russian sample of 1812. I will never forget the imposition of Vyazemsky, who suffered with the translation, and was forced to admit that in Russian there are no analogues to the French words "naive" and "serious" - and simply borrowed them from the "enemy".

By the way, what words do we have original "patriotic"? Tsar (Caesar) - no! Theater, Opera, Ballet, Roman, Costume, Morality, Police, Metaphysics, Nation, Photography, Magazine, Site, Disc, Olympiad, Stadium, Athlete, Cavalry, Artillery, Art, Philosophy, Philology, Ideology, Monarchy, Democracy, Authoritarianism, computer, telephone, television, radio, sex, rose, tulip, wine, music, literature, poetry, mathematics, geography, chemistry, physics, chess, biology, astronomy, space, atom, molecule, atmosphere, electricity, light bulb, Ilich ( Elijah), store, capitalism, socialism, feudalism, stock exchange, bank, phonetics, classic, piano, concert, waltz, tango, twist, chandelier, medicine, courage, hussar, dragoon, ulan, cavalier, army, tradition, fashion, empire , president, parliament, car, text, christianity, Bible - all someone else's! All names of months! Even "Banya" - and the Latin root! Even the famous aphorism from Evgenia Onegin "" Habit Over We are given: I have a replacement of happiness "- it, as Pushkin writes in the author's footnote, Translation from Rena Chateobria (Belletrist, Court Napoleon). What do we have from the "Local" Origin: Matryoshka, Pelmeni, Potatoes? Not! For which many centuries already have "stupid Russian our people" (the definition of "our total" Pushkin) makes fighting the hypocrical obscurants-shishkov?

January 26, 1813 Rostopchin in a private letter to M.S. Vorontsov writes sad truth On the results of the war: "All the words, words without action. What people monument from guns and the temple of the Savior. Until now, there is no penny for the poor ... "(ibid., P. 253). But the government was not unfortunately to the government, he was worried about the other: the real civil war was in the country, and it was necessary to urgently take away weapons from the peasants! A.S. Shishkov composes the cheating lulls, Alexander edits: the ideological machine works. Already in November 1812, a "government ads for reading in churches" (ibid., P. 255) is produced. In it, the king asked the "Orthodox people" "to demolish the weapon into the temple of God"! How is it disappearing: the name of God to cover their petty interests. Weapons carry in the temple! It is difficult to come up with a blasphemistry of a worse thing that the Orthodox king has done (though, with German blood) Alexander.

Returning to my "opponents", which try submit a war of 1812 as "domestic", I will tell you another one shulersky course Understanding that everything historical facts Specify against their ideas, they hit the verbal casuistry and are still the detectives in the Spirit of Sherlock Holmes! They found that in 1812 he began to be published the magazine "Son of the Fatherland". So what's next? It was official agitka which was created by order of an unsuitable inventor of ideological "ducks", trustee of the St. Petersburg academic district S.S. Uvarova, and she began to leave only at the end of 1812. The agitator "for the premises of relations and private news from the army is intended to refute the harmful sensations about the incidents ..." (Patriotic War 1812: Encyclopedia. M., 2004, p. 685 - 686). IN USSR for the same purpose The newspaper "True" and the Journal of Bolshevik, and now there is a "Channel One", etc. Uvarova changed Suslov, Suslov - Surkov. Feeling that Russia is enchantedAnd it is incomprehensible where the prince who will come on a dead horse, kisses - and she will wake up, they will marry, and the terrible "fairy tale" will acquire a "Hollywood end"?

But the funnier thing is that this regular "The Son of the Fatherland" turned out to be completely useless: during full chaos of war, he was not needed anyone, but even if Chaos was not, then how would you distribute several hundreds of copies on many millions of population? Well, even if you in 1812 held the Internet - and distributed, then the most serious problem remains: Logboard illiteracy! According to the first attempt to conduct a survey of the population for literacy (already in 1844), it turned out that even if not to take into account the "dark" Asian and Far Eastern huge regions, in the central part of the empire, the number of competent and low-grade together was completely 3.6% ( Bogdanov Yu. A. Literacy and education in pre-revolutionary Russia and the USSR: historical and statistical essays. M., 1964, p. 20). And according to the data at the later than 50 thousand reading people (less than 0.1% of the population) numbered in the empire (less than 0.1% of the population): Reichblat A.I. How Pushkin came out in genius. Historical and sociological essays on the book culture of the Pushkin era. M., 2001, p. 28-29. Compare this with 40% of the competent in France in the elder of 1788 (before Napoleon conducted reforms, which allowed to train a diploma almost all the population!).

If we continue the game in "if", in science fiction, and the training of Russian diplomas, then in this situation, Agiot Uvarova will not find sense: it is not for what to buy - even in peacetime! In the era of 1812, the price of the annual subscription to the newspaper or the magazine is about 15-20 rubles: this is a colossal amount for the subjects of the empire. According to representative data in the 1840s (the indicators practically did not change from the 1810s), for example, in a relatively rich Moscow province of the farmer, an average earned 35-47 rubles. (per year), and in the Vitebsk province - 12-20 rubles. (Military-statistical review of the Russian Empire. T. 4. Part 1: Moscow Province. SPb., 1853. P. 160-161; T. 8. Part 1: Vitebsk province. SPb., 1852. S. 174- 175). The mothers and the differences of that time did not have a permanent earnings (which causes Rodan Raskolnikov and climbed with an ax on the old-year-older). Aristocrats (an insignificant population) read only French novels and British newspapers.

And now - principle IMPORTANT INFORMATION: The first serious study of the war of 1812 was written in 1820 by its active participant in Dmitry Petrovich Buturlin on french. She was published in 1823-1824. At the same time in Paris and in St. Petersburg under the title (in the literal translation of the names of the French original): "Military history of the campaign of 1812 in Russia". In Russian translation - "The history of the invasion of the emperor Napoleon to Russia in 1812." For serious authors (I do not take the calculation of cheap populists) About the "domestic" war and speech at that time could not go!

When did the war become "domestic"? The answer to the banality is simple: like everything in Russia - for anniversary. By the 25th anniversary of 1812, Nikolai "Palkin" ordered the Chairman of the Military Censored Committee to Senator A.I. Mikhailovsky-Danilevsky to produce "on the highest command" the history of war, and to call it "domestic". For what? All for the same: Russia rapidly went to the collapse, the reforms did not advance, the people of Ropal, the officials stole - it was necessary to "write on patriotism". But the Russian king would not be a Russian king, if, ordering the book by the censor himself (!), I would not, in addition, to rule the manuscript itself, unwinding all the shadows of the living start. And, above all, the king ordered fully remove the first partwhich described the causes of war and diplomatic preparation (Patriotic War of 1812: Encyclopedia. p. 469): Even the author's virtuoso lie trying to harm agressora Alexandra, could not hide obvious. As a result - for the anniversary of the war had no reason.

Meanwhile, it will be worth it to say two words about the author "Description of the Patriotic War in 1812, according to the highest command" (this is what the ridiculous name was the book: as if the war herself was "on the highest command of Nicholas I"!). The biography of Alexander Ivanovich Mikhailovsky-Danilevsky is very indicative: the son of the director of the state borrowed bank, he graduated german Military School at the Church of St. Peter (Petrishule) in St. Petersburg, in 1801 - 1807. He served in the state borrowed bank. In 1808 - 1811 he studied at the University of Göttingen University, from October 1811 he served in the Ministry of Finance, and since the beginning of the campaign of 1812 - was determined by the adjutant to Kutuzov (the Patriotic War of 1812: Encyclopedia. P. 468 - 469). That's how our "patriots" make the "military" careers.

At the same time, I must say that for that time, from the point of view of actual material concerning the details of the movement of troops during the campaign of 1812, the essay represented a certain interest. And one more characteristic detail: Mikhailovsky-Danilevsky also made descriptions of the wars preceding 1812, and in their names gave out The essence of what happened: "The description of the first war of Emperor Alexander with Napoleon in 1805" (St. Petersburg, 1843) and "Description of the second war of Emperor Alexander with Napoleon in 1806 and 1807" (SPB., 1846).

Well, finally, I will say that you are not at all worried about: in 1797, the All-Russian Emperor (and so on., So, and so on.) Paul I canceled (!) The concept of "citizen" and "Fatherland"(Utkin V. He wanted to live according to the Charter. // Version, No. 9 (113), March 13 - 19, 2001, p. 6, STB.1). And no one (!) From the subjects, he did not resist - all It arranged (we have so established here).

VI

So, what character wagged the war of 182, if it is impossible to name the domestic? Yes, exactly the same as all wars who were conducted with Napoleon before: anti-Manzu coalition According to the nature of the sixth in a row (the fifth marked the military actions of 1809 in Austria), and from a territorial, tactical point of view, it should be called Napoleon campaign in Russia. Just as Napoleon's 1805 campaign in Austria was called the third antifranzu coalition war, and the Campaign of 1806 in Prussia is the fourth.

Chronologically first (March 24 / April 5, 1812) for the new coalition became defensive and offensive Union of Russia with Sweden (Ponassenkov E.N. Decree Op., p. 127 - 129), in which Alexander included in the paranoid aggressive rage guaranteed Sweden help in the speedy capture Norway. Later, England joined the Anti-Francuz coalition (6 (18) of July - signed a contract in Orebro) and Spain (8 (20) of July - a contract in the Great Luki), which "De facto»It has long been fought against France. England led an active war with large-scale land forces and agents-provocateurs in Spain, and the fleet - everywhere at sea; sent 150,000 guns to Russia on Land Lesu (in Russia, as usual, only the forest and hemp could design) And military specialists, chosen Russian loans (including a huge Dutch loan of 87 million Guldenov: Ponassenkov E.N. Decree op., p. 131 - 132). As I mentioned above, from 1811 - early 1812. Russia also had secret agreements with Austria and Prussia.

Thus, with scientific (and from any other) point of view, in 1812, not the notorious Russian "people" fought with Napoleon (often - a very blurred demagogical concept), and states The sixth antifranzus coalition. This concept ( including the full responsibility of Alexander for the conflict) I first formulated back in a series of reports at scientific conferences 2000 - 2001; The term itself today also uses some official encyclopedias and authors, but they have the fact that in psychiatry is called "personality disorder": the term is used, and then on the same page they tell the former fairy tales about the "domestic" war.

Now we know: responsibility for the lives of tens of thousands of our compatriots lies on Tsar Alexandra I, who made from his country biological raw materials appendagewho fed England (from hemp and forest - through the corpses of Russian soldiers - to oil and gas!). These are from my colleagues-historians, maybe as the reasons who pushed the king to a similar state crime, call his relationship with German monarchical childbirth. Yes, indeed, Romanovs often fought for the interests of not their people, but their own German relatives (I remind you that in 1762 Peter Karl Ulrich Duke Golstein-Gottorpsky joined the Russian throne, and then the rules are the same "Russian", but very talented Catherine, Attachting no less "Russian" Alexander). But father speaking through life The Orthodox King could well not pay attention to the relatives of the senses to the distant and small German princes. The Decembrist Nikita Muravyev wrote without obsteaders: "In 1801, the plot under the leadership of Alexander deprives Pavel the throne and life without benefit for Russia" (Sokolov O.V. Decree. Op., P. 60).

Oldenburg case and the likes were only insignificant external occasions to create a beautiful decorum Alexander's unsightly and aggressive mania. We also should not distract from the main thing. In the course of the tragic events of the war of the war of 1812, the sister of Kingakhetherina Pavlovna wrote a brother (September 19) and clearly formulated essence What is happening: "You are loudly accused of misfortune, comprehended by your empire, in a universal ruin ... and not one class, but all classes are combined in charges against you." (Tarla E.V. 1812. M., 1994, p. 207).

By the way, remembering the relatives of the Russian self-container, I want to raise the topic that for some reason no one ever said: after all "Supostat" and "impostor" of two conflicting monarchs was not Napoleon, but Alexander. Napoleon was proclaimed by the emperor will of the Senate - moreover: eMS Popular voting (a record has voted a record: 0.07%: Troitsky N.A. Alexander I and Napoleon. P. 95), and then crowned dad himself! Reinforced concrete rights! And this has become a reward for the salvation of the Fatherland and great transformations. Alexander found a scepter due to the coup, which was organized by the enemy state - Britain. And his ancestors themselves, starting (and continuing) with the eliminated husband of grandmother-Catherine, were, in turn, illegal. From "merit" before the fatherland: retracting into a bloody military conflict and a complete failure of reforms. That's so.

Yes, Emperor Alexander several times passed the borders of states, as well as the boundaries of the mind and honor: But all these desperate tricks did not bring him happiness and satisfaction. He did not occupy the place of Napoleon (although the dream of Ostab Alexander came true, he flipped with Parisians, banning Russian soldiers to appear on the streets of Paris, although he went to Malmese - to dance with the former wife of Napoleon Josephine ...): In antique stores ( as in the rooms of Pushkin and Lermontov) Not his busts are banging, it is not about the poet's verses, not his grave attend thousands Tourists from Russia and from around the world. That is why in recent years of life, the king's self-esteem in the last years of deeds, stands on his knees in many hours (to corrosive sediments on the skin), then starts in endless travel - and, in the end: mysterious death. We still can not definitely answer the question why the grave of Tsar Alexander I empty? Does he really died suddenly in Taganrog in 1825, or, suffering from loads of responsibility for so many tragedies, left the world? According to one of the most authoritative biographers of Alexander (Grand Prince Nikolai Mikhailovich Romanova), in last year The life of the king "The manifestations of complete marasma began" (Troitsky N.A. Decree. cit., p. 286).

Sad, but deserved the final. How not to remember the words of the Ambassador of the Sardinian King at the court of Alexander I Joseph Marie de Meset: "Slavery exists in Russia because the emperor cannot reign without him. According to a variety of reasons, Russia was inevitably removed from the universal development of civilization emanating from Rome (de Mester J. Petersburg letters. S.-PB., 1995, p.189). After such a maxim, the Memia of Deni Didro comes to the memory: "Russia has deteriorated - not having time to mature."

I repeat again: Alexander was engine Aggression and invader. And now the latter evidence: When the war of 1812 ended, the French came out from the territory of Russia, and nothing more threatened with her (as, by the way, before), when the country was exhausted, and the Russian army is expensive, Alexander contrary to The opinion of many imputed military and statesmen (including Kutuzov!) Decides to continue the war for two years! In the course of the case, he captures Warsaw: Russians are not just not just noted in Poland ...

What is historic Mission Napoleon? The answer is obvious: Consul Bonaparte as head of state inherited The impulse of anti-armzu coalitions and the traditional aggression of England vs France. They added to them personal Crow (which, as you know, walks along with the meanness) of the young king of Alexander: he envied the success of Napoleon in the minds of enlightened young people, and the fact that Bonaparte rules "civilized" by the French, and not backward Russians, whom their sovereign (all the same Alexander ) despised.

"Communion" - does not mean "conqueror", "aggressor"! If Kutuzov knew how to fight, today you would his called the "conqueror" by committing psychological and logical errors, replacing meanings. Napoleon fucked From walking one after another aggression. If Napoleon in 1805 waited Russian and Austrians in Paris, and would not defeat aggressors coalitioners In Austria, all would be good for France ended in 1805, and not in 1815! If Napoleon was waiting for Russians, Prussakov, Swedes, British and Austrians in Paris in 1812, then everything would be over in 1812, and not in 1815! And now the meaning of the mission: during this time he managed to make from France new country, to conduct reforms that were important not for France alone, but for the whole world .

What would europe be today without Napoleon Code, without his new administrative system, without a highway through the Alps, without a new system of universal education, without an ampir style? Quas Patriots did not find any roads to their Khrushchev, do not come up with Napoleon clemented Numbering of houses with division to even and odd side! In parallel with the fact that he was fighting against aggression, Napoleon canceled the domestic customs duties, introduced local governments in backward serfs, abolished the inquisition (and, I emphasize: he did it not as a fillinger Wars, and as a talented fighter with those who unleashed war). Goethe, Standal, Bayron, Mitskevich, Mandzoni, Lermontov, Tyutchev, Heine, Cedlitz, Walter Scott, Berantz, Hugo, Merezhkovsky, Mayakovsky, Sasha Getree, Stanley Kubrick understood it and appreciated (or they were all more stupid to junior researchers who Lepii cheap fairy tales for the ideological Soviet car?). And Pushkin formulated historical role Napoleon is more accurate: "... and the world, eternal freedom from the gloomy referenced ...". A. I. Herzen described the role of Battle's tragic for the world: "I can't indifferently pass by engraving, which represents the meeting of Wellington and Blucher in the moments of Victory under Waterloo, I have been looking at it for a long time, and every time inside the chest is cold And scary ... They had just bore the story with a large hub in the mud, - in such a dirt, from which her half a century will not pull out "(de Vilpen D. hundred days or spirit of self-sacrifice. M., 2003, p. 6).

Another one, for some reason, no one wrote about me: Napoleon was the only way out of the nightmare of revolutions, which began in Europe immediately after his fall - and ended with the most disastrous of them - in Russia. Only he managed to carry out a compromise painless Transition from monarchical - to liberal, from feudal - to bourgeois. But the "aggressive-obedient majority" of Okhlos, led by obscurants and hypocrites, did not allow the world to go on a bloodless scenario. Moreover: Napoleonic policy of deterring the militarization of Prussia (which Alexander supported to the harm of Russia) would prevent both world wars taken by him to associate Italy - would preserve many human life in the future. What did Russia have achieved, shedding blood for England? It was England that supported all the wars, which Turkey led in the future against Russia. The Vienna Congress is the basis of the Krym wagon lost Russia (by the way, the peace treaty, which enshrines the defeat of Russia, signed the Son of Napoleon from Maria Valevskaya - Alexander).

The fact that Alexander War against Napoleon obviously contradicted the interests of Russia is not only the concept of the Scientific XXI century, which is easy to hang the label "Liberal with Bolotnaya". Here is what the diplomat and Russophil wrote (how others - rarely happened in his homeland) F.I. Tyutchev before the start of the Crimean War (March 8, 1854): "For it is more likely to deceive itself - Russia, in all likelihood, will come into a fight with the whole Europe. How did it happen? How did the Empire, which for 40 years only did, to respond from their own interests and betray them for the use and protection of strangers, suddenly find himself in the face of a huge conspiracy? " (Tyutchev F.I. Poems. M., 1987, p. 346). And now I consider: 1854 minus 40 - this is 1814, when at the Vienna Congress, Alexander executed the plans of the Third Antifranzu coalition of 1805, and secured a new international situation in the interests of England and the German region! {!LANG-5b67ab3ccf1de8a369cb562875d27977!}

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