A recruitment in captivity by the Russian language our hero became interested in the task of British intelligence. "In Cambridge, the Russian language and literature was taught to us, published from the St. Petersburg British family, - recalled Blake. - she inspired us, students, interest in Russia,

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Peter Nikolaevich Pali

Notes of the prisoner officer

Part one.

Start of war

In my notes about the years spent in German captivity, dozens of people appear, with some, I somehow come into contact during this time. All those about the death of which I am reliably known, as well as those who, in their age they could not live to the present, are named real names. I also give real names of those who, in their activities, in terms of life camps of prisoners deserve harsh renewal and condemnation, with hope for something, one of them is still alive and read these notes, he, remember the years of captivity, turns his shame for his behavior. All the same those who have probably lived to this year, "here" or "there," I hide under masks of fictional names, for quite understandable reasons.

The one who will read these notes about the events of 1941-1945, now, in the second half of the 80s, of course, will be able to find and inaccuracies, and a large dose of naivety, both in the assessment of what is happening and in the foresee of the future. Then we, the mass of prisoners of war in Poland camps, and then Germany, were completely isolated from around the world with rows of barbed wire and the bayles of German security. Information about the events occurring in the world was extremely limited, and what was seeping for us was usually distorted, rather replicated or had intentionally propaganda. But writing about how we thought they lived, experienced events, what hopes we had for the future, making adjustments to the knowledge and understanding of the story accumulated over the next 40 years, it would be simple. Therefore, collecting all old notes, documents, drafts and other materials in one whole, I tried to stay with whom I was then 40 years ago.

1. Before the war

My military Career It began suddenly, without warning, preparation and without the slightest desire on my part to such a radical change of all my life. A few days after the new year, in January 1941, I was told from the military registration and enlistment office that I was called to serve in the Red Army and enrolled in its frames with the rank of military engineer of the 3rd rank. In the order that I received on my hands, on the form of the People's Commissariat of the USSR Defense, it was stated that I should pass my office and on January 15 to come to the draft board for documents and go to the destination.

The leadership of the trust, in which I worked, attempted to keep me at work and to cancel the order of the People's Commissariat. The director of the Trust Music went to various institutions, called the phone to Moscow, to the main management of the power industry, in the defense professionate, but unsuccessfully. Also did not help the efforts of the Chairman of the Kiev City Council, a man with a silent surname of the murderer, acting on the party and social line. The order remained in force. I do not know how much sincere desire to keep me in the service by the leadership of the Trust. Probably it was. In the system of our trust, I was considered one of the best installation engineers, and when, after a few works well, I received a appointment to the place of the main engineer of the installation of a new power plant in Kiev, it was not by chance. The construction of the station was shock, and he was supposed to conduct high-speed methods, and I was the author of several articles in the Technical Journal "Heat and Strength", dedicated to this particular issue. In addition, I was a senior consultant in a group that develops a project for organizing work for this voyage station. So my candidacy for the place of the head of the installation was logical.

But there was another side of this medal. My past was blurred. When, almost immediately after the end of the institute, I was called for serving military service, I already had the title of military engineer of the 3rd rank. At the Institute, we all passed the pre-examination training, building training, participated in army maneuvers, and also listened to a number of purely military courses and should have received offset on them at least as "satisfactorily." The titles were assigned by a special commission, those who were better received "chairs of the 3rd rank", and those who worse, the "quarterhnik of the 1st rank". I was "better." These newly-made militariers sent for a mandatory service life not to the conversion parts of the army, but on the enterprises of the military industry, submitted to the drug addict. We had two years to work on this system, and after this period we fired back and returned to civilians. I honestly served my two years on the construction of a defense plant in the Kazan area, but when the time came to an end, we were suggested to sign a statement that we, "military-production workers", send a desire to stay in the defense pendant system forever. Of the 14 engineers who held a two-year military production service in our factory, 5 people signed these statements, and the rest refused, including me. We were not allowed, persuaded, frightened, insisted, we were desperately resisted and demanded that we were released "on the will." I turned into a leader of the resistance movement, but instead of going to the will, turned out to be arrested and spent almost 9 months in an internal prison department of GPU in Chernyshevskaya Street in Kazan.

I was accused immediately in all mortal sins. In bourgeois nationalism, chauvinism and separatism, it is obvious because I received the Ukrainian newspaper "Proletarian Pravda" from Kiev and different books in Ukrainian. I was accused of anti-Soviet propaganda and agitation directed against the government, it was, of course, the consequence of my "leader" in the group, which did not want to stay at the factory. I was also accused of economic counterrevolution - why, I could not understand ... During the seating in Kutuzka, it was 30-35 times for interrogations, then in the afternoon, I received my share of Mordoboy, however, without injury, and then, so Suddenly, as they arrested, released free, without a trial, without a formal investigation, but only with the prohibition of living in the capital of the republics.

I was young, just starting my work as an engineer, my social origin was quite decent and no suspicious activity in my still short life did not have. One way or another, but I was again in Kiev, in the same trust, where I worked in the last two years of student life and immediately after receiving a diploma. But with a speck. The head of a special department who knew me from the moment of entering a job in Trust, showed me a record in my case: "A capable, knowledgeable engineer, a good administrator, can be used in responsible leadership work, but under special supervision, politically unstable." When in 1935, the capital of Ukraine was transferred from Kharkov to Kiev, no one ordered to get out of Kiev, and I continued to work in the capital. The party circles in the trust were not particularly pleased that the place of the chief engineer "Shock Construction in the capital of the Republic" took a non-partisan, and even "politically unstable", but so far. However, I felt that the time was approaching when I was translated somewhere. I even knew for sure who would take my place: Boris Kogan, my colleague, a good engineer and with a party ticket, was sent on a specially created post "Deputy Chief Engineer". It was very disappointing, because I loved my work very much, gave her a lot of time, with enthusiasm introducing theoretical methods of high-speed block installation into life, seeking positive results and recognition of their profitability and efficiency. In particular, I felt this "reverse side of the medal", when one day was to replace the director of our construction of Miron Tovkach in his weekly report on the progress of the host of the "host." Nikita Khrushchev was very interested in the construction of the station. After listening to my report, Khrushchev made a couple of comments, asked a few questions and gave "operational instructions", and then I stopped at me with unpleasant, hard, slightly swollen eyes and said: - "What are you? Not a member of the party and not even a candidate! Why is this? And what are you going to circulate in Kazan? Put your brains in place? Consider a responsible place, you trusted a lot! Look, friend, do not push! Well, come on, I have no time to talk about now ... And we will meet you. Go to the construction site! "

The wife took the news about my army care very calm. (It was my second marriage. The first, student, ended in a divorce. I was not twenty years old when I met a student from another city at the factory in the Donbass during the summer practice. While we lived and studied in different cities, everything went well. But when they gathered and began to live together, both decided that we did not have to do what we did and we were separated). We lived for almost ten years, but since she became the artist of the dramatic theater, our road began to disperse. I wanted a family, and she became more and more interested in theatrical life, his career, by the way, quite successful. "Very sad, but, of course, I can't go with you somewhere in the wild. It would mean to put a cross on my future, on the theater. Yes, and lose an apartment in Kiev is also stupid. We'll have to live apart some time. I am sure that Uncle Tolya will be able to help you translate you after a while in the center, to the district. He has big connections in Moscow ... "

Her uncle was general of technical troops, he worked in the addict and read lectures at the Military Academy. Frunze.

Of course, the wife was right ... And I left to "live apart" in unknown places, in a completely new position, offended, offended, outraged, lonely and completely helpless something to change. Having stayed in Minsk, at the headquarters of the Belarusian Military District, on January 17, I found myself in the town of high, 25 kilometers from Brest Litovsk, where there was a UNS-84, or the Office of Construction Head No. 84, where I received an appointment for the position of head of the Equipment Group Planned and manufacturing department. Neither joy, no satisfaction from the "high" position I have not experienced.

First settled in the house visitors. This hostel was arranged in a house belonging to a previously rich Jew-merchant. They said that the first tenants of this house, after the capture of this part of Poland by Soviet troops, a treasure was discovered in some room in the wall. Since then, all temporary residents have tried their happiness ... All the walls in all rooms were with holes, the floors are raised, then there they did not have sex boards.

For almost a week I lived in this dormitory among strangers, noisy, inaccurate and in most unpleasant people. Dirt in rooms, ridden restrooms, the inability to wash, relax. All the time, and at night and during the day, someone came, left, collected things or unpackled, all this was done with noise, often with disputes and swearing. Among the night, suddenly began to drink, conversations, silent jokes and then drunk laughter. If finally calmed down and stacked to sleep, snoring and the fee did not contribute to rest.

ONS-84 Here, in high, was deployed from Slutsk immediately after the class of the Red Army western Belarus In 1939. The task of all this construction was the construction of defense along the new border between Germany Hitler and the Soviet Union of Stalin. The ONS-84 was working from Brest Litovsk to Litz, mostly all objects were built along the Bug River. During the plot in two hundred and kilometers, more than a thousand dollars were built, as long-term firepoints were condensed. Some types were very solid sizes, in several floors, with severe artillery. The teams on this area were located in such a way that, if possible, the entire area was well shot and there were no dead zones for machine-gun, nor for artillery fire. Each group consisted of a combination of different types of fools, depending on the conditions and relief of the area, ranging from the simplest machine-gun nests to command Points With a central power station, its water supply, telephone and radio stations, facilities for personnel, kitchen, ammunition and products warehouses.

It was assumed to create a completely impassable barrier. The construction was carried out with a hurry order, involving the mobilization of a large number of local population. From the point of view of the art of fortification, the whole project was developed very well and, when fulfilling it promised to be very effective in the sense of defense of the border from the promotion of the ground forces of the enemy. It was assumed that if the parachute parts were transferred through the defense line and individual sites will be in the rear at the enemy, then the system should function normally in continuation of several weeks.

The main part of the equipment came from manufacturers in the finished, assembled form. On the spot, in the central workshops, which were located 15 kilometers from the management, nor the stations of the Cherem, were made only by some details and simple parts, such as air ducts, parts of the water supply, various supports, frames, etc. But - workshops were loaded with work not as planned, but an emergency. The fact is that in the main project, according to which the equipment was manufactured at the factories is far within the country, changes in the headquarters were very often introduced, after receiving the equipment. Changing the position of Dota on the map, changing the angle of shelling, concrete errors attracted many small alterations in detail connecting individual elements of the equipment. Hurry began, race, telephone conversations, hysterics of bosses, revolution.

The main engineer of the ONS-84 was the Military Engineer of the 1st Rank Lyashkevich, the person is certainly a smart, who knows the case of fortification, but a terrible coward and a careerist. The main department of construction management was so-called. Planned production, the head of which was a colonel of falcons, not far, sluggish and limited to the framework of the frame-sapper. I was assigned to the place of the head of the equipment group. Here I immediately got into a very unpleasant atmosphere. The case was that the main composition of the entire management, and, of course, the planned production department was staffed from workers defeated from Slutsk, it was a close group with its methods in work, internal spike, long-life cohesion and its group interests. They were inflated, with suspicion and explicit prejudice to those who were sent "from citizen". Each disposal, especially given to any innovation, met disputes, objections, links to the fact that "we didn't do that ..." All this was aggravated by the fact that my deputy in the group was a military mannik of the 1st rank of colors, who considered himself offended , pronounced and insulted, since he himself methyl on my place. For him, it was very important in the sense of career and in the sense of personal prestige and position in this small "elite" group of "Slutsk Starokilov". This colorable, among other things, would be a parlor of the planning and industrial department, of course, the NKVD sexot, a large intrigue on the vocation and in general the person is extremely unpleasant.

The town is high, or high-Lithuansk, was located 20 kilometers to the north-west of Brest Litovsk, where there was a center of all rejection - ur. ONS-84 in relation to ur "U was a contractor performing orders of the latter. I went to Brest Lithuank, mainly to see the city, a famous fact that in 1918 it would be signed a contract," the world without annexes and contributions "Between Germany and Bolsheviks. I officially went to get acquainted with the construction of fortifications. It was here that in the fortress of Brest-Litovsk, a broad work was deployed on the modernization of the fortress and several diverse fortifications and bobs were built. Head of the construction site on the territory of the fortress was familiar to me engineer Builder, militant 2nd rank Yasha Horowitz. I met him in a scientific and technological society, in Kiev. Horowitz, it turned out, was also mobilized, even earlier me, and I have already managed to get a good job here and even transported my family from Kiev.

After inspecting construction and business conversations Horowitz invited me to my apartment dinner. He occupied a whole house on the outskirts of the city, had a servant, a polka girl, his own car with a chauffeur. The whole house was furnished very well and rich. And Yasha himself, and in particular his wife, Sonya, was fond of the fact that they bought expensive and rare things. "Here you can get a lot of just for the scents compared to Kiev. I look: I bought these three pictures of Maevsky literally for pennies, and in Kiev or in Moscow they can easily sell two thousand, because these are museum exhibits! " - with hobby showed me his acquisitions Yasha.

Lunch was beautiful, there was also a "museum" service on the table, and a servant was served to the table ... Yasha Horowitz lived here! He told me not that anecdote, not that actual case: in 1939, when the demarcation line was established between the USSR and Germany, it was held in the main part of the River Western Bug, and the main channel was going on between the city Brest Lithuanian and the fortress on The island, and thus the fortress would have to get into the hands of the Germans. As if, given this, the Soviet command, 24 hours before the Nemthkov approach, transferred a whole division here, and the parish of the Germans turned out that the main line changed the course, went through the other side of the island, and the fortress remained in the hands of the USSR. "They say that all 24 hours ten thousand people worked almost only shovels, but they did. The Germans were very surprised by such a geographically phenomenal case, but swallowed, "Yasha laughed.

After a week of torment in a hostel for visitors, I got a room in a local house school teacher. The teacher himself spoke in Russian completely freely, but also his wife, Pani Mzhilsk, and a daughter of a face, a pretty seventeen-year-old girl, and the son of Kazik, a clever and very sociable cotton lay 14, said hardly, despite the fact that it was already One and a half years since these places moved to the USSR. Casimir Stepanovich Mogulsky was, apparently, well formed, read, but extremely careful and conversations. Only once he was mentioned, saying that before, with Poles, children at school Poland received more knowledge, since she was spent less time on "propaganda" sciences. He said and scared scared. Long and confusing began to explain his thought and finished a rather propaganda statement: "But this is quite justified and absolutely necessary, it is necessary to rebuild the thinking of young people who have grown in capitalism so that they can be loyal and conscious citizens of their socialist country."

Therefore, it was not particularly interesting to talking with Mthalsky. Mogulsky's house, in which I got a room, was adjacent to a large park surrounding Potocksky Palace, or rather, one of the many palaces of this famous family. There was a lake in the park, in the middle of the lake was the island, connected to the shore of the old stone bridge, and on the island there were ruins of an old castle of centuries-old prescription. Mogulsky said that the first castle was built here in the middle of the fourteenth century, then it was rebuilt many times and redid, and since the end of the seventeenth century they were abandoned at all. At the ruins now grew the centenary trees, the remains of the walls were covered with moss and shrubs. I loved to come here and sit on the stones, imagining the scenes from the long life of the Polish knights. Zbyshko, Pan Volodievsky, chamber, Kmittsi from "Fire and Sword" Senkevich were the heroes of these scenes.

The new palace was long, partially two-storey, and mostly one-story building, very simple architecture, no complaints and luxury. The entire building, extension and services were occupied by the headquarters of the 145th rifle division, the parts of which were housed in the surrounding villages and villages. Both in the park, and on the streets, and in all shops, the town has always been the mass of the military, so the impression was created that this is not a city, but a military camp. Even in the Mogulsky family was a young Lieutenant Yura Davydov, a persistent worm of a lynx.

Work I was very good. Collectors behaved defiantly, obviously trying to provoke me to some near-minded act. I restrained and tried to behave exactly in the framework of the official charter, talking several times with Colonel Sokolov about the need to normalize the work in the group, but Sokolov, apparently, was afraid of the villagers and did nothing. The case was over that after one of the outcomes of the beautiful, I, angry, came to Sokolov and demanded its permission to meet with the chief engineer Lyashkevich and the head of the management of Colonel Safronov. He, recognizing his own helplessness, reluctantly agreed. As a result of this meeting, the winner was the collected. I wanted to be beautifully translated from my group somewhere in another place, but instead the bosses were decided to appoint me by the head of the central workshops and the base at the Station of the Cheremch. They assured that there is a more appropriate work for me as an administrator and an engineer-producer and that it is impossible to translate beautifully to another job because of its party position in the department. In fact, for me it was, of course, an increase in service, since there was more than 600 people in the workshop and on the basis of more than 600 people, and the bosses were quite tactfully, stressing this circumstance in the construction order. The next day, everyone has read, "as a result of the administrative association of the central workshops and the main material base of construction," the head of this new organization, the "central engineering and material base", a military engineer of the 3rd rank of P. N. Palya is appointed, in the same The order was indicated that the time of the acting head of the Equipment Group of the Planning and Production Department appointed the Militaryhnik of the 1st Range P. S. Porsyradnikov. Ultimately, I was even glad. Frequently from this cubic bureaucrats and party intrigues, there will be the air. Two days later I was painted with the Mogulsky family and moved to Cheremhu. I was already prepared an apartment in the house of the Belarusian Railwayman, in the village near the station. They met me very well and friendly.

Until now, there were two independent organizations on the territory of the base: "Material base" and "Central Workshops", submitted in parallel to various departments in management, now they united and submitted the department of the chief engineer. And the head of the workshops of Dudin, civilian technician, and the head of the warehouses, the intensity lieutenant Lifshitz, were glad that the time of the bureaucratic crossbill was over and all the controversial issues can now be solved on the spot, immediately, quickly, in the office of the general chief.

From the first days I got carried away by work. In addition to the technical side, which was carried out in the old manner, ineffectively, with very low labor productivity, and where much could be improved, demanded immediate close attention to the administrative and organizational side of the work. Both in the workshops, and in warehouses worked different groups: military personnel, sevendents from Stroybatov, Wolnonamed from the Soviet Union and Wolnonamed or Mobilized from the Local Population. These groups in their position were antagonistic to each other, and this caused an endless chain of incidents, troubles and sometimes even fights and scandals. I, in my nature, was fond of work, if I liked her, and here, in Cheremche, with my head went into business. I came to work one of the first and often returned far over midnight. My assistants of Dudin and Lifshitz were also inspired and tried with all their mights to help me in my efforts to establish a common job.

The most difficult area of \u200b\u200bwork was home issues. All the workers sent, especially buildingbatovtsy, lived in close, dirty, completely unsanitary barracks, was just a prison, half-starving. At the base was a dining room, where all the working could get lunch, very poor quality and limited by quantity, and that's all. Breakfasts and dinners they should all be organized for themselves. In barracks could only be obtained hot waterand then at certain hours of the day. Stroybatovtsy, located on the position of almost the artants, since, those who, in their social origin or because of some "sins in front of the authorities" came to these military units, were worthy "to become in the ranks of the worker -Crestean Red Army. " They lived in separate barracks on almost prison and received food three times a day ... but what! It was difficult to demand something from these hungry, repeated and straightening authorities "Lyshevtyev".

Medical care was perturbed bad. At 600 people working on the basis was a medical center headed by a young, mobilized right after the institute by Dr., almost without practitioners. Under his team there were three Sanitary and four nurses working in two shifts. At the medical center there was a room with six beds. Patients were lying in barracks if they had nothing contagious, and seriously talked to the city hospitals of High-Litovsk or to the railway hospital in Cheremche. Medications and any other hospital material were far from enough even for half workers. For three months of work, I, with the help of Boris Lifshitz, which turned out to be remarkably operational, business and smart personsincerely wanted to improve general Based on the basis, and a rather influential member of the party, a lot managed to fix and improve.

Work was a lot, but the main thing was that my and my helpers efforts were clearly given positive results. It was noticeably improved in relations among the masses of workers, labor productivity was rising, it was possible to get a second physician to the medical center and, finally, lead to the relative order of the "food shop" and even discover the permanent grocery stall on the territory of the base.

I gave myself a little bedroom behind the office and often stayed spending the night on the base, if I stayed at work for a long time.

On the holiday of May Day, I got a four-day vacation and went home to Kiev. On the way, I decided to stay for a few hours in the city of Kovel. Here I was born. The father was then an inspector and a teacher of mathematics in the railway school, and the mother was heading the initial two-class urban school on the outskirts of the city. Mothers rely on the school a very decent apartment, and there, on the Kolodenskaya street, I was born and lived before the day, while the people approached did not cause a complete evacuation in mid-1915. I was then five and a half years old. I wanted to look at the place where I was born, and for some reason I was sure that it was easy to find him in child memory. So it turned out. Passing from Polkilometer along railwayI saw the tunnel through which the driving road was held, then she turned into a coogenic street. Here I immediately remembered one case. There was a late autumn of 1914; Father, returning home, said that tomorrow the King Nicholas II will drive to the front, and that the railway school, as well as men's and women's gymnasiumwill meet the king on the platform of the station. He promised to take us with his sister on this meeting. In the evening, we returned with the mother from the city on the cab, it was a rain, it was raw and cold. In this tunnel, the mother saw a small kindergarten, pressed against the wall. Stopping the cab driver, the mother learned one of his students, the Cezic of the Poplavsky, the smallest, confused and quiet boy at school. During the change, I sometimes played with him, it was probably no more than eight years old. It was his first year at school and in Russian he also spoke with difficulty. To the question of the mother: "What are you doing here, Cezik?" - He answered quietly: "Cool checks." He from somewhere learned that he would pass "Cruple" and decided to secure himself in advance. The mother took him in the pool and took to the parents. And the next day, and my sister, dressed in the most pressup costumes, stood near our father, too, in a parade form, with orders on the Mundire and Zhabokolka on the side, in the rank of railway school. The whole Perron was occupied by Sher educational institutions Cities and all local authorities. The train approached the sounds of the hymn "God King King", performed by the brass orchestra and the Big Cathedral Choir with the participation of the best chorists from school and gymnasiums. Under the sounds of music and singing, the train stopped, and from the doors of the car, right against the place where we stood, the emperor came out. Obviously, the first thing that attracted his attention was my sister. He took a few steps, raised his sister's face for his chin and, fed, kissed her in a cheek, and then she kept her hand on my head and continued to go along the building, accompanied by a big retinue. I remembered his face and affectionately, a soft smile. Many times then the mother told about this case and, perhaps, even proud of this "the highest" attention to her children.

Now I easily found the house where the school was once and our apartment. Over the past quarter century, there were few changes. True, the street was stipulated and sidewalks appeared, in some places there were new brick houses; For a school where there was no other fruit garden, and for him the breadfields, there were now a number of four-storey gray buildings. That half of the house where the school was before, was redone under residential apartments. I stood in front of the house, and then entered the courtyard. The appearance of the Soviet commander produced a sensation: the curious faces of women and children were drawn out of all windows, and several passersby stopped on the street. I wanted to leave, feeling pretty awkward, but the old man came up to me and asked what I want. I replied that I just came to look at the house where it was born. After a short conversation, a terribly agitated old man remembered "Mrs. to the teacher" and "Pan himself", and even us, children, "Beautiful Pannachka" and "This is such Manesinsky," he put his hand half the meter above the ground, me. He called me his name and said that all these years lived in the same house, where before. The old man was fussing, even shed, having learned that my parents are no longer alive. Grabbing my hand, he said everything: "Oh, ah, ah ... such a mannes ... Pan Officer, a very important pan ..." I hastily retreed, frightened that on such an unusual street collection of residents of the Kolanskaya Street can pay attention, and then I will have to Something to explain and prove ... I returned to the station and promoted in the waiting room until the arrival of the train.

A trip to Kiev brought only disappointment and left an unpleasant feeling that our life together with his wife approach to an end. All three days she was "scary", the front performance, then participation in several concerts, then the "Collection of the team", dedicated to the upcoming tour in Moscow, and for me, after four months of separation, "the life of a spit", and the time did not remain. At night, when she returned, I listened to her stories about the upcoming trip to the capital and about her career hopes, but I did not feel much of particular interest in our situation in the present and to our joint future. So I went to the cerema, my wife could not even spend on the train, there was no time ...

As promised, I post the work of Abinicina. In short - there will be no greenhouse conditions of prisoners, but they treated them quite normally, without too much severeness. Actually, everything, nothing particularly in history. Meanwhile, I bet that if the word in the word was the same article would be about the Siberian camp, then Handorin and anyone could put it as an example of the democratism of the Kolchakov regime towards their opponents.
And yes, along the way, Volkov's nonsense there - and I only yesterday with Corporatelie alone ... The melting person sang the diffilaments to him.

Former officers - prisoners of the Orlovsky concentration camp. 1920-1922
P.M. Abinjakin

The position of former officers in Soviet Russia is still a little learned problem, despite the intensification of studies in the late 1980s. This is especially true of the participants. White Movement, in relation to only units of which there are separate biographical articles (1) . Fundamental works A. G. Kavtaradze and S.T. Minakova (2) Dedicated to the highest natch of the Red Army. Historian White Motion S.V. Volkov (3) A question about the fate of former officers exclusively to repression against them, almost not holling with sources a number of a priori and ideologicallyed allegations, which biased schematizes and even distorts many facts. Ya.Yu. TINCHENKO (4) Also emphasizes anti-cell repression, although it leads to the most valuable documentary applications that go far beyond its author's concept. Other authors, even based on a solid actual material, give their works a pronounced publicistic nature (for example N.S. Cershev) (5) . Historographically former White, who remained on native landlucky is much smaller than their colleagues-emigrants.

The only work dedicated to the camps of forced work in the Oryol province is a small review article A.Yu. Saran, in which prisoners and white armies are only mentioned along with other categories of prisoners. This publication contains a number of noticeable actual inaccuracies. (6) .

Completely chaotic and outward isolated of officers determines the arbitrariness of the studied social material and thereby ensures the relative objectivity of this sample, and therefore its representativeness.

In 1920, three camps were operating in the Oryol province for the prisoners of the White Army. There are extremely miser information about the Mtsensky camp. It was organized for the urgent accommodation of 2000 prisoners of Vrangelev Resort, operated in November 1920 - May 1921, and the prisoners in it combined labor activity And active propaganda. For example, the provo / 80 / day the day of the Red Barracks, which was more reminded the campaigning classes with donssivers than strict isolation, and as a result there were repeated shoots. The Mtsensky camp of prisoners of war can be bolded to call the soldiers, as even among 401 prisoners for the end civil War there was not a single officer (7) .
The Yeletsky camp was organized in October 1920 to unload the Oryol camp, the number of contingent in which at this time more than doubled the full-time (844 people against 400 places). 120 prisoners from the Eagle were translated into Elets and received "small batches of prisoners of war from the Werangelev Front", exclusively ordinary, and the unit randomly fallen officers immediately transported to the eagle (8) .

The Oryolsky concentration camp of forced work (also called the concentrationrrian number 1, since the provincial center and camp number 2 - especially for prisoners) was the focus of officers and military officials, although most among the general contingent of prisoners were civilians. This is the logic of the entire insulation system of the former whites, when officers and officials were detained separately from the soldiers.

However, the Oryol concentration camp was in no way "death camping", like Arkhangelsk and Kholmogorsk, since the shootings did not produce in it at all. The main in his activity was not only insulation of white officers and military officials, but also re-thoroughly filtering them. For this, a detailed survey and comparison with the previous information was carried out. Almost all prisoners safely passed the primary, the most tough check in filtration commissions of army special departments and on their decisions in the eagle were sent to the end of the civil war. The second stage was the provincial commission on how to deal with prisoners of war of prisoners of war in composition: from the Special Department of Publishing (9) .

It is the questionnaires that are the main source in the study of the social and ideological features of the former officers left in Soviet Russia and found in the concentration camp. First of all, they contain extensive information about the estate, service-professional, married prisoners. But no less important is the presence of estimates of the Red and White Army, which were required when filled with blanks and which allow us to judge the psychological specifics and socio-political sentiments of this category of former officers. At the same time, there can be no speech about the complete adequacy of the survey, since the violent character itself provoked concealment and distortion of a number of information. For the facts, this applies, above all, the estate affiliation, service in the old army and in white, paths of capture and related links. In the worldview plan - quite explained conformism, varnishing estimates of the Bolshevik regime and political naivety.

However, an objective analysis of such subjective sources is quite possible due to the critical comparison of the questionnaires and information information, which almost always detected false and - less often hidden information and detailed them in resolutions. It should be emphasized that for this it was often not necessary to produce a complex check (a survey of colleagues, studying personal documents), since obvious contradictions were sometimes kept in the questionnaires themselves.

During the long search, 743 prisoners - former officers and 43-former military officials were identified. Questionnaires and Other / 81 / Personal biographical documents are available on 282 officers, and the remaining 461 is known only by lists, and in relation to 365 there is no indication of neither the former rank, nor the region of participation in white movement. Therefore, even the most general analysis is possible in relation to only 378 officers. The number of officers in different thematic cuts will inevitably differ, which is due to the uneven information.

The overwhelming majority of prisoners were captured in the spring of 1920, after the defeat of the armed forces in the south of Russia and the sadly famous Novorossiysk evacuation. "Denikins" are named at least 280 officers (96.3%). "Kolchkovtsy" were only 14 (3.7%) (10) . Only one wartist official, N.A. Lisovsky, distinguished by a completely special service past - during the First World War was ordinary, he was captured, fled, served as a treasurer of the rear manual of Russian troops in France (Rennes), and in 1919 it was in the northern army of General E.K. Miller and after leaving whites stayed in Arkhangelsk (11) .

In the Oryol concentration camp, the prisoners of white officers began to arrive in June 1920. The simultaneous number did not exceed 287 people (as of October 1, 1920) (12) , and often did not reach hundreds. It is necessary to take into account and amazing for such an important thing carelessness of the camp documentation on the accounting of prisoners.

At the same time, the composition of the prisoners was not constant - part moved to other insulation places. This rotation was caused by three reasons. First, white officers isolated strictly outside the previous residence - in the Oryolsky concentration camp there are practically no local natives, but many Cossacks. The sole exception was the porquet of E.A. Stewart, who, born in Orel, in the questionnaire deftly hid it - specifying what comes from the Riga Nobility (13) . Secondly, there was a gradual disbandment of major officer camps in order to avoid excessively and dangerous concentration of prisoners in the center of Russia - according to some information, it was in July who still did not notice the partial unloading of the housing camp near Moscow began in July (14) . The third reason is interconnected with the second and is to attract a part of prisoner officers to the service.

Former white officers fell into the hands of the opponent with different paths. Information about this is available only in the questionnaires, that is, 249 officers, whereas there are no others. The lion's share - 58.2% - made up voluntarily surrendered single (101 people) and participants in mass surrender (44 people). This was especially concerned with the Cossack regiments, thrown by the Volunteer Corps of Lieutenant General A.P. Kutepov in Novorossiysk without means to evacuation, as well as capitulars for the Sochi Treaty of the Troops of General-Major N.A. Morozova, who first retreated by a hiking order. Others simply deserted from white in the period of battles - 13 people, or 5.2% - and four first moved to Green. Third were thrown during the retreat in Lazareta - 25 people (10.1%). The fourth remained in their native stake due to the impossibility of evacuation and did not consider themselves prisoners, since they did not give up the Red Army - 18 people (7.2%). Nine people (3.6%) were arrested only after turning on officer registrations, four more (1.6%) were previously fired white from the army, and five (2.0%) were generally denied participation in white movement. Only three officers (1.2%) were captured in battle. A considerable number indicated the method of captivity (27 people, or 10.9%).

Therefore, voluntarily left white (individually surrendered, deserters and remaining houses) 132 officers (53.0%), according to the circumstances independent of them (participants in mass surveillance and dismissed) - 48 (19.3%), A / 82 / against His will (captives in a combat atmosphere and abandoned by injured) - only 28 (11.3%). As a result, it can be partly to agree with the white memoirs and the following researchers who stated the insolence of the most unstable element under defeat. It is obvious that the insignificant share of captured in a combat situation is due not to so much resistance (refuted by the numerous of the dedication), how many small chances to avoid reprisals and get into the camp. At the same time, the departure from the doomed struggle testified not only about demoralization and self-preservation, but also on undoubted courage (taking into account the complete uncertainty of the future), as well as about the ideological fracture.

The answers of prisoners on the last question questionnaire are very curious and indicative: "What is your opinion about the Red and White Army?". It would seem that only an elementary verification of the degree of hostility. But employees of the Commission on the role of the prisoners of war of officers could not not take into account the subjectivism of prisoners, which even purely psychologically tried to demonstrate loyalty. It must be remembered that the question is addressed to the military, allowing you to indirectly appreciate their professionalism.

As a rule, most officers responded briefly, in a poster style, and otherwise they could not be - about the reds they simply could not have an objective opinion, or it was untruth and dangerous. Some were limited to common phrases, which aloud would clearly quit through their teeth: "On the red positive, about white - negative." But many questionnaires are very crowded, although monotonous, up to the literal repetition by phrases, quit which because of their predictability is simply boring. "The Red Army Winner of the White and Liberator of the Workers", "The Red Army relies on the idea of \u200b\u200bmost workers, and therefore it is stronger than White, which relies on the minority of capitalists," "in his spirit and in theory, the Red Army must definitely defeat the White Army," "Down with a white army, let him live a red army as an expressive of the interests of the labor nation!", "White Army is the army of the villains" (15) . As you can see, the answers are declarative and do not contain the awareness of "ideas", nor an understanding of the "Spirit" of Bolshevism. Many frankly dubbed, arguing, for example, that "White seeks only to the monarchy", "the Red Army leads war for the liberation of the labor people from tsarism, White - to the bourgeois privilege" (16) . Even considering the political inexperience of officers, such answers are contradicted and contradictory: the monarchy fell without the participation of the Bolsheviks, and the protection of the "bourgeoisie" ascribed white with the "tsarism". In an effort to ritually wrap a white movement, demoralized officers did not think about how in this case their own participation in it looks. Therefore, special trusts have not met such applications.
Some sought to answer as much as possible as possible, mainly on the basis of their version of non-involvement in White: "I didn't serve in the one in the other army and I cannot express any definition," I have a negative opinion about the white army, why I And did not actively participate in it. I have not yet compiled an opinion about the Red Army, since I do not know her and did not have the opportunity to meet her. The impression of the last arrival is the best of her best, "and someone else was limited to a dashboard (17) . The answer given in the second quotation was drawn up very negligee - indirectly motivated the reasons for evasion from service not only in white, but also in red.

However, some of the officers expressed much frankly and more specifically. Evaluating the white army is also negative, they clearly indicate it not political, but organizational disadvantages, and often contrast / 83 / oppose the Red Army: "The white army does not exist for its decomposition now. The Red Army is fully organized and disciplined, "in the Red Army was struck by order and discipline", "The White Army, in which any discipline was absent and were mainly robbery, violence, pushed off all the labor people and came to the fact that one part She began to desert or get settled in the rear, and the other became the masses to move on the Stront of the Red Forces, which was finally collapsed "," ... I saw among the supervised persons the former treasures, drunkenness, envy to other success, brutal relations for younger brethren " (18) . At the same time, personal discontent is often slipped, so characteristic of the mass of ordinary officers: "White collapsed thanks to the internal intrigues," "in the White Army there was chaos, lack of discipline, speculation and bribery among the command staff", "The White Army declined thanks to the robbery and what The leaders took little about her, and thus she died a natural death "," At this time, I respect more red army. About White [Opinion] The worst, for she robbed the house with me. " (19) . Recall that 25 spectacled officers were thrown by injuries and sick. And the disappointment in white movement sometimes became stronger than antipathy to Bolshevism.

Finally, three directly declared the desire to serve in the Red Army, although they were not guided by "ideas", but subjectively career considerations: "I'm tired of being a worker, as I was all my life ... so live, as I lived - it's better to die for the truth ! " (20) . It is absolutely obvious and clear this is a passionate, the desire of the former ensign from Unter-Officers M.I. Bondarev Save your new social status to avoid returning to the former peasant state. Personnel Officer Colonel V.K. Bush, who joined the RKKU "voluntarily on the first day of registration," subtly led to the thoughts of the need to return it to the troops: "After the victories overwhelmed over Kolchak, Denikin and the Don Army, victory over polish army It seems to me the task that the Red Army will solve one blow " (21) . However, being an intedant, he clearly did not rush into battle and meant the return to the recent "warm" place - to the department of supplying the 21st Soviet Rifle Division.

It is significant that individual officers spoke about white movement without disposalness: "The white army was strong in spirit when it was not an army, and her squad at the very beginning, when she led the rootilov, and then its combat qualities began to fall lower and lower, and The more she was a number, the worse it became like a combat force "," the White Army was until the volunteers prevailed in it, "the White Army, who proclaimed the intentions of the Grugraph and Equality of Classes at first, in connection with the success of the fronts (July 1919) became the "pillar of" reaction "," and that, and another army strive for the good of the state and the people, but according to their views " (22) . For such answers, not only courage, but also certain beliefs indicating the presence of a moral rod and a firm character. This demonstrates the independence of opinions, that is, a state far from intimidated conformism.

Of the 282 officers, six (2.1%) indicated membership or sympathy to socialist parties. The Bolshevik party belonged to the one and called the two sympathizer, and with the mention of specific party organizations. Another one turned out to be a Menshevik-internationalist and two sympathetic left esera. But, assuming to cause sympathy with its left convictions, in the context of one-party dictatorship, on the contrary, they could only worsen the impression of themselves. / 84 /

The results obtained on the basis of systematization of personally-biographical data, which are detected in all used sources, deserve close analysis.

The question of the ranks of the former white officers goes beyond the simple statistical review and can be analyzed.

On the one hand, these are general tendencies of chin-production, quite clearly distinguished personnel and military time officers. It is known that by 1917 the "ceiling" for an officer of wartime was considered the rank of headquarters, while the surviving personnel officers, as a rule, were reached at least to the rank of captain. Among the 378 prisoners of the Orlovsky concentration camp were two colonel (0.5%), four lieutenant colonel (1.1%), 16 captains (4.2%) and five officers (1.3%), which did not indicating the rank, but related to Personnel. However, three more personnel officers who have had lower ranks should be added to them - Captain A.A. Samanen and Lieners L.F. Kuznetsova and V.A. Karpicksky ( 23) . It would seem that it increases their proportion among prisoners to 7.9%. It is symptomatic that both Colonel expressed the assessment of the Red Army, close to admiration and, it seems, is quite sincere. They were fascinated by the discipline of the troops of the winners and, despite the age (53 and 54 years), clearly did not object to continue military service; In addition, the colonels were burdened by families and children were blood interested in stability.

However, when identifying officers and special departments, and local commissions on the role of prisoners of prisoners of war were guided, first of all, the educational criterion, that is, the main attention was paid to the professional level and the quality of preparation. The authorities were interested in military professionals, and not a social layer of former personnel officers in general. Among the above-mentioned persons, one officer, who graduated from the Cadet Corps and military school, but belonging to the age group of military time officers (24 years). Six holders of "personnel" ranks - Esulya A.M. Baranov, A.F. Ezhov, P.V. Pebikov, I.P. Spearev and captains P.N. Korostelev and E.F. Mednis - were military time officers (24) . This is caused by further progress in the ranks during the civil war, in which there were cases of production in Colonels and even major major general officers, and even individuals without military education. Deserves mention and the only error of the investigation, when attempted to issue himself for a military official L.I. Matushevsky recognized the personnel captain, despite the clearly inappropriate twenty-one (25) . As a result of personnel officers in the Oryolsky concentration camp, there were 23 people. It should be borne in mind that the Chin of the Lieutenant Colonel to the East was abolished, and his instructions in the questionnaire either meant the intentional understatement, or could mean sending to the camp of the retired officer, who did not serve as white.

On the other hand, good-producing in the volunteer army had an arbitrary chaotic character and first mostly individually premium meaning. Then the practice was arisen into the East, which can be conditionally called "universal production." In September 1919, the order of the Commander-in-Chief of Lieutenant General A.I. Denikina, all ensigns were renamed to the pledgers, with the abolition of the rank of ensign; other ranks production did not affect (26) . In June 1920, Wrangel issued an order "On the production of all officers to headquarters inclusive" in the next rank (27) .

It is quite clear that the most among the prisoners are 113 people (29.9%), then learn are 80 people (21.2%) and headquarters - 35 people (9.3%). Regarding the same 72 people (19.0%), which / 85 / were listed by ensigns, there are some doubts in the light of the cancellation of the Denikin. True, 34 people were wore cossack Chin Horuple, who did not abolish. Of the remaining 38 people 32 (8.5%), simply indicated only the first officer rank and hid the subsequent (the exception is six Kolchaktsev, since there was no cancellation on the east). This was done even graduates of accelerated courses of military schools and schools of ensigns of 1915-1916. (28) What looked completely implausible. Given the huge losses (as I wrote from the ISPORCHERS M.M. Zoshchenko, the owner of this rank on the front of the First World War lived on average 12 days (29) ) who survived by 1917 were already guarantiles, and even then headquarters. At the same time, the confusion strengthened the investigation that initially operated on the concept of "the last rank of the old army", and not white.

A negligible error may be present in the analysis of the understatement of the ranks. It is associated with a possible presence among the arrested persons who did not serve in White and therefore reporting ranks as of 1917. But in fact it seems to be meager, because to evade mobilization former officer Even white was extremely problematic. And even those who, living in the White territory, could be able to have no confidence in the eyes of Bolsheviks. It is characteristic that such an attitude was preserved in seventeen years, which extremely clearly expressed Kotiv I.R. APANASEENKO (by the way, the former ensign): "Which Rotmist can sit at home at this time! [...] I fought at this time, and here suddenly the Rothmist and sits at home. Let me shove me so that I believe " (30) .

It is characteristic that 14 officers (3.7%) ranks are established during the investigation and are indicated only in the questionnaire resolutions. Finally, 22 people (5.8%), being officers, did not indicate their ranks at all, and 29 (7.7%) were limited to an indication of the position of the younger officer, and they could not be established even to register. Together with false ensigns, an impressive result is obtained - 25.7%. This partly explains the preventive motives of the conclusion in the concentration camp of a number of officers: in resolutions, the following grounds were made to conclude into a concentration camp - "as an accurate reading about himself", "as an unreliable element", "Suspicious face", etc. (31) .

Even more than the ranks, the officers prisoners tried to hide the details of participation in white movement. Among the 282 officers did generally denied the service of the White 14 people, or 5.0%. Others strongly emphasized her rear or intractive character - 28 and 26 people, accordingly, that in the amount of 19.2%. Third did not indicate the name of the military unit - 89 people (31.6%). Hiding the place of service was the most effective waySince when investigating it, it was possible to find it only at 13 officers. But at the same time, such behavior caused the greatest mistrust of the Bolsheviks.

At the same time, the questionnaires of prisoners are seriously adjusted - if they do not refute - the categorical statement of the same S.V. Volkova, as if all officers, military officials and soldiers of "colored" regiments were subject to a polling shooting (32) . Thus, in the Oryolsky concentration camp contained 27 officers of the registered parts - 2 Cornilovts, 5 Markovtsians, 10 Drozdovtsy and 10 Alekseevtsev, which was 9.6% of the spectacled prisoners. Moreover, five primary officers were revealed - participants of the 1st Kuban (ice) campaign - or, in any case, entered into Volunteer army Back in 1917. This is Lieutenant-Markovovets A.D. Lusko, headquarters-captain of the 2nd Don Contino Artillery Division S.N. Ships, Podseul V.P. Budanov, Sotnik S.B. Melikhov and called E.A. E.A. CA / 86 / Mohin (33) . Along the way, we note that four of them, in addition to Lusko, have previously been missing even in the most detailed lists of the first volunteers. Considering that the time of entry into the volunteer army these officers pointed out in the questionnaires personally, and the Belog Guard experience was not in their interests, it can be stated that they were installed for the first time.

In reality, the first visitors in the Oryol concentration camp were more, for some managed to hide it. Three - Colonel (called by Lieutenant Colonel) V.A. Vellyashev, Podquetchers G.I. Kozlov and M.V. Malinovkin - Doubt do not cause (34) . In addition, still seven officers can be confident enough to identify as the first visitors - Podzullah N. Bryzgalina, Podororuk A.F. Mashchenko, Lieners N.E. Petrova and F.A. Churbakova, Stamps-captains V.V. Dolgova and I.A. Sculpova and not referring to the questionnaire of the rank of heads-captain A.V. Vladimirov (35) . It increases their share among prisoners to 15 people, or 5.3%. One prisoner, Horunzhiy P.P. Pavlov, foggy pointed out that, being a junker, left "in October 1917 to the Don on vacation" (36) . It is known that Alekseevskaya organization used holidays as one of the ways to legend the transfer of its frames to the south, so it can be assumed to be his belonging to the first volunteers. Three more - Lieutenant V.D. Berezin, ensign A.F. Veremsky and Podororuk N.D. Perepelkin - discovered sympathy and greater awareness of the "strong spirit" "detachment" L.G. Cornilova, which could also be caused by personal impressions.

It is striking that some admitted blatants in the questionnaires, immediately striking contradictions. For example, the porquet of V.M. Chizhsky reported that he graduated from the military school on May 1, 1915 and already on May 31, he was captured (where he was until 1918), but for this month he managed to arrive at the front and change the two posts - the commander of the company and the head of the machine-gun team, although the new-minted Interest, and in 1915, appointed only by the younger officer. Personnel officer D.A. Sviridenko replied that in the old army "no posts did not occupy." Called Horunim S.I. The wrote indicated that the rank had a rank to the revolution. One of the first volunteers of 1917, when there was no speech about mobilization, headquarters-captain A.V.Vladimirov wrote that "was mobilized by Pokrovsky under the threat of execution." Allegedly mobilized lieutenant A.F. Saintshev immediately reported that he served on the 1st voltage transport (37) . With the presence of several colleagues in the camp, there was no hope of hiding anything. For example, from ten Drozdovtsev, four served in the 3rd Drozdovian regiment, but only one pointed out this in the questionnaire, and three were established during the investigation - and to identify the source of information in the person-soldier officers, given the lack of soldiers in the concentration camp, labor does not constitute. All this can be regarded both as amazing confusion, and as a complete alienation of each other, and as an organic inability to logical thinking, and as a lack of practical self-preservation.

The service of prisoners of officers of the Bolsheviks deserves a very special mention. According to the questionnaires, 24 of them (8.5%) served in the Red Army as early as 1918-1919, and the White fell as captured and voluntarily. Another 28 (9.9%) worked in various power structures - Rev., Councils, all of the Committees, and even police officers, Combed and People's Judge are available. One of the officers, M.N. Armyskov, in 1918 he served at F.G. Subtlety. True, the truth of the questionnaire is somewhat doubtful, since under the trial of White for cooperation with the Bolsheviks visited all five and one more for the concealment of officers in mobilization - 2.1%. / 87 /

In the Great Patriotic War, the Soviet government did not publish a single document instruction on the rules of the behavior of ordinary redarmeys and officers in captivity. On the contrary, all those surrendered or captured captors of the Red Army officially were officially considered traitors and traitors of the Motherland, and their families were repressed.

Law and Reality

Formally, the fighter or commander who came into captivity on the circumstances independent of him or in connection with the fundamentally changed setting as a military criminal to justice (execution with confiscation of property) should not be attracted - it followed from the interpretation of articles 58-1 "B" and 58 -1 "A" of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR, as well as Article 22 of the Regulations on Military Crimes (Article 193-22 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR).

In fact, at the front since August 1941, orders of I. Stalin №270 and №227 (the famous order "neither step back!", Adopted in July 1942). According to them, any passage was respected as a betrayal and treason, and the traitor was to be executed.

How many commanders were captive

The main management of the personnel of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation cites such the following data on the combat loss of the officers of the army and the fleet during the Great Patriotic War: Over 392 thousand missing. How many officers from this quantity were in captivity, due to a number of reasons it is impossible to say with accuracy today. First, because special accounting of military personnel who captured during the fighting was not conducted. Secondly, in German documents, officers often passed ordinary - the commanders deliberately lowered themselves in the rank, fearing the execution.

It is only known that in German captivity in World War II, 80 Soviet Generals and Combrigs were. The overwhelming majority of these officers from cooperation with the Nazis refused.

Officers separated from ordinary

For prisoners of the Red Army officers, Hitlerians had special camps - offlags. When captivated officers and ordinary, they immediately tried to separate apart from each other, so that the commanders would not have the ability to beat the former subordinates to the riot. The need for such a "sorting" was spelled out in Directive 21 of the Barbaross Plan. Commissars, Industors, military prosecutors and political workers, Germans most often shot themselves.

One of the largest offlags was located in Vladimir-Volynsky. Captured Soviet officers there were divided into four national team groups. There were no special relations with the Nazis to captive commander - they were also massively destroyed, including in the death camps of Buchenwalde, Oswiecim, Mauthausen and others.

According to the Second World War and Holocaust of the Arona Schneer, since 1942 all prisoners of the Red Army officers, who had civil specialties, began to go to work on the enterprises of the German military-industrial complex. Commanders knowing foreign languagesworked in the German office. Until 1943, there was a military historical office, where the prisoners of Soviet officers were included in inclusive, - they wrote the history of the hostilities of their units, pointing to errors in the command of both the Red Army and the enemy.

Rules of General Karbyshev

Part of the officers, including from among the top command of the Red Army, being captured, agreed to cooperate with the Nazis. The most famous of the traitors is General Andrei Vlasov, who became the commander of the so-called Russian liberation army (ROA). However, most of the prisoners from the number of officers on behalf of becoming the accomplices of the Nazis did not succumb to.

A vivid example of this is the fate of Lieutenant General of Engineering Forces D. M. Karbyshev, who died in Mauthausen in February 1945. Dmitry Mikhailovich in captivity very long and unsuccessfully inclined to cooperate. A courageous general is attributed to the creation of "rules of behavior of Soviet fighters and commanders in captivity." Their text was transmitted orally and subsequently successfully passed an independent authenticity check in the survey of the four prisoners of Mauthausen, freed from the concentration camp.

The rules consisted of 10 points. That's what soldiers and officers who fell into German captive were to do:

remain organized and cohesive, wherever they were;
Do not leave patients in the misfortune and wounded, generally show mutual assistance;
not to humiliate before the enemy;
Do not forget about military credit;
To make her unity and cohesion to make Hitlerians respect themselves;
fight against fascists, traitors and traitors of the Motherland;
organize for sabotage work and sabotage;
Running from captivity as soon as this possibility will be presented;
do not betray military oath and their homeland;
Dissect the myths that Hitler Germany is invincible.

Instructions for the captivity of Americans

Such a memo was distributed to the American servicemen in May 1944. Comparing the brutal conditions of the content of Soviet prisoners of war in Hitler's camps with the "vegetarian" rules of the Americans there, it can be said that the first phrase of the Military Department of the Military Department No. 21-7 "If you are captured, here your rights" sounds mocking: "It's bad to be a prisoner of war "

The Americans in the Geneva Convention, which set forth the rights of prisoners of war, received parcel from the Red Cross in the fascist captivity, the conditions of the Yankees were incommensurable than the Soviet prisoners. In the above pamphlet, in particular, it was said that the captive American officers of the Nazis can only be used on command positions. There should be no about any dangerous and harmful work for commanders and speech.

All missing
Died in captivity,
survived captive -
Dedicated.

Prison Security officers

During the war years, according to official data, out of the total number of losses of the officers: 1 million 23.1 thousand people, 392,085 officers were gone and captured, which is 38.32%. Of these, according to the compositions:

Command

Political

Technical

Administrative

Medical

Veterinary

Legal

Of the 416 dead or those who died in the war, the generals - 14 were missing, 4 committed suicide to avoid captivity. 81 General, got into German captive, 23 of them died.
Nazis conducted a selection of not only Jews and commissars, but they sought to separate the team composition from ordinary, seeing in it quite reasonably possible resistance organizers. To this end, on May 19, 1941, in the draft special order to Directive No. 21 (Barbarossa plan), it was indicated: "When capturing the military units, it is necessary to immediately insulate commander from ordinary soldiers." This rule was strictly respected. I.Sapiro says that when capturing a group of fighters, in which he was located, "the officer immediately took away, and we did not see it anymore."
Many officers were shot almost immediately after the captivity. So, in Bryansk, the Germans captured 50 cadets of the school of younger lieutenants. All of them were shot in the courtyard of the Bryansk prison.
However, as a rule, captured were divided into two groups: redarmeys and commanders, ranging from the younger lieutenant. Commanders, if not immediately, then upon arrival in the rear camp sent offlags.
However, sometimes those and others were placed together. So in the fall of 1941 in Tallinn in the camp, located in the southern part of the city near the cemetery there were more than 1,000 people of ordinary and officers. Everyone was worn on the clothes of the SU (Soviet Union) and the work number. Placed in a two-story Estonian barracks. Private orders were kept in a room for 250 people, and officers in separate rooms at 7-8. We slept on the floor without blankets and mattresses. The officers of the sailors were shot emblems, in the infantrymen - asterisks from hats. Among the officers who were in this camp, the Captain Harlamov is known - one of the commanders-artillery officers from the island of Ezel.
Many officers hid their belonging to the officer corps. According to the participant of the war, A.P. Helidze, such a behavior of some Soviet officers caused misunderstanding and dislike from the Germans. "Why did the Germans relate to the Soviet officers? What is the relationship ... officer to the officer, when you were caught in a soldier gymnaster, and you tried to get lost in the soldier's mass. From our point of view, it may be right, but from the point of view of the German officer - a terrible fall. You hide behind the back of the soldier when the soldier must stand for your back. "
Yu.B.Sokolovsky recalls: "In the first days of captivity, I did not recognize that I am a commander, but since the commemorative began to laugh, that I am afraid I was forced to go to the team team."
At the same time, the attempt to hide the title, as the Germans, especially at the beginning of the war, were shot by political officers, officers of army special departments and military prosecutor's office. Since on September 1, 1941, 20 prisoners of officers were shot at Vinnitsa in Vinnitsa and among them L. Kuperman - Chairman of the Military Tribunal of the 133rd Rifle Corps. That is why the Military Prosecutor V. P. Kolmakov, who captured on September 29, 1941 near Kiev, "called the other name and called another title - intennant."
The registration card was filled at each prison officer, where they were recorded: personal number, personal data, home address, place residence of parents, title, position, civil specialty, when and where he was captured, hair color, growth, fingerprints. In Vladimir-Volynsky Opport, for example, in addition on the clothes of red paint, painted: on the back "SU" - ("Soviet Union"), on the chest - a triangle, and on the buttocks there are two triangles.
As a rule, at the beginning, when registering, the plated spoke the truth, but when transferring from one camp to another, gaining experience, I began to understand what is more profitable to say, and that, on the contrary, you should not report yourself. Sometimes it turned out that on each prisoner filled 5 – 6 registration cards, and the Germans could not understand: a person captured the captain, and before the latter camp traveled to the younger lieutenant. It happened that some attributed to themselves a higher title, waiting for the improvement of the conditions. However, such hopes did not justify.
In the camps, prisoners officers were divided into companies of 200 – 250 people. Officers were appointed by the commander of the mouth, who knew a little German. Ollagi, like chalkgings, headed the German commandant, in whose subordination was a commandant from among the prisoners. The last and chief of the camp police belonged real power in the camp. The German leadership appeared only during calibration, when punished guessed. Cooks, commandants and policemen were appointed to the Russian commandant to each separate unit, the distribution of food and the work of the sanitary unit were controlled. Barack's commandant appointed senior rooms and answered an order in his barrack.
One of the most famous offlags in the occupied territory of the USSR - Vladimir-Volynsk. The camp was located on the site of the former military town, for 8 rows of barbed wire. According to Yu.B.Sokolovsky's testimony, in September 1941, all officers contained in the camp were divided into four regiments on national affiliation. The first regiment is Ukrainian, the second and third Russians, the fourth - international, consisting of officers - representatives of the peoples of Central Asia and the Caucasus. The regiments of the regiments were among the prisoners of officers. The commander of the Ukrainian regiment was Lieutenant Colonel Poddubny, the former commander of the regiment of the NKVD troops. The camp commandant was Metavosyan - the former commander of the regiment or Division of the Red Army, his assistant - Major Shaginyan.
In Vladimir-Volynsk, in a separate general unit in September-October 1941, the Commander of the 6th Army General-Major General I. N. Muzychenko and the commander of the 12th Army of P. G. Pedelin. In the summer and in the fall of 1942, in this general unit contained - Major General G. M. Zusmanovich, Deputy Commander of the 6th Army, who was captured under Kharkov, and Major General P. Novikov, captured in captivity The first numbers of July 1942 in Sevastopol.
In Calvory, there was also great offlag, where 4500 commanders of the Red Army were held. The camp commandant was Yenukidze, military rank is unknown.
In Vinnitsa, a special Okch officer camp was created, for senior officers of the Red Army, which were of particular interest to the German command.
Many offlags were in Poland, several on the territory of Germany. Their largest of them - offlag XIII-D in Hammelburg; Known camp for senior Soviet commanders in Cyttenhorst.
In the conditions of the captivity, the psychology of a person has changed dramatically and there were previously strained thoughts, emotions. Major P.N.paliy drew attention to an interesting phenomenon that the memories published in the former Soviet Union did not mention the memory of the prisoners. It is very likely that such evidence was drawn out by the Soviet censorship. P.N.pali passed many offlags. It is hardly what he tells about, it was characteristic of one camp.
According to him, in a few days, captured, "suddenly turned into the yarn enemies of their own country ... Government ... It was like a broken dam. Hungry, dirty, dirty, who lost the past and stood in front of an unknown future, Soviet commanders with an ecstasy, prayed to the whole voice of Mate that, at whose behalf, we got up and applauded, - Joseph Stalin. For the appeal "Comrade Commander" was given in physiognomy, if not beaten more seriously. "Mr. Officer" - has become mandatory in conversation. "
No less, the crazy thoughts also expressed many generals who were captured. In particular, the Majila Maii-D in Hammelburg in Hammelburg: deputy. Headquarters of the North-West Front F.I. Trukhin, commander of the 4th Rifle Corps E.A.Gorov, commander of the 21st Rifle Corps D.E. Zakut, Head of the CFA School in Liepaja I.A. Bloveshchensky "... They poured on what the light stands and Stalin and Soviet power, converged on the fact that the tried in the case of Tukhachevsky was shot innocently ... ".
The Commander of the 19th Army, Lieutenant M. Lukin, "expressed obscene words at the address of the High Command of the Red Army," and according to the head of the headquarters of the 3rd guards Army Major General I.P. Polannikova, taken captive December 21, 1942 near Stalingrad, 70% of the Soviet officers who were in captivity were ready to fight against Soviet power. It should be noted that, I.A. Bloveshchensky, D. E. Zakovaya, and F. I. Trukhin will later become active participants in the Vlasov movement.
In the offbles, prisoners were experiencing the same suffering and humiliation, as in all prisoners of war camps. According to V.P. Kolmakova, the prisoners of the camp in Vladimir-Volynsk were eaten all the grass around, the leaves, a bark with trees, ate hay, horns and hooves of dead animals, whom the Germans were captured by prisoners, then ate the preserved belts and skin boots, Preloading them.
For six months in Vladimir-Lynsk, according to one information, out of 8 thousand officers left 3 thousand, and in others - out of 12 thousand. By the spring of 1942, 700 officers were left alive.
In the offchables, as in other camps, the search for Jews was conducted. In Vladimir-Volynsk, as a result of only one selection conducted in November 1941, 600 officers were identified, which were driven into the barn, were not given a few days to eat and drink, and then shot.
On March 2-3, 1942, Jews - Lazaret workers were announced that they were sent to a special camp in Vinnitsa. However, by collecting all the Jews who worked in him and newly identified in the camp - only about 500 people, they were shot. Among them were Professors Griper and Solzman, the head of the camp lazaret, the famous doctor Lev Grigorievich Griner - the former head of the Kiev Central Railway Polyclinic, Kogan, two brothers - Visblat doctors.
Not only Jews were shot in the camp. Every day, the commandant camp The Staler highlighted the order for which 8-10 people were shot for different misconduct: he did not remove the hat before the German, for trying to run, "for hostility to the German people", "for theft", (i.e, for What picked up 2-3 rotten potatoes).
Mocking, the Germans hardened 8-10 captive officers in the wagon and rode around the city or, causing bayonets and butts, forced to carry the brick, water, firewood, garbage, sewage from the restroom.
Little documentary evidence of attempts to organized resistance in captivity. However, German documents are evidenced by the preparation of the uprising in Vladimir-Volynsk. In the report No. 12, the head of the security police in Berlin dated July 17, 1942, it is reported: "The partisan group has been neutralized in the Vladimir-Volynsk district, which has planned the uprising in the city and the liberation of 8,000 Soviet officers from the local camp. This idea was to be implemented using a ghetto (about 15 thousand Jews). Most of the prisoners of officers have already manufactured sharp knives from the broken casake for this purpose. As a result of the measures taken by the police, 36 communist activists were detained, as well as 76 Jewish-Bolshevik officers. Schedules of them were political committee. Communist agents, as well as 76 Jewish officers subjected to special appeal. " (i.e. shooting. - A. Sh.)
Officers on work outside the camp, as a rule, were not sent. However, in 1941, an exception was made for younger lieutenants. True, everyone dreamed of getting into the working team, since the prisoners outside the camp were calculated to get something edible. And although most of the brought it was necessary to give the camp police and in Lazarez, something remained.
There were very "prestigious" working teams, for example, in the camp Zancy - a team to collect frozen potatoes. Worked in it became "camp aristocracy." Hunger forced people to go to humiliation. Before the "potato team", hoping to get a few brought ice cream potatoes, Lebesii, cried. Each team employee appeared group "Nanny", which cleaned clothes, lubricated the boots, washed and dried up, Latali, or sewed torn pants, shirts, mittens.
Since June 1942, all prisoners of the Red Army officers from the younger lieutenant before Colonel inclusive, who had civil specialties, began to go to work in the military industry. From the offpiece Hammelburg many officers sent to Messerschmitt aircraft facilities in Regensburg. In March 1943, two thousand Soviet prisoners of officers worked at the factory. Approximately one third of them are military personnel of the Red Army Air Force, mostly aircraft. The remaining two-thirds are from different kinds of troops, officers designed from the reserve that had a secondary or higher technical education.
Moral question: Is it possible to work for Germany, in military production, – Many prisoners of war decided simply because most often the choice was between life and hungry death. In such conditions of the prisoners, not only Nazi Germany, but also the USSR, without signing the Geneva Conventions. Captive officers of Western countries who were protected by the International Red Cross, unlike the Soviet prisoners of officers, could refuse any type of work, and this was not reflected in their position in the camp.
Directed officers and other working teams. For example, one of the teams consisting of 35-40 people came through the beet and served the drying machines on the sugar factory. The swabs remained the same as in the concentration camp, however, beets without limitation – Additional food. We lived in a warehouse room in which they put bunk beds with mattresses, blankets, pillows. They themselves equipped with a good shower, the Germans did not interfere. On the second floor there was a "convoy team" - one elderly Unter-Officer. He himself was in captivity of the French in the first world WarTherefore, it was a prisoner sympathetically.
The life of prisoners who worked in the specialty changed radically. And these changes took place from the very beginning - the road. Thus, a group of engineers from 32 people aimed at the industrial design bureau to work as drawers, "placed in a turmp with a pair of a canvas cap, providing privacy, and a drinking water tank." The doors of the wagon were open, security - two soldiers. Marshmalls - whole loaf of bread, canned canned bank with small pieces of meat, pack of cigarettes for two.
At the place of work of Soviet prisoners, the specialists were fed, as a rule, standard soldering german soldier. However, not always. So, in the working camp in Wolgast, where the officers of the designers and drawers were brought, the food was sharply different from the promised, and in fact people were starving. On the day they received a halfnt bread, liter of liquid soup with potatoes and the "German lard", as the cubes of the trousers or Kohlrabi were called, and finely chopped with pieces of meat. In addition, 20 g of cheese or sausage, two tablespoons were joyed and on Sundays several solid army gallets. In the morning - two or three boiled potatoes. All this was only 1,100 calories.
Well fed to those who worked in the camp stationeries. The Germans were selected here people who knew at least two languages: German and French. One of the Strak II-C workers in Groeswalde, a prisoner of the Novikov, said: "I personally didn't live before the war at home."
The Germans tried to use the professional knowledge of Soviet officers. Already in July-August 1941, the representatives of the Abver and the Military Historical Department of the OKV took place among the prisoners of several dozen senior officers and offered them to describe the history of the defeat of their military unit, indicate the mistakes of the Soviet and German side allowed during the fighting. It was important to the Germans from a practical point of view: they studied the experience of victorious, as it seemed to them in 1941, Wars in the East.
About how it happened, told soviet scout A.P. Celidze (pseudonym - A. Sh.).Turning to the prisoner officer, Abversaleman convinced him: "War, as you see, are playing yours ... We do not require betrayal from you, you are a passed stage of war, we will not help with anything, but we want to write an objective history of war. You can help us in this. No need to flatter and deceive us, write the truth about how you were broken. Remember where you fought and how, here are the maps of these sites, apply the location of your own, this is not a betrayal, it has long lost the relevance, has long been occupied by the Germans, - describe how you perceived the fight from there. "
Thus, in the offshore Calvory, Major S.E. Eermanko, the assistant chief of the operational branch of the 39th Army, wrote an article about the environment of his army. Former head of artillery 61 pp. Corps Combrigs N.G. Lazutin, who was captured on June 28, 1941 compiled a description of the fighting 61 pages.
"Historians" were collected in the XIII-D in Hammelburg. There was a military historical office, which was headed by Colonel Zakharov (no information about him. - A.Sh..) One of the members of this group Kombrig M.V. Bogdanov - Commander of the Artillery of the 8th Rifle Corps, who was captured on August 10, 1941 under Uman, wrote the story of this building and summarized everything written about the fighting of the South-Western Front in June-August 1941
Persons at the work of the military-historical office Combrigs A. N. Sevastyanov - Head of Artillery of the 226th Rifle Division, Colonel N.S. Shahatov - Deputy. The head of artillery of the 56th Army, Lieutenant Colonel G.S.Vasiliev - Head of the 3rd Topographic Department of the 6th Army headquarters and 15-20 colonels and lieutenant colonels. All of them were on a special content: they received additional ladding. Interesting this group until spring 1943. Then was translated into Nuremberg, where he was also on preferential terms: worked in the workshop for the manufacture of toys. Most of these officers are difficult to call traitors. They did not disclose military secrets, and only a few people joined the Vlasov army.
You should not forget that besides tens of thousands of officers who were lucky to survive the camps 1941-1942, to live to the end of the war, working at the German military factories, and except those who collaborate with the municipality and the Vlasov movement were thousands of officers who were shot or tortured in German concentration camps.
The concentration camp system began to be created in Germany in March 1933, after the arrival of the Nazis Klasti. Initially, the camp sent all the disagreeable Nazi regime of persons on political, social, religious and national considerations.
According to the plan of Nazi leadership in the camps, a state-political re-education of prisoners prisoners should occur through strict discipline, hard work.
After in 1934, the responsibility for the concentration camp fell on the SS, the system of special arbitrariness and humiliation was developed and was shown.
On January 2, 1941, the classification of concentration camps was approved by Heydrych. In accordance with it, the concentration camp for all types of arrested shared on 3 categories:
I. These camps contain asocial elements: tramps, prostitutes, homosexuals, representatives of religious sects (Jehovah's Witnesses, etc.), criminal elements who have committed minor crimes. Prisoners are occupied mainly by agricultural workers and not severe physical labor. Purpose of punishment: Correction of prisoners and returning them to society.
II. Camps for dangerous criminals, the re-education is impossible. These criminals include "politicians and enemies of Reich", members of the Social Democratic and Communist Parties, former Fighters of Interbricades in Spain, partisans, saboteurs. These prisoners are used on particularly severe physical work, since they are intended for slow destruction.
III. Camps for Jews and Gypsies, which need to be destroyed in a short time, as much as possible by their physical forces.
The category I treated: Dachau and Zakshenhausen (Oranienburg).
To Category II: Buchenwald, Neuengam, Nationalizailer, FlossSenbürg, Ravensbrück, Lublin-Maddek and Stutthof.
To the III category: Mauthausen-Guzen and Gross Rosen.
For a short time, the mode of the content of the camp I and II category was equal to the conditions of the camps III type. All listed camps were subordinate to RSH.
From the very beginning of the war with the Soviet Union, they were sent to the "irreconcilable fanatical opponents of the Reich" - Soviet officers and political officers, and then other prisoners of war, agitation against ROA, sabotage at work.
In the concentration camp, the prisoners of war changed into striped camp clothes with the letters "Su" - (Sowjet Union) on the chest. Other, translated into civilian status, wore a red triangle with the letter "R" - a political prisoner - Russian.
The main centers for the destruction of Soviet officers and political workers were Zacnhausen, Buchenhawald, Mauthausen. In Auschwitz and Maidanek, also destroyed the Soviet officers, but mostly ordinary redarmeys were received in these concentration camp.
In early August 1941, the Chief Inspector of the Ike's concentration camp held a meeting with the commandants of the SS camps. The issue of the elimination of Soviet officers and political workers delivered from various camps was discussed.
Gustav Zorge, the former second Rapportophyuror of the SS in the concentration camp, showed that the decision was made to subjected to the rapid destruction of all arriving Soviet officers, without entering the camp lists. The first transport from 6 thousand captured officers and political workers arrived in Zacchenhausen in mid-August 1941. By October 1941, 5 thousand of them were killed, and the rest died from hunger in the spring of 1942.
Nazis created perfect murder technology. In the autumn of 1941, all the commandants of the camps were visited by Zashenhausen, where they were familiarized with the method of eliminating political officers and officers:
"One end of the barrack standing in the distance, commissioners and political programs were collected, and when they were included on the full power of radio, they were ordered through a dark corridor into the chamber, where the execution was made. The execution was carried out by a shot in the head of the weapon inserted into the opening of the board - "ROSTER". This invention was invented by the oberfuer Loritz. Daily performance ranged from 1500 to 2000 people. By the time of arrival of the Commandants, the crematorium worked continuously for 14 days. "
Kokshenhausen Pokfurr Wilhelm Schubert admitted that "636 Russian prisoners of war from September to November 1941. I killed my own hands." He also showed that in 1941, 13 thousand Soviet officers and political workers were shot in Zacchenhausen. The destruction of prisoners of war continued and later. Moreover, the methods were improved. Thus, on August 19, 1942, 104 Soviet officers delivered from Starak Xi-A (Altengrabov) were killed in the gas chamber.
In Buchenwald, the first group of Soviet officers and political workers - 300 people - delivered on September 16, 1941. On the same day, they were shot in a dash equipped in one of the workshops in the plant giving. The bodies of the dead burned in the crematorium, then the charred bones were thrown into the sewer, which led to its clogging. On September 18, 1941, the prisoners were removed from the sewer pipes 9 of the bones and, by order of the SS, should have scarceed them along the garden and cover them with manure. However, the group of prisoners buried the remains.
On October 10, 1941, 8 officers of the Red Army were shot in the same dash. Buchenwald continued to receive new transports and small groups of prisoners, mostly officers. Excirations in the dash were held 2 – 3 times a week, but since at the time of execution work at the factory stopped, the Koh Camp commandant decided to build a new place for the shooting of Soviet prisoners of war. There was aware of the experience demonstrated in Zacchenhausen. The scene was equipped in a former stable. Prisoners nicknamed her "cunning house". Excirations were held, as a rule, on Tuesdays and Thursdays. To do this, they created a special command of the SS - "Department 99". For their work, the SSEsovtsy received additional packs: vodka, 200 g sausages, butter and shells of bread.
Deceased to death was injected into the left side of the stable. They also stood powerful speakers, who broadcast merry music loud.
The prisoner was offered to warm out the devil. He should have been tightened and tied with a belt. One people were translated into the right side of the building through the door located in the middle. They were accompanied by people in white coats. Man thought he was kept on a physical examination. Moreover, in the next room he listened to the "doctor" in a white coat, asked about the state of health, about chronic diseases. Answers were recorded. It completely calmed the prisoner. Further through the corridor, he fell into the next room and stopped, blinded by the rays of two powerful lamps directed towards it. The floor of the room was eliminated by a thick layer of sawdust. In the left corner - the wage and a plumbing faucet with the hose. The prisoner was weighed on the scales and then led to the growth meter, located next to him "Medic" corrected his head. At that moment, he was heard in the head. Behind weights and measuring rods were a dark curtain. A gun was mounted in the rolling part of the growth meter, which passed through the slot in the curtain, followed by a sidewayster who made a shot. About 7 thousand officers, political workers, Jews, as well as prisoners who have committed several shoots were killed in the "Sly Domik".
From the beginning of 1943 in Buchenwald, the officers were repeatedly executed – Organizers and participants of resistance and sabotage in camps and in military production. They were hung in the crematorium. Doomed led to the basement, in the walls of which hooks were made. There were forty-eight such hooks. In total, 8483 Soviet prisoners of war were killed in Buchewald, mainly officers.
If, at the beginning of the war, the Germans, as a rule, shot all the captured commissioners and political workers, at the end of 1941 the situation has changed. On November 15, 1941, the commandants of Dakhau, Zakshenhausen, Buchenbüzen, Buchevald, Flossenbürg, Neukhammer, Auschwitz and Gross Rosen received an order to Reichsführer SS Himmler, which said:
"... to those translated in concentration camps For the execution of Russian prisoners of war (in particular, commissioners), which, according to their physical data, can be used at work in the quarries, executed execution. "
However, even after this order, the executions of individual groups of officers and political workers, albeit not on such a scale, as before, continued. So, on September 25, 1942, 197 Soviet prisoners of war, which was shot at the same day, were shot at the same time in the camp of Nashimmer from Starak Xi-B (phaling).
Mauthausen was the most heavy penalty camping. Here they sent the "worst enemies of Reich." The first 2 thousand Soviet prisoners of war in Mauthausen in November 1941 in the book of registration of the death of Soviet prisoners of war dated October 21, 1941 to January 28, 1945, for example, it was noted that on August 17, 1942 "Special appeal", (so Nazis called destruction. - A. Sh.), 56 Soviet prisoners of war-Jews were subjected. On October 6, 1942, arriving prisoners of war were shot: Spitz, Ushalov, Ovchinnikov, Galanin, Oleinichenko, December 8, 1942 – Overchuk; April 17, 1943 - 59 Politrukov, June 21, 1943 - 10 Politrukov, July 8, 1943 - 54 Soviet prisoners of war.
In the fall of 1942, a group of Soviet sailors arrived at the camp. All of them were destroyed in the camp. About the heroes-sailors told the witness of their appearance, the prisoner of Mauthausen Latvian poet Eugene Vevey:
"They went, like on a parade,
Row
Those who closed their breasts
The last ships of Sevastopol.
Shreds of bumps on the backs of sailor,
Like the wings of Albatrosov,
Drains of Telnyashki -
Proud
As on the mast flag.
Wounded, patients, pale
They walked, the fool's cheeky step.
And bloody pave Mauthausen
Shake ...
One fell.
SESSET raised his whip,
Whipped.
The column was threatening threateningly.
It seemed
Again rumbled on enemies
Malakhov Kurgan.
We did not believe our eyes:
Esessovets
Did not whip the second time.
But tightly in the towers camp
Song of "Varyag".
Sailors sing, sailors walk,
It seemed - the hammer on the rails beat:
"The last parade comes!"
The last parade came! .. "
In accordance with the order of the OKV dated April 19, 1943, that Soviet officers who adversely affect the prisoners of war, transfer to the Gestapo and subjected to "special appeal", on October 7, 1944 in Mauthausen, by order of Himmler, 38 members of the BSV shot (fraternal Union of prisoners of war) - an underground organization of Soviet prisoners of war acting in Germany. Among the shot was a combine (in German documents - General) Boris Dvorkin. (In fact, B. Dvorkin was drafted in the army from the stock and did not have time to undergo itching. - A. Sh.). During the execution, he refused to turn face to the wall and said in German Commandant camp Tsirais that he was prisoner of war and did not see the reasons for the execution. Tsirais replied that Dvorkin was guilty before the Reich and therefore should be shot. After that, Tsirais personally shot a community.
Mauthausen sent prisoners of war in accordance with the campaign "Bullet". Within the framework of this action, the destruction of all secondaryly caught prisoners of war officers, except English and American.
Particularly cruelly, the SSPs treated prisoners from the 20th penalty officer block - the "block of death". It contained mainly flyers' officers, among them were the hero of the Soviet Union. Lieutenant Colonel N. I. Vlasov, Colonel A. F. Isupov, Officers of other types of troops, repeatedly committed shoots, appeared in antihytler agitation, in the acts of sabotage in German factories and factories. By the beginning of 1945, in the 20th block contained about 800 people. On the night of 2 to 3 February 1945, the prisoners raised the uprising and tried to run. Almost all died in battle or were caught and tortured in the camp. Also known only the names of 10 salted.
To whom in the former Soviet Union did not know about the death in Mauthausen, Lieutenant General D. M. Karbyshev? However, that he didn't alone accepted martyrdom in the cold under the jets of water, they know a few. The former prisoner of Mauthausen A. M. Ioselievich, who had occurred, was told about the name of Mauthausen, who was hidden under the name of Alexander Ivanovich Grigorevsky. He worked as a doctor in Camp Lazarete.
He knew about the arrival of Karbyshev to the camp in advance: his documents came to the Office, and the underground committee decided to pick up the general in Lazaret. Make it should have been A. M. Ioselievich and Feldscher Doemy and Kharlamov. The new batch of prisoners arrived on February 17: "Frost is strong. They stand in the column. Usually, when a new part of prisoners arrives, they say: patients two steps forward. Those who can walk, go, can not – Carry out a stretcher. We came with stretchers. They are surrounded by camp police and do not dissolve them. People began to fall. Only at 8 pm, the deputy commandant of the camp Bahmaer came and gave the team: "Patients, two steps forward!". Among 400 people who made two steps, was and carbieshev. Suddenly the team: "Share!" All undress devils. "80 people in the bath - wash." The rest are naked standing in the cold. Some werehed, go back. Other 80 go to the bath. And after that, Bakhmaar gives the team to pull the branded and the ice water hits 400. Under the power of impact, people began to be bored in heaps, then fall. Lying at the top ignore.
When in 1957 we, underground workers, were first invited to Moscow, we told A. Maresiev (Hero of the Soviet Union, in 1957. Responsible secretary of the Soviet Committee of Veterans of War. - A. Sh.) that Carbyshev is not one died. He said: "There will be time, the story will understand". "
Soviet prisoners of war fell into Auschwitz. The first group, about 300 people, arrived in Auschwitz in early July 1941. They were captured under Lviv. Most were dressed in leather jacketsAnd therefore the prisoners of Auschwitz accepted them for the Commissioners. However, the Commissars of the Red Army have long been no longer in leopard, they were tankers' officers. Therefore, most likely, these prisoners were tankers who were captured as a result of tank battles in the Brody – Dubno in the recent days of June 1941
During July-August 1941, new batch of prisoners arrived. They were placed in the 11th block, standing separately. Every day they were drawn to work for the construction of a special camp for prisoners of war. Behind their work, except for the Security Councils-SSS, followed a dozen camp criminals. And those and others were severely beaten by captive sticks, and the SS will shot those who could not work.
By early September 1941, 9 blocks were built, fenced with a barbed wire, through which an electric current was passed. On the gate of the new camp, the inscription: "Russia's Kriegsgefangen Arbeitslager" - "Labor camp of Russian prisoners of war."
On September 3, 1941, an experiment was performed in Auschwitz using a syntile acid called "Ciklon B" ("Cyclone B"). The victims of this experience were 600 Soviet prisoners of war and 250 Polish prisoners. Gas use was primitive. Gas cameras have not yet built. Distened to death was driven into the basement of the 11th block, the windows and the doors of which were smeared with clay and scattered the granules of the "cyclone b".
The next day, prisoners on the orders of the SSEs, who took with them just in case of gas mask, opened the doors and windows of the unit to air it, and then began to take the corpses of poisoned.
On October 7, 1941, 2014 Soviet prisoners of war from Staraka No. 308 Neukhammer were brought to Auschwitz. Transports with Soviet prisoners of war continued to arrive in the following days.
Arrivals were used on the construction of gas chambers, crematoriums for Birkenau - the future center for the destruction of Jews.
Most prisoners of war quickly died of deprivation, bullying and unbearable labor. Thus, from October 7 to October 31, 1941, 1255 died, and in November - 3726, and in December - 1912, in January 1942 - 1017 Soviet prisoners of war.
By March 1, 1942, the first stage of the camp – Death factory was ready. And on March 13, 1942, 103 Soviet prisoners of war were destroyed in Birkenaau. In addition to them, 580 Soviet prisoners died in Auschwithe in March. A new batch of prisoners of war, among them, and those who fled from various camps were constantly being replaced, and were caught.
So, for Escape from the camp was translated into Auschwitz in 1942. The former commander of the division at the Volkhov front Colonel K.E. Cartsev, Major V. P. Sokolov, who fled from the F. Skiba camps twice, P. Makhura.
In Auschwitz were pilots of the Heroes of the Soviet Union: Navturman Valentin Sitnev, even in the camp who returned the Hero star, and Viktor Ivanov - Captain, Stormzovik, a participant in fighting on a Kursk arc. Both were sitting in the camp for pilots near Lodz. For the escape from the camp they were sentenced to hanging, but replaced with Auschwitz.
From the stories of the prisoners known the fact of resistance to one of the groups of prisoners. In late afternoon of 1942, several hundred Soviet prisoners of war were brought in Auschwitz. They stayed in the camp for about a month, and then they were led in gas chamber: "When the column was filled with a stack of wood stacked at the crematorium, someone from suicide shouted:
- Comrades, Bay Fascist Gadov!
This served as a signal. Hundreds of people broke through to the stack through a thick chain of security. Despite the fire of the SSS, the prisoners of war praised firewood and, armed with lamps, rushed to the conversions. The desperate battle has fallen. Under the blows of the flights, the SSEs fell with broken turtles. Fallen and struggled redarmeys, but even wounded, pouring blood, continued to fight back. Captured Red Armyians died to one. "
After 1942, prisoners of war in Auschwitz almost did not send. There are cases of arrival of small groups intended for the destruction: on November 14, 1943, 75 people arrived from Lamsdorf camp, on November 28, 1943. From Viljandi camp in Estonia - 334 people with disabilities, which on the same day sent to the gas chamber; January 13, 1944 again from Lamsdorf - 73 prisoners of war.
Survived information on the results of the test conducted by the SD (security service. - A. Sh.) In 1941-1942, most of the Soviet prisoners of war in Auschwitz in accordance with the order of commissioners of June 6, 1941:

• communists fanatics around - 300
• politically unreliable - 700
• politically neutral - 8000
• suitable for cooperation - 30 prisoners of war.

Russia and the USSR in the wars of the twentieth century. Losses of the armed forces. M., 2001, p. 430.

In the same place, with. 434.

In the same place, with. 433.

M. Steinberg. Frames decide everything. Gas. Herald. 07/31/2001. (USA); Russia and the USSR in the wars of the twentieth century, p. 433. (Fate of prisoners are not considered separately)

Criminal goals hitler's Germany… from. 71.

I. Shapiro. Audio recording conversation with the author 10.08.1995 by the archive of the author.

Archive poison va-neck. M-33/483, l. 86.

Poison your. M-33/1089, l. 54.

A. Schneer. Gloves without fingers and a drain cylinder. Jerusalem, 2002, p. 50-51.

Name hall of poison va-neck. Testation Sheet No. 145237.

Ibid. M-33/833, l. 13.

A. Schneer. Gloves without fingers ... p. 96.

Archive poison va-neck. M-37/1176, l. 6.

In the same place, l. 7.

A. Schneer. Gloves without fingers ... p. 100.

Archive poison va-neck. M-37/678, l. 2.

K. M. Alexandrov. The officer corps of the army of Lieutenant General A. A. Vlasova 1944-1945. Spb. 2001, p. 32.

P. N. Pali. In German captivity ... p. 78.

K. M. Alexandrov. Officer Corps ... p. 31.

Archive poison va-neck. M-37/1176, l. 6.

Ibid. M-33/833, l. 13.

Ibid. M-37/1176, l. 9. M-33/833, l. fifteen.

Ibid. M-54/245, l. 67.

P. N. Pali. In German captivity ... p. 109.

N. V. Vashchenko. From the life of a prisoner of war ... p. 243.

A. Schneer. Gloves without fingers ... p. 97.

P. N. Pali. In German captivity ... p. 172.

Ibid, p.180.

Ibid, p.174-173.

A. Schneer. Gloves without fingers ... p. 103.

Archive poison va-neck. M-37/678, l. four.

A.I.Muranov; V.E. Zvyagintsev. Dossier on Marshal. From the history of closed lawsuits. M., 1996, p.222.

K. M. Alexandrov. Officer Corps ... p. 92.

In the same place, with. 110, 253, 293.

A. Schneer. Gloves without fingers ... with. 104-105.

Gustavo. Ottolenghi. La Mappa Dellinferno. 1993. Italia, p. 22-23.

Krysztof.Dunin-Wasowicz. Oboz Koncentracyjny Stutthof. Gdynia, 1966, s. 13.

SS in action. Documents on the crimes of the SS. M., 1969, p. 303.

In the same place, with. 347.

In the same place, with. 320-321.

Streim A.

Buchenwald. Documents and messages. M., 1962, p. 673.

Archive poison va-neck. M-37/1149, l. 2.

In the same place, l. fourteen.

In the same place, with. 14, 112-113.

Buchenwald ... s. 237,240.

Ss in action ... p. 325.

BUT . Streim . Die Behandlung Sowjetischer Kriegsgefanger ... S. 145.

Great Patriotic War 1941-1945; Encyclopedia. M., 1985, p. 436.

BUT. Streim. Die Behandlung Sowjetischer Kriegsgefanger ... S. 143.

E. Veveris. "Squeeze roses in the damn Earth!" (Poetic diary of the prisoner of Mauthausen). Riga, 1969, p. 100-101.

BUT . Streim . Die Behandlung Sowjetischer Kriegsgefanger ... S. 152.

Ss in action ... p. 327.

Nuremberg process ... t. 3, p. 198; S. Smirnov. Stories about unknown heroes. M., 1964, p. 150-155.

A. M. Yozhelevich. Archive poison va-neck. Video interview VD-71.

Franciszek Piper.. Die Zahl der Opfer von auschwitz. AUFGRUND DER QUELLEN YND DER ERTRAGE DER FORSCHUNG 1945 BIS 1990. OSWIECIM, 1993. S. 62.

Smolen kazimierz.. Soviet Prisoners of War In Kl Auschwitz. Death Books from Auschwitz. 1 reports. London. Paris, 1995, p. 117.

In the same place, with. 118, 235.

In the same place, with. 119.

In the same place, with. 124.

Archive poison va-neck. TR-9 / 29-2, l. 296.

In the same place, l. 297.

In the same place, l. 298.

A. Lebedev. Soldiers of a small war. Notes of the Auschwitz prisoner. M., 1957, p. 29-33, 61.

In the same place, with. 58-59.

A.Pinda. With stigma on hand. Sat In fascist dungeons. Notes. Minsk, 1958, p. 239.

Smolen kazimierz.. Soviet Prisoners of War in Kl auschwitz ... p. 125.

In the same place, with. 128.

Franciszek Piper. Die ZAHL DER OPFER VON AUSHWITZ ... S. 58.