Commanders and commissioners

Since the times Civil War It was so that in parts and connections (shelves, brigades, divisions, corps), the troops were led by almost two people - commander and commissioner. And so continued quite a long time. This state of affairs has its explanation.

As you know, in 1917 in Russia, the old army ordered a long time to live, broke up, decomposed and therefore was dissolved (demobilized). But the threat of foreign military intervention remained evident - Russia was in a state of war with Germany and its allies. And the Soviet government had to take urgent measures to protect the territory of the country, and significantly decreased in size. At first, the Red Army was built on the voluntary principle of its acquisition, from which after some time it was necessary to refuse due to the impossibility of creating mass regular armed forces. As a way out of the situation, the transition was necessary to the universal military service of the working masses. On this basis, the formation of the first regular regiments and divisions began.

Large difficulties in the formation of parts and compounds of the Red Army arose in connection with the lack of team personnel. The commanders from workers and peasants prepared in military business were not enough, and the newly opened team courses did not have time to cover the noncomplex nachsostav in the troops. The officers of the old army, which could be attracted to the service in the army, did not enjoy the confidence of the wide revolutionary masses. And yet they had to attract to service in the Red Army. The mobilization of officers of the old army (military specialists) was announced, and some of them entered the Red Army voluntarily. As a rule, military specialists were used on command positions, in the headquarters, as instructors and teachers in military schools.

To control the activities of military specialists, as well as for political education of personnel, the organization of administrative and economic activities of parts and compounds, the decisions of all issues of combat and operational activities were introduced by the Institute of Military Commissars. The Military Commissar was the plenipotentiary representative of the Communist Party and Soviet power in the Red Army. With the introduction of the Institute of Military Commissioners, no order without their signature was not executed. At the same time, the Commissioners not only controlled the relevant commanders, but also brought up confidence in the Red Armyans and respect for them, and Warnspets - former officers and generals needed.

The relationship between the commander and the commissioner was different. This depended on many reasons for both the same and on the other hand. Most often it happened that the parties were triggered by finding common points of contact and common interests. But it also happened that or the commander, or the Commissioner did not go on concessions, on a compromise, looking for a common point of view without affecting fundamental issues. Then such "associates" had to breed. It often happened that the commander fell into the sphere of influence of the commissioner with a strong will and he walked around. Rarely, but happened and vice versa.

Recall the relationship between Nadiv V. I. Chapaev with Commissar Klychkov (under this name in the novel, the author D. Furmanov brought himself). True, in this case V.I. Chapaev was not in the old army in an officer, but was just a subpenser, i.e. Superformer, but he received the appropriate army training and hardening and therefore not far from the junior army officer.

Dmitry Furmanov, i.e. Fedor Klychkov, preparing for joint work With commander-nugget Chapaev, outlined a whole system of relationship with him: "... Avoid initially conversations of a pure military, so as not to seem to be finalized by the Profa; Tale with him political conversations, where Fyodor will be undoubtedly stronger; Call him to frankness, make it comes to express all points, inclusive to intimate, personal features and details; To talk more about science, education, general development, - and then Chapaev will listen more than to talk. Then ... then establish yourself brave warrior, - this is certainly and as soon as possible, because without it, everything in the eyes of Chapayev, and everyone, perhaps, the Red Army women will fly ash: no politics, science, personal qualities will not help! .. Only then, when Chapaev is "spiritually complete", when he himself will listen to Fedor, maybe he has to learn something, - only then to meet him ...

All these cooking Klychkov were not at all trifles, they helped him the simplest, short and right way to enter Wednesday, he began to work with which he began to work, and in the name of this work - it is organically growing with it organically. He did not know where the borders of the "Establishment" were, but perfectly understood that Chapaev and Chapaevtsy, all this semi-trap mass, and the image of her actions - such a complex phenomenon to which he closed to approach is not suitable ... "

Fedor Klychkov, i.e. Furmanov, correctly chose the tactics of his relationship with Chapaev, and the results were the most positive. After a short time, Nachdyiv Chapaev very much did not want to Klychkov (i.e. Furmanov) took from him, even with a rise in position. This is said in the novel: "... In vain, Chapaev sent tear telegrams, asked the commander to not take Fedor from him," nothing helped, the question was predetermined in advance. Chapaev was well aware that he was deprived of the departure of Klychkov, who he understood it, so he loved, so defended constantly from other people's attacks, it was reasonable and calmly to the outbreaks of Chapaevsky and Brass - often at the address "Verkhov", "Cursed Headquarters", "Extrafasters", forbid him and briefly at the address of the commissioners, all sorts of "political bosses", did not know about it in Rev., did not hurt himself, but I understood that these outbreaks - flashes and remain ... "

So, we see that Chapaev considered Fedor Klychkova (read Dmitry Furmanova) with his friend. And the woman divorced these friends - Anna Furmanova. Schdiv Chapaev became interested in the wife of the Commissioner, who worked in the division politicality of the head of its cultural part. And this, of course, did not like the Commissioner Furmanov. Behind the clashes, squabbles, and the highest command hurried to breed these people. And more precisely, Dmitry Furmanov was translated into another political position to the same place, in Turkestan, left there with his wife.

An example of service relationships of the Nadiv 25th Rogrova V.I. Chapaeva with the Division Military Commissioner da Furmanov belongs to the years of the Civil War. However, the fundamental provisions of this scheme of justifying their relations were reflected in the leading documents and in the subsequent period.

"... 6. In all its activities, working hand in hand with the commander, the Commissioner must constantly strive to improve the authority of the commander, contributing to him in everything and remembering that in the war of the war, the latter will have to directly lead the redarmeys, and therefore it should be used by the necessary confidence.

7. Constantly remembering that the task of Soviet government in the field of military construction is to establish a sole command, the Commissioner must, on the one hand, to effectively involve the commander, with which it is connected, to the sphere of communist ideas, and on the other hand, it must carefully study under the leadership of the commander Military affair, in order to take a team or administrative position over time. "

Thus, the party determined the course of uniqueness, i.e. To the narrowing of the powers and spheres of the influence of the Commissioners in the army and on the fleet. Note that the first attempts in this direction were made even during the civil war. Then a small number of chiefs of divisions acting Army Communists were also provided by the rights of commissioners. This first experience in the transition to uniquely was held in the troops of the 5th Army, and VK was performed as commanders - uniforms. Blucher, Ya.P. Gailit, K. A. Niman, V.K. Putna (respectively, the chiefs of 51.26, 35 and 27 rifle divisions). but historical conditions They did not allow the principle of uniqueness everywhere throughout the principle. To this end, it was necessary to create a whole complex of prerequisites, the most important of which - the presence of trained personnel capable of taking on a comprehensive - military and political - management of troops.

As a rule, in practice, in most cases, peaceful coexistence regime was established between the commander and commissioner, i.e. Everyone was responsible for his plot of work (according to the "Caesar - Cesarean" principle). Although there were cases when the military commissar interfered into cases relating to the competence of the commander, trying to replace the latter. How it happened in the 18th Rifle Division between the beginning

A.G. Shirmatera and military commissar I.F. Tkachev. From the certification on A. G. Shirmera, signed by the commander of the 9th Rifle Corps MD Giant: "... not possessing solid will and determination, often under the influence of the persons surrounding the specified qualities ... To illustrate, I will point out that during the command of the 18th rifle Division Tov. Shirmar was influenced by the military commissar. Tkacheva, who, possessing strong will, subordinated him to his influence ... "

In order to raise the political level of the command formulation, the USSR Revoensivets in January 1923 established a mandatory minimum of political knowledge for the Red Army commanders in this way to participate in political work with a person became part of the official activity of the RKKE commander. Pretty successfully solved another task - the rise of military qualifications of political composition. Many polymat workers of parts and compounds graduated from various advanced training courses (VAC at the RKKA Military Academy, Courses "Shot", etc.), which allowed them to more successfully cope with the duties in modern conditionsAnd also served as an incentive to go to teamwork (see chapter "From Polymatot Workers to Commanders").

However, a part of the highest and senior politzostava army objected to the transition to the full uniqueness. They did not consider the uniqueness of an important principle of the construction of the armed forces, did not see the political feasibility of his full form. Here they are, these political workers, and got the name of the "Intaramy of Opposition" or "Belarusian-Tolmachev's opposition". It was a kind of "riot on the ship" - i.e. disagreement of the authorized representatives of the party in the army with its general line the most important issue military construction. The event happened is not an ordinary one, it was out of a series of outgoing. And as the initiator of the "Intra-Army opposition", listeners and teachers of courses of improving the highest politzowav at the NG Military Academy were performed. Tolmachev (WPAT). In October 1927, they openly spoke out against Uniagnosed. And another month later, these political workers turned to the PCCA political enforcement with a letter, in which they expressed their disagreement with the military practitioner of the party. Copies of this letter were sent to other military districts, including Ukrainian, Belarusian and others.

The position of the VAC listeners was also supported by many teachers of WPAT and listeners of its basic faculties.

On March 15, 1928, the head of the Academy Ya. L. Berman acted as a report on the state of March 15, 1928, with a report on the status and regular tasks of party work in the army. The report was given an assessment of the team composition of the Red Army for the period, his inability to the political leadership of the troops was emphasized (in fact, it was the opposition of the commander of the politzostavu), there were examples of unsuccessful in life. The meeting adopted a resolution, many points of which were contrary to the position of leadership of the army party. The resolution criticized the practice of carrying out unity of unity, was stated on the separation of the command formulation from the Red Army, about the low level of the political and moral state of the Red Army. Two days after this meeting, a resolution was adopted at a meeting of the politsostav of parts and compounds of the Leningrad garrison, as a result, similar to the decision of the Communists of the WPAT, but only with more enhanced attacks on uniqueness and command staff.

An attempt to reconcile commanders and political workers made the 2nd All-Army Meeting of the Secretaries of Party Cells (March 1928), which emphasized that the complex tasks facing the Red Army strongly require a friendly and cohesive work of the entire command and political composition. "Commander and Polymatotamik, - noted in the meeting resolution, are obliged to fully confess the high political responsibility of each of them for joint friendship to strengthen RKKKA."

But it was not possible to pay off the fire of discontent among the highest and older politzavostava, and above all in the walls of the Military Political Academy. For example, on April 21, 1928, a common party meeting was held there, on which, with a report on the results of the 2nd International Meeting of the Secretaries of Party Cells, the head of the Politonulation of RKKKA A.S. Bubnov. But even him, experienced organizer and the stand, failed to turn the situation at the Academy in best side. In fact, the entire first half of 1928 was a hot debate between supporters and opponents of Uniacencies in the walls of the WPAT.

At the same time, the second center of the "Intra-Army opposition" also acted in the Belarusian Military District, where a significant part of the highest politics station, which consisted mainly from military commissars and heads of political governments of divisions and buildings, from the very beginning of the introduction of unitedness to him negatively. There, on May 23, 1928, a member of the RVS and the head of the Installation of the FBM MM, and the head of the Installation of the Winter Trade Landa, separated by the views of opponents uniquely. Many meeting participants were also his opponents. Therefore, it is not surprising that such views were reflected in the adopted resolution. The resolution of Belarusian "oppositionists" was sent to other military districts in order to support their position on the issue of unity. Such support managed to get from the part of the politsostava of the Ukrainian Military District. Not satisfied with oral propaganda, M.M. Landa and his associates were organized in a number of large County garrisons (Smolensk, Minsk, Mogilev, Vitebsk) "failure" of commanders-uni-chairs in elections to local party and Soviet bodies.

The PCQA political enforcement, concerned about the situation in the army, primarily in the Belarusian Military District, organized a re-meeting of the leading political workers of the district. The presentation on it was AS. Bubnov. But, as in the Military Political Academy, his attempts to change the mood of those who gathered, convincing them in the mistake of the resolution of the "May" success resolution. Then he went the simplest way - canceled this resolution, declaring it with anti-party and invalid.

The question of the "Intaramean opposition" was discussed in the Central Committee of the CPSU (b), it was the subject of debate on the remuneration of the USSR Revoensuit, which has identified a number of measures to further strengthen the uniqueness, strengthening political and moral strengthening The personnel of the army and fleet. The participants of the "INDARAME Opposition" Plenum of the RVS of the USSR called for the revision of his mistaken looks.

Meanwhile, the opposition wave uniquely gradually began to subsoine. This is explained by the fact that the main "confused" - listeners of the older course and listeners of improvement courses with it, - having completed their studies, drove into parts and connections, having received appropriate appointments. In addition, the chief was changed in WPAT - instead of Ya.L. Bermana came A.L. Shiphres, who had previously worked as Deputy Head of Political Management of the Leningrad Military District. And instead of M.M. Landa as a member of the RVS and the Chief of Political Government of the Belarusian Military District again was appointed S.N. Kozhevnikov, who already worked in this post until 1926 (he passed the position of M.M. Lande).

In relation to some, the most active "oppositionists", orgvivodes were made (they were fired from RKKA). The rest remained on the ground, but they were forced to repent and recognize their mistakes. This largely contributed to the party meetings, as well as the meeting of the party asset and the meeting of the Polysostaba, carried out in many garrisons. Gradually, the "Intrarmesian opposition" sustaled.

The results of the fight against the "Intra-Army opposition" and the task of further strengthening uniqueness in the army and on the fleet were reflected in the documents of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b), including in the decision of February 25, 1929 "On the Command and Political Composition of the Red Army", in which was noted: "... The Central Committee can not pass by the fact that fluctuations and political mistakes of the part of the highest politzostav, which took place in the past year and those who have found their most vivid expression in the resolution part of the highest Polytsostab Blav and in the WPAT resolution, are currently decisively not only by all army party organizations and just ending military party conferences, but also almost all political workers who took this or that participation in the internal Army opposition of 1928 was fully proved that the Red Army is currently quite partisan and ideologically sustainable frames of the politsostava. "

The defeat of the "Intra-Army opposition" objectively contributed to the further growth of the authority of the team of the Red Army, the expansion and strengthening of the uniqueness in it, further coercive the command and political composition, their friendly joint activities to improve the combat power of the Red Army.

In the decision of the Central Committee of the CPP (b) "On the state of defense of the USSR" dated July 15, 1929, it was noted: "... 9. Currently, the Red Army has a reliable, politically sustainable, classively extended, with good combat qualities by employing ... It is considered that as a result of a solid implementation of the principle of unity, the general strengthening of the units of the Red Army, strengthening the discipline in it, increasing the responsibility of the command staff for the general condition Parts and increase its authority among the Red Army Mass.

Commissioners, political officers, and in later times soviet power, deputy commanders for the political part, are all commonly well-known names of the posts of a certain part of the political composition of the Red Army, and then Soviet army They answered primarily for the political and moral state of fighters and commanders, and since 1943 soldiers and officers of the USSR armed forces.

In many, who are interested in the history of our Fatherland and not only, the question involuntarily arises, and for which this organization needs a given organization, for a long time as part of a whole separate structure in all the powerful departments of the then Soviet state? In which states also additionally introduced the Institute of Commissars? Or Russia is the only country in the world where there was a similar experience? It turns out no, not the only one.

From world history it is known that Russia was far from the first country in the world, where in the army introduced the Institute of Commissars, "Motherland Commissioner" was Italy, it was there, on the Apennines, in the distant XVI century in the army of the Italian republics, which were formed mainly from mercenaries , invented and introduced commissioners who had to control the loyalty of troops and commanders to the employers of these armies so that the troops would not be fed, and they performed their duties to manage the war in full, for which they were paid.

In the future, the Commissioners were introduced in other states, as a rule, during revolutions or civil wars, in particular, in France during the Great French Revolution, this is when the Jacobin government sent the best representatives to the Commissioners to the revolutionary troops, formed the revolutionary tribunal in which the rules Basically, the Jacobin Commissioners, mercilessly painting how they were then considered to be traitors, shorts and generals who prepared the defeat of the Republican troops.

In the Western Hemisphere in the young American army, also had their own commissars, as early as the 19th century during the war of independence, the American Commissars were monitored by the loyalty of the commanders of military units who were fighting on the side of American colonists, as well as monitored the political and moral state of personnel.

Bolsheviks, starting to create a red army in 1918, were forced to immediately say goodbye to the revolutionary romanticism and the slogan of the "All People Brothers", as the young country of the Soviets of the enemies surrounded by a solid ring of the fronts, the new power will fall or fall within a few weeks, it all depended From being able to create Bolsheviks in a short time, an efficient army or not, but how to create it without officer personnel?

The then leaders of the young Soviet state took the only one but the right decisionit is called on military service Former royal officers and generals, dozens, and even hundreds of thousands of which at that time sat at home by observing neutrality.It is known that by the end of the war in the Russian army there were only about 276 thousand officers, from which by this time 13 thousand were still in captivity, and 21-27 thousand on the severity of injuries could not return to the system. (S. Volkov "tragedy Russian officers ") http://rusk.ru/vst.php?idar\u003d321706#g01.

The main initiator of the involvement of War Associations on the service of the revolution was considered the "Black Albatross Revolution" L.Trotskysky, called upon officers to serve in the working and peasant army, both voluntarily and voluntary, not rarely leaving on the security of the loyalty of their relatives and loved ones. Thus, thanks to the energetic measures taken by the Soviet government soon, the War Military, it was about 75% of the command composition of the Red Army, this is a huge figure, but not all of them were the reliable Soviet power by people, many of them were hidful and often betrayed the Soviet power, Turning in the period of the Civil War to the side of the White Guards, sometimes passed along with their divisions, and even the whole military units. To prevent such cases of the Bolsheviks decided to use War Mists, mainly as narrow specialists, taking all their activities for tight control specifically for this created Institute of Commissioners.

Commissioners, as a rule, were appointed to the devotees to the Soviet government of people, many of them were among the personnel revolutionaries who have undergone underground, royal prisons and boat. The main function of the Commissioners was supervised from their part of the command, they needed to constantly monitor the activities of the Mistorts former officers, as planned the fighting and the most important thing behind the moral state of the former officer-nobleman, so that he did not escape to Belyakov, and even with the card on which all the details of the upcoming battle operation were depicted, or worse than that deception did not lead to the enemies their battalion And that and the regiment, it happened.

The second task of the Commissioner was political educational work, i.e. The commissioners had to convince the commanders and the Red Army people that the fair and the objectives of the goal and the task were supplied before the Red Army. The management of the Commissioners was carried out by the All-Russian Bureau of the Military Commissars, in 1919 he was renamed to the political department (then - control) of the Revoensuit, and in 1922 - in the political plan of the Red Army (Purkka) http://www.otvoyna.ru/statya72. HTM.

Since 1919, in the Red Army, there were also the so-called "political executives" - political officers, and the so-called "political leaders" - political officers, it began to call the Commissars in the lower military units in the rates and platforms. Politruk is the youngest commander, deputy commander in political part.

Creature institute Commissar At the stage of the civil war, it was a forced measure, and in general he justified, moreover, a decisive role was played in strengthening the combat capability of the army and its discipline. But it was from the time of the civil war that part of the people the title of the Commissioner, in addition to the heroic past, was still associated with hunger, the progress of the rebellions and peasant uprisings, Grozny, it was the title of Commissioner, Grozny and Scary, the Commissioners did not give up the commissars to their enemies and did not spare them enemies .

Shortly after the end of the Civil, during military reform The 20s there was a huge cut in the Red Army, most of the combat units were disbanded in connection with which on March 2, 1925, on the basis of the decision of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) in the remaining parts commanded by communist commanders who had the experience of party-political leadership The uniqueness was introduced, i.e. the position of the Commissioner was canceled. Thus, the commander began to respond fully for all parties to the activities of troops, performing both the Commissioner's functions, but received an assistant to the political part. In the rest of military units where the commander was not a member of the WCP (b), the position of the Commissioner was still preserved.

In 1935, the military rank system was restored to the RKKU, and for polymatot workers Special titles were introduced: "Junior Politruk", "Politrak" and "Senior Politruk", corresponding to military titles, respectively, "Lieutenant", "Senior Lieutenant" and "Captain". The rank of "Battalion Commissioner" corresponded to the general military rank Major, Shekkova Commissioner - Colonel, "Division Commissioner" - Comda.

Soon, the Grozny 1937 comes, due to the exacerbation of the next turn class struggleIn order to fully control the army on May 10, 1937, the Institute of Military Commissar was again introduced in all military units, ranging from the regiment and higher, in the headquarters, and institutions. The military commissar or a deputy was a representative of the party in the part entrusted to him, endowed with enormous confidence and the full responsibility on par with the commander for the combat capability of the part, political and moral education of fighters and commanders.

The seriousness and importance of this position is confirmed by excerpts from the first full-fledged charter of the RPCCT-37, so according to this charter war Commissioner Shelf:

Art. 47. A par with the commander is the direct head of the entire personnel of the part and is fully responsible for the political and moral condition of the part, for the implementation of military duty and conducting military discipline to the entire personnel of the area from the bottom, for combat and mobilization readiness, for the state of armament and the regiment military economy.

art.48. The Military Commissar Regiment must:
1) to protect the regiment from the penetration and appearance of spies, saboteurs, pests and other enemies of the people, immediately and decisively preserving any actions that can harm the RKKA;

or political head of the company (squadron, battery)

Art. 59.Along with the commander of the company is the direct chief of the entire personal composition of the company and is responsible for the political and moral condition and combat training of the company, military discipline, for the farm, the combat readiness of the company and for the preservation of military mystery.
article 60. Political head company must:

3) strengthen military discipline and combat company training, to personally be a model of Bolshevik's vigilance and protect the company from the penetration of spies, saboteurs, pests and other enemies of the people;
(Charter of the Internal Service of the Red Army (USU-37). Warmitzdat. 1938 The order of the NGO of the USSR No. 260 of December 21, 1937 was commissioned. In return for the temporary charter of the internal service of the Red Army of 1924.)

Further, just three years later, Czechhard continued, from August 12, 1940, the Institute of Military Commissar was once again canceled, this time on the urgent request of the Marshal Defense People's Commissioner Soviet Union S. K. Tymoshenko. Which with numbers in his hands argued that over 70% the political workers did not have not only military education, but even ordinary military training. The new drug addict rightly noticed " Two bosses are one commander, and the second oversees him - blurred responsibility for the performance of a combat mission - it became incomprehensible, which of them specifically responsible for the defeat? "

From the trimmed Institute of Commissioning, only deputy commander in the political part remained. Thus, in the army, the oversight function for the command and the supervisory composition of the Red Army was again abolished and only a function was left. educational work. The then Chief Commissioner of the Republic of Red Lion Mehlis was in full disorder, since his department lost many important powers, and this was not permissible for Mehlis, but soon the head of the Main Political Office of the Red Army sold-up, stern and bloody 1941 came.

In difficult conditions of the initial period of the Great Patriotic WarWhen there was a massive commissioners in captivity, on July 16, 1941, they returned to the System of the Military Commissars in the RKKK, which were endowed with the same control functions as in 1918-1925. Now they have already been subordinate to the Chief Political Office of the Red Army.

The chief commissioner of the Red Army Möhlis began his work to strengthen the discipline in the troops by saturating their communist volunteers and political workers, at the same time the discipline was strengthened by arrests and executions in place, Mehlis almost personally won in the rear of the current army of cowards and panicoers, and those of them Who wore the rank of Communist, Komsomol or was a political worker, he demanded immediately betray the court of the military tribunal in the first place. In the understanding of Mehlis, if the politatar during the battle is in the rear, then he does not deserve anything other than the bullet. Scary these were times, full of unknown, fear and despair, so be a political worker in the troops under the start of Mehlis at that time of the war was deadly. This later, after the Crimean defeat, hitting in Opalu to Stalin Lev Zakharovich finally calmed down at the modest position of the Sun member in one of the general army.

Mass heroism on the battlefields, together with their fighters, showed many political workers, many of them were really an example for subordinates. Yes, there was nothing to hide here, there was a lot of both negative, and the Commissioner could show cowardice, weakness and foolishness, since they were all ordinary Soviet people, and not as superhores. Yes, not everyone could like Politruk Sintszov shown in the book Simonov "live and dead" to wander through German reasons with the Commissars on the sleeves, as the German order does not take commissars and political officers and shoot them in place, was carried out by the Germans strictly.

However, the overwhelming majority of political workers adequately behaved in battles on the battlefields of the Second World War. For exampleamong the 11,603 heroes of the Soviet Union, awarded this title during the Great Patriotic War, there were 211 political workers. According to other sources among political workers awarded the title of the Hero of the USSR during the Great Patriotic War, members of the military councils of fronts, fleets, armies, the heads of the armies of the armies were 7 people, and all the political workers who received the title of the Hero of the USSR, ranging from the chief of the division political waste (Deputy Division Commander According to the political part) and ending with the deputies of the mouths of the mouth - only 342, including sergeants and ordinary who performed these posts - 41 people. (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki)

In the autumn of 1942, the Institutethe military commissarov was again liquidated and this time finally, allegedly, General Konev in a conversation with Stalin raised the issue of the elimination of the Institute of Military Commissars in the Red Army, motivating the fact that this institute is not needed now. The main thing that is now needed in the army, he argued, this is unity. Konev said: "Why do I need a commissioner when I myself was! I need an assistant, a deputy for political work in the troops so that I am calm for this section of the work, and with the rest I can fine. The command staff proved its dedication to his homeland and does not need additional control, and at the Institute of Military Commissars there is an element of distrust of our team personnel. "

According to the testimony of the Chief Marshal Aviation of the Golovanov, Konev's words made an impression on Stalin, and he began to find out opinions on this issue. Most military managers supported Konev, and the decision of the Politburo, the Institute of Commissioners in the army abolished.

In this way, the experience of the Red Army and the armies of other countries showed that the Commissioners Institute was usually introduced in the case when the Supreme Political Pivius did not trust the command composition of the army, the Commissioners in this case performed the functions of the commanders, in addition, they were the task of political propaganda in environment. personnel parts. If during the years of the Civil War, this institute almost completely acquitted the tasks assigned to him, during the years of the Great Patriotic War from him were forced to refuse, because they were simply not necessary to control themselves.

In the photo: Junior Politruk Alexey Eremenko raises fighters in the attack. This is perhaps the most famous photo of the Great Patriotic War, on a par with whom except for the photo of the Victory Banner over Reichstag. A. Eremenko died a few seconds after the picture was taken.

Voluntary non-political association of student youth, educated for joint production, social and educational and cultural activities. Simple words - This is a constantly updated team of students, who in the summer leaves for virgin money to earn money, and in the preparatory period lives an active life: participates in various events, competitions, learns, communicates with other detachments.

What are the types of detachments?
Exists 4 main types Student detachments:
1. Construction units (CSO) - carrying out construction and installation work on the basis of contractual contracts and labor agreements with economic organizations;
2. Conductors (SOP) - operating conductors of passenger cars on railway; 3.Pedagogical detachments (SPO) - leaving the heads of children's teams in summer health camps;
4. Service detachments are operating in different directions of service: trade, tourist, flight attendants, propaganda, promoters and others.

The detachments are female, male and mixed (where there are girls and young men).

How can I find out the fighter of the student squad? Often, our guys are going to big companies, something is noisy discussing, singing under the guitars in the corridors of the university of the song, where they often meet the words "detachment", "virulent" and "calin". But finally, about our multiple and easily recognizable calin! After all, it is on it that we distinguish any fighter from a simple mortal.

What are the detachments do in the preparatory period? This is the time from September to June. At this time, the detachments do not have to miss, because we have a rich and very diverse plan of events .
We have events For every taste where you can show all your talents and abilities. Want to sing - For you, the sign of the song "Znameka", you want to dance - for you the Festival of dance "Marinka", you want to put thematic or entertainment programs - you will be suitable for a contest Agitbrigad, you want to play intellectual games - Hurry to the contest of intellectuals, you know how to get tasty - for You are a culinary competition, and you wish to show your professional abilities - contests are waiting for you professional skills. For candidates, there is also a contest. You can just be a spectator, but the main thing you can perform on a big scene with the full visual hall that will support you. The plan of events of each detachment is complemented by many inside the detachment of holidays and traditions, such as agitat, dedication, the day of the young fighter, the "bath", the cabbagers and much more.
Look photos And listen song signs - you will not regret!

In the preparatory period actively goes training in different directions: professional education By the specialty, according to which the squad fighters operate at the virgin (construction, conductor of the passenger car, countertime), training managers of the detachment (commander, commissioner), training specialists of the detachment (master, methodologist, sectors' leaders). To the formation you get in the university, you will get additional knowledge of the second profession, effective management.

By the way, in the detachments in fact there is "No alcohol law" ! You do not believe, come - kill.

And who are those people who rule all this movement of student detachments?
All the movement of student detachments leads Regional studio headquarters.
For vocational training, the work of the detachment is responsible Specialized headquarters CO.
For the livelihood of units in the preparatory period respond Headquarters from universities.

Here are 10 reasons why you should go to the student detachment:

1) In the detachment, everything is truly! A squad is not a game. This is a real work for real money with the present responsibility: for passengers, for children in camps, for constructed or renovated.
2) 2000 guys every summer does not sit behind computers in ICQ. They work and earn good money (depending on skill and qualifications), work experience in the field, which may become their specialty (builder, conductor, counselor). There are no drug addicts in the detachments, because they are not a place in our ranks.
3) You can become the head of the detachment and get a unique opportunity in student years to find out how it is to lead the team. The commander and commissioner are real managers who develop plans determine what and when to do, as and who will perform the intended (fighters management), develop procedures (technologies), monitor control. That is, they carry out all the traditional features of the head: creating an information base (set the language, system of the world, wallpaper), planning, setting tasks, training and development, motivation and stimulation, control. And most importantly - make decisions
4) Many organizations teach leadership and lectures. Our guys learn this in real life. Leaders and managers may not be all. Our guys can and obey the general rules and traditions, observe subordination, so they will easily adapt at the end of the educational institution in organizations where they will come to work. Discipline for our guys is not just a word ("dry law", meetings, elections, etc.). The guys know from the young age, what is the charter and the ethical Code of LSO, the structure, procedures, rights and obligations. "Keep order and he will save you," said Romans.
5) Strong side Detty Life - Training! Training Miscellaneous as professional activityand managerial skills, skills work in the team, communication skills with employers and presentations. Competitions of professional skills (the best countertime, conductor, builder) are held.
6) If you are prone to social activities, you will have the opportunity to realize your abilities in this direction. Charitable activities, assistance to children, veterans, patronage of children's institutions, working with difficult teenagers and labor detachments of high school students - directions that are engaged in detachments all year round.
7) You can develop and realize your creative potential in a variety of spheres. To do this, we have created all the conditions and various creative events are held. KVN "Ural Pelmeni", editorial office "Red Burda" newspaper, group "Agatha Christie" - all these are our people.
8) You will fall into a unique, all recognizable culture of the disposal movement, the tradition of which was developed and was taken by decades.
9) The detachments are kindness, mutual execution, friendship for many years. The guys who have passed this school will never be alone in this world.
10) And finally, in the detachments, every third fighter creates a strong friendly family. And the children of the detachment, when growing, come to move, restoring the detachments of their parents often. In addition, for young families in our organization, the "Affordable Housing" project works, when a young detachment family can purchase an apartment at cost.

So, now, if you have already thought about the fact that a detachment can be interesting to you, then read on. We will tell you how to get to the student detachment.
Need to go into secondary or higher educational institution (List where our detachments are, see above). Next, you need to find ads for a set in a detachment (each detachment hangs them in the fall), choose an interesting direction for you the activity of the detachment (CSO, SPO, SOP), study the dignity and history of the chosen detachment. Next - to find the address where the headquarters of the detachment is located, or leadership phones (usually indicate this in ads), write a statement to candidates. And then you will tell you everything in detail, will show, involve in the detachment life. And it is possible that you will be enrolled in the fighters (in May - July) and get a calinee!
If you doubt, you need a council, what a detachment is better, more interesting, address with questions in the headquarters of student detachments of the educational institution.

Commander and Commissioner

When silence came and the adjutant reported to the general that the parts went to the offensive, we sat down in our car and went ahead. There was again the road, and again the forest, and again the ravines and small lifts. Forest roads, huddled by troops, were dirty. In many places they managed to climb the trees with subtle trunks. Otherwise it would be impossible to drive. Car taurent on them, like Tarantas. In the forests there was autumn. But on the field roads still standing deep, summer dust.

Silence lasted not long. Again began to beat artillery. We tried about the approach of the front line by the nature of the fire. When we observed the action of artillery preparation at the supervisory point, the heavy guns were shot behind us. Immediately after the shot, we heard the heads of the projectile's screeching heads, and then he still flew there, to the Germans, and at first we saw the gaps, and after he heard their sound. The sound of the shot was stronger than the sound of the break. Now the squeal of the broken projectile was heard before all. Then the weak shot was reached, and instantly for him a strong gap. Then, the shells of light artillery began to fly through the heads, and from time to time the machine-gun queues were very loud. They beat so loud as if the shooting took place over the ear. But the first line remained another kilometer and a half.

The chauffeur hung over to the forest, stopped next to the big tank and covered the car with branches. Next, it was necessary to walk. In the forest, the chauffeur was sitting with tankers and, leaning toward the tank, ate from aluminum kotetes porridge with lard. In addition, they had a lot of sweet tea. Our chauffeur was immediately invited to the table. The chauffeur is just as masons. They instantly recognize each other and converge as if they are familiar with a good ten years. Tankists willingly consider them and love them, but with a somewhat patronage tint. So mismatched experience, smart dad refers to his desperate son to Herbrome. The chaufferes and tankers ate porridge with very serious persons. On people people are always visible, in which place you are in front of the front. There is no such line that would separate the rear from the front. But it exists and can be determined with full accuracy on people's faces. Here people make a serious male business. Their movement is leopard and very rosary. And whatever a person would do: a horse on a water was led by a porridge, he wrote a report, digging in the motor tank or even smiled something, he was not at all the expression that he had in two or three kilometers closer to the rear.

We went on foot straight across the field of confused, droop, dying rye (no one can remove it), and it was a pity, like a living being. It was a sorry for human labor and a fabulous crop, what happens hardly every ten years. We climbed the hips, and here it was necessary to run meters of four hundred to the supervisory point of the commander of the part, since the locality was open and shot the opponent. And we ran, bearing humiliating and rod to the ammunition. The commander of the part, a huge man, with a thick neck and a good round face, sat in the dugout at the telephone and hoarsely shouted something into the tube. The Commissioner was sitting outside, among the rj, the twisted legs in the pit, in which the staircase was carved, and looked into the binoculars. Sometimes the commander and commissioner have talked about something, well by him, what happened ahead. Sometimes the commander persuaded the Commissioner go down. "You will spoil all the disguise to me," he said angrily. But the Commissioner only laughed, showing his sparkling teeth, especially white on a dark, dyed face. "When you sat here," he answered, "I also called you down all the time, and you did not want to go."

In order to understand what the Commissioner is at the front, you must first remember one thing: the Commissioner and the commander - almost always friends. Their Commonwealth is natural and harmonious. One replaces the other if you kill. it higher Form Brotherhood. Such can only be born in war. I visited many parts and units of the Red Army and watched this strong, simple, male friendship everywhere.

The part has already passed two lines of German field fortifications and fell under strong mortar fire. This fight will continue all day, will resume at night and then again resume tomorrow morning.

The commander and commissioner know how hard and bloody is this war. They lead it from the first day together. Together they experienced oppressive days, although this retreat was correct and the only way out at that time. Together they came out of the environment and brilliantly fulfilled this older maneuver, breaking through the German blockade and withdraw all their part. Together they were in Smolensk, defending every home. Now together on a strong, installed front, they tightly beat the Germans. These two months of fighting are twenty-year-old friendship. Now both, complementing each other, they tell me about the captain, commander of the intelligence battalion. The captain committed a feat that songs hundreds of years will be formed about. He led the reconnaissance to the whole battalion and arranged his observation point on the bell tower of the church in a small abandoned villagers. The commander and the Commissioner acted alternately with him by phone. He gave wonderful instructions of artillery. His battalion was fighting on the sides of the village. Suddenly, a large column of German tanks broke into the village. Tanks filled all rural areas. Captain The Germans offered to surrender. The hero, together with his conversation, answered shots. The captain immediately understood what danger threatens not only his battalion, but everything standing behind the connection and maybe even the front. And he immediately commanded into the tube:

Fire for me!

The landmark is the church bell tower - was the perfect, the area was clogged with German tanks.

Farewell, comrades! He said to the phone.

And the flurry of artillery fire fell on it.

1941

From the book of the mystery of the Maruhsk Glacier Author

The Commissioner dies in a fight before us. Postcard found on the glacier, on it. Address: "PPS 1800, Minbat, 2 Rota ..." This address, as the former commander of the 2nd Minot Gennady Vasilyevich Vasilkov from Kherson, belonged to us 155th separate rifle Brigade. Toy

From the book of Hashek The author Põliklia Radko

Bolshevik Commissioner On February 25, 1920, the Social Democratic Newspaper "Right Lida" published a sensational message: "Writer Yaroslav Gastashe is alive! As we learned from the newly returned comrade, Yaroslav Gashek, the author of the "Brava Schweik Soldier" and others

From the book of the mystery of the Maruhsk Glacier Author Gneushev Vladimir Grigorievich

The Commissioner dies in a fight before us. Postcard found on the glacier, on it. Address: "PPS 1800, Minbat, 2 Rota ..." This address, as the former commander of the 2nd Minot Gennady Vasilyevich Vasilkov from Kherson, belonged to the second company 155th separate rifle brigade. Toy

From the book Cervantes. author Frank Bruno.

Commissioner The Grand King of the Catholic Peace, the owner of Eastern China, the owner of the Western islands and the seas - Philip was already an old man and was sick. He was relaxing and tormented by a malignant gout, the depleted blood began to break through into non-healing chirii. Approached

From the book of Larisa Reisner Author Pretor Galina

Commissioner of intelligence in many Volga cities armed with river steamers in order to become gunboats of the Volga Flotilla. The troops of the sailors of the Baltic and Black Sea fleets arrived, aviators with hydrospeets. The first fight on the Volga with Czechoslovakov took place

From the book of perjury. Falsification. Comcross Author Zenkovich Nikolay Alexandrovich

27 Baku Commissioner S. Kinzer, Correspondent "New York Times", from Baku (1997): "History of 26 commissioners is a simultaneous exciting legend of victims and a subject lesson to use history for political purposes. For several months after Lenin In 1917.

From the book a short night long War Author Arsentev Ivan Arsentevich

Commissar Commander Shelf squinted tricky in the direction of Zhuravleva. - The wrong fate of yours, Alexander Matveyevich: Shooting in the air, fly, unleash all kinds of knots on Earth, support the combat vehicle. Triple load turns out, eh? - I worry, as I can ...- not

From the book Peter Smorodin Author Arkhangelsky Vladimir Vasilyevich

Commissioner Smorodin in the summer and autumn of Fabrichysus prepared a blow to Pskov. The White Guards, the manufacturers and fists were swallowed there: they were treated with "Volunteer Northern Army" for Yudenich. And Pskov's storming pancakes and Smorodin took his regiment

From book Travel without a card author Green Gram.

The Liberian Commissioner is natural that in the light of the day I felt better; It is difficult to believe in death before sunset. However, four weeks of walking to Sino seemed to me unable, and we now have people will be in line, and I could not use a hammock even if desired.

From the book "Sokol-1" Author Lavrinenkov Vladimir Dmitrievich

"Commissioner at Shestakov ..." For the first time I heard about the Shestakov on the Volga, during the Battle of Stalingrad. The hell's battle itself turned around: the city was burned, the shore and even the river coated, covered with oil. The visit clubs

From the book Dmitry Ulyanov Author Yarotsky Boris Mikhailovich

People's Commissar

From the book Meretkov Author Giakanov Nikolay Timofeevich

Commissioner in the Republic on the basis of the detachments of the Red Guard was born in the Red Army. The military men were transformed into military commissariats. The word "commissioner" associated with October Revolution, it became popular. Cyrill with pride wore this title. It was captured,

From the book fighters, my comrades Author Borzunov Semen Mikhailovich

Commissioner familiar snow trail led Fedya on command post shelf. Behind the whole, the case was hung off the breakdowns of shells. And although Fedya did not apply to a robust ten, but, since it was continuously in the forefront, he was often able to hide his head from enemy bullets.

From the book, General Abakumov. Palace or Victim? Author Masssels Oleg Sergeevich

Commissioner State Security Victor Nikolaevich Ilyin was born on November 6, 1904 in Moscow. In 1918, fourteen years from the kind, he signed up in the Red Army. There have passed all the young years of the future attendant of the Moscow branch of the Writers' Union. The 1920 Politboez selected

From the book Memoirs Messenger by Ozole Karlis

Commissioner Krasin After that, the official part of my arrival in Moscow ended. I remember how the Commissar of Trade is Krasin, when I inflicted a visit accompanied by the Soviet Poliotm in Riga Aralova, an intelligent cute man, behaved completely independently

From the book Ranevskaya, who spit into eternity Author Woj Motochovsky Zbignev

Ranevskaya and Commissioner Crimea was the last island of old Russia. But the wave of the Civil War, breathing death and vodka, and came here. Here, in the Crimea, they found the last refuge not only officers and junckers, but also artists, theaters and circus-shapito. Crimea

100 years ago, the Council of People's Commissars adopted a decree on the establishment of volost, county, provincial and district commissariators for military affairs.

Basically, thanks to the active activities of the military commissarov, the Red Army was formed in post-revolutionary Russia. Taking the experience of French Jacobins and using the knowledge of officers tsarist RussiaThe Bolshevik government managed to create a unique command system that quickly established political work and promoting the army and made a significant contribution to the victory soviet people In the Great Patriotic War. The history of Soviet Commissars - in the RT material.

Commissioners of the French Revolution

The Commissioners Institute was established during the Great French Revolution, the example of which the Bolsheviks sometimes were consciously imitated. When revolutionary yacobin radicals came to power in France, they combined volunteering parts with the shelves of old royal army. In loyalty of revolutionary volunteers, the Jacobinians did not doubt, but these soldiers had no military experience. The troops of the old regime were fought skillfully, but many supporters of the king were served there, so they did not trust them.

During the time of revolutionary terror, 1793-1794 for cleansing the army from suspicious elements in the combined military units were sent to the Commissioners of the Convention. They have the most broad powers in solving personnel issues and in the control of the prunitiveness of the army.

"When in society occur revolutionary eventsPeople often find themselves in confusion and poorly understand what is happening, "said Boris Yulin military historian in an interview with RT. - The task of the Commissioners since the French revolution was simple - to clarify the army the position of the political leadership. "

Creating a red army

The Bolsheviks knew about the experience of Jacobins, so they began to use it, as soon as they faced the need for their own military construction. But initially the Communists did not plan to create a regular army. In full compliance with the Marxist ideology it was assumed that after the celebration of the revolution, such an institution of an old society, as an army, will disappear, and the armed person will come to replace it.

The Bolsheviks even tried to follow the concepts of their teachers. All the experiments of the 1917 - winter of 1918 with the detachments of the working guard were nothing more than an attempt to apply the doctrine of the armed people in practice.

Group photo of the Komostava of one of the parts of the Red Army of the Civil War © Museum and Education Center of the Spiritual Culture of the Krasnoyarsk Territory "Kasyanovsky House"

However, the practice quickly showed that unorganized and untrained volunteers, devoid of professional command, inevitably losing any troops based on more or less regular principles.

Then on January 28, 1918, the decree of the Council of People's Commissars "On the organization of the Workers' and Peasant Red Army" appeared. But in this decree, there were no word about the commissioners. They arose a little later, and their appearance was directly related to the specifics of the creation of the Red Army.

Control and propaganda

In 1918, as throughout the Civil War, the Soviet government did not have its own team frames. Their preparation was established later, but for obvious reasons to fully provide the Red Army by the commanders of the "proletarian origin" in the USSR only by the 1930s. Therefore, the attraction of officers of the Russian imperial army to the Bolshevik service became inevitable.

After the demobilization of the army, many officers remained without means of existence, and since these people only knew how to fight themselves, it was difficult for them in a peaceful life.

So that economic methods The recruitment worked very well.

In addition, in the Russian officer corps, the apoliticality was traditionally impossible, so some of the officers did not matter whether to serve the emperor, white generals or Bolsheviks. According to modern researchers, S. Volkov and A. Ganin, from 60 thousand to 100 thousand officers of the old army served the Bolsheviks during the civil war.

Of course, the influx in the Red Army such a significant politically alien element led to the need for the most careful control. The Bolshevik government frankly doubted the loyalty of the command staff, and in conscripts from the people, often poorly educated, it was necessary to form certain images and stereotypes so that they turn into fanatical fighters for the business of communism.

"The Commissioners Institute had two tasks: first, to control the commanders - both" former "and, possibly, revolutionary, but politically alien non-partisan, anarchists, Socialists. Secondly, the Bolsheviks rated the importance of political work and propaganda on their own experience and were not going to receive full power in the country and the army, to stop the struggle for her retention, "said Military browser Ilya Kramnik in an interview with RT.

Unlimited powers

To solve this task, the People's Commissar for Military Affairs L. Trotsky signed the Regulation on the military commissars, members of military councils published on April 6, 1918. This document said: "The military commissar is the direct political body of the Soviet power under the army ... Commissioners are appointed from among immaculate revolutionaries capable of the most critical moments and in the most difficult circumstances to remain the embodiment of revolutionary debt. The personality of the Commissioner is inviolable ... The Military Commissar will ensure that the army is not separated from the entire Soviet system and that individual military institutions do not become foci of conspiracy or instruments against workers and peasants. " And two more days, April 8, the Council of Military Commissariat adopted on April 8, Sovnarkk.

V. Chapaev, Commander of the 2nd Nikolaev Soviet Regiment I. Kutyakov, Commander of Battalion I. Bubarets and Commissioner A. Semennikov, 1918 © e-mordovia.ru

"If you want to understand how the Civil War Commissioner worked, read the Roman Furmanov" Chapaev ". In it, he definitely described his work of the Division Commissioner, "Boris Yulin explained. - Unlike the last time polymat workers, the Commissioner of the Civil War Epoch had the opportunity to even cancel the decision of the commander of the military unit. "

Commissars were instructed by the political control of the army. Fearing conspiracies and rebellions in the troops, Soviet military leadership put commanders of military units dependent on political leadership. A unique system was created, which did not have analogues even in the era of the Jacobin terror.

The commander (officers were canceled as symbols of the old regime) had the right only to plan hostilities and command in battle, and then the Commissioner could intervene in the case, if he believed that the Red Army was given a counter-revolutionary order.

During the rest of the time, all the actions of the commander of the part were to be agreed with the Commissioner.

Of course, such broad powers generated at least no less serious abuse. A participant in the civil war A. Boyarov in his memories describes the case that occurred in the 1st equestrian building: "A strange person came to the headquarters from the Army headquarters from the headquarters. He presented documents for which our Karpov Army Commissioner was filmed from office and responded to the front politicalotel, and instead of him, this strange type was appointed to Commissioner. The new "Commissioner" immediately launched the headquarters, as if Commander Mironov would soon be removed from office and arrest for contact with Makhno ... Then the new "Commissioner" came to us into the car, where the encryption department of the headquarters of the 2nd equestrian army was located, and I expelled us ... From the car, and the ungowned box with ciphers ordered to throw away into the garbage hole ... After a few hours, we learned that the new "Commissioner" is an impostor with the sublayed documents and that he sits arrested in a special department. "

Introduction Uniagnosed

Vsevlilation of the Commissioners was one of the manifestations of the Extraordians inherent in the first years of Soviet power. Therefore, as soon as the need for such radical measures disappeared, they refused the commissioners. In 1924, after the completion of the Civil War, the Commission on Uniagnosed the USSR was created when the USSR is revisensed. Opening the meeting of the Commission, the Deputy Head of Political Government of the Red Army M. Landa directly stated that it was necessary to "make specific proposals for the elimination of" ugly "in the uniqueness issues." That is, the Bolsheviks themselves recognized the institution of commissioners temporary and not corresponding to the functions of the regular army.

Parade on Red Square, 1925 RIA Novosti

As a result, on March 2, 1925, the order of the USSR Revivsovets "On the Implementation of Uniagnosed" was issued. Commissioners, of course, remained, but lost part of their rights, turning into assistants of the commander in political part. But the title of the Commissioner was twice returned to the Red Army.

Whether this happened in the most critical moments of history. The first recovery happened in the midst of a large terror, on August 15, 1937. Stalin was afraid of the Bonapartism of the Supreme Military Guide, so the Commissioner again became equal to the commander: "The military commissar, together with the commander, is obliged to protect the entrusted to him military part... from the penetration and appearance of enemies of the people, spies, saboteurs, pests, stopping immediately and resolutely all sorts of actions that may harm the RKKA. "

In 1940, Stalin, confident that after cleaning officers, the army again became loyal to him personally, allowed to return to uniquely.

July 16, 1941, when the Red Army crushed in the border battles was rapidly retreated, the Commissioners returned to ensure the unquestioning fulfillment of command orders. This time, the task of the Commissioners was different: to ensure "full responsibility for the fulfillment of the military task, for its resistance in battle and unshakable readiness to fight the last drop of blood with the enemies of our Motherland and defend every Soviet Earth's span of the Soviet Earth."

During the Great Patriotic War, the task of the Commissioner has changed - there was no need to track the conspiracy, it was not necessary to deal with German propaganda, which was distinguished by high professionalism and very strongly affected the minds of people.

"As the course of war showed, the Commissioners coped with this in the most difficult period of hostilities," explained Boris Yulin.

Member of the Military Council of the 29th Army Brigadier Commissioner Nikolai Nikiforovich Savkov presents the medal "for the courage" to the Red Army, distinguished in battles. North-West Front 1942 RIA Novosti

"To the Great Patriotic and in the next decades, the role of commissioners, especially after they are transformed into a deposit, closer to the modern functionality of educational work than to the political control of the army," Kramnik added Ilya.

October 9, 1942, although there were still heavy battles for Stalingrad and the Caucasus, the leadership of the USSR became clear that the crisis in the army was overcome, therefore, the system of total political control was not needed - the soldiers themselves were eager to fight the Germans and defeat. Therefore, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR canceled the Commissioners - now finally. Uniqueness in the army was restored. Commissioners in the USSR turned into polymat workers, whose responsibilities were the enlightenment of fighters and the organization of their leisure.