The verb as a part of speech combines words with the meaning of a procedural feature, or action of an object. A procedural feature is part of speech, categorical semantics. All verbs have it. Features of this semantics are revealed when comparing verbs with nouns and adjectives.

Noun reading and wordform read lexical meaning is called the same action, but they call it differently: a noun - as an independent substance, a set of certain properties, and a verb - as the activity of an object (in this case, a person), that is, as a manifestation of a substance, as its sign ... In sentences The grass is green under the window and Green grass under the window one situation is denoted, which, however, is interpreted differently by the adjective and the verb: the adjective calls the attribute of grass as something given by the nature of things, and the verb depicts "greenness" as a manifestation of the properties of grass, as the realization of its potentialities.

The designation of a feature, in its existence due to the object to which it is attributed, is a distinctive feature verbal meaning... Each verb includes an anaphoric object-related seme, that is, it refers to an object as a source of action, which corresponds to the traditional definition: "a verb as a part of speech calls the action of an object." In the personal forms of the verb, this feature is manifested in the fact that the verb ending predetermines the type of the acting object, limits the possibilities of its morphemic expression (writing→me, you write→you, writes→he, she, it, person). In impersonal forms (infinitive, participle and gerunds) - in syntactic connections and syntactic distribution.

The second specific feature of a procedural feature is its characterization in time. This property of the verbal meaning is also inextricably linked with the morphological categories of the verb, namely with the categories of tense and type. The meaning of a procedural feature is therefore categorical because it is formed based on the grammatical format of the verb.

Just as the meaning of grammatical objectivity does not coincide with the lexical meaning of an object, so the categorical semantics of an action (a procedural feature) is not identical with the lexical semantics of verbs. Lexically, verbs can name both actions and non-actions: processes (rot), events (marry), fortunes (get sick), relationship (border) and others. But whatever the verb calls, the verb attribute is given in relation to its source and presupposes a temporal characteristic.

As in nouns the meaning of the subject or is expressed twice, by the lexical meaning of the stem and by grammatical categories (table, book), or depends only on the grammatical form of the word (singing, running, tenderness), so in verbs the meaning of an action can be conveyed both lexically and grammatically (run, saw, wash) or just grammatically (have, belong, be, exist).

So, a verb as a part of speech denotes a feature of an object, obligatory characterized in two dimensions:

1) the attribute is given as a result of the manifestation of the properties of the object (see the school question to the verb predicate: What does - do - will do?),

2) the attribute has temporal parameters (the last property of the verb is sometimes defined by the word "dynamic": the verb names the dynamic attribute of the object).

This is the semantic feature of the verb.

The verb is rich in morphological categories. Some of them - kind, voice, mood, tense, face - are only in the verb. Others - gender, number - are the same for the verb and the names. From the morphological side, the verb is specifically characterized by the obligatory inflection. As already noted, there are no immutable verbs in the language, although the verb has immutable forms.

Morphological categories characterize different verb word forms differently. Some categories are found in all verb word forms. They are called constant verb categories. These are the categories of type and collateral. Other categories - mood, tense, person, number, gender - do not have all verb forms. They are called the fickle grammatical categories of the verb. The inclination, tense, face in the conjugated verb are inextricably linked with the expression of syntactic predicativity, that is, the grammatical meaning of the sentence. Therefore, they are also called predicative categories of the verb.

In the grammatical structure of the language, the verb as a part of speech is also formalized by word-formation means. It is important that many suffixes form only verb stems: and-th (whitewash), e-th (whiten), a-th (ooh), well (ooh), nothing (to be lazy) and etc.

The primary syntactic function of a verb is the function of the predicate in the verb sentence. There is a kind of symmetry between the inflectional forms of the verb (or what is called the finite, that is, definite, verb) and their syntactic role... These forms are not other members of the sentence (we are talking about the actual verbal use). The subject, addition, definition and circumstance, a verb can only be in the form of an infinitive, participle and participle, in connection with which they could be called intra-speech syntactic derivatives.

In the strict sense, categorizers of linguistic meanings, perhaps, should be considered not even interrogative pronouns, but the categorical meaning of the linguistic meaning, which coincides with the generalized lexico-grammatical (categorical) meaning of the nominative part of speech, which acts as the main exponent of this linguistic meaning, and the corresponding pronouns. The interrogative pronoun acts as a kind of "marker", "litmus test", revealing the meaning of a given linguistic meaning. For example, the categorical meaning of a linguistic meaning is objectivity, therefore, the categorizers (in the broad meaning of this term) of this linguistic meaning are pronominatives who what?; its exponents are also the corresponding pronouns of other semantic categories and nouns without prepositions, preserving this meaning. In other words, the core of each linguistic meaning is the words represented by the corresponding part of speech, expressed by the initial form (if it is changeable) or by the morphologized member of the sentence. What is the difference between the categorical meaning of a part of speech and linguistic meaning?

Part of speech is a lexical-grammatical class of words with a set individual differential features. The categorical meaning of a part of speech is the generalized lexical and grammatical meaning of all words included in it. The foregoing assumes that the words of this part of speech have general semantics (generalizations in the high degree) and certain grammatical features(for example, for nouns - a constant category of gender, variable categories of number and case, established rules of functioning; for adjectives - concordant, syntactic, "display" categories of gender, number and case, use in the role of an agreed definition, the nominal part of the predicate, etc. etc.). That is why the categorical meaning of a part of speech interpreted as generalized lexicogrammatic meaning.

The linguistic meaning is semantic-functional unification of naming units of heterogeneous structure. Its core is a word (part of speech), but it also includes dismembered naming conventions (prepositional-case forms, lexis, special phrases, phrasal nominees) with the same semantics. Therefore, in our opinion, there is no need to talk about a higher degree of generalization in the semantics of linguistic meaning (in comparison with the part of speech). The difference lies in the heterogeneity, rich structural possibilities of expressing the same linguistic meaning in the same framework of functioning. This gives the right to determine categorical meaning of linguistic meaning how semantic and functional.

In linguistic literature, the question of the categorical meaning of the linguistic meaning has not been raised at all, and the question of the categorical meaning of a part of speech is interpreted ambiguously. For example, L. G. Yatskevich writes: “The categorical meaning of a part of speech is a special type of linguistic semantics: it is a vector implicit type of semantics, in contrast to grammatical meanings, grammatical categories and word-formative meanings that express their semantics explicitly - in the grammatical and word-formative form of the word ... This meaning of a part of speech is included as a nuclear grammatical meaning in the linguistic field of the corresponding grammatical context, which is embodied in it ”[Yatskevich, 2004, p. 140]. This definition and demonstration of ways of expressing substantiveness (pp. 61-68) indicates that the author confuses the concepts of “categorical meaning of a part of speech” and “categorical meaning of linguistic meaning”, displaying the latter under the name “grammatical concept of a part of speech”. This can be seen especially clearly in section 2.2 “Grammatical concepts of parts of speech. The forms of their existence in the structure of the Russian language ", where the author writes:" Grammatical concepts and categorical meanings of parts of speech are correlative, but not identical concepts. Correlation is manifested in the fact that the composition of grammatical concepts of a language determines the composition of its parts of speech and their categorical meanings. The non-identity of grammatical concepts and categorical meanings of parts of speech is due to the fact that the grammatical concept is the result of generalization more high level than the categorical meaning of a part of speech. Because of this, based on the grammatical concept in lexical system language, not only grammatical classes - parts of speech, but also grammatical and lexical-grammatical superclasses, subclasses and metaclasses are formed ”[Yatskevich, 2004, p. 40-41]. The latter (subclasses, metaclasses) are not disclosed by the author, but it can be assumed that in this case we mean the dismembered naming units that we distinguish, and besides, heterogeneous associations that have no direct relation to the analyzed phenomenon at all. So, the author in the substantive nomination includes adverbs of the type Houses know about it.At the bottom had time to get ready; highlights the substantive nomination, carried out by word forms of nouns in indirect cases, denoting the topic of the statement: From Moscow returned? (That is, those who left for Moscow)[Yatskevich, 2004, p. 66]. It is clear that in such an ultra-broad understanding, the “grammatical concept of a part of speech” goes far beyond the linguistic meaning, and it is completely incomprehensible why in the above work we are talking about a part of speech, more precisely, the categorical meaning of a part of speech.

It is known that the main means of expressing each linguistic meaning is a word, more precisely, significant words, combined by an appropriate way of displaying reality, categorical meaning, morphological properties and syntactic functioning into a part of speech. So, the main onomasiological means of expressing the linguistic meaning "objectivity" is the noun, "space" is primarily represented by the adverbs of place and direction, etc. The question is logical: how are the categorical meanings of the linguistic meaning and words of that part of speech, which serves as the main means of transmission this meaning? At first glance, it can be assumed that the categorical meaning of the linguistic meaning "absorbs" the categorical meaning of the part of speech. In fact, their relationship is much more complicated and can be traced in several directions. Let's compare:

The observations made do not give a complete answer to the question of the content, general and distinctive qualities of the categorical meaning of the linguistic meaning and the categorical meaning of the part of speech, since these phenomena have not been sufficiently studied, and the question itself is being discussed for the first time, although fragmentary information on this matter can be found in the works many scientists, because the problem under consideration concerns the cardinal issues of semantics, morphology, syntax and is reflected in cognitive science, onomasiology and other aspects of modern linguistics.

Categorical meaning

Generalized meaning, superimposed on the specific lexical meaning of a word: for nouns - the meaning of objectivity, for adjectives - the meaning of a feature, property, quality, for verbs - the meaning of a process, action, state, etc.

Reference dictionary linguistic terms... Ed. 2nd. - M .: Education. D. E. Rosental, M. A. Telenkova. 1976 .

See what "categorical meaning" is in other dictionaries:

the categorical meaning of an adjective- Significance of trait. For example: evening bell - the adjective evening denotes a non-procedural feature of an object - this is its categorical meaning; the specific meaning of an adjective is a sign of an object in relation to time ...

categorical meaning of the verb- The meaning of the process (procedurality) inherent in the verb, regardless of its lexical meaning: actions (run, saw), states (love, sleep), relationships (include, possess) are presented in verbs as a process that takes place in time ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

categorical meaning of a noun- The meaning of objectivity, which is modified in different ways: 1) the names of specific objects of the living and inanimate world: pen, student, mountain; 2) plant names: rose, willow, poplar; 3) names of substances: oil, oxygen; 4) geographical names … Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

the categorical meaning of an adverb- Signs of a sign: it blows quietly. V individual cases an adverb denotes a sign of a subject: pilaf in Uzbek ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

Categorical perception- (Greek kategorikos - affirming) a feature or, more precisely, the stage of the formation of visual images, at which specific visual images are identified with a certain class of objects that have a certain meaning. For example, the tendency to hear ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary in psychology and pedagogy

verb parsing scheme- 1) highlight the word form in the text; 2) part of speech; the categorical meaning of the verb; 3) the initial form of the verb; a question to the initial form of the verb; a question to the word form in the text; 4) the form of the verb (conjugated / unconjugated); 5) verb stems: stem ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

noun parsing scheme- 1) word form in the text; 2) part of speech; the categorical meaning of the noun; 3) the initial form of the noun; a question to the initial form of a noun; a question to the word form in the text; 4) proper / common name ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

category of the number of nouns- One of the main categories of a noun, which forms its categorical meaning of objectivity. The category of numbers is used to express quantitative characteristics objects of objective reality. She contrasts ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

status category analysis schema- 1) word form in the text; 2) part of speech, categorical meaning; a question to the word form in the text; 3) the initial form of the word of the category of state (the form of the present tense, indicative mood, positive degree); 4) rank according to the meaning of the word ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

pronoun analysis schema- 1) word form in the text; 2) part of speech; the categorical meaning of the pronoun; 3) the initial form of the pronoun; a question about the initial form of the pronoun; a question to the word form in the text; 4) the category of pronouns in relation to other parts of speech ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

Books

• The categorical meaning of the verb. Systemic and functional aspects, N. N. Boldyrev. This monograph examines the problem of forming the categorical meaning of a verb at the conceptual, system-linguistic and speech levels. General questions of linguistic ...

LECTURE 1

Verb

2. Initial form verb; question to the initial form.

3. The form of the verb (conjugated / unconjugated).

4. Verb stems (infinitive stem and present tense stem).

5. The class of the verb; indicators of the class of the verb.

6. Type of verb conjugation; conjugation exponent.

7. Kind of the verb (imperfect / perfect); the value of the species; species pair of the verb; ways of forming a species pair; way of verb action.

8. Transitivity / intransitivity of the verb; transient / intransitive index.

9. Return / irrevocability; return rate (postfix –sia); the function and meaning of the postfix is ​​Xia.

10. The voice of the verb; collateral indicator; the value of the collateral.

11. Inclination of the verb; inclination indicator; inclination value.

12. Verb tense; time indicator; time value.

13. The face of the verb; face indicator; the meaning of the face.

14. The number of the verb; number indicator; the value of the number.

15. Gender of the verb; gender indicator; the meaning of the genus.

16. Paradigm of verb conjugation.

17. Methods for the formation of verbs.

The verb is opposed to the name, as the basic elements of thought are opposed to each other - the subject and the predicate. But historically the verb is closely related to the name, since it arose primarily from the names of actions. The ancient name denoting action (by transforming primary personal pronouns into personal endings) acquired specific morphological features and was transformed into a verb.

The connection of verbs with other parts of speech is manifested in the same syntactic functions: in the ability to act as a subject, and an addition, and a circumstance, and even a definition.

The verb as a part of speech is a very extensive part of speech with an extensive system of morphological forms. Most of the verbal lexico-grammatical categories are associated with the semantics of the verb and therefore do not occur in other parts of speech. This applies to the face, time, mood, appearance, pledge. As for the categories of gender, number, they are not characteristic of all verb forms and serve, as, for example, in adjectives, a means of agreement with nouns.

The words combined in this part of speech have a generalized meaning of the process and can denote action, movement, movement in space, state ( lie down, sleep), the manifestation of the feature ( turn black), change of the feature ( turn white, turn pale) etc.

We usually imagine that as soon as it comes to action, it must certainly be expressed in a verb. But this is by no means the case. A distracted action can be expressed by a noun ( exit, help, transfer, storytelling). But the attitude of the action to the doer can really only be expressed by a verb: the radio is playing, the guests are singing.

In linguistic literature, there are many definitions of the verb. They can even be subdivided into types: purely semantic (for example: a verb is a category of words expressing an action or a state, –AH Vostokov); definitions that combine an indication of the meaning of the verb and its grammatical categories(such definitions are typical for grammars - AG-70); formal grammatical definitions (conjugated words are called verbs - S.I. Abakumov).

Let's try to give a definition of the verb as a part of speech, which would take into account the general categorical meaning, grammatical features and syntactic functions this part of speech.

The verb as a part of speech is a very extensive part of speech with an extensive system of morphological forms. Most of the verb lexico-grammatical categories are associated with the semantics of the verb and therefore do not occur in other parts of speech. This applies to the face, time, mood, appearance, pledge. As for the categories of gender, number, they are not characteristic of all verb forms and serve, as, for example, with adjectives, a means of agreement with nouns.

Verb- a part of speech that denotes a process and expresses this meaning in the categories of type, voice, mood, time and person; the verb also has the categories of number and - in the past tense and subjunctive mood- the category of gender (Russian grammar -80, p. 582).

It remains to add to this definition that the verb, as a part of speech in a sentence, performs mainly the function of the predicate.

Psychological structure of the word

The main function of the word is the designating role (= the reference function of the word). In psychology, it is customary to designate this function as subject correlation, as a function of representation, replacement of an object. The word, as an element of a person's language, always turns outward, to a specific object and denotes either an object, or an action, or a quality, a property of an object, or a relation of objects. This is expressed in the fact that a word that has an objective correlation can take the form of a noun, verb, adjective, or connection - a preposition, a union (when it denotes a relationship). This is the decisive feature that distinguishes human language from the so-called "language" of animals.

Word - special form reflections of reality. The word allows a person to mentally operate with objects even in their absence, to make mental experiments on things. The word makes it possible to transfer experience from individual to individual and provides an opportunity to assimilate the experience of generations.

With the emergence of language as a system of codes denoting objects, actions, qualities, relations, a person receives, as it were, a new dimension of consciousness, subjective images of the objective world available for control are created in him.

By the meaning of a word that goes beyond the limits of subject relatedness, we mean the ability of a word not only to replace or represent objects, not only to awaken close associations, but also to analyze objects, abstract and generalize their signs. The word analyzes a thing, introduces this thing into a system of complex connections and relationships.

This analyzing or abstracting function of the word is most easily seen in newly emerging compound words. So, "samovar" means an object that cooks itself, "telephone" - an object that transmits sound at a distance (tele-).

Each word not only designates a thing, highlights its signs, but also generalizes things, classifies them, in other words, carries a complex intellectual function of generalization. Therefore, the word is a cell of thinking, because it is abstraction and generalization that are the most important functions of thinking.

The word is a means of communication. By abstracting the attribute and generalizing the subject, the word becomes an instrument of thinking and a means of communication.

There is one more - even deeper and more important function of the meaning of a word. In a developed language, which is a system of codes, a word not only highlights a feature and generalizes an object, but it does an automatic and imperceptible work for a person to analyze an object, transmitting to it the experience from generations that has developed in relation to this object in the history of society.

In addition, the word has one more component. In many languages ​​(Russian, German, Turkic), the word has another part - inflection, which can change when the word is used (inkwell, inkwell, inkwell, inkwells, etc.), thereby changing the attitude that the given subject has to the environment situations. Inflection creates new psychological possibilities for the functional designation of an object.

Therefore, language is a system of codes sufficient to independently analyze objects and express any of its signs, properties, relationships.