The conflict of India and Pakistan is a protracted armed confrontation, which actually continues from 1947, when these countries have gained independence. During this time, three large wars and many small conflicts have already happened. Associated consent has not yet been possible, moreover, at the beginning of the XXI century, relations between these states only aggravated.

The reasons

The main reason for the conflict of India and Pakistan is a dispute around the Kashmir region. This is an area located in the northwestern part of the Industan Peninsula. Its partition is actually not enshrined by any official agreements, it is a key focus of tensions between countries that occupy it.

Currently, Kashmir is divided into several parts. This is the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir, in which about 10 million people live, the self-proclaimed state of Azad Kashmir, which can be translated as "free Kashmir", about 3.5 million people live in it, Pakistan controls him. There are also northern territories of Gilgit Baltistan under the control of Pakistan, where there are about 1 million more people. A small territory of Kashmir is within the borders of China.

According to the results of the first Kashmir war, India had control over the two thirds of the territory of the region, the rest passed to Pakistan. Because of this region, the voltage between the countries is still preserved.

First Kashmir War

The conflict of India and Pakistan moved to the plane of armed clashes in 1947. After the independence countries gained independence, the region had to move away to Pakistan, as Muslims prevailed in it. But in the leadership, Kashmir turned out to be the Indians who decided to join India.

It all started with the fact that Pakistan declared the northern part of the principality of its territory and introduced troops there. Pakistanis quickly broke the militia. It was assumed that the troops would move towards the main city of Srinagar, but instead the army stopped in captured settlements, starting to robbing.

In response, Indian troops occupy a circular defense around Srinagar, breaking the militia from Muslims acting on the outskirts of the city. Covering the pursuit of breeding forces, the Hindus tried to unlock the Kashmir troops in the Punch area. However, it was not possible, but the city of the boiler was busy, but they could not hold it. In November, the 47th Muslim militia captured MPUR.

After attacking tribal troops, Gianger was captured. Construction of the Hindus received the name "Operation" Vijay. "A new attempt to attack Pakistani troops India has taken from May 1, 1948. They met the fierce resistance of Muslims near Janger, irregular Pakistani detachments joined them.

India continued to attack by starting the operation of "Gulab". Their goals were Valley Gear and Keran. At the same time, the deposited in Punch broke through the blockade. But nevertheless Muslims were able to continue the blockade of this strategically important city. In the framework of the "Bison" surgery, the lungs of the Hindus tanks were transferred to the priest-la. On November 1, they committed an unexpected and rapid offensive, forcing Muslims to retreat first to Matyana, and then to Drassa.

Finally, it was possible to fulfill the punch Debloch. The city was released after the siege, which continued for a whole year.

The result of the first war

The first stage of the Indo-Pakistani conflict ended in a truce. About 60% of Kashmir territory passed under the patronage of India, the control over the rest of the regions left Pakistan. Such a decision was enshrined in UN resolution. Officially truce began to act from January 1, 1949.

During the first conflict of India and Pakistan, the Hindus lost 1104 people killed and more than three thousand wounded. From Pakistan, 4133 people were killed, more than 4500 were injured.

Second Kashmir War

The well-established truce was violated in 1965. Armed conflict was short-lived, but bloody. He lasted from August to September.

It all started with the attempt of Pakistan to arrange an uprising in the Indian part of Kashmir. In the spring of 1965 there was a border conflict. Who provoked him and remains unknown. After several armed clashes, combat parts were presented in complete readiness. The United Kingdom was preceded to flaw, which made the conclusion of an agreement on the result of Pakistan received the territory of 900 square kilometers, although it was originally applied for a larger area.

These events convinced the Pakistani leadership in a significant superiority of their army. It soon tried to solve the conflict by force. The special services of the Muslim state sent saboteurs, the purpose of which began to deploy the war in August 1965. The operation received the code name "Gibraltar". Indians became aware of the sabotage, the troops destroyed the camp, in which the militants were preparing.

The onslaught of Indians was so powerful that the largest city of Pakistani part of Kashmir Muzaffarabad turned out to be at risk. On September 1, Pakistan moved to a counteroffensive, from that moment the open war began. After five days later, the Indian army invaded the territory of Pakistan, causing strikes on the large city of Lahore.

After that, both sides carried out an offensive with a different proportion of success. In East Pakistan, India's Air Force regularly applied shocks. On September 23, the war ended under the pressure of the UN.

Effects

With the participation of the USSR, the Tashkent Declaration on the cease-fire was signed. In both countries, Genrupagand reported a convincing victory. In fact, it was actually a draw. The Air Force Pakistan and India suffered significant losses, although there are no reliable information.

During the fighting, about 3,000 Indians and 3800 Pakistans were killed. NATO countries introduced the embargo on the supply of weapons to these countries. As a result, Pakistan began to cooperate with China, and India was forced to establish close ties with the USSR.

War for Independence Bangladesh

The new round of Indo-Pakistani conflict happened in 1971. This time the reason for India's intervention in civil war in the territory

The crisis there normally long ago, the inhabitants of the eastern part of the country constantly felt themselves by people of the second grade, the state was recognized as the language on which they spoke in the West, after a powerful tropical cyclone, the victims of which were about 500,000 people, the central authorities began to accuse in idle and inefficient assistance . In the East, demanded the resignation of President Yakhia Khan. At the end of 1970, the parliamentary election defeated the party "League of Freedom", which advocated the autonomy of East Pakistan.

According to the Constitution, the "League of Freedom" could form the government, but the leaders of Western Pakistan were against the appointment of Rakhman Prime Minister. As a result, the latter announced the beginning of the struggle for the independence of Eastern Pakistan. The army began an operation to suppress the rebel, Rakhman was arrested. After that, his brother read the text of the independence declaration on the radio, proclaimed the creation of Bangladesh. The civil war began.

Intervention of India

At first, confidently moved forward. According to different estimates, from 300,000 to 1,000,000 inhabitants of the eastern part of the country were killed, about 8 million refugees went to India.

Indira Gandhi Prime Minister supported the independence of Bangladesh, so began a new round in the history of the conflict of India and Pakistan. Indians began to support partisan detachments, and also conducted successful military operations, retreating across the border. On November 21, India Air Force struck the objects in Pakistan. Regular troops went to move. After airlinals, the Indian Gandhi base officially announced the beginning of the war.

At all fronts, the superiority turned out to be on the side of the Indians.

Bangladesh receives independence

As a result of the intervention of the Army of India, Bangladesh gained independence. After the defeat in the war, Yahya-Khan resigned.

Relations between the countries were normalized after the signing of the Siml Agreement in 1972. It was the largest conflict between the two countries. Pakistan lost 7982 people killed, Indians - 1047 people.

Modern condition

For Pakistan and India, Kashmir still remains a stumbling block. Since then, there have been two armed border conflict (in 1984 and 1999) who did not wear a large-scale nature.

In the XXI century, relations between India and Pakistan aggravated due to the fact that both states received from their patrons or they themselves developed nuclear weapons.

Today, USA and China are engaged in the supply of weapons in Pakistan, and in India - Russia. Interestingly, while Pakistan is interested in military cooperation with the Russian Federation, and America is trying to pick up contracts for the supply of weapons to India.

Pakistano-Indian Armed Conflicts 1947-1949, 1965, 1971, clashes of Pakistani and Indian troops, due to the tension of Pakistania-Indian relations due to the problems arising from the division of the former British colony of India into two states - India and Pakistan. These relations were complicated by the subsequent intervention of imperialist countries and the chauvinistic policies of the reactionary circles of both states.

1) originated in April due to the disputed territory - the northern part of the Kachsky Rann desert, where the border between India and Pakistan was not demarked. The fighting between the Pakist divisions. and ind. armies. On June 30, an agreement on the cease-fire was signed. Feb. 19 1969 by the decision of the international. The Tribunal under the auspices of the UN disputed territory was divided between India and Pakistan. July 4, 1969 India and Pakistan agreed with this decision;

2) On August 5, the divisions of specially trained armed groups invaded the Pakistani part of Kashmir in the Kashmir Valley. By the middle of August, the fighting between the Indian and Pakistani troops turned actually along the entire cease-fire line. With the assistance of the UN Security Council on September 23, the fire was discontinued. At the initiative of the Soviet government on January 4-10, 1966, President Pakistan and Prime Minister of India was held in Tashkent, at which an agreement was reached on the discharge of the armed forces of the parties to the positions held by them until August 5, 1965.

Conflict 1971 arose in connection with the unfolded struggle of the people of Eastern Pakistan for independence. The crisis in Pakistan, the influx of several million refugees in India from East Pakistan led to the exacerbation of Indo-Pakistani relations. On November 21, hostilities in East Pakistan began between India and Pakistan. On December 3, the Pakistani army opened military actions and on the Western borders of India. In East Pakistan, Indian troops with the assistance of local partisans - Mustibakhini - by mid-December came to Dhaka. On December 16, Pakistani troops operating in East Pakistan capitulated. The next day, military actions and on the Western Front were discontinued. Vost. Pakistan achieved independence.

Yu. V. Gankovsky

The materials of the Soviet military encyclopedia are used in the 8th volumes, vol. 6.

While the world is concentrated on the tests of ballistic missiles in North Korea, another potential conflict causes more and more concerns. For July, during a shootout between Indian and Pakistani military personnel in Jammu and Kashmir, 11 people were killed and 18 were injured, and four thousand people were forced to leave their homes.

On Sunday, the former Minister of Information and Broadcasting India Warf, which the National Democratic Alliance puts forward to the post-president of the country, said that Pakistan should recall what the collision ended in 1971, when Pakistan was defeated during the third Indo-Pakistani war, And Bangladesh gained independence.

Former Defense Minister of India and Oppositionist Mulayam Singh Yaaav said last week that China uses Pakistan to attack the country and prepares for the attack on India Pakistani nuclear warheads.

Warheads and doctrines

In the spring of this year, The New York Times reported that India thinks about changes in the interpretation of his nuclear doctrine, which prohibits the use of nuclear weapons first. Earlier, India prescribed only a massive retaliatory strike, which assumed strikes around the cities of the enemy.

According to the newspaper, a new approach may imply a preventive limited nuclear strikes on Pakistan's nuclear arsenal for self-defense. While all this, rather speculation, since the conclusions are made on the basis of the analysis of the statements of Indian high-ranking persons without any documentary evidence.

But even such assumptions, firstly, can push Pakistan to an increase in their nuclear opportunities and run the chain reaction of the nuclear armament racing between the two countries, and secondly, can force Pakistan any escalation of the conflict to take a blow to the first.

Already a few days after the publication The New York Times Pakistan accused India in speeding up military nuclear program and prepare for the production of 2,600 warheads. In his June report, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) noted that for the year India added about 10 warheads to his arsenal and gradually expands the infrastructure for the development of its nuclear weapons.

Former Pakistani Brigadier General Feros Khan, a specialist in Pakistan's nuclear program, previously stated that Pakistan had up to 120 nuclear warheads.

© AP Photo / Anjum Naveed

© AP Photo / Anjum Naveed

Last week in Washington, this Pakistani expert also said that the plans of Islamabad on the use of nuclear weapons are based on the doctrine of the NATO of the Cold War, when the use of tactical nuclear strikes on the upcoming enemy forces was assumed. At this, however, the critics of Pakistan objected that Islamabad uses his nuclear status as a cover for maintaining a terrorist war in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir.

For India, the presence of Pakistani tactical nuclear weapons has become a problem. If Pakistan is applicable only to tactical nuclear weapons and only on the field of hostilities, then India, bombing in response, Pakistani cities will look in black light. Hence the talk of the change in the interpretations of the doctrine, when you need to have time to eliminate Pakistani arsenals before they are in force.

Another reason is the arrival of Trump to power in the United States. India believes that with the new American president, she had much more freedom in making decisions on the nuclear program. The US relationship with Pakistan during Trump also go downwards: Americans have ceased to consider Islamabad as a reliable ally in the fight against radicals in Afghanistan. India is, of course, encouraging.

Script that everyone is afraid

The growth of tension at Industane may lead to disastrous consequences. A trigger that will launch a chain of events, leading to a preventive nuclear strike from one side or another, can serve as an escalation in Jammu and Kashmir or a major terrorist attack in India like an attack in Mumbai in 2008.

The main problem, according to many analysts, is that no one knows what the criteria for the use of nuclear weapons to Pakistan and what exactly he can perceive as the beginning of the war from India. The second problem - terrorist attacks in India may not be associated with Pakistan at all, but it will be difficult to convince the Indian side.

In 2008, a US study was published on the consequences of a nuclear war between India and Pakistan. The authors concluded that although the total charges of the two countries and are not so great, their use will lead to a climate catastrophe, which will cause large agricultural problems and mass hunger. As a result, according to the report, for about one billion people will die within ten years. So it seems to be a distant problem of India and Pakistan actually concerns the whole world.

Relations between India and Pakistan are already a fairly long period of time are tense because of a number of surrounding disagreements that have arisen in fact immediately after the status of independent states are gaining.

In 1947, the British India section occurred, which led to the creation of tensions around the Kashmir status and, as a result, to numerous military conflicts between the two countries. Even considering that these two states of South Asia unite common geographical, historical, cultural and economic ties, their relationship is full of hostility and suspicion. The length of the state border between the countries is 2.912 km.

After the collapse of British India in 1947, new sovereign states were formed: Indian Union and Dominion Pakistan. The division of the former British India led to a forced relocation to 12.5 million people, from several hundred thousand to a million people died. India has become a secular state with a majority of the Hindu population, and Pakistan became an Islamic state with most Muslim populations.

Shortly after independence, India and Pakistan have established diplomatic relations, but the violent section and numerous territorial disputes aroused the worsening of their relationship.

As a result, India and Pakistan experienced three large wars, one undeclared war and participated in numerous armed skirmishes and confrontations. The question of the ownership of Kashmir (Kashmir Question) is the main cause of all these conflicts, with the exception of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, which led to the Department of Eastern Pakistan (Sovr. Bangladesh).

Meanwhile, numerous attempts were made to improve relations between India and Pakistan (Sumle Summit, the Summit in Agra and the Summit in Lahore).

Since the beginning of the 1980s, the relationship between the two countries has deteriorated even stronger, especially after the conflict in Siacheken (Siachensky conflict), uprising in Jammu and Kashmir, Indian and Pakistani nuclear tests, as well as Kargil war.

At the same time, some confidence-building measures were taken: the signing of the cease-fire agreement in 2003, the launch of the bus on the route Delhi-Lahore. However, these efforts were crossed by periodic terrorist attacks. In 2001, an attack took place for the Indian Parliament, which put these two countries on the edge of the nuclear war. In 2007, the SAMJHAUTA Express passenger train was undermined, as a result of which several dozens of civilians died. In 2008, an attack took place on Mumbai, when Muslim terrorists killed about 160 India citizens during this attack, as a result of which India stopped peace negotiations with Pakistan.

The Indo-Pakistani conflict at the beginning of the XXI century was aggravated by both states developed (or received from their patrons) nuclear weapons and actively increase their military power. Today, weapons supply to Pakistan is carried out by the United States, and the supply of weapons to India is carried out by Russia.

In chronological terms, the Indo-Pakistani conflict is the confrontation between India and Pakistan, which continues from the moment of their independence in 1947, is divided into several essential stages:

The first Indo-Pakistani War (the first Kashmir War, 1947-1949);

The Second Indo-Pakistani War (the second Kashmir War, 1965);

The Third Indo-Pakistani War (1971), which is connected with the war for the independence of Bangladesh;

Siachensky conflict (since 1984) - a low-intensive border conflict on a Siagenian glacier, a characteristic feature of which was that the main part of the losses of both parties were not as a result of the actions of the enemy, but from heavy climatic conditions (since 2003 there is a cease-fire on Siacheno );

Kargilskaya War (1999), which, unlike three previous armed conflict, did not wear a large-scale nature.

The main reason for the Indo-Pakistan conflict is a dispute around the belonging to the Kashmir region. According to the results of the war 1947-1949. India received control over about 2/3 of the territory of the region, Pakistan received control over about 1/3 of the territory of the region. The Kashmir conflict led to the emergence of tension in relations between the two countries, in general, continuing so far.

Unlike India, Pakistan considers Kashmir conflict by an international dispute, and reserves the right to make this issue for discussion on international forums, allowing the mediation of other states. It requires plebiscite, referring to the relevant UN resolutions. Pakistan talks about the impossibility of starting negotiations with India for any other issues without a first-prior solution to the Kashmir problem.

India also opposes the recognition of the Kashmir problem by an international dispute and rejects any possibility of plebiscite. The main requirement of India is the termination of "cross-border terrorism" - direct support for Pakistan Muslim militants in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. India stands for the need to negotiate on a Kashmir problem without obligatory linking it with all other bilateral controversial moments and complaints (there are seven hundreds of them).

The first Indo-Pakistani War is an armed conflict between India and Pakistan, which emerged after the section of British India.

The cause of the conflict was the dispute about the affiliation of the Principality of Jammu and Kashmir, where the Muslim population prevailed (so he had to move away Pakistan), but the ruling tip consisted of Hindus and Maharaj Kashmir decided to join India.

During the section of British India in August 1947, in the principality of Jammu and Kashmir rules of Maharaj Hari Singh, Hindu, however, 77% of his subjects were Muslims. In several districts of the principality, a rebellion against Maharaja broke out. Then, on October 21, 1947, the militia of the Pashtun tribes of AfriDiyev, Yusufzayev and Masudov from Pakistan, and then "Pakistani volunteers" invaded the principality for the help of the rebel to Muslims.

On October 24, 1947, on the territory engaged in them, the creation of sovereign formation of Azad Kashmir ("Free Kashmir") and the entry of the entire principality in Pakistan was proclaimed. In response to this, Hari Singh declared the accession of Kashmir to India and appealed to the Indian government for military assistance.

The Indian troops were hurried to Kashmir stopped Pakistani troops near the capital of Kashmir - the city of Srinagar. Then, on October 28 - December 22, 1947, negotiations took place between India and Pakistan on the problem of the Kashmir accessories. At these negotiations, the parties in principle recognized the need for the free will of the Kashmir population. However, military actions were not suspended, regular military units of Pakistan were involved in them soon. The battles took a protracted character and continued for almost a year. These events are considered the first Indo-Pakistani war.

By January 1, 1949, the fighting was discontinued, and in August 1949, under the control of the UN, the cease-fire line was carried out, dividing Kashmir into two parts - controlled, respectively, India (60%) and Pakistan (40%). UN military observers arrived at the region.

Several UN resolutions (April 21 and August 13, 1948 and January 5, 1949) urged both parties to the conclusion of troops and holding plebiscite, but nor India, nor Pakistan wished to bring their parts, stating the occupation of the part of the Kashmir opposite. From the very beginning, the USSR, from the very beginning, considered Azad Kashmir of the illegally occupied territory of India. The United States stated a "unresolved problem", but actually supported Pakistan. In 1956, after the adoption of the law on the new administrative division of the country, India provided its Kashmir territories the status of the state of Jammu and Kashmir. The summer capital of the state remained Srinagar, the winter was the city of Jammu. The cease-fire line has become a de facto to the state border between India and Pakistan.

From the territory of Kashmir, located under Pakistani control, most of the lands were allocated to a special agency of the northern territories in the composition of Pakistan with the capital in the city of Gilgit, and only 2169 square meters remained as part of Azad Kashmir. km. In the form of a narrow strip along the cease-fire line. Muzaffrabad became the residence of the Government of Azad Kashmir. Azad Kashmir has the status of a state associated with Pakistan. This quasi-state education formally has even its armed forces.

The possession of at least part of the Kashmir is of particular importance for Pakistan, as it cuts off India from a direct exit to the Central Asian region and to Afghanistan, and Pakistan receives a common border with China.

After the Indo-Chinese War of 1962, Pakistani leadership began negotiations with the PRC about the border demarcation in Kashmir. In 1963, after the signing of the Pakistano-Chinese border agreement, China turned out to be the Indians, part of the Legal Indian Territory, Shaksgam Valley (in addition to the fact that China occupied Aksaychin, another part of Kashmir, since the beginning of the 1950s) .

After as a result of the first Indo-Pakistani war, 1947-1949. India received most of the controversial territory of Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan constantly looking for ways to take away Kashmir to himself. The convenient opportunity was provided after the Chinese-Indian border war of 1962, when India took up a large re-equipment of his army. In this period, Pakistan's troops inferior in numbers received a qualitative advantage over the troops of India, and the first one decided to use it.

In December 1963, the loss of a sacred relic from the Khazratbal mosque in Srinagar caused excitement among Muslims in the Kashmir Valley, and Pakistan was regarded as the preparedness of the masses to the revolution. The command of the Pakistani Armed Forces considered that secret operations in combination with the threat of war will solve the Kashmir conflict in favor of Pakistan.

The plan of the operation called "Gibraltar" was prepared back in the 1950s, and now it was decided to let him down.

Operation "Gibraltar" - the secret operation of Pakistan, who tried to cause an uprising in the part of the state of the state of Jammu and Kashmir controlled by India. Served as a reason for the second Indo-Pakistani war of 1965

At the end of July - early August 1965, the Pakistani military, members of the special-purpose groups, as well as irregular formations began to cross the control line and leak into the territory controlled by Indian troops. There they occupied dominant heights and raised the population to the uprising, which should have been supported by Pakistani troops. In parallel with campaign, the divisions that penetrated the Indian territory took up and sabotage activities: destroyed roads, bridges and tunnels, attacked warehouses, headquarters and airfields.

Despite the efforts of Pakistanis, only four districts rebelled. In general, the Kashmir population was not prone to cooperation; On the contrary, people began to warn the Indian authorities about the preparing promotions and hand out agitators. The Indian army immediately advanced to the border guard, which began to attack sabotage groups; Most border violators were captured. India accused Pakistan in the back of the militants, and the Pakistani government denied any involvement. Nevertheless soon it turned out that the detainees were Pakistanis, and some of them were even officers of the Armed Forces of Pakistan; UN troops in Kashmir also confirmed the fact of Pakistani intervention.

On August 15, 1965, after artillery training, the Indian army invaded Azad Kashmir to destroy the camps of the militants. Success inspired Indian troops, as it came on India's independence day. The battles continued until the end of the month, until the imported sections were transferred under Indian control, through which the supply of militants was carried out.

To weaken the pressure on the 12th division and protect the Muzaffarabad from the Indian Army, the Pakistani command began on September 1, 1965. The operation "Big Helmet". However, India violated Palkitan's plans, deciding not to limit the conflict by the Kashmir region, and starting the fighting in Punjab. So the Second Indo-Pakistani War began.

The second Indo-Pakistani War is an armed conflict between India and Pakistan, which occurred in August - September 1965. Began to attempt by Pakistan to raise the uprising in the Indian part of the controversial state of Kashmir, the conflict soon adopted the nature of the border war between the two states. The fighting did not reveal the winner. The war ended in a draw after the UN intervention.

In the spring of 1965, a border conflict occurred between India and Pakistan because of the desert territory of the Big Kachstsky Rann. Who provoked the conflict, remains unclear, but in March - April 1965, armed clashes between the border guards of both countries were aroused on the border, the armed forces of both countries were presented in full combat readiness and closed to the border. The conflict did not have time to bloom into full force: the United Kingdom intervened in it, with the mediation of which the parties on June 30, 1965 concluded an agreement on the cease-fire. The dispute around the Kachsky Rann was fully resolved on July 4, 1969, concluded in Islamabad agreements: Pakistan received 900 km² of territory, although he claimed a much larger area.

Events in the Kachska Early, apparently convinced the Pakistani leadership in the superiority of the National Army over Indian, and bowed him to the power attempt to decide the Kashmir problem. According to the results of the first Indo-Pakistani war 1947-1948. The staff of Kashmir was divided into two parts, departed to the warring parties. Pakistan did not leave hopes to establish control over the Indian part of the state. Pakistani special services began a reference to the Indian Kashmir prepared by the saboteurs who had to raise the uprising there in early 1965 and deploy the partisan war against Indians. This operation that wearing the code name "Gibraltar" completely failed. Indians became aware that the saboteurs arrive from the Pakistani part of the state, and on August 15, 1965, the Indian army invaded to destroy the camps for the preparation of militants.

The Defense District 12th Pakistani Division could not hold back the offensive of the Indian Corps, and very soon the threat of seizure hung over Muzaffarabad, the "capital" of Pakistani Kashmir. To weaken the opponent's pressure on the 12th division, the Pakistani command of September 1, 1965 launched an offensive on the Indian part of Kashmir. From this point on, an open war went between India and Pakistan. India did not stop in front of the escalation of hostilities, for the first time by turning them outside the Kashmir on September 6, 1965, when the Indian army invaded the territory of Pakistan. The blow was applied towards the major city of Lahore. The troops reached almost to Lahore, after which they were discarded back by Pakistani counterattack.

In the future, both parties carried out the offensive and counteroffensive several times, trying to achieve any major success. The pride of the Pakistani army, the 1st tank division, began to promote in the direction of the Indian city of Amritsar, having a task to seize him, but he fell into an ambush near the village of Asal-Uttar and suffered large losses in the course, perhaps the most famous battle of Indo-Pakistani wars. In turn, the Indians failed to break through the Pakistan defense in the Salcotian direction, although in his stubborn battles still seized the village of Phillora.

The fighting in Eastern Pakistan did not have a special level, although aviation of the parties regularly bombed the location of the dislocation of troops and the supply base.

On September 22, 1965, the UN Security Council adopted a resolution that encouraged the warring parties to stop fighting. September 23, 1965 the war ended. With the mediation of the USSR in January 1966, Pakistan President Ayub Khan and the Prime Minister of India Shasti signed the Tashkent Declaration, which summed up the final trait under the war.

The Tashkent Declaration of 1966 - a diplomatic agreement signed on January 10, 1966. As a result of a meeting in Tashkent President Pakistan M. Ayub Khan with India Prime Minister L. B. Shastri with the participation of the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR A.N. Kosygin. The meeting was undertaken on the initiative of the USSR to normalize relations between India and Pakistan after the war between the two countries in 1965

The Declaration provided for measures to eliminate the consequences of the conflict, including the discharge of the armed forces of both countries in the positions that they occupied before the start of hostilities, the resumption of the normal activities of diplomatic missions, discussion of measures to restore between India and Pakistan economic and trade relations.

Another day after the signing of the declaration, the Prime Minister of India Lal Bahadur Shastras died in Tashkent.

The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 ended without a convincing victory of any of the parties. And in India, and in Pakistan, state propaganda reported on the successful completion of the war. The latter month of war took more than 5 thousand lives, hundreds of tanks and tens of aircraft were destroyed, although the figures of the losses given by official sources on both sides completely disagree with each other.

In December 1971, the third, the largest Indo-Pakistani War occurred. The cause of the war was the intervention of India into a civil war, which was walking in East Pakistan.

The war ended in the surrender of Pakistani troops in East Pakistan, rejection from Pakistan of this province and proclaiming there by the independent state of Bangladesh. Fights walked in Kashmir, although there was not one of the parties to achieve a decisive success. In the summer of 1972, in the city of the symbol in India, the head of both states signed an agreement, which consolidated the result of the war and according to which the parties pledged to authorize all the controversial issues peacefully. According to the agreement, the control line was installed in Kashmir, which almost coincided with the cease-fire line of 1949. The Siml Agreement, however, is interpreted in different ways.

The war of 1971 became the largest in terms of Indo-Pakistani conflicts.

In the late 1980s, the situation in Jammu and Kashmir was greatly aggravated against the background of the general socio-economic crisis. There, the activities of several terrorist organizations that demanded the "freedom of Cashmir occupied by India" under Islamic slogans were activated. Pakistani authorities began to supply militants with weapons and provided it in their territory camp to prepare. In the actions of terrorist groups in Jammu and Kashmir, Afghan Mujaheds took significant participation.

In addition, there were collisions of the regular troops of India and Pakistan on the control line in 1984-1986. On the highland glacier is shiown near Chinese territory. The control line does not pass through this glacier (by agreement 1949, the cease-fire line was to be installed "to glaciers"), so it is actually a territory with an indefinable status.

Siachensky conflict (April 13, 1984 - January 3, 1987) - Armed conflict between Pakistan and India for the disputed territory of the Glacier Siachen. Ended by the victory of India over Pakistan and the simplicity of Xiage under Indian control.

By the beginning of 1984, Pakistan was preparing for the war with India for the territory of the Saltoro Ridge and the Siachen Glacier. However, India inflicted the first blow, starting the operation of Meggs in April 1984, the regiment of Indian soldiers was transferred through the air to Siageni, they captured control over two aisles: Sia-la and Bilford-la, which opened a way out of the strategic Karakorum highway. Pakistan tried in vain to return these passes in the late 1984 and 1985.

In 1986, the Pakistani army again failed in this section of the front. Having shifted by the military passage and skill of climbing, Bana Singh captured the Pakistani checkpoint at an altitude of 6400 m. This checkpoint was renamed to "Ban", in honor of the courage of the officer of the Indian army.

In order to knock on India's troops from Bilford-la, Pakistan sent the elite commands of Commandos in 1987, General Paras Musharraf personally commanded this special unit. In September 1987, the battle began, in which India again won the Pakistan. Although Pakistan failed in his attempt to capture Bilford-la, India never managed to capture the strategically important city of Hapla, the capital of the Pakistani district of Ghanche.

Currently, Pakistan supports three battalions on the border with Siachen, and India has seven battalions in this section of the border. A huge outflow of funds for the maintenance of troops in this region forced India and Pakistan to open a dialogue for peaceful siaven siene without territorial damage on both sides. But these negotiations did not end so, most of the Siagenian glacier is controlled by the Indian authorities.

From 1987 to 2001 In Kashmir, there was practically no day without shelling the border shop of one side or another, often with the use of artillery.

In 1990, in Jumma and Kashmir, in connection with the sharp escalation of the activities of militants, a direct presidential rule was introduced and the Indian troops of up to 20 divisions were introduced into the staff.

In 1999, an unprecedented increase in tension in Kashmir began. Up to a thousand militants who penetrated from Pakistan, overcame the control line in five sectors. Throwing the small garrisons of Indian border crossing, they secured on the Indian side of the control line on a number of tactically important heights. They were covered by Pakistani artillery, leading fire through the control line. So the Kargilsk war began. This conflict ended with the victory of Indians, by the end of July 1999 it was possible to repel almost all territories captured by the militants in the first days of battle. Outcome: cessation of fire, return to pre-war positions.

Kargilskaya War - a border armed conflict between India and Pakistan, which occurred on May 3 - July 26, 1999

At the end of 1998 and early 1999, a noticeable warming has emerged in relations between India and Pakistan. Several summits were held, in February, India Prime Minister A. B. Vajpai visited the Pakistani city of Lahore, where the bus service was opened between Lahore and Amritsar. The Lahore Declaration was signed, designed to reduce the risk of random or unauthorized use of nuclear weapons (in 1998, both countries conducted nuclear tests). At the same time, the key problem of bilateral relations remained the question of the state of Jammu and Kashmir, separated by the line of control after the war 1947-1948. In the Indian part of the state, partisans continued to operate, seeking to separate it from India and joining Pakistan. On the control line constantly took place artillery shootouts between the two countries.

Not all representatives of the Pakistani military elite supported the course for the rapprochement of Pakistan with India. In the General Staff of the Pakistani Army, a plan of penetration into the Indian part of the state and classes of a number of positions in the mountains in the mountains in the district of Kargil was likely to force the Indians to leave the Eastern Glacier of the Siageni, the place of sporadic hostilities between the border guards of the two countries since the 1980s.

The conflict has ended with the formally victory of Indians, since they managed to repel almost all territories captured by the militants in the first days of battle.

The victory was able to win the extremely high voltage of troops, creating a multiple numerical advantage, using heavy weapons - despite the fact that the militants were equipped with light and small arms (Pakistani artillery, although he made himself felt, was still pretty narrow).

Political consequences were very deplorable for Pakistan. The defeat affected the moral state of the country's armed forces and generally caused damage to the reputation of Pakistani military and government. The tense relations, established after the war between the P. Musharraf, the headquarters, the headquarters of the land forces P. Musharraf, turned into a coup and displacement of N. Sharif from the post of head of government. In Pakistan, after a 12-year break, the military came to power.

The conflict left a lot of unresolved issues, which led to another confrontation in 2001-2002.

The confrontation of India and Pakistan (December 13, 2001 - October 10, 2002) was the largest cross-border opposition of the armed forces in the history of modern Indo-Pakistani relations. The reason for the beginning of the confrontation was unresolved questions that left the Kargil War of 1999. The result: the intervention of third-party states, the settlement of the conflict.

After the Kargil War of 1999, in 2001 there was an escalation of conflict between India and Pakistan.

In May 2001, the head of Pakistan P. Musharraf in response to the invitation to visit India gave fundamental agreement to apply such a visit. This summit ended to no avail, since none of the parties wished to move away from his long-term position on a Kashmir problem. Nevertheless, the very fact of the meeting was significant, since the parties recognized the ability to dialogue with each other and showed a desire to resume interrupted negotiation process.

However, after the meeting, they resumed, somewhat subsided after the end of the Kargilsky crisis on the control line between the regular parts of both countries. In October, there were several terrorist attacks in Kashmir, and after the attack on December 13, 2001, the militant groups on the Indian Parliament building in Delhi (December 13, 2001, a group of five armed men penetrated the building of the Indian Parliament, killing seven people, which caused a new confrontation On the border) India, accusing Pakistan in the awareness of the terrorists, began to transfer troops to the border with Pakistan and the control line in Kashmir.

All December 2001 and January 2002, both states were balancing on the verge of war. Both sides pulled numerous army formations to the international border: within the framework of the Parabram Operation ("Power") India and the Sangharsha Operation ("Fighting") Pakistan, concentrated 500,000 military personnel.

Military exercises began, both parties balanced on the verge of war. The peak of tension occurred in May - June 2002. Three-quarters of the land forces of India and almost all the land forces of Pakistan were pulled into the border. There was a real threat to the use of nuclear weapons. Any chance could provoke the beginning of a nuclear war between countries with a large number of victims. The parties managed to reassure only after international intervention: the United States conducted negotiations with Pakistan, and Russia led negotiations with India. In fact, the confrontation between India and Pakistan ended June 10, 2002.

In October 2002, the troops of both countries completely left the cross-border zone.

Currently, the length of the boundary between India and Pakistan is 2912 kilometers. The only settlement through which you can cross the border between the two states, the village of Vagach (the eastern part of the village is located in India, the western part of the village is located in Pakistan).

Vagach is located on the old Great Wayway between the cities of Amritsar and Lahore. A controversial line of Radcliffe was held through Vagach in 1947. The part of the Indo-Pakistani border, located in Vagach, is often called the "Berlin Wall of Asia". Here every evening the ceremony under the name "Descent of Flags" is held, the first of which was held in 1959 for compliance with the order on the border, the border troops of India and Pakistan are responsible.

There is also a "control line" - the demarcation line between India and Pakistan, conducted by the former principality of Jammu and Kashmir - unrecognized legally, but de Facto is the border. Originally was called the "Line of the Fire Line", but was renamed the "Control Line" after the agreement in the Siml, July 3, 1972, the Indian part of the principality is known as Jammu and Kashmir. Pakistani part of the principality is known as Gilgit Baltistan and Azad Kashmir. The northern point of the line is called NJ9842.

There is also a line of actual control (LAC), which takes into account Chinese claims on Aksai Chin.

The actual control line is the demarcation line between India and China, for a long time formerly unrecognized legally, but being the border of De Facto. The line has a length of 4057 km long and includes three sections: Western (passes through the Ladakh district, considered by India as part of the state of Jammu and Kashmir); Central (limits from the northeast Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand); East (serves as the actual northern border of the states of Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh).

The term "actual control line" received legal recognition in the Sino-Indian agreements signed in 1993 and 1996. The 1996 agreement indicated: "None of the states can take actions to revise the actual control line."

Islamabad and Delhi are ready at any time to arrange a nuclear slaughter. We continue to analyze modern conflict situations in the world that can lead to major wars. Today we will talk about more than 60-year-old Indo-Pakistani confrontation, which in the 21st century aggravated by the fact that both states have developed (or received from their patrons) nuclear weapons and actively increase their military power.

Threat for all

Indo-Pakistani military conflict occupies, perhaps, the most ignorant place in the list of modern threats to mankind. According to an employee of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation Alexander Shilina, " of particular explosion hazards, the confrontation of these two states acquired when India, and Pakistan, having conducted a series of nuclear tests, demonstrated their ability to create nuclear weapons. Thus, the South Asian Military confrontation has become the second in the whole world history with a focus of nuclear deterrence (after the Cold War between the USSR and the USA)».

It is aggravated by the fact that neither India nor Pakistan signed an agreement on non-proliferation of nuclear weapons And continue to refrain from joining it. They consider this contract discriminatory, that is, by establishing the right to possess nuclear weapons after a small group of "privileged" countries and cut off all other states from the right to ensure their own security by all available means. Accurate data on nuclear capabilities of the Armed Forces of India and Pakistan in open printing is not published.

According to some estimates, both states set themselves the goal (and maybe already reached it) to bring the number of nuclear ammunition from 80 to 200 on each side. In the case of their application, this is enough so that the ecological catastrophe questiones the survival of all mankind. The reasons for the conflict and the fierce, with which it develops, indicates that such a threat is quite real.

Conflict history

As you know, India and Pakistan have been part of the English colony of India until 1947. The United Kingdom in the 18th century by fire and the sword took the feudal principalitys here under their wing. Inhabited their numerous peoples who could approximately be divided into actually indigenous inhabitants of the country and Muslims - descendants of India in the XII-XIII centuries of Persians. All these nations relatively peacefully got along with each other.

Nevertheless, the Indians focused mainly in the territory of the current India, and Muslims are in the present Pakistan. On the lands that are now owned by Bangladesh, the population was mixed. In a large part, it consisted of Bengalov - Hindus to Islam.

Britain made troubles in relatively peaceful life tribes. Following the old and proven principle of "divide and conquer", the British conducted a policy of separation of the population on a religious basis. Nevertheless, the national liberation struggle has led here after World War II to the formation of independent states. North-West Punjab, Sind, North-West Province, Belukhistan moved to Pakistan. It was undoubtedly because these land were inhabited by Muslims.

A separate area has become part of the previously divided Bengal - East Bengal or East Pakistan. This enclave could communicate with the rest of Pakistan only through the territory of India or by sea, but for this it was necessary to overcome more than three thousand miles. Such a division has already laid the focus of tensions between the two countries, but the main problem is the situation with the principalities of Jammu and Kashmir.

In the Kashmir Valley, 9 people from ten confessed Islam. At the same time, historically developed so that the entire ruling tip consisted of Indians who, naturally, wanted to incorporate the principality in India. Naturally, Muslims did not agree with such a prospect. Efiltration of groups of armed pulshuns began in Kashmir, and infiltration of groups of armed Pashtuns began with the territory of Pakistan. On October 25, they entered the capital of the Principality of Srinagar. Two days later, the Indian parts returned Srinagar and discarded the rebels from the city. The Government of Pakistan also introduced regular troops into battle. Simultaneously in both countries, repression against the innerians took place. So the first Indo-Pakistani war began.

In bloody battles, artillery was widely used, armored units and aviation participated. By the summer of 1948, the Pakistani army occupied the northern part of Kashmir. On August 13, the UN Security Council adopted a resolution on the cease-fire by both parties, but only on July 27, 1949, Pakistan and India signed a truce. Kashmir turned out to be divided into two parts. For this, the other parties paid a terrible price - more than a million killed and 17 million refugees.

On May 17, 1965, the 1949 truce was brokenAccording to many historians, India: the Indian infantry battalion crossed the ceasefire line in Kashmir and took several Pakistani bouncer with the battle. On September 1, regular parts of the Pakistani and Indian armies in Kashmir entered combat contact. The Pakistani Air Force began to strike on major cities and industrial centers of India. Both countries have actively carried out the abandonment of airborne troops.

It is not known how it all ended, if it were not for the strongest diplomatic press, which forced Delhi to stop the war. The Soviet Union is the longtime and traditional ally of India, was annoyed by this military adventure Delhi. In the Kremlin, not without reason was afraid that China on the side of the Allied Pakistan can be joined in the war. This happens like this, the United States would support India; Then the USSR would be dropped into the background, and his influence in the region would be undermined.

By request Alexey Koshygin then president of Egypt Nasser Personally flew to Delhi and criticized the Indian government for violation of the cease-fire agreement. On September 17, the Soviet government invited both parties to meet in Tashkent and resolve the conflict to a peaceful way. On January 4, 1966, Indo-Pakistani negotiations began in the Uzbek capital. After a long dispute, on January 10, it was decided to take troops to the pre-war border and restore the status quo.

Nor India, nor Pakistan were pleased with the "survey": Each party considered his victory stolen. Indian generals stated that if the USSR did not intervene, they would have been sitting in Islamabad for a long time. And their Pakistani colleagues argued that they were still a week, they would block the Hindus in the southern Kashmir and made a tank throw on Delhi. Soon, those and others have an opportunity to be measured by the forces.

It began with the fact that on November 12, 1970, Typhoon, who took about three hundred and thousands of lives, swept over Bengalia. Holding destruction has further worsened the life level of benglets. In his distressed position, they accused Pakistani authorities and demanded autonomy. Islamabad instead of help sent troops there. It did not begin the war, but a slaughter: the first broken beagles were given tanks, grabbed on the streets and brought to the lake in the vicinity of Chittagong, where tens of thousands of people were shot from machine guns, and their bodies were drowning in the lake. Now it is a lake called the lake of the rebels. Mass emigration began in India, where there were about 10 million people. India began to provide military assistance to rebel detachments. In the end, this led to the new Indian-Pakistani war.

The main theater of combat operations became BengalWhere military fleets of both parties played a crucial role in conducting operations: after all, this Pakistani enclave could only be provided by the sea. Considering the overwhelming power of the Indian Navy - aircraft carrier, 2 cruisers, 17 destroyers and frigates, 4 submarines, whereas the cruiser, 7 destroyers and frigates and 4 submarines were listed in the Pakistani fleet and 4 submarines - the outcome of events was predetermined. The most important outcome of the war was the loss of Pakistan of his anklav: East Pakistan became an independent state of Bangladesh.

Decades that have passed after this war were rich in new conflicts. Particularly acute occurred in the late 2008 beginning of 2009, when the Indian city of Mumbai is attacked by the terrorists. At the same time, Pakistan refused to issue India's persons suspected of involvement in this action.

Today, India and Pakistan continue to balance on the verge of open war.And the Indian authorities stated that the fourth Indo-Pakistani war should be the last.

Silence in front of the explosion?

First Vice President of the Academy of Geopolitical Problems dr. Military Sciences Konstantin Sivkov In a conversation with the correspondent "SP", this was commented that the situation in the modern relations of India and Pakistan was commented:

In my opinion, at the moment, Indo-Pakistani military conflict is at the bottom of the conditional sinusoid. The management of Pakistan today solves the difficult task of confronting pressure from Islamic fundamentalists who find support in the depths of Pakistani society. In this regard, the conflict with India went to the background.

But the confrontation of Islam and the Pakistani authorities is very characteristic of the current world defold. Pakistani power pro-American to the brain of bones. And the Islamists who fight against Americans in Afghanistan and strike them to their defaults in Pakistan, represent the other side - objectively, so to speak, anti-imperialist.

As for India, she is now not to Pakistan. She sees where the world rolls, and seriously occupied by re-equipment of his army. Including modern Russian military equipment, which, by the way, is almost nothing to say in our troops.

- against whom she is arming?

It is clear that the United States sooner or later can inspire the war with Pakistan. An old conflict is a favorable soil for this. In addition, the current NATO War in Afghanistan may affect the provocation of the next turn of the Indo-Pakistani military confrontation.

The fact is that during the time it goes, the United States put in Afghanistan (and therefore indirectly and Pakistani Taliban) a huge amount of land weapons, the return of which back to the United States is a cost-effective operation. This weapon is doomed to use, and it will shoot. Indian leadership understands this. And prepares for such a course of events. But the current re-equipment of the Indian army has, in my opinion, and a more global goal.

- What are you speaking about?

I have repeatedly paid attention to the fact that the world with a catastrophic acceleration rushed to the beginning of the "hot" period of the Regular World War. This is due to the fact that the global economic crisis did not end, and it can be allowed only by building a new world order. And the case that the new world order is built bloodlessly, there was no more in the story. Events in North Africa and other countries are a prologue, the first sounds of the coming world war. At the head of the new redistribution of the world is Americans.

Today we are watching the almost fully formed military coalition of US Satellites (Europe plus Canada). But the confrontative coalition is still formed. In my opinion, it has two components. The first - BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa). The second component is the countries of the Arab world. They are just beginning to realize the need to create a single defense space. But the processes go fast.

The Indian leadership is perhaps the most adequately reacts to the sinister changes in the world. It seems to me, soberly looks into a more or less distant future, when the formed anti-American coalition still will have to face the main enemy. In India there is a real army reform, not what we have.

Disappointing calculations

Somewhat different opinion an employee of one of the departments of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation Alexander Shilova:

It is clear that nuclear containment on the part of India is primarily aimed against those states that it considers likely opponents. First of all, it is Pakistan, which, as well as India, takes measures to form strategic nuclear forces. But also the potential threat from China over the years has been one of the main factors that influenced India's military planning.

It is enough to recall that the Indian nuclear military program itself, the beginning of which dates back to the mid-60s, became mainly the answer to the emergence of nuclear weapons in the People's Republic of China (1964), especially since China in 1962 India's severe defeat in the border war . To curb Pakistan, India seems to be enough of several dozen charges. According to Indian specialists, the minimum in this case would be the potential that ensures the survival rate of 25-30 carriers with ammunition after the first sudden nuclear strike from Pakistan.

Given the size of the territory of India and the ability to significantly disperse the means of a nuclear attack, it can be assumed that the blow from Pakistan, even the most massive, will not be able to disable most of Indian Shenas. Indian response to the use of at least 15-20 nuclear charges will undoubtedly lead to irreparable damage up to the full collapse of the Pakistani economy, especially since the radius of Indian aviation and the developed daily ballistic missiles allows you to strive actually any object in Pakistan.

Therefore, if we mean only Pakistan, an arsenal of 70-80 ammunition can be apparently more than enough. Justice should be noted that the Indian economy will hardly be able to withstand a nuclear strike using at least 20-30 charges from the same Pakistan.

However, if you proceed simultaneously from the principle of application of unacceptable damage and non-use of nuclear weapons first, then in the case of China it will be necessary to place an arsenal, at least comparable to Chinese, and Beijing now has 410 charges, from them on intercontinental ballistic missiles not more than 40. It is clear That if you count on the first blow from China, then Beijing is able to deduce a very significant part of the nuclear attack of India. Thus, their total amount must be approximately comparable to the Chinese arsenal and reach a few hundred to ensure the necessary percentage of survival.

As for Pakistan, the leadership of this country constantly makes it clear that the threshold of the possible use of nuclear weapons in Islamabad can be quite low. At the same time (in contrast to India) Islamabad, apparently intends to proceed from the possibility of using its nuclear weapons first.

So, according to pakistani analyst Lieutenant General S. Lodi, « in the event of a dangerous situation when the Indian offensive with the use of conventional funds will threaten to break through our defense, or will already carry out a breakthrough, which cannot be eliminated by conventional measures that are at our disposal, the government will not have any other possibility, except for the use of our nuclear weapons to stabilize Regulations».

In addition, according to a number of statements of Pakistanis, in order to countermeasure, nuclear fugas may be applied to the array of Indian land forces to minide them border with India zone.

Our certificate

The regular armed forces of India number 1.303 million people (fourth place in the world in the number of Sun). Reserve 535 thousand people.
Ground troops (980 thousand people) Make up the basis of the armed forces. In service with HR consists:
- Five PU OTR "Pritkhvi";
- 3,414 combat tanks (T-55, T-72M1, "Ardjun", "Vijayanta");
- 4 175 field artillery tools (155-mm Maubitsa FH-77B "Boiffs", 152-mm warmness, 130-mm guns M46, 122-mm Maubitsa D-30, 105-mm self-propelled Gaubits "Abbot", 105-mm warm IFG MK I / II and M56, 75-mm gun RCU M48);
- more than 1,200 mortars (160 mm Tampellla M58, 120-mm "Brandt" AM50, 81-mm L16A1 and E1);
- about 100 122 mm RSSO BM-21 and ZRAR;
- Milan PRK, "Baby", "Fagot", "Competition";
- 1 500 Refractory tools (106 mm M40A1, 57-mm M18);
- 1 350 BMP-1 / -2; 157 BTR from 62/64; Over 100 BRDM-2;
- SPRK "SQADAT", "OSA-AKM" and "Strela-1"; CRPK "TUNGUSA", as well as CRKK "Needle", "Strela-2". In addition, there are 2 400 installations of anti-aircraft artillery 40-mm L40 / 60, L40 / 70, 30-mm 2C6, 23 mm ZU-23-2, ZSSU-23-4 "SHIL-KA", 20-mm gun " Erlikon ";
- 160 Multi-purpose helicopters "CITAI".

Air Force (150 thousand people) are in service with 774 combat and 295 aircraft auxiliary aviation. Fighter-bombarding aircraft includes 367 aircraft reduced in 18 IBae (one Su-30K, three MiG-23, four "Jaguar", six MiG-27, four MiG-21). As part of fighter aircraft - 368 aircraft reduced in 20 IEE (14 MiG-21, one MiG-23MF and mind, three MiG-29, two Mirage-2000), as well as eight SU-30MK aircraft. In the intelligence aviation there is one squadron of Canberra aircraft (eight cars) and one MiG-25R (six), as well as two MiG-25u aircraft, Boeing 707 and Boeing 737. The Aviation Reb includes four Canberra aircraft and four HS 748 helicopter.
In service with transport aviation are 212 aircraftThe 13 Squadrils (Six An-32, but two in-228, WEA-748 and IL-76), as well as two Boeing 737-200 aircraft and seven aircraft WEA-748. In addition, in service with aviation parts 28 aircraft Wae-748, 120 "Kiran-1", 56 "Kiran-2", 38 "Hunter" (20 R-56, 18 T-66), 14 "Jaguar", nine MiG -29ub, 44 TS-11 "Spark" and 88 training and training NRT-32. Helicopter aircraft includes 36 shock helicopters reduced in three squadrons of the Mi-25 and Mi-35, as well as 159 transport and combat helicopters Mi-8, Mi-17, Mi-26 and "Cata", reduced in 11 squadrons. The air defense forces are organizationally reduced in 38 squadrons. In service consist: 280 PU SPC S-75 "Dvina", C-125 "Pechora". In addition, to increase the combat capabilities of the air defense, the command suggests buying anti-aircraft missile systems with the C-300PMU and "Buk-M1" in Russia.

Naval forces (55 thousand people, including 5 thousand - marine aviation, 1.2 thousand - marine infantry) include 18 submarines, the aircraft carrier "Viraat", Delhi, Squaded Delhi Museum, ART, Linder, Linder, Hurry Type Corvettes (25), "Peter 3" (Ave. 159a ).
In service with aircraft Navy consists of 23 shock aircraft "SI Harrier" (two squadrons); 70 anti-submarine helicopters (six squadrils): 24 "CHATIK", seven ka-25, 14 ka-28, 25 "Si King"; Three squadrons of basic patrol aviation (five IL-38 aircraft, eight Tu-142m, 19 DO-228, 18 BN-2 "Defenender"), a squadron of communication (ten DO-228 and three "Cell"), rescue helicopter squadron (six Helicopters "Si King"), two training squadrons (six HJT-16 aircraft, eight NRT-32, two helicopters "Citak" and four "Hughes 300").

Armed Forces Pakistan

The number of servicemen is 587,000, mobilization resources - 33.5 million people.
Ground troops - 520,000 people. Armament:
- 18 OTP "Hagf", "Shahin";
- more than 2320 tanks (M47. M48A5, T-55, T-59, 300 T-80UD);
- 850 BTR M113;
- 1590 field artillery guns;
- 240 self-propelled guns;
- 800 PU PTU;
- 45 RZSO and 725 mortars;
- more than 2000 guns of anti-aircraft artillery;
- 350 CRKK ("Stinger", "Red ah", RBS-70), 500 HRRK "Anza";
- 175 aircraft and 134 AA helicopters (20 of which are 20 shock AH-1F).

Air Force - 45,000 people. Airplane and helicopter park: 86 Mirage (Mass, 3DP, 3RP, 5R. R2, DPA, DPA2), 49 Q-5, 32 F-16 (A and B), 88 J-6, 30 JJ-5, 38 J-7, 40 MFI-17B, 6 MiG-15UTI, 10 T-ZZa, 44 T-37 (VIS), 18K-8, 4 "Atlangik", 3 R-ZS, 12 C-130 (B and E ), L-100, 2 Boeing 707, 3 "Falcon-20", 2 F.27-200, 12 CJ-6A, 6 SA-319, 12 SA-316, 4 SA-321, 12 SA-315B.

Navy fleet - 22,000 people. (including 1,200 in MP and about 2,000 in the Marine Security Agency). Ship stops: 10 GSH (1 "Agosta-90V", 2 "Agosta", 4 "Daphne", etc.), 3 soup MG 110, B FR URO "AMAZON", 2 FR "Linder", 5 РCA (1 " Japalat ", 4" Danfeng "), 4 PKA (1" Larkan ", 2" Shanghai-2 ", 1" Town "), 3 MTK" Eridan ", 1 GIS 6 tt. 3 Aviation Navy: Aircraft - 1 PE (3 R-ZS, 5 F-27, 4 "Aglantic-1"); Helicopters - 2 AE PRV (2 "Linen" HAS.3.6 "SI King MK45, 4 SA-319B).

/Sergey Turchenko, based on svpressa.ru. and tOPWAR.RU. /