Historical views Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin was formed, improved in accordance with all the stroke of his life, with his gifted, well-balanced in kind and his colossal historical intuition, artistic Pi-Sachet talent, helped him penetrate the essence of the era and the characters of historical figures.

Once already getting a row-gu scholar, giving all the history of Russia, Karamzin leaders-visited the great goal - to deploy his own great history before the people. This is an understanding of the Great Goal, a large generalized work has steadily managed by N.M. Karamzin all over the creation of their "history". To this thought, he returns on its pages repeatedly.

And the very meaning of his historical concept, expressed in the twelve volumes of "Isto-Rii" and "note about ancient and new Russia", in which he sufficiently outlined his opinion on the historical process, it concludes in the movement of Russia from historical non-existence through thorn to the heights of the organization of the state unit and on the basis of this to the tops of civilization, as NM understood them. Karamzin.

The account "from the Great" is visible and in his centance that "nothing great is done for money," expressed in the "note". Yes, and the whole "note" with its con-chartonic assessment of the history of Russia, with its passionate criticism of co-temporary N.M. Karamzin of imperfections, or even criminal ones in the Russian state device, Vividly, and the depth of the civilian interest of the historian In the movement of Russia along the path of progress, again in His, Karamzin, in anticipation.

N.M. Karamzin -this convinced monarchist, the sideways of the autocratic power of the king as a guarantee of the prosperity of Ros-Sii, its subjects, each person individually feels with furious criticism on the country's existing defects in the country, which remove the country from genuine grandeur.

He exposes sharp criticism to the financial policy of the rule, the wasting of the treasury, inflation associated with externally trading problems after the conclusion of the Tilzite world.

N.M. Karamzin made a single single, but it doesn't know what he was in his business lonely. First, the work he was planned, had a fertile soil in the form of the preceding world historiography and Russian historical co-girls, secondly, all who purely and sincerely loved the story of Ot, who was devoted to scientific Her reading, for which NM Actually Karamzin, had a moral and material support, sympathy, sincerely helped him.

And yet N.M. Karamzin did not repeat his preinfinct venits. He did not repeat them first of all in his plan, oh-watu problems. His "History", although not finished, torn off the disease and death of the historian standard on the events of "transmits", the misfortunes of Russia of the "Discharge period", hugs almost two more than a thousand years and begins with the first oldest refinements of Roman and Greek writers about the peoples, inhabited on the territory of Russia. In conjunction with the "note", which albeit in the SA, but conceptually completed form, brings the history of Russia until the beginning of the XIX century, N.M. Karamzin made it possible to imagine the entire path of the country as a whole.

He did not repeat them and according to the historical and philosophical direction of his work. N.M. Karamzin wrote truly into a turning point for Russia, and all of Europe, time. And his essay itself was from-vet to the questions set by the epoch. In the first phrases of "Notes" he speaks quite definitely: " This is a consequence of the past. To judge the first, it should be remembered last. One to others, so to speak, is complemented and in connection seems clear to the thoughts".

The same thoughts are expressed in the first rows of his "history"; " History In a sense, there is a sacred book of peoples: the main necessary; glooring of their existence and activity; Skrizalal of Revelations and Rules; covenant ancestors to the offspring; Supplement, an exposure of the present and an example of the future"; History, PA opinion N.M. Karamzin," representing the imagination of a number of centuries with their passions, insensions, acts, expands the limits of our own would be; We live her creative power with people of all times, we see and hear them, love and hate, not yet thinking about the benefits, already scented with the contemplation of diverse cases and characters that occupy the mind and feed sensitivity".

That was the era, the main event of which the Great French Revolution became the head of the feudalism and Abso-Luntsism and opened the road to the new bourgeois public relations. The developing bourgeois structure has provided its impact on all parties to Russian life, including the spiritual sphere. Novikov's educational views, radicalism of Radishchev, the emergence of the future Decembrist ideology was mediated from-degraded these changes, on the one hand.

On the other, the renewed plot of 1801, the royal government, headed by an intelligent monarch, shocked, besides the murder of his father, was old, as it often happens at the beginning of any new board, several liberal steps without a root break of the system to calm minds, bring Fast quarreled autocratic chickens to some compliance with socio-economic requirements. The government was tried to criticize the "left" and "right". And those and others it seemed that life was changing, but she was not going there at all, and only they were sigh, but to give her a truly loyal direction.

Widely educated, read, who traveled by Paul-Europe N.M. Karamzin was in the whirlpool of all these new European and Russian trends. He vigorously peered into life, compared the modern events with the movement of world history, and its modern heroes with the heroes of the past, painfully reflected on the cases that took place, sought using the experience of history, to determine the path of Russia in the coming years. This reflected in part in his "letters of the Russian traveler", but fully in the "Isor Toria of the Russian state".

Having started at his monumental work, the historian Stere was to comprehend the whole course of Russian history, to highlight its flow from the standpoint of his time. And in this sense, the real way to his understanding of the past, as the past came to the aid in understanding the present. It was a completely new, conceptual history, glimpses of which only flashed in the writings of former historians.

But it would be incorrect to think, as if we had a double "propagandist", which was trying to squeeze his ideas in the procrusteo bed of history, push it to adapt to their ideological manipulations. This is not true. The era and his own taant of the scientist and the artist who can penetrate the essence of the general phenomenon only dictated N.M. Karamzin depth, the scale of approaches to the historical past, helped see the retrospection of the process.

The tool of this knowledge, he grown-tall, comprehended in accordance with the level of historical knowledge achieved then and his tirelessly improved him, created a lot of re-in and in this sense, he taught the future generations of scientists a truly research lesson, which one is able to justify the historian who takes the scholar of the feather. It was in this sense that his historical vision was relevant, modern, he estimated the story from the height of the Sum-cottage, and created a toolkit of knowledge corresponding to these tasks.

A.S. Pushkin called N.M. Karamzin "The last chronicle." This figurative characteristic given by the genius was as brilliant, however erroneous. She was not alone in the sense that N.M. Karamzin was really "the latter" in time of those figures of science who tried to recreate the history of the country. But the author of the "History" and "Notes" least can get the title of archaic hardworking chronicle.

N.M. Karamzin and himself protests against his identification with the chronicler: "The reader will notice that I describe the acts not apart (italics by the author - A.S.), by years and days, but they bump them for a most convenient impression in memory. The historian is not a chronicler: Poshesky looks unique for a while, and the first to property and the relationship of acts; can be mistaken in the distribution of places, but it should have to specify everything"So, not a time-based description of the events in-teres it primarily, and their" property and communication ". And in this sense, N.M. Karamzin should be called not the" last chronicle ", and the first truly genuine researcher of his history Fatherland.

He himself carefully dismisses the reader, which understands the words "property and communication", in essence, this goal scientific program, to which sometimes does not prevent looking closely and those who today claim to the high title of historian of their people. Of course, we will not find in it those methods and logical heights that came to the world along with the discoveries in the field of social science. The second half of the XIX - early XX centuries.

Especially surprisingly, at the beginning of the XIX century. N.M. Karamzin, Opiro-Jasa at the time achieved by the time of the world scientific potential, reflecting a lot over the experience of the past, guided by its co-lossy research and artistic intuition, defused a number of research principles that are sometimes unresolved for the historian and at the present time.

On the fore N.M. Karamzin certainly exhibits Liu-bov to the Fatherland, but it is unlikely that it can be suspected in a booming path-riotism - not that it was intelligence, not the artistic taste. He understands this love as an exacerbated interest in the history of his people, which is part world Historylike a thrill experience for all ups and downs, sent to Russia. He does not oppose this love interest in the history of other peoples and states.

On the contrary, they complement and enrich each other. " If every story, he writes, - Even and insecual Pi-Sannaya, it is pleasant, as Pliny says, the more the ticket-venous ... We are all citizens, in Europe and in India, in Mexico and in ABIS-Sinia; The personality of everyone is closely connected with the Fatherland: I love it, for you love yourself. Let the Greeks, the Romans captivate the imagination; They belong to the family of human race, and we are not strangers in our virtues and weaknesses, glory and disasters; But the name of Rus-Sky has a special beauty for us: my heart beats the fire, rather than for feminocals or scypion"; for the historian, - Sure N.M. Karamzin, -" love for the Fatherland gives his brushes heat, strength, charm. Where there is no love, no soul".

Another principle is to follow the truth of history, as if bitter she was. "History is not a novel and the world is not a garden where everything should be nice, - notes N.M. Karamzin, - She is depicting a valid world"What sometimes we see in history?" The author "-" Interdiscomobiles of the Greek cities "," Crowd of the villain, are cutting for the honor of Athens or Sparta as we have for the honor of Mo-Nakhov or Olegova at home. "Here and" Bloody feast of violent Romans ", and the" monster of trirant "," mistakes and miss "- and all this is not only an unpleasant privilege of Western history. We read something similar we are on the scrubles of our fatherland." Difficult Pages "is in the history of each People are such a thought of N.M. Karamzin.

Such a research principle of Isto-Rica is extremely important, as the desire to comprehend the events from the inside, take a look at them not from the height of centuries, do not look at them with the detached superb items, but to see the eyes of a contemporary. " We must be seasy to see actions and acting: then we know the story", Pi-somet N.M. Karamzin.

N.M. Karamzin understands the limited possibilities of the history - to comprehend the historical truth, as in history, " as in the case of human, there is straight lies; However, the nature of the obstacle is always more or less preserved; And this is pretty for us to make yourself a general concept of people and acts ". The historian can and should create from the material that he has, he cannot produce "gold from copper, but must clean and copper; there must be only the price and property; open the great, where it is lurking, and not to give the greatness of the Great Rights. .

So self-critical and sufficiently modestly assesses his research capabilities, believing that the main thing for the history - it is true to grab the "general concept" and, if the material allows you to draw the rest, depicting "what or was it was, and not what could be" . Scientific clarity and conscientiousness is a leitmotif that constantly sounds restlessly throughout the Karamzin "history".

N.M. Karamzin proclaimed one of its principles for the creation of the history of society as a whole, the description of all of what is included "in the composition of civilian being of people: the successes of the mind, art, conversion, laws, industry," and sought "to combine the centuries transferred to us , Clear slim convergence of the hour "Tay". This a complex approach The history, permeated with the concepts of the unity of the historical process, detecting causal and follow-up links of events, is the core of the historical concept of N.M. Karamzin.

Unusually highly appreciated N.M. Karamzin Good faith in the approach to historical material. His notes are, according to the author of the author, "the sacrifice of" reliability.

And finally, it is impossible not to say that in his "history" N.M. Karamzin put the problem of the artistic incarnation of the country's history. The artistic manner of the letter was chosen by the IS-Torik not by chance, and this is not the fact that his literary talent clearly predated to this. The artisticness of the presentation, as the indispensable law of historical narration, was deliberately processed by a historian who was considered that "see actions and operating", strive to ensure that historical persons live in memory "not one dry name, but with some kind of physiognomy," It means to know and feel the story.

The driving force of the historical process, he counted the government, the state, which, on the one hand, focuses on a variety of efforts of society, and on the other, itself is a powerful incentive of social movement. And the whole Russian is the Toric process, by Karamzin, was essentially the struggle of the initiative of the autocratic and other manifestations of the dominance - on-rhodification, oligarchic or aristocratic rullets, specific tendencies. The formation of the first-scene first, and then autocracy became the rod for which, according to the historian, the entire social life of Russia was born.

The whole history of Russia is divided, in his opinion, to the "ancient" (from Rurik to Ivan III), "average" (from Ivan III to Peter I) and "but-voy" (from Peter I to Alexander I). The main feature of the first perio-yes was the system of utilities, the second - unifiedness and the third is "due to civilian customs". What is the reason for such a large stability of the "public" approach to history? It is very simple and lies in the fact that it is in the political sphere, as the most vividly expressing socio-economic, material interests of people, classes, classes, the historical process is sublimated. At the top there is a problem of power, reflecting these material interests.

Karamzin absolutely faithfully caught, external, surface canvas of events. He convincingly determined that in those periods of its history, when Russia relied on a strong price-trawling power, she sought great success as in the arrangement inner lifeand in the field of foreign policy.

One-way-owned one led to anarchy, interdudes, a block-written struggle, whipping folk powers, and in the sphere of external - to defeat and loss of independence; And only a new revival of one-chisty brought salvation to the country. Of european countriesIn perhaps no other experienced such a long, such a chu-rival specific intersubirers, which ended in the loss of Russia of independence, the establishment of two hundred and a hundred-year-in secure yoke and another two-year period of permanent pressure from the Polish-Lithuanian state in the West, permanent raids of hostile Kazan rulers and Crimeans on the southern and south-eastern frontiers of the country.

These events, defined for hundreds of years, the course of the development of Russia were struck by the imagination of any researcher who touched them. They struck their connectedness with the problem of unified statehood and N.M. Karamzin. The folk misfortune has pressed for the consciousness of Russia for too long and this has found an indirect expression in the concept of N.M. Zamzina, for whom, as we have already seen, love for the Fatherland with all his takeoffs and falls, successes and failures, joyful and tragedies It was sacred.

But the general result, which fails by N.M. Karamzin: "What is the unlimited unlimited one in except for the unlimited mughine?". "Russia was founded by victories and one-started, the skill from the blurred, and was saved by autocracy."

Essentiallythe line of the struggle of two began in the history of Russia - the centralizer and decentralizer - he spent brilliantly, brightly personified her, gave it artistic and psychological painting, which made it even more vital, real. It is only because there is no longer appropriate for it that it does not seem to be different. And this is a booty palette political history Countries return to us together with the "History" N.M. Karamzin.

In our consciousness, as already noted, the image of Karamzine as an ardent monarchist, an unconditional supporter of autocracy, a man who steadfasts, as mentioned in the epigram of that time (with pleasure repeated and now) for "the need for selfhood and charm) for" the need for self-defense and charms) for " Although, as they like the latest surveys, A.S. Pushkin, who is attributed to this epigram, did not consider Karamzin to be a fastener in a fastener). It was also said that the love of the Fatherland meant, first of all, the love of autocracy for him, that he failed to be a real patriot, since he refused his essence in freedom and liberty.

It seems to me that this kind of estimates are one of those numerous, not reinforced by scientifically stereoti-dove, one of those "ideologisms", on which our public thought was formed so long and thoughtfully.

A self-adjustment was for N.M. Karamzin is not primitive in the impression of power, designed to "drag and not to bother", suppress the "horses" and support the nobility, and the personality personification of the high human idea of \u200b\u200border, the essentialness of subjects, their prosperity, the guarantor of the disclosure of all the best Human qualities of civil and personal.

In the best traditions of enlightening, in the spirit of enlightened absolutism, he painted himself the perfect image of such a board that was hardly ever and somewhere was possible. His autocrat is the wonderful utopia of the noble intellectual, which herself shattered about the cruelty of the country's last history and a real modern life.

First of all, autocracy for N.M. Karamzin is the highest arbiter of society, the force that is equal between the trends of the abnormality, aristocracy, between different classes. The main objective of the strong board is the creation of conditions for the maximum disclosure of human abilities - Zem Lepashets, a writer, a scientist; It is this state of society that leads to true progress not only individual peoples, but all of humanity.

This is possible only if the enlightenment ball is ruled in society if the monarch leads the people in this on the rule. An particularly important task of the autocracy of N.M. Karam-Zin considered the suppression of the oligarchy, whose "tormenting" for Russia was "the most dangerous and most unabiled." "It's easier to hide from one," he wrote, not at all idealizing real monarchs, - rather than twenty persecutors. "

Special importance gives N.M. Karamzin by the monarch of its high duties under the leadership of the country; The main duty of his duty is "obstructing public happiness", and where the duty, there is a law, "autocracy is not there is no laws." "The sovereign of no less subjects must fulfill its Holy Resources." Not the personal properties of the self-container take care of the historian, and the expansion of the state destiny. Autocracy in this sense for N.M. Karamzin is the "image of the Fatherland", since all authorities are connected, the enlightement is the basis of the prosperity of the Fatherland.

Protecting the idea of \u200b\u200bSA-Moderzhavia in her humanistic and enlightened expression, taking care of the ideal, N.M. Karamzin did not gently gear of this idea. He cried Yaroslav wise for the introduction of the system of the lots, did not leave the stone on the stone from the small domain self-leishers of the "specific" period. He frankly wrote about the cunning, cruelty, the envy of Yuri Dolgoruky, did not gear the first Moscow princes, in particular the son of Alexander Nevsky Yuri Alec-Sandrovich, for "subliga intrigues" in Horde. Gets from him and love hero - Dmitry Donskoy.

He reproaches him in a malignancy, manifested in the reflection of the Takhtamysh raider in 1382. Speaking about the personal qualities of the ruler, he allows himself to express the following replica to Dmitry Donskoy: "But the virtues of the sovereign, the opposite force, security, the calm of the state, do not essence Virtue. " Highly setting the state abilities of Ivan III, he nevertheless refuses his failing in the period of the struggle with Akhmat, in particular the departure of the cereal family to the north of the country, where the Sophia Witovtovna Sweet washed over the village of Lianan.

He frankly writes about the cruelty of Ivan III, who threw his grandson of Dmitry into the dungeon, where he died in the time of Va-Podyia III. Unfortunate Dmitry, according to N.M. Karamzin, became "one of the dwelling victims of the Lyuto politicians", and this poly-teak was aimed at approving the "one-owned". And this is not about any unknown ruler, but about the pillars of Russia - Ivan III and Vasily III.

On the example of Ivan the Terrible historian shows how no longer be a monarch. The description of his reign after the death of Ana-State is essentially a terrible martyrologist, an endless chain of villains against all the layers of Russian society, a description of ka-ko monsters. "Tirandi is only the abuse of self-located Zhavia," he convinces. But it was about the bright representative of Rurikov at home, which made a lot of autocratic authorities, so cute heart N.M. Karamzin. And it's not by chance that the Pe-Terburgh Metropolitan Filaret, having been in public reading in the Russian Academy of Sciences Excerpts from the "History" dedicated to the time of Ivan Grozny, said he was hard to see "dark features", which historian "put" "in the name of the Russian king" .

The derogatory characteristic is given by Karamzin and Bo-Romanov, who sacrificed his ambiguous interests, and Shuisky. And although it is bright, figuratively, he paints the ulcers of autocratic rule, the despotic producer, the favoritism, the abuse of the royal administration, car-merism, the implications of the bureaucracy and the consequences of the consequences of this process, the luxury of the power of it.

Peter I N.M. Karamzin estimates quite contradictory. On the one hand, this is a sovereign that made a lot for the greatness of Ros-SII, the strengthening of autocracy in it, and on the other - he went to the past "the perfect assignment of European customs, which has a huge damage to the country. Passion for a new one in his actions Pre-set all the boundaries. " All Russian, special was eradicated, "the highest separated from the lower" (amazing this observation, which is social character). "We became citizens of the world, but ceased to be in some cases by citizens of Russia," Peter's Wine. "

As you know, its "history" N.M. Karamzin presented the "contrary" to Alexander I, which, as in the past, and now you are the surprise of readers of loyal rhetoric. At the end of this monument of the court hypocognizer, which, possibly, was, and freed the "story" from censorship and gave her a vulture of King, N.M. Karamzin even declares: "The history of the people belongs to the king."

At one time, the historian M.P. Pogodin called "dedication" under-care. But even here N.M. Karamzin managed to give his assessment of reign and recommend Alexander I steps in the spirit of the concept of enlightened absolutism. Noting that "New Epoch" came with the victory over Napoleon in Russia, in which the majority of thinking society believed, N.M. Karamzin further purses that the world is needed to "rule for the benefit of people, for the success of morality, virtue, sciences, arts of civil, welfare of state and part-of-man." The program is drawn; Again N.M. Karamzin returns to his favorite, but, alas, the utopian idea of \u200b\u200bautocracy as the authorities that exists for the sake of the prosperity of society and the benefits of a person.

Domestic history under the pen N.M. Karamzin moves along with the history of Europe and Asia, they are inseparable from each other. He tells in detail using the Eastern sources, about the CO. Denmark of the Power of Genghis Khan and the beginning of his military enterprises; And traveling to the invasion of Tatar-Mongols to Russian lands, the Mit of the reader is not only with their inner position, but also the state of Western borders - the attitude of Russia with Hungary, Sweden, Order, Lithuania.

The reader meets with the opening of America, the story of "Rasco-La Lutherova", invention of typography, other notes, the events of world history. With each period, the complexity and multi-layered domestic history in the sentence of N.M. Karamzin includes more and more new lines caused by the development of the country, events occurring in neighboring countries.

Organic part of Domestic history is N.M. Karamzin people. Of course, he is not standing on the advancement of Isa Toria as great princes, kings, famous commander, church hierarchs, but his invisible presence is felt everywhere. This presence of the people in history seems to be laid in the History by another author of our famous chronicles "Tale of the timeless years" and since then this tradition, enriched, walked from the chronicles to the chronicle, from one historical work to another.

The people are visible and is heard in the descriptions of rural life, crafts; The historian comes to his reader the paintings of the grave labor of Paho-Raja and artisan, the rolling feat of ordinary people in numerous wars. The people are visible on the fortress walls during the overall rone of Russian cities from inrogen invaders And in the period of between-consuming bouts of Russian princes. His Terrible Voice is heard during numerous rebounds since the times of Kievan Rus. N.M. Karamzin practically does not bypass a single major people of antiquity.

In increasingly, his feather appeals to the pages describing the folk unrest during the construction period of the Moscow Kingdom and its further strengthening in the XVI century. "Mos-Kwa was worried," the "Ropot People" began - this Refrain of the entire Ma is constant in the "history", dedicated to the period of the establishment of the Russian Centralized State. We cannot refuse Cape Lee that all the big policy of the Tsarist Palace, intrigue Boyar, the struggle of the vintage prince and boyar clans took place against the background of the non-tired activity of the masses, their interest in a particular political enterprise.

And the same people, as masterfully shows N.M. Karamzin often has to pay an expensive price for the manifestation of certain political sympathies and antipathies. Popular blood pours river on the pages of the history of the Russian state.

Creating "History", N.M. Karamzin looked at the mental viora not only all the movement of Russian society, but also constantly held in the mind of Russia, as part of European and general-pove history. It was not an artificial Europeanism of the Western or tribute to the comparative historical method of presentation. For nothing, the whole history of the continent - and wider: the whole story of Eurasia - was one whole, only manifested in the specifics of individual countries. It was a political approach of a mature, deep mind, free from both tendencies of pro-Western nihilism and Russian isolation.

The very appearance in the east of Europe of the major East Sovetan State N.M. Karamzin considers as a natural phenomenon that followed the fall of the Roman Empire and the emergence of new states on its debris. Russia, he writes, in the "common system of" European peoples after Rome "weakened in Nege and fell, crushed by the muscle of Varvarov North. Until the middle of the XI century, according to the historian, Russia has not been inferior in force and civilian education in the first European der-stamps ..., having the same character, the same laws, customs, state charters ..., appeared in new political system European with significant rights to the celebrity and with the importance of becoming influenced by Greece, the only power, the excused barbarians. "

What we slowly with big oscillations, discussions, the surges of nihilism approached only the latest time, N.M. Karamzin tried to justify at the beginning of the XIX century.

From the pan-European positions, N.M. Karamzine and the impact of the feudal fragmentation period. The disintegration on the lots, "he writes," the "general ulcer" of the then characteristic of Europe. It was here that Russia's gap from the West began. During the "separation" and "internecine wars", we stood or moved slowly when Europe sought to enlighten. " Russia experienced a blow to the Tatar-Mongolian Horde, which "NEPRO-VERG" it. When the West, swaying with "slavery," developed a prospect, opened universities, Russia "strained its strength to his one-sortable in order not to disappear."

The further centralization of the Russian state with Iva-Ned III is estimated to them in the same way as the manifestation of pan-European trends: Ivan III came when "the new state system, together with the new power of the sovereign, arose in the whole of Europe." Together with Ivan III, in his opinion, Russia again entered the premium of European powers, from which she was knocked out by Tata-RO-Mongolian invasion. Returning Russia to Europe, Ak-Tivno continued in the XVII century, but especially violently under Peter I.

Even in personal characteristics, believing that during the centuries "people in the main properties have not changed," he seeks to find common samples. Ivan IV N.M. Karamzin compares with Caligula, Nonron, Louis Xi, Godunov reminds him by the mind of Cromwell.

So imagine N.M. Karamzin general communication Russia with European history.

In our historiography, it has repeatedly noted that N.M. Karamzin not only used a magnificent source body for its time, but also the fact that many of the historical materials he opened himself thanks to his work in the archives, with Ru-copy, which he was sent to work with friends and Dob-Rochs. So he first introduced into scientific trafficking the Lavrentiev and Trinity chronicle, the judiciary 1497, the writings of Cyril Torov-Skogo, Daniel Sharpener, many acts, diplomatic marals.

He widely used the Greek chronicles, reports of Eastern authors, the data of Western annals, domestic and foreign memoir and epistolary literature. His "Isto-Ria" became a truly Russian source of the encyclopedia, it meant a serious step forward in the development of the research documentary database, pointed to controversial places, still having lacunas, called scientists for further advancement in this area.

Sometimes the historian was reproached in the consumer approach to the source, sometimes in "Textheological Lugouts", put forward against it the principle of strict followation of the text of the source, the pro-willer of it on reliability. Undoubtedly, N.M. Karamzin understood these problems no worse than his critics. Indeed, sometimes he relied on insufficiently proven data, SKA, the chronicle of Strykovsky, Nikonovsky chronicle, a number of Jordan's community. It can be reproached for some kind of intense as a certain type of source. So, drawing the tyranny of Ivan the thunderstorm, his villainism, the historian mainly operated on foreign messages given by A. Kurbsky, the tendentiousness of which is largely obvious.

As for the consumer approach, it would be difficult to expect from an essay calculated on the mass reader, and in-go. "History" N.M. Karamzin, like "History" S.M. Solovyova is difficult to just as scientific, as popular - rare, alas, a combination of domestic historiography. However, N.M. Ka-Ramzin perfectly understood the scientific importance of the source, the need for a critical approach to it. It is possible to lead to the example of its attitude to the so-called Ioamimov lespisi. Essentially, he disavowed it, he suffered a dispute over its authenticity in "Notes", opposed to using its data. He also acted in other cases. On the other hand, a number of sources he accepted as reliable and only the later criticism revealed their inconsistency.

But not in the whole historian anticipated his own century: he was the son of time and in the common noble mood of his ideology, ho-cast and refined educational ideas, and on the overall providencyalist approach to history, despite the desire to reveal its everyday patterns, by sometimes naive , purely idea-leaf estimates of the role of one personality in history.

Its providencylism is felt in the assessment of large historical turns. He sincerely believes that the phenomenon of False Dmitry I in the history of Russia was handed providence, which revealed the Bo-Rice Godunov for his terrible sin - the organization of the killing of King Vicha Dmitry. N.M. Karamzin did not doubt a minute in the fact that he was the true culprit of the death of Tsarevich and his system of evidence could not be discarded.

In the whole case, A.S. Pushkin, she seems to convince completely, and the Toric flair of our great poet was developed to be developed. Such a providencyalist approach is also felt in assessing the role of Moscow in the association of Russian lands and the organization of the fight against the Golden Horde. "Power of Providence" is constantly present on the pages of "History", giving the bizarre outlines in many respects historically accurate, spontaneously understood by the development of the country's development processes.

N.M. Karamzin masterfully paints the psychological conditional of any actions of certain historical figures. He shows the throwing of Oleg Ryazansky on the eve of the Kulikovsky battle, his fear of Mama and hatred for Moscow, subsidence russian principality by one. He reflects a lot over Ha-Rakter Ivan III, which "not being tyrant like his grandson," nevertheless had natural cruelty in nature, "the power of the mind in it."

N.M. Karamzin very thinly caught a psychological turn in the sentiments of Ivan IV after the illness and the swelling with the oath from the Boyar group on the loyalty to his son Dmitry, but especially after the death of Queen Anastasia; Carefully appreciated the role of the Tsar-Surgence in various kinds of influences on the young Ivan IV. Perhaps the only one among historians he revealed psychological turns to various stages of the life of Boris Godunov and tried to interpret his politics, pretty much embarking from these turns.

Good day, Dasha!

Contemporaries knew N.M. Karamzin as a first-class writer, criticism, playwright, publishing organizer. The fans of his sentimentalist pen celebrate the story "poor Lisa", philologists - the desire to release the Russian language from the Okov of the Church Slavic vocabulary.

The contribution of Karamzin to the development of Russian culture

In 1802, Nikolai Mikhailovich releases the first Tomik magazine "Journal of Europe", opening new page In printed matter. He is one of the first in Russia engaged in the translation and propaganda of the works of Shakespeare, which deserves the recognition of many non-indifferent connoisseurs of foreign classics. Along with all this, Karamzin remains a living phenomenon of Russian culture precisely thanks to its historical works, in which the author, following the best traditions of the predecessors, is attempting to transfer historical realities on paper, based not only on a factologically verified, but also moralizing the concept.

N.M.Karamzin as a historian

In 1818, the first 8 volumes of its main work "History of the Russian State" are published. This work became a sample of love and endless respect for the native country and its people, to the ministry to which her author gave all the reserves of spiritual and physical forces. At the same time, the need to write "history" was dictated and purely practical aspects of modern Karamzin of the Epoch: in the conditions of the launched decomposition of the feudal-serf system, the author acted as its conservation program. This led to an assessment of the most historian and his work as "the forerunners of the conservative direction" of domestic thought, caused an ambiguous response to the public. The serfs exceeded the author, liberal figures cried it.

However, the "first historian and the last chronicler" on the member of the expression of Pushkin managed to attract the attention of writers to the domestic history. Under his influence, "Historical Duma" KF Yelelev, "Boris Godunov" A.S. Pushkin, historical novels I.I. Lazhechnikova and N.V.Kolzhetnik. Karamzin "led the trends" history and as science, and as a cultural phenomenon among the enlightened Russian aristocracy, which is copying the western lifestyle.

As a true patriot of his fatherland, Karamzin sought to instill love and respect for the history of that part of the population Russian Empirewhich not only has been receptive, but also possessed real political weight. Nikolai Mikhailovich believed that it was the story to judge the figures of the present, for "the offspring there is a kind of cassation court, who disassembles the instinctively the case of past times ...", and therefore "there is a great historical truth that restores the honor and innocence of those figures that names were injured Only from passions and malice or from prejudices of contemporaries ... ".

Karamzin marked the decisive role of historical science in the folk consciousness, warning about the inevitability of the "court of descendants". At the same time, in my opinion, Karamzin showed that the historian has power over time, because It is he who can create a positive or, on the contrary, a negative "image" of his era in the eyes of subsequent generations. The strongest imperative impeachment, put forward by the historian, is that for Russia the only acceptable form of government is autocracy; The spiritual device is the activities of the employees of the cult, and the folk self-consciousness - historical nationalism, which has a pronounced antispasal nature.

The opposite side of the actualization of historical themes in the consciousness of contemporaries was its attachment to that feed historical eventswho Karamzin outlined on the pages of his labor. The historian enjoyed the public with a huge moral authority, with whom the emperor himself could not be considered. Extinguing a living interest in historical heritage Countries, Karamzin outly interpreted the sources inaccessible to a wide range of persons, adapting them according to the social and political needs of time. He practically formed many aspects of the Russian National Consciousness: ideological confrontation in Russia - West, the exceptional path of the Russian people, aimed at preserving the autocracy, and to Orthodoxy.

Karamzin laid the beginning of a justification of the right not to adopt the successful experience of Western civilizations, preferring the classic ideals of statehood, expressed in the following traditions, oddly enough, the eastern despoty, offering to go in the path of a special path, the concept of which was not found so far. Perhaps it lies here and the source of the non-formation of civil society in modern Russia, habits to blame all the West with its "destructive influence", the inability to abandon the age-old model of consciousness based on faith in a fair self-container, relieving responsibility for decision making. In the context of reflections on the future of our country, it is worth thinking about the fact that the self-consciousness of the Russian people for centuries was formed by professionals, and often at the highest order, while the very population was assigned the role of a passive base for ideological experiments.

conclusions

A person aware of his present through the prism of history. N.M. Karamzin, its fundamental historical labor, outlined the contours of the future image of Russia in the world, and also introduced certain standards in the domestic socio-political idea, in many respects national Strategy both the Russian Empire and its successors on the political arena.

Best wishes, Julia.

Karamzin Nikolai Mikhailovich was born on December 1, 1766 and died on May 22, 1826. For 56 years of his life, this great person Made a lot to develop our state. Later it will be called a wonderful writer, the representative of the Epoch of sentimentalism, a journalist and historiogram. But we turn to the very beginning of this story.

It all started in early childhood. After the death of the mother, the boy gets the key from the cabinet with a huge number of books, which were based on moral novels. Already then, Karamzin is immersed with the world of literature and easily reads dozens of works in a short period of time.

He gets a good humanitarian education in the private board of the doctor of Philosophy Professor Shaden, which gave him great knowledge of old and new languages. Later enters the military service to the Preobrazhensky regiment, but he served a little over a year, Karamzin returns to Small homeland. As a light source and a deep person, he attracts the attention of Ivan Petrovich Turgenev who came to the province of writer and translator. This meeting turns all his life. Its own creative way It begins with the translation of foreign works, and then publishes its own, which differ in a special style, testifying to the taste and aesthetic principles. Since 1791, the work of the "letter of the Russian traveler" is published, the reason for the writing of which Karamzin's travel was to Western Europe. It was "letters" brought a huge fame of Karamzin. Then the story "Poor Lisa" is published, thanks to only two works, a whole epoch appears, the era of sentimentalism. Based on its feed, vocabulary The Russian state is replenished with a large number of new words that have a popular use. He explored all the possibilities of the Russian language and betrayed expressiveness. The enrichment of vocabulary led to the emergence of such words as "touching", "political science", "Industry" and hundreds, no less important, others. For the first time he began to use neologisms and varvarisms, moving away from church vocabulary using a sample of grammar french. Moreover, the writer tries to learn something new abroad, but does not forget about the success of Russia, which is also divided into foreigners.

The new period of his life is the time when, in 1803, Alexander I appoints a famous writer by a historiogram, whose task is to fulfill invaluable labor over the "history of the Russian state" from 1816-1824, this Karamzin and gives all its lives. Despite the failure of Vasily Tatishchev and M. Shcherbatov, Karamzin did not retreat from his goal and built a new basis for writing books. Writing talent and political knowledge led him to the masterpiece, thanks to which the information of the past and long forgotten years reached the modern world. Lucien Fevr wrote that the historian is not the one who knows, but the one who is looking for. It was this quality that Karamzin possessed, disappearing days in the walls of the Imperial Library. "You want to be the author: read the story of unhappiness of the human race - and if your heart does not decide blood, then leave the pen, or it will depict us a cold gloom of your soul," Nikolai Mikhailovich spoke. His sensuality and ability to correctly present thoughts allowed him to create 12 Great Tomov (the first 8 were published in 1818, the following 3 were published in other years, and the latter was published after the death of Nikolai Mikhailovich), which were published in a huge circulation, were interested in society and even translated into foreign languages... "Everyone, even secular women, rushed to read the story of their fatherland, the unknown Dotole. She was for them a new discovery. Ancient Russia seemed to be found by Karamzin, like America - Columbus "
Karamzine adhered to the views of the absolute monarchy, the death of the emperor and the uprising of the Decembrists led him perplexity. In the last years of life, his health has worsened noticeably, due to the nervous disruptions and lack of material funds, moreover, the historiographer worked on Alexander I for free and received minimal salary. And these incidents in politics and at all undermined his health finally. In 1826, Karamzin died, leaving us a huge heritage. The great contribution embedded in the history of our Fatherland is invaluable.

Aida Torozov

Student of gymnasium №30 Stavropol

A. Venetcianov "Portrait of N.M. Karamzin"

"I was looking for the truth of the path,
I wanted to know the reason ... "(N.M. Karamzin)

"The history of the Russian state" was the last and unfinished labor of the outstanding Russian historian N.M. Karamzin: In total, 12 volume volumes were written, the Russian history was set out to 1612.

The interest in the story appeared in Karamzin still in youth, but before his vocation as a historian was a long way.

From the biography of N.M. Karamzin

Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin Born in 1766 in the generic estate of the Znamensky symbirsky county of the Kazan province in the family of the retired captain, the average-parent symbirsky nobleman. Received home education. He studied at Moscow University. A short time served in the Preobrazhensky Guards Regiment of St. Petersburg, it was by this time that his first literary experiments belong.

After retirement, I lived in Simbirsk for some time, and then moved to Moscow.

In 1789, Karamzin leaves to Europe, where I. Kant visits in Koenigsberg, and in Paris he becomes a great witness french revolution. Returning to Russia, he publishes "Letters of the Russian Traveler", which make it a famous writer.

Writer

"The influence of Karamzin on literature can be compared with the influence of Catherine on society: he made literature humanery"(A.I. Herzen)

Creativity N.M. Karamzin developed in line sentimentalism.

V. Tropinin "Portrait of N.M. Karamzin"

Literary direction sentimentalism(from FR.sentiment - The feeling) was popular in Europe from the 20s to the 80s of the XVIII century, and in Russia - from the end of the XVIII to the beginning of the XIX century. An ideologist of sentimentalism is considered J.-Zh. Ruso.

European sentimentalism has penetrated into Russia in the 1780s-early 1790s. Thanks to the translation of the "Verter" Goethe, Romanov S. Richardson and J.-zh. Rousseau who were very popular in Russia:

She was too early to novels;

They replaced her everything.

She fell in love with cheating

And Richardson and Rousseau.

Pushkin speaks here about his heroine Tatiana, but all girls of that time read sentimental novels.

The main feature of sentimentalism is that attention in them is primarily paid to the spiritual world of man, the first place is feeling, and not the mind and great ideas. The heroes of the works of sentimentalism have congenital moral cleanliness, unspoilt, they live on the lap of nature, love her and merge with her.

Such heroine is Lisa from the story of Karamzin "Poor Lisa" (1792). This story had a huge success from readers, numerous imitation followers followed, but the main importance of sentimentalism and in particular the story of Karamzin was that the inner world was revealed in such works simple manwhich caused in other ability to empathize.

In poetry, Karamzin was also an innovator: the former poetry represented by Lomonosov and Derzhavin, spoke in the language of mind, and the poems of Karamzin spoke to the tongue of the heart.

N.M. Karamzin - Russian reformer

He enriched Russian by many words: "Impression", "inlentibility", "influence", "entertaining", "touching". Introduced into the use of the word "era", "focus", "scene", "moral", "aesthetic", "harmony", "future", "catastrophe", "charity", "liberty", "Sightseeing", "Responsibility" "," Sustaintly "," Industry "," sophistication "," first-class "," human ".

His linguistic reforms were caused by a stormy controversy: members of the Society "Conversation of Russian Words", headed by G. R. Derzhavin and A. S. Shishkov, adhered to conservative views, opposed the reform of the Russian language. In response to their activities in 1815, the Literary Society "Arzamas" was formed (it included Batyushkov, Vyazemsky, Zhukovsky, Pushkin), which was ironic over the authors "conversations" and paroding their works. The literary victory "Arzamas" over the "conversation", which strengthened and victory of the Language Changes of Karamzin.

Karamzin was also introduced into the alphabet of the letter Yo. Before that, the word "Christmas tree", "Yozh" was written as follows: "Ilka", "іzh".

Karamzin introduced a dash in Russian writing, one of the punctuation marks.

Historian

In 1802 N.M. Karamzin wrote a historical story "Marfa-Posalinar, or the conquest of NOVAGOROD", and in 1803, Alexander I appointed him to the position of historographer, thus, the rest of the life of Karamzin dedicated to the writing of the "Russian State History", actually ending with fiction.

Exploring the manuscripts of the XVI century., Karamzin opened and published in 1821 "Going for the Three Seas" Athanasius Nikitina. In this regard, he wrote: "... While Vasco da Gamma has only thought about the opportunity to find the way from Africa to Industan, our tweer has already mercy on the coast of Malabara" (Historical area in South India). In addition, Karamzin was the initiator of the installation of the monument to K. M. Minin and D. M. Pozharsky in Red Square and performed with the initiative of the exposure of monuments with outstanding figures of domestic history.

"History of Russian Goverment"

Historical work N.M. Karamzin

This is a multi-volume essay of N. M. Karamzin, describing the Russian history from ancient times to the reign of Ivan IV of the Terrible and troubled time. The work of Karamzin was not the first in the description of the history of Russia, before him there were already historical works by V.N. Tatishchev and M. M. Shcherbatova.

But Karamzin had "History", except for historical, high literary advantages, including thanks to the ease of writing, she attracted not only specialists to Russian history, but also simply educated people, which was very promoted by the formation of a national self-consciousness, interest in the past. A.S. Pushkin wrote that "Everything, even secular women, rushed to read the history of their fatherland, the unknown Dotole. She was for them a new discovery. Ancient Russia seemed to be found by Karamzin as America - Columbus. "

It is believed that in this work Karamzin still showed itself not as a historian, but as a writer: "History" is written beautiful literary language (By the way, in it, Karamzin did not use the letter E), but the historical value of his work is unconditional, because The author used the manuscripts that were first published by them and many of which have not been preserved to date.

Working on the "story" until the end of life, Karamzin did not have time to finish it. The text of the manuscript is broken at the chapter "Intermoper 1611-1612".

Work N.M. Karamzina over the "Russian State Story"

In 1804, Karamzin retired to the estate of Ostafyevo, where he completely devoted himself to writing "history."

Manor Ostafyevo

Ostafyevo – moscow region estate Prince P. A. Vyazemsky. It was built in 1800-07. Father of the poet, Prince A. I. Vyazemsky. The estate remained in possession of Vyazemsky to 1898, after which he passed into possession of the counts of Sheremetev.

In 1804, A. I. Vyazemsky invited to settle in Ostafyevich his son-in-law, N.M. Karamzin, who worked here on the "Russian State Status". In April 1807, after the death of his father, Peter Andreevich Vyazemsky became the owner of the estate, in which Ostafievo became one of the characters cultural life Russia: Many times were Pushkin, Zhukovsky, Batyushkov, Denis Davydov, Griboedov, Gogol, Adam Mitskevich here.

Content of the "Story of the Russian State" Karamzin

N. M. Karamzin "The history of the Russian state"

In the course of the work, Karamzin found the Ipatiev chronicle, it was from here that the historian was sang and the details and details, but did not clutch the text of the story, but made them in a separate volume of notes that are of particular historical significance.

In its work, Karamzin describes the peoples that inhabited by the territory of modern Russia, the origins of the Slavs, their conflict with Varyagami, talks about the origin of the first princes of Russia, their board, describes in detail everything important events russian history until 1612

The meaning of N.M. Karamzin

Already the first publications of "history" shook contemporaries. She was read rather than discovering the past of their country. Many stories Writers used in the future for artistic works. For example, Pushkin took the material from "History" for his tragedy "Boris Godunov", which Karamzin devoted.

But, as always, there were critics. Basically, modern Karamzin Liberals objected to the ethnic picture of the world, expressed in the work of the historian, and his faith in the effectiveness of autocracy.

Statism - this is a worldview and ideology that is absoluting the role of the state in society and the promoting maximum subordination of the interests of personalities and groups in the interests of the state; The policy of active state intervention in all spheres of public and private life.

Statism considers the state as the most higher InstituteWith all the rest of the institutes, although its goal, he sets the creation of real opportunities for the comprehensive development of the personality and the state.

Liberals reproached Karamzin in the fact that he followed only the development of the supreme power, which gradually accepted the forms of modern autocracy, but neglect the story of the Russian people himself.

There is even an epigram attributed to Pushkin:

In his "History" elegance, simplicity
Prove to us without any whiff
The need for selfhood
And the charms of the whip.

Indeed, by the end of his life, Karamzin was a convinced supporter of the absolute monarchy. He did not share the point of view of the majority thinking people For serfdom, he was not a tary supporter of his abolition.

He died in 1826 in St. Petersburg and was buried at the Tikhvin cemetery of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra.

Monument N.M. Karamzin in Ostafyevo

T ore all life. Above the work of 12 volumes, the poet, the writer, the creator of the first Russian literary journal and the last historiographer of Russia worked for more than twenty years. He managed to give the historical work "Easy Style" and create a real historical bestseller of his time. Natalia Leadnikova studied the story of creating a famous multi-volume.

From travel notes to the study of history. The author of the "Letters of the Russian Traveler", "Poor Lisa", "Maternity Planned", the successful publisher of the Moscow magazine and the "Bulletin of Europe" at the beginning of the nineteenth century seriously became interested in history. Studying the chronicles and rare manuscripts, decided to combine invaluable knowledge in one work. Put the task - to create a full printed public outline of Russian history.

Historographer of the Russian Empire. At the honorary position of the Chief Historian of the country of Karamzin, Emperor Alexander I was appointed. The writer received an annual pension in two thousand rubles and admission to all libraries. Karamzin was left without hesitation "Bulletin", which brought income three more, and dedicated the life of the "history of the Russian state". As the prince of Vyazemsky - "Tested in historians." Slebny salons Karamzin preferred archives, invitations to balls - studying documents.

Historical knowledge and literary style. Not just a statement of facts ahead with dates, but a highly artistic historical book for a wide range of readers. Karamzin worked not only with primary sources, but also with a syllable. The author himself called his work "Historical Poem." Extracts, quotes, retelling documents The scientist hid in notes - in fact, Karamzin created a book in a book for those who are especially interested in history.

First Historical Bestseller. Eight volumes by the author cast only thirteen years after the start of work. Turned three printing houses: military, Senate, medical. The lion's share of time took away the proofreading. Three thousand copies came out in a year - in the early 1818th. Historical volumes did not get worse than those who have surrendered love romance: the first edition was divided into readers in just a month.

Scientific discoveries between business. At work, Nikolai Mikhailovich discovered truly unique sources. It was Karamzin that the Ipatiev chronicle was found. In notes VI Volume included passages from "Going for the Three Sea" Athanasius Nikitin. "Delightened geographers did not know that the honor of one of the oldest, European travels to India belongs to Russia of John the Century ... It (travel) proves that Russia in the XV century had its Taverns and Sharenes, less enlightened, but equally bold and enterprising", - wrote a historian.

Pushkin about the work of Karamzin. "Everything, even secular women, rushed to read the history of their fatherland, the unknown Dotole. She was for them a new discovery. Ancient Russia seemed to be found by Karamzin as America - Columbus. A few times did not talk about anything ... " - wrote Pushkin. Alexander Sergeevich dedicated to the memory of the historian tragedy "Boris Godunov", the material for his work scream, including in the "History" of Karamzin.

Assessment at the highest state level. Alexander I not only gave Karamzin the widest powers to read "all ancient manuscripts, to Russian antiquities concerning" and money content. The emperor personally financed the first edition of the Russian State History. According to the highest classroom, the book was sent to ministries and embassies. In the accompanying letter it was said that sovereigns of men and diplomats are obliged to know their history.

That neither. The release of the new book was waiting. The second edition of the eightyman came out in a year. Each subsequent volume became an event. Historical facts Discussed in society. So the IX Tom dedicated to the Epoch of Grozny, became a real shock. "Well, Grozny! Well, Karamzin! I do not know what to be more surprised, whether John, or the gift of our Tacitus ", - wrote the poet of Kondrati Ryleev, noting the horror horrors themselves, and the wonderful syllable of the historian.

The last historiographer of Russia. The title appeared in Peter Great. Honorary title was awarded a led from Germany - the archivist and the author of the History of Siberia Gerhard Miller, also famous for Miller's portfolios. He held a high post by the author of the "History of Russia from ancient times" Prince Mikhail Shcherbatov. Challenged on him who gave its historical work for 30 years Sergey Soloviev and a major historian of the beginning of the twentieth century Vladimir Ikonnikov, but, despite the petitions, the title did not receive. So Nikolai Karamzin and remained the last historiogram of Russia.