The main tasks of the cultural revolution: the task was to overcome cultural inequality, to make the treasures of culture accessible to the working people. elimination of illiteracy: in 1919 the Council of People's Commissars adopted a decree "On the elimination of illiteracy among the population of the RSFSR", according to which the entire population from 8 to 50 years old was obliged to learn to read and write in their native language or Russian. In 1923, a voluntary society "Down with illiteracy" was established under the chairmanship of MI Kalinin.

"Down with illiteracy!" In 1923, a voluntary society "Down with illiteracy" was established under the chairmanship of MI Kalinin. Thousands of points were opened for the elimination of illiteracy educational programs.

Public education. On September 30, 1918, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee approved the "Regulations on the Unified Labor School of the RSFSR". It is based on the principle free training... By a decree of the Council of People's Commissars of August 2, 1918, workers and peasants received the pre-emptive right to enroll in universities. Next important milestone- the adoption in 1930 of the decree of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks "On universal compulsory initial training". By the end of the 30s, mass illiteracy in our country was largely overcome

Power and the intelligentsia: the question of attitudes towards the revolution. S. V. Rachmaninov, K. A. Korovin, A. N. Tolstoy, M. I. Tsvetaeva, E. I. Zamyatin, F. I. Shalyapin, A. P. Pavlova, I. A. Bunin, A. I. Kuprin and others. 500 prominent scientists who headed departments and whole scientific directions: P. A. Sorokin, K. N. Davydov, V. K. Agafonov, S. N. Vinogradsky and others Abroad ended up: Lowering the spiritual and intellectual level

“INTELLIGENCE WAS ALWAYS REVOLUTIONARY. BOLSHEVIK'S DECREETS ARE SYMBOLS OF INTELLIGENCE. ABANDONED SLEDGES REQUIRING DEVELOPMENT. LAND OF GOD ... IS THIS NOT A SYMBOL OF ADVANCED INTELLIGENCE? THE TRUTH, THE BOLSHEVIKS DO NOT SPEAK THE WORD "GOD", THEY FUCK MORE, BUT FACT OF THE SONG THE WORDS WILL NOT ABLEE. INTELLIGENCE AGAINST BOLSHEVIKS ON SURFACE. IT SEEMS ALREADY PASSING. A PERSON THINKS DIFFERENT THAN THIS IS SPECIFIED. RECONCILIATION, MUSICAL RECONCILIATION COMES ... "Can the intelligentsia work with the Bolsheviks? - Maybe it should. (A. A. Blok)

"Smenovekhovstvo" ideological - political and social movement, which arose in the early years. among the Russian foreign liberal-minded intelligentsia. It got its name from the collection "Change of Landmarks", published in Prague in July 1921. The Smenovekhovites set themselves the task of reconsidering the position of the intelligentsia in relation to post-revolutionary Russia. The essence of this revision consisted in the rejection of armed struggle against the new government, recognition of the need to cooperate with it in the name of the welfare of the Fatherland.

“Smenovekhovstvo” (results) by A. N. Tolstoy S. S. Prokofiev M. Gorky M. Tsvetaeva A. I. Kuprin The movement suited the Bolshevik leaders, since it made it possible to split the emigration and achieve recognition of the new government. Returned to their Homeland: Attitude of the Bolsheviks:

The class approach to culture The party and the state established full control over the spiritual life of society in the city - the trial over the Petrograd military organization (famous scientists and cultural figures); - the expulsion of 160 prominent scientists and philosophers from the country; - the establishment of Glavlit, and then the Main Repertoire Committee ( censorship).

From the Resolution of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) "On the party's policy in the fiction"June 18, 1925 Thus, as we do not stop class struggle in general, it does not stop just like that on the literary front. In a class society, there is not and cannot be neutral art. The Party must emphasize the need to create fictional literature designed for a truly mass reader, workers and peasants; we need to more boldly and decisively break with the prejudices of the nobility in literature

The Bolsheviks and the Church. On December 11 (24), 1917, a decree appears on the transfer of all church schools to the Commissariat of Education. On December 18 (31), the effectiveness of church marriage is annulled in the eyes of the state and civil marriage is introduced. January 21, 1918 - a decree was published on the complete separation of church from state and on the confiscation of all church property.

The decree provided for specific measures to ensure that religious organizations carry out their functions. The free performance of ceremonies that did not violate public order and were not accompanied by encroachments on the rights of citizens was guaranteed, and religious societies were given the right to free use of buildings and objects for conducting services.

More and more prohibitions fell upon the Church. The widespread closure of churches; Confiscation of church property for revolutionary needs; Arrests of clergy; Depriving them electoral rights; Children from clergy families were deprived of the opportunity to receive special or higher education.

Books / index.php? SECTION_ID = 326 & ELEMENT_ID = Sources: A. A. Danilov, History of Russia XX - early XXI century M., "Education", 2008 Internet resources:

Fight against illiteracy. Construction of the Soviet school. IN AND. Lenin, defining the main enemies of the socialist revolution, among others, also called the illiteracy of the population of Russia.

In 1918, the restructuring of public education began. On September 30, 1918, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee approved the "Regulations on the Unified Labor School of the RSFSR". This document was based on the most advanced ideas for that time of both Russian and foreign teachers. The new Soviet school was free, and elements of self-government were introduced in it. Pedagogical innovation was encouraged, and respect for the personality of the child was cultivated. However, sometimes the pedagogical searches of that time crossed all the boundaries of reason: desks were expelled from school, the lesson system, homework assignments, textbooks, and marks were canceled.

By the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of August 2, 1918, "On the rules for admission to higher educational institutions", workers and peasant poor were given priority in admission to higher educational institutions. In order to raise their general educational level to the minimum required when studying in high school, at universities and institutes, workers 'faculties (workers' faculties) were created. By 1925, workers' faculty graduates sent to study on party and Komsomol vouchers accounted for half of all applicants. The state provided them with scholarships and hostels. This is how the Soviet intelligentsia began to form.

Power and intelligentsia. In bloom creative forces the luminaries met the proletarian revolution artistic culture "silver age"Some of them very soon realized that under the new conditions Russian cultural traditions would either be trampled or brought under the control of the authorities. Appreciating above all the freedom of creativity, they chose the lot of emigrants. By the mid-1920s, many of the most prominent masters of culture were abroad. (I. A. Bunin, A. I. Kuprin, A. K. Glazunov, S. S. Prokofiev, S. V. Rachmaninov, F. I. Shalyapin, I. E. Repin, V. V. Kandinsky, M 3. Chagall and many others.) M. Gorky, who went abroad in 1921 and settled on the island of Capri (Italy), also took a critical position in relation to the Bolshevik regime. cultures, having gone into deep spiritual opposition to the ruling regime, continued to create in the traditions of Russian dissent - AA Akhmatova, MA Voloshin, MM Prishvin, MA Bulgakov.

The Bolsheviks, having come to power, sought to attract scientists to close cooperation, especially those who in one way or another contributed to the strengthening of the country's defense and economy or had unconditional world recognition. They were provided with more bearable living and working conditions in comparison with other strata of the population. Many famous scientists considered it their duty to work for the good of the Motherland, although this did not mean at all that they shared the political and ideological views of the Bolsheviks. Among them we meet the names of the founder of the theory of modern aircraft construction N.E. Zhukovsky, the creator of geochemistry and biochemistry V.I. Vernadsky, the outstanding chemist N.D.Zelinsky, biochemist A.N.Bach, the father of astronautics K.E. Nobel Prize physiologist I.P. Pavlov, agronomist-test I.V. Michurin, a prominent specialist in plant growing K.A.

The beginning of party control over spiritual life. After the end of the civil war, and especially after the events in Kronstadt, the Bolsheviks began to take more and more actively the spiritual life of the country under their control. In August 1921, the newspapers published a sensational material about the exposure of the so-called Petrograd military organization, which was allegedly preparing a "bloody coup." A group of well-known Russian scientists and cultural figures was declared active participants in this organization. Although the investigation was carried out in a hurry and did not have convincing evidence of the guilt of those arrested, some of them were sentenced to death. Among those shot were the famous scientist-chemist Professor M. M. Tikhvinsky and the greatest Russian poet N. S. Gumilyov.

At the end of August 1922, the Soviet government expelled 160 of the largest Russian scientists from the country - the pride of not only Russian, but also world science. Among those deported were philosophers N.A. Berdyaev, S.N.Bulgakov, L.P. Karsavin, E.N. Trubetskoy, historian A.A.Kizevetter, sociologist P.A. leave Russia. Not sharing the ideological attitudes of Bolshevism, they nevertheless were not active fighters against it.

In 1922, a special censorship committee, Glavlit, was established, which was obliged to exercise control over all printed materials, so that materials that were not pleasing to the authorities did not leak onto its pages. A year later, the Glavlit was joined by the General Repertoire Committee, designed to control the repertoire of theaters and other entertainment events.

Nevertheless, until 1925, culture developed in conditions of relative spiritual freedom. Violent internal party disputes between the Bolshevik leaders prevented them from working out a unified line in the field of ideology. With the strengthening of JV Stalin's positions, the party "turns its face to culture." In 1925, the resolution of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks "On the Party's Policy in the Field of Fiction" was adopted. She laid the foundation for ideologization and party diktat in relation to artistic creation... Speaking to the intelligentsia, NI Bukharin suggested that they "go under the banner of the workers' dictatorship and Marxist ideology." The abolition of artistic dissent began.

The Bolsheviks and the Church. The Bolsheviks set themselves the goal of educating a "new man" worthy of living in a communist society. One of the directions of communist education was the moral improvement of the individual, which at all times was the prerogative of the church. Therefore, the fight against religion was caused not only by the atheistic views of the Bolsheviks, but also by their desire to remove a dangerous competitor from the spiritual sphere of society.

The first act of removing the church from public life was the decree of January 23, 1918 on the separation of church from state and school from church. This decree served as the basis for complete arbitrariness on the ground in relation to the church and its ministers. Churches and monasteries began to close everywhere. Their property and objects of worship were confiscated "for revolutionary needs." The clergy were arrested and sent to forced labor. They were deprived of voting rights and were subject to the highest taxes.

Metropolitan Tikhon of Moscow became the head of the Russian Orthodox Church after the restoration of the patriarchate in 1917. In January 1918, he anathematized the Bolsheviks. When a terrible famine broke out in the Volga region in 1921, Patriarch Tikhon appealed to the heads of Christian churches to help the starving. The Church Aid Committee, created by him, launched an active activity, raising the whole believing Russia to fight hunger.

The Bolshevik leaders could not come to terms with the fact that the church took over the initiative from the state. In February 1922, the Council of People's Commissars issued a decree on the confiscation of church values ​​in favor of the starving. The execution of the decree in some places resulted in a genuine robbery of church property. This caused a massive protest; over a period of three months, more than a thousand clashes between believers and the detachments carrying out requisitions took place. Lenin decided to use these events to deliver a decisive blow to the church.

In April-May 1922 in Moscow and in July in Petrograd, noisy trials of church leaders were organized. Several clergymen - bishops and metropolitans - were sentenced to death on charges of counter-revolutionary activities. Patriarch Tikhon was taken under house arrest and then transferred to prison.

Anti-religious propaganda intensified, the Union of Militant Atheists was created, and the mass magazine Atheist began to be published. After the death of Tikhon in 1925, the authorities did not allow the election of a new patriarch. Metropolitan Peter, who took upon himself the patriarchal duties, was exiled to Solovki in 1926.

The beginning of a "new" art. New trends and phenomena in the field of artistic culture were gaining momentum. The literary-artistic and cultural-educational organization, which received the name Proletkult, declared itself louder and louder. The proletkultists considered their main task to be the formation of a special, socialist culture through the development of the creative initiative of the proletariat. For this, they created special art studios and clubs, which united proletarians inclined to creativity. By 1920, Proletkult organizations numbered up to 400 thousand members. The Theater of Working Youth (TRAM) was created. In it they began their creative activity future luminaries of Soviet art: filmmakers S. M. Eisenstein and I. A. Pyriev, actors M. M. Shtraukh, E. P. Garin and others. cultural achievements of the past.

In 1925, the Russian Association of Proletarian Writers (RAPP) was formed, which also evaluated literary works, proceeding not from their artistic merit, but from the point of view of the social origin of the authors. Therefore, everything that came out of the pen of writers not of worker-peasant origin was declared "ideologically harmful."

A new generation of writers appeared, participants in the revolution and civil war. They not only sang the praises of revolutionary romance, but also explored the most complex life problems, psychological conflicts... Works by I. E. Babel ("Cavalry"), A. Serafimovich ("Iron Stream"), K. A. Trenev ("Yarovaya Love"), M. A. Sholokhov ("Don Stories"), D. A. Furmanova ("Chapaev") were talented, they reflected the mood of the people. With their help, literature descended from the sky-high peaks of "pure" art, became more accessible to the understanding of the broad masses.

Significant changes have taken place in fine arts... The communists who seized power needed new forms to influence the sentiments, agitating for a communist future. The art of poster blossomed, talented masters of this genre appeared - V.N.Deni, D.S.Moor. At the same time, a variety of groupings arose in the visual arts with their own platforms, manifestos, and a system of visual means. Among them, the leading place was occupied by the Association of Artists of Revolutionary Russia (AHRR). In their declaration, the "Akhrrovites" declared that it is the civic duty of every master to "documentarily capture the greatest moment in history in his revolutionary impulse." This idea was embodied in the works of I.I.Brodsky, A.M. Gerasimov, M. B. Grekov.

The architects had a lot of ideas. They created gigantic plans for the construction of previously unseen "cities of the future", in the style of which the ideas of constructivism prevailed. In 1919, V. Ye. Tatlin designed a kind of work "Tower of the III International", which laid the foundations of modern industrial design.

Cinematography continued to develop. In the 20s. the films of S. M. Eisenstein "Battleship Potemkin" and "October", which marked the beginning of the development of a revolutionary theme in this art form, entered the history of world cinema.

October Revolution (full official name in the USSR - Great October socialist revolution) is one of the largest political events in the history of mankind, which influenced the entire history of the 20th century, the stage of the Russian revolution that took place in Russia in October 1917. As a result of the October Revolution, the Provisional Government was overthrown and a government formed by the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets came to power, the absolute majority of whose delegates were Bolsheviks - the Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party (Bolsheviks) and their allies, the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, also supported by some national organizations, a small part of the Menshevik internationalists, and some anarchists. In November, the new government was also supported by a majority of the Extraordinary Congress of Peasant Deputies.

The provisional government was overthrown during the armed uprising on October 25-26 (November 7-8 according to the new style), the main organizers of which were V. I. Lenin, L. D. Trotsky, Y. M. Sverdlov, and others. The Military Revolutionary Committee of the Petrograd Soviet, which also included the Left SRs.

There is a wide range of assessments of the October Revolution: for some, it is a national catastrophe that led to Civil War, lagging behind other modern states and the establishment of a totalitarian system of government in Russia (or, conversely, to the death of Great Russia as an empire); for others - the greatest progressive event in the history of mankind, a huge impact to the whole world, and Russia, which made it possible to choose a non-capitalist path of development, to eliminate feudal vestiges and directly in 1917, rather, saved it from catastrophe. In between these extreme points of view, there is also a wide range of intermediate ones. Many historical myths are also associated with this event.

In the context of the general state situation of the October days, the seizure of power in Russia by the Bolsheviks was not inevitable, it was made inevitable by specific mistakes of the Government, which had every opportunity to prevent it, but did not do it, being confident that this action of the Bolsheviks guaranteed the same fate awaits in the days of July.

Causes of the October Revolution

01 August 1914 in Russia began the First World War, which lasted until November 11, 1918, caused by the struggle for spheres of influence in conditions when a single European market and legal mechanism was not created.
Russia in this war was the defending side. And although the patriotism and heroism of soldiers and officers was great, there was not a single will, no serious plans for waging war, no sufficient supply of ammunition, uniforms and food. This instilled uncertainty in the army. She lost her soldiers and suffered defeat. The Minister of War was put on trial, removed from his post as the Supreme Commander-in-Chief. Nicholas II himself became the commander-in-chief. But the situation has not improved. Despite the continuous economic growth (the production of coal and oil grew, the production of shells, guns and other types of weapons was accumulated, huge reserves were accumulated in case of prolonged warfare), the situation developed in such a way that during the war years Russia found itself as without an authoritative government, without an authoritative prime minister. Minister, and without the authoritative Headquarters. The officer corps was replenished with educated people, i.e. the intelligentsia, which was susceptible to opposition sentiments, and everyday participation in the war, which lacked the bare essentials, gave food for doubts.
Queues appeared in the cities, standing in which was a psychological breakdown for hundreds of thousands of workers and women workers.
The predominance of military output over civilian production and the rise in food prices led to a steady rise in prices for all consumer goods. At the same time, wages did not keep pace with the rise in prices. Discontent was growing both in the rear and at the front. And it turned primarily against the monarch and his government.
Considering that from November 1916 until ma

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Presentation slides text content: SPIRITUAL LIFE OF THE USSR IN THE 20S. Somenkova Ekaterina Vladimirovna history teacher MBOU secondary school № 1O Arzamas Define the goals of the "cultural revolution" AV Lunacharsky - People's Commissar of Education: The goal of the cultural revolution is to form a comprehensively developed harmonious personality. In the transformation of each person into a conscious creator of history. " Define the goals of the "cultural revolution" LD Trotsky - member of the Politburo In the next 20 - 50 years, only "elementary tasks" can be solved, i.e. elimination of illiteracy. Where in a backward country in a capitalist encirclement to appear " new person". Decree of the Council of People's Commissars. December 26, 1919 In order to provide the entire population of the Republic with the opportunity to consciously participate in political life country SNK decided: 1. The entire population of the Republic aged 8-50 years, who cannot read and write, must learn to read and write in their native language or Russian at will ... all the literate population of the country, not conscripted into the army ... wages ... Public education. On September 30, 1918, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee approved the "Regulations on the Unified Labor School of the RSFSR". It is based on the principle of free education. By a decree of the Council of People's Commissars of August 2, 1918, workers and peasants received the preferential right to enter universities 1921-1922 Subbotniks were held to help schools (voluntary fundraising) 1923 All-Russian voluntary society "Down with illiteracy" was organized, headed by MI Kalinin. the elimination of illiteracy, the introduction of universal education from the age of 8-50, workers 'faculties (workers' faculties) were created at universities and institutes, schools were opened, illiteracy was eliminated. NI Bukharin's statement in 1924 “We need the cadres of the intelligentsia to be trained ideologically in a certain manner. Yes, we will churn out intellectuals, we will develop them like in a factory. ”Comment on this document. Begin by clarifying the meaning of such phrases as "cadres of the intelligentsia", "trained ideologically", "in a certain manner", "to stamp intellectuals", "to develop intellectuals like in a factory." Power and the intelligentsia: the question of attitudes towards the revolution. S. V. Rachmaninov, K. A. Korovin, A. N. Tolstoy, M. I. Tsvetaeva, E. I. Zamyatin, F. I. Shalyapin, A. P. Pavlova, I. A. Bunin, A. A. I. Kuprin and others. Emigration (from Lat. Emigro - "I am moving out") resettlement from one country to another for economic, political, personal reasons Spiritual opposition M. Voloshin Akhmatova N. Gumilev V. Mayakovsky M. Bulgakov V. Meyerholdi Dr. VV Mayakovsky AABlok Author KS Petrov-Vodkin They welcomed the Smenovekhovstvo revolution, an ideological, political and social movement that emerged in the early 1920s. among the Russian foreign liberal-minded intelligentsia. It got its name from the collection "Change of Landmarks", published in Prague in July 1921. "Smenovekhovstvo" (results) by A. Tolstoy S. Prokofiev M. Gorky M. Tsvetaeva A. I. Kuprin The movement suited the leaders of the Bolsheviks, because it allowed to split the emigration and achieve recognition of the new government. Returned to the Homeland: Attitude of the Bolsheviks: Remained in the Homeland V.I. Vernadsky K.E. Tsiolkovsky N.E. Zhukovsky I.P. Pavlov N.I. Vavilov V.M. Bekhterev K.A. Timiryazev N.D. Zelinsky 1921 - the trial of the Petrograd military organization (famous scientists and cultural figures). –1922 - establishment of Glavlit. 1925. Resolutions of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) "On the policy of the party in the field of fiction" 1918 decree on the separation of the church from the state Cultural and scientific figures were shot Expelled from the country 160 prominent scientists and philosophers. Control over all printed materials Exercising artistic differences Local arbitrariness in relation to the church and its ministers Class approach to culture Bolsheviks and the church. From a note by V.I. Lenin. March 19, 1922 It is now and only now, when people are being eaten in hungry areas and hundreds, if not thousands of corpses are lying on the roads, we can (and therefore must!) suppression of any resistance ... The more representatives of the reactionary clergy and reactionary bourgeoisie can be shot on this occasion, the better. It is now necessary to teach this audience a lesson so that they would not dare to think of any resistance for several decades. - For what purposes did Lenin propose to carry out the confiscation of church valuables? More and more prohibitions fell on the Church; The widespread closure of churches; Confiscation of church property for revolutionary needs; Arrests of priests; Deprivation of their voting rights; Children from clergy families were deprived of the opportunity to receive special or higher education. The main directions of the spiritual life of Soviet society, new cadres of the Soviet intelligentsia appeared, the struggle against illiteracy, a "new art" arose, party control over the spiritual life of the country was established, the struggle against religion. Homework paragraph 22, heading “Expanding vocabulary», Answer the question in writing: Define the achievements and losses of the spiritual life of the country.

17. 02.2017
Spiritual life

FEATURES OF CULTURE DEVELOPMENT
in the 1920s-1930s
1918 -
Overcome disadvantages
cultural development
PEOPLE
period of tsarist Russia:
COMMISSION
class restrictions;
Enlightenment
low level
education, etc.
(NARCOMPROS)
politicize
culture;
put her in service
the Soviet state
and the Bolshevik
parties;
bring up a new
A.V. Lunacharsky
man "-
first People's Commissar of Education
(1917-1929)
"CULTURAL REVOLUTION"

The main tasks of the cultural revolution:

overcome cultural inequalities,
make available to workers
cultural treasures;
eradication of illiteracy: in 1919
SNK adopted the decree "On liquidation
illiteracy
among
population
RSFSR ", according to which the entire population from
8 to 50 years old was required to study
literacy in the native or Russian language;
v
1923
year
It was
established
voluntary
society
"Down with
illiteracy "chaired by
M.I. Kalinin.

1. Combating illiteracy
Read
document
(p. 159)
and answer
to questions
to the document.
The starting point for literacy throughout
country at the beginning of the century received data on
1897, recognized by domestic and
foreign scientists: total - 21.1%, including
of which 29.3% are men and 13.1% are women.
In Siberia, literacy was
respectively 12% (excluding children under 9
years - 16%), by Central Asia- 5 and 6%
respectively from the entire population.
And although in subsequent years, until 1914, the level
literacy increased (according to various estimates
up to 30-45% in industrially developed
provinces), but “after the wars and in general
Educational courses
sets, the literacy rate is falling. "
Educational courses
Lenin is one of the main tasks of building socialism
in the country considered the fight against illiteracy.

"Down with illiteracy!"

In 1923, the voluntary society "Down with
illiteracy "chaired by MI Kalinin.
Have been opened
thousand points
to eliminate
illiteracy
rape

1. Combating illiteracy
Total 1917-1927
was taught to read and write
up to 10 million adults,
including in the RSFSR
5.5 million
Soviet propaganda
1920s posters

In 1918 it was
approved by the "Regulations
about a unified labor school
RSFSR "- school
was proclaimed
free, she
governed by
self-government,
encouraged
pedagogical
innovation, respect
to the personality of the child.
Lesson at school,
end 1920s - early. 1930s
But a series of experiments
had a negative
side - canceled
lessons, desks, homework
tasks, marks,
exams.

Public education

September 30, 1918 Next
important
Central Executive Committee
approved milestone - adopted in 1930
"Regulations on a single year of the Central Committee resolution
labor
school VKP / b "On universal
RSFSR ". Mandatory
put
principle of primary education ”.
free training.
Towards the end of the 30s
SNK decree from 2 mass
August
1918
d. illiteracy in our
preferential
country mainly
eligibility for admission has been overcome
universities received workers
and peasants

2. Construction of the Soviet school
Upon admission to universities
advantages
used by workers
and peasants guided
to study in party
and Komsomol vouchers.
In order for the workers
and the peasants could learn
in universities, with them
workers were created
faculties.
The state provided
workers' graduates
scholarships
and hostels. Workers' faculty is in progress (university students)
(B. Johanson. 1928)

2. Construction of the Soviet school
Workers' workers
By 1927, the network of higher educational institutions and technical schools of the RSFSR
consisted of 90 universities (in 1914 - 72 universities) and 672 technical schools
(in 1914 - 297 technical schools).

2. Construction of the Soviet school
N.K. Krupskaya -
A.V. Lunacharsky -
A.S. Makarenko -
since 1929 Deputy
People's Commissar of Education
first People's Commissar of Education
(1917-1929)
Soviet teacher
and writer
Great contribution to the organization of public education and enlightenment,
N.K. Krupskaya, A. V. Lunacharsky,
talented teachers A.S. Makarenko, P.P. Blonsky, S.T. Shatsky.

3. Reform of the Russian language
December 1917 -
reform of Russian spelling:
were excluded from the Russian alphabet
obsolete letters Ѣ (yat), Ѳ (fit), І ("and
decimal "), hard mark(B) on
end of words and parts of compound words, but
kept as a dividing
sign (rise, adjutant);
in genitive and
accusative adjectives
and participles ending -ago, -iago
was replaced by -o, it (for example, new → new, better
→ best, early → early), in
nominative and accusative
plural feminine and
middle genus -yya, -іya - on -s, ue (new (books, editions) → new)
etc.
The title page of the novel "War and Peace" with the old spelling.
Publishing by I.D. Sytin's t-va for the 100th anniversary of the Battle of Borodino, Moscow, 1912.

4. Power and intelligentsia
SUPPORT
REVOLUTION
EMIGRATION
M.Gorky,
I. Bunin,
A. Kuprin,
F. Chaliapin,
S. Prokofiev,
S. Rachmaninov,
I. Repin,
M. Shagal,
V.Kandinsky
and etc.
Bolshevik
(B. Kustodiev. 1920)
OPPOSITION
A. Akhmatova,
M. Bulgakov,
M. Voloshin,
M. Prishvin
and etc.
V. Mayakovsky,
A. Blok,
B.Kustodiev
K. Petrov-Vodkin
and etc.

Remained at home

V.M. Bekhterev
N.I. Vavilov
V.I. Vernadsky
N.E. Zhukovsky
ND Zelinsky
K.A. Timiryazev
I.P. Pavlov
K.E. Tsiolkovsky

M. Voloshin
A. Akhmatova
N. Gumilev
V. Mayakovsky
M. Bulgakov
V. Meyerhold

4. Power and intelligentsia
... So they walk with a sovereign step -
Behind is a hungry dog
Ahead - with a bloody flag,
And invisible behind the blizzard,
And unharmed by the bullet,
With a gentle gait,
Snowy pearl,
In a white corolla of roses -
Ahead is Jesus Christ.

4. Power and intelligentsia
In the history of Russian culture, the revolution fell on its heyday
"Silver Age". Many cultural masters appreciate the freedom of creativity
ended up abroad.
"Change of milestones" - collection
journalistic
articles
philosophically
in Russia
political science
content,
(in the 1920s-1930s
biennium):
published in Prague in 1921
A. Tolstoy,
S. Prokofiev,
prominent
representatives of
liberal
directions
v
M. Tsvetaeva,
M.Gorky
public A. Kuprin
Russian thoughts
emigration.
Participants of the "Change of Vekhi" made an attempt to comprehend the role of the Russian
intelligentsia in the new political and economic conditions. The general idea
year
collection was the idea of ​​the possibility of adopting the Bolshevik 1909
revolution
and
reconciliation with its results in order to preserve the unity and power of the Russian
the state. Professor N.V. Ustryalov was the first ideologist of the changeover.

4. Power and intelligentsia
The Bolsheviks tried to attract famous scientists to cooperation. From their
activity depended on the country's defense. These people were created
conditions for normal life and research. Many scientists believed that
it is necessary to work for the good of the Motherland, although they did not accept the ideology of the Bolsheviks.
I.P. Pavlov
ND Zelinsky
I. V. Michurin
V.I. Vernadsky
In the 20s. continued scientific activity I. Pavlova, N. Zhukovsky,
K. Tsiolkovsky, N. Zelinsky, I. Michurin, V. Vernadsky and others.

4. Power and intelligentsia
After the Kronstadt mutiny, the Bolsheviks increased their control over the spiritual
sphere of society. In August 1921, the Petrograd
combat organization.
On the charge
in accessories
there were
shot
N. Gumilev,
M. Tikhvinsky
and other figures
science and culture.
Cover of volume 177 of NS Gumilyov's "case".
1921 year

4. Power and intelligentsia
"Philosophical Steamship" - the campaign of the government of the RSFSR for the expulsion
people who were unwanted by the authorities abroad in September and November 1922.
P. A. Sorokin
N. A. Berdyaev
S. N. Bulgakov
I. A. Ilyin
In 1922, 160 scientists were expelled from the country.
“We sent these people
Among the exiled are Russian philosophers and thinkers: because they cannot be shot
I. Yu Bakkal, N. A. Berdyaev, V. F. Bulgakov, S. N. Bulgakov, it was
V. V. Zvorykin,
I. A. Ilyin,
reason, but endure
It was
L.P. Karsavin, A.A.Kizevetter, N.A.Kotlyarevsky, D.V. Kuzmin-Karavaev, I. I. Lapshin,
impossible"
N. O. Lossky, V. A. Myakotin, M. M. Novikov, M. A. Osorgin, P. A. Sorokin, S. E. Trubetskoy,
L. D. Trotsky
A. I. Ugrimov, S. L. Frank, N. N. Tsvetkov, V. I. Yasinsky and others.

4. Power and intelligentsia
Scientists worked in exile
with world names:
microbiologist S.N. Vinogradsky,
geologist N.I. Andrusov,
soil scientist V.K. Agafonov,
chemists V. N. Ipatiev
and A.E. Chichibabin,
aircraft designer I. I. Sikorsky,
one of the creators
television V.K. Zvorykin,
historian N.P. Kondakov and others.
I.I.Sikorsky - Russian and American aircraft designer,
scientist, inventor, philosopher. Creator of the first in the world:
four-engine aircraft "Russian Knight" (1913),
passenger aircraft "Ilya Muromets" (1914),
transatlantic seaplane, serial helicopter
single-screw circuit.

4. Power and intelligentsia
In 1922 the
Glavlit, which carried out
censorship of all printed
products.
In 1923 created
Glavrepetok with the same
functions.
But until 1925 in culture
the relative
spiritual freedom.
Party leaders fighting friend
with a friend, could not
agree on a single line.
With the rise of Stalin
the situation has changed,
ideologization began
artistic creation.

5. State and Church
At the end of October 1917
in Russia was restored
patriarchate.
Activities of Patriarch Tikhon:
condemned the shooting of the royal
families;
condemned the persecution of the church;
fought against confiscation
church values
(1922);
tried to establish a dialogue and
state cooperation
and churches.
Patriarch Tikhon
(1917-1925)

5. State and Church
The reasons for the struggle
with church and religion:
atheistic views
party leaders;
desire to remove
competitor from the spiritual
spheres.
Fragment of the Decree on Freedom of Conscience,
ecclesiastical and religious societies.
1918 year
Early 1918
the church was separated
from the state,
and the school is from the church.

5. State and Church
Church cartoons

5. State and Church
1922 - seizure of church
values.
“We cannot approve withdrawals from temples,
even through voluntary
donation of sacred items,
the use of which is not for liturgical
purposes is prohibited by the canons of the Universal
Church and is punished by Her as sacrilege -
laymen by excommunication from Her,
clergy - eruption from
dignity "
From the Appeal of Patriarch Tikhon.
A poster for helping the starving regions of the RSFSR "Hunger-spider strangles
the peasantry of Russia ”.
The most hungry regions are marked in black (Lower Urals,
Volga region, Crimea, southern Ukraine). Allegorical streams emanating from
various religious institutions (Orthodox, Catholic and
Muslim), infect the body of the "hunger-spider"

Withdrawal of church valuables
Autopsy of the relics of Alexander
Nevsky and the seizure of the precious crayfish.
May 1922.

5. State and Church
Church property
requisitioned to the fight fund
with hunger. This resulted in
speeches of believers.
In response, power passed into
offensive. In the spring of 1922
in Moscow and Petrograd passed
lawsuits over
church leaders.
Several people were
executed, and Patriarch Tikhon
arrested. In 1925 after
Tikhon's death elections
the patriarch were banned (before
1943).
Simonov monastery. Destruction of the temple.
1923 year.

Literary currents
XX century in Russia
symbolism
acmeism
Imagism
futurism

Symbolists (French symbolisme from Greek
symbolon - sign, symbol).
Z. N. Gippius,
V. Ya.Bryusov,
K. D. Balmont,
F.K.Sologub,
A. A. Blok,
S. Soloviev,
K. Balmont,
V. Ivanov,
I.F. Annensky
A. Blok
A. Bely
K. Balmont
Symbolism
built
on
basis
interpretation of the concept of a symbol as a fundamental
connections of being, thinking, personality and culture.

Acmeists (from the Greek akme` - edge, the highest
the degree of something, the blooming power).
N. S. Gumilyov
A. A. Akhmatova
O. E. Mandelstam
G. V. Ivanov
V. I. Narbut
A.Akhmatova
O. Mandelstam
Acmeism
was based
on
proclamation
materiality, objectivity of subjects and images,
precision of the word.

Futurists (from Latin futurum - future).
V. Khlebnikov
V. V. Mayakovsky
D. D. Burliuk
I. Severyanin
David
Burliuk
Velimir
Khlebnikov
Futurism was based on speed, movement,
energies that
tried to convey enough
simple techniques.

Imagists (from French image - image)
S. A. Yesenin
S. Yesenin
A. B. Mariengof
V.G.Shershenevich
Anatoly
Marienhof
Imagism characterizes
anarchic motives.
creative
shocking,

A class approach to culture

The party and the state have established a complete
control over the spiritual life of society.
1921 - the trial of the Petrograd military
organization (famous scientists and figures
culture).
1922 - expulsion from the country of 160 large
scientists and philosophers.
1922
–
institution
Glavlita
(General Directorate for Literature and will publish
elstv), and then the Main Repertoire Committee (body
approving censorship).

From the Resolution of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) "On the policy of the party in the field of fiction" - June 18, 1925

Thus, as it does not stop with us
class struggle in general, so surely it is not
stops on the literary front as well. V
class society does not and cannot be
neutral art.
The party must emphasize the need
creation
artistic
literature,
designed for a truly massive
the reader, worker and peasant; necessary
bolder
and
more decisively
tear
with
the prejudices of the nobility in literature

6. New art
PROLETKULT - mass
cultural and educational
and literary and artistic
organization of proletarian
amateur performances at the People's Commissariat
enlightenment that existed
from 1917 to 1932.
Proletkult ideologists proceeded from
definitions of "class culture"
formulated by Plekhanov.
In their opinion, any work
art reflects interests and
alignment of only one class
and therefore unsuitable for another.
Consequently, the proletariat
you need to create "your"
own culture from scratch.

6. New art
The first workers' theater
Proletkulta in 1924-32
located in
cinema "Colosseum"
on Chistoprudny
boulevard (now building
theater "Sovremennik").
Put in front of him
propaganda tasks,
contributed to the development
and approval on stage
Soviet drama.
The theater worked:
G.V. Alexandrov,
E.P. Garin, I.A. Pyryev,
MM. Strauch;
CM. Eisenstein et al.
Theater of Working Youth (TRAM).
1930 year.

6. New art
S.M. Eisenstein.
"Battleship Potemkin" - a silent feature film,
filmed by director Sergei Eisenstein at the Mosfilm studio
in 1925 (to the 20th anniversary of the 1905 revolution). Repeatedly in different years
recognized as the best or one of the best films of all times and peoples
based on polls of critics, filmmakers and the public.

6. New art
In 1921 came out
first issue
the first Soviet
thick magazine
"Red nov".
Editor from 1921 - 1927
was A.K. Voronsky.

6. New art
"Quiet Don" - an epic novel
Mikhail Sholokhov at four
volumes, written from 1925 to 1940.
One of the most significant
works of Russian
20th century literature, drawing
a wide panorama of the life of the Don
Cossacks during the First
world war, revolutionary
events of 1917 and civil
wars in Russia.
For this novel in 1965
Sholokhov was awarded
Nobel Prize for
literature with the wording “For
artistic power and integrity
epos about the Don Cossacks in
a turning point for Russia ”.
The magazine "Roman-Newspaper", 1928.
(one of the first publications of the novel
and a portrait of the author)

6. New art
I.M.Babel.
D.A. Furmanov.

6. New art
Lenin
And I,
and now
like the spring of humanity,
more than alive.
born
Our knowledge
- and in battle,
in works
singing
force
my fatherland,
and weapons.
my republic!
From the poemFrom the poem "Good"
(1927).
"Vladimir Ilyich Lenin"
(1924).
V.V. Mayakovsky.

6. New art
"Windows of ROSTA satire" -
series of posters created by
in 1919-1921
Soviet poets
and artists who worked
in the Russian
telegraph
agency (ROSTA).
"ROSTA Windows" -
specific form
mass campaigning
art emerged
during the Civil
wars and interventions
1918-1920
An important role in the creation of "Windows
ROSTA ”was played by V. Mayakovsky.

6. New art
D. Moor.
Campaign posters.
V. Denis.
Campaign posters.

6. New art
V.E. Meyerhold
E.B. Vakhtangov
A.Ya. Tairov
In the theater, in addition to the system of K.S. Stanislavsky, they are looking for new forms
artistic expression (revolutionary romance, grotesque,
satire, biomechanics, etc.)

7. Communal life
Communal apartment -
apartment where he lives
several families,
are not
relatives.
Appeared after the revolution
1917 during
"Seals" when
Bolsheviks forcibly
took housing from the rich
townspeople and put them in
apartment of new people,
active supporters
Soviet power
(communists, military,
employees of the Cheka).
Most communal
apartments appeared
in Leningrad (Petersburg).

8. Satire
M.A.Bulgakov
The story was written in 1925, for the first time
published in 1968 at the same time
in the magazine "Grani" (Frankfurt) and
Alec Phlegon's "Student" magazine
(London).
In the USSR in the 1960s, it spread to
samizdat. For the first time it was officially
published in the USSR in 1987 in the 6th
issue of the Banner magazine.
Since then, it has been reprinted several times.

8. Satire
I. Ilf and E. Petrov

8. Satire
V.V. Mayakovsky.
In the background "Windows ROSTA"

RESULTS:
+
significantly raised the level
literacy of the population
culture became mainstream and
publicly available
in the 1920s it was still
relative freedom
creativity, no tough
censorship
Poster. 1920 year.
Author: A. Radakov.

RESULTS
end of the "Silver Age"
multiplicity of development paths
culture begins gradually
liquidated by the Soviet regime
as the dictatorship takes shape
Stalin's party
attack on culture,
restriction of creative freedom,
development of "socialist
realism "
activities of the intelligentsia
will gradually be placed under
party control (especially this
appear in the 30s.)
Poster. 1930 year.
Authors: I. Lebedev, N. Krasilnikov.

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Presentation slides text content: SPIRITUAL LIFE OF THE USSR IN THE 20S. 1. Combating illiteracy. 2. Power and the intelligentsia. 3. Party control. 4. "Smenovekhovstvo". 5. The Bolsheviks and the Church. The main tasks of the cultural revolution: the task was to overcome cultural inequality, to make the treasures of culture accessible to workers. Elimination of illiteracy: in 1919 the Council of People's Commissars adopted a decree "On the elimination of illiteracy among the population of the RSFSR", according to which the entire population from 8 to 50 years old was obliged to learn to read and write. native or Russian. In 1923, a voluntary society "Down with illiteracy" was established under the chairmanship of MI Kalinin. "Down with illiteracy!" In 1923, a voluntary society "Down with illiteracy" was established under the chairmanship of MI Kalinin. Thousands of points were opened for the elimination of illiteracy educational programs. Public education. On September 30, 1918, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee approved the "Regulations on the Unified Labor School of the RSFSR". It is based on the principle of free education. By a decree of the Council of People's Commissars of August 2, 1918, workers and peasants received the preferential right to enroll in universities. By the end of the 30s, mass illiteracy in our country was basically overcome. Power and the intelligentsia: the question of the attitude to the revolution. S. V. Rachmaninov, K. A. Korovin, A. N. Tolstoy, M. I. Tsvetaeva, E. I. Zamyatin, F. I. Shalyapin, A. P. Pavlova, I. A. Bunin, A. A. I. Kuprin and others. 500 prominent scientists who headed departments and entire scientific directions: P.A. Sorokin, K.N. Davydov, V.K.Agafonov, S.N. Vinogradskiy and others. ... BOLSHEVIK'S DECREETS ARE SYMBOLS OF INTELLIGENCE. ABANDONED SLEDGES REQUIRING DEVELOPMENT. LAND OF GOD ... IS THIS NOT A SYMBOL OF ADVANCED INTELLIGENCE? THE TRUTH, THE BOLSHEVIKS DO NOT SPEAK THE WORD "GOD", THEY FUCK MORE, BUT FACT OF THE SONG THE WORDS WILL NOT ABLEE. INTELLIGENCE AGAINST BOLSHEVIKS ON SURFACE. IT SEEMS ALREADY PASSING. A PERSON THINKS DIFFERENT THAN THIS IS SPECIFIED. RECONCILIATION, MUSICAL RECONCILIATION COMES ... "Can the intelligentsia work with the Bolsheviks? - Maybe it should. (A.A.Blok) Remained in the Motherland V.I.Vernadsky K.E. Tsiolkovsky N.E. Zhukovsky I.P. Pavlov N.I. Vavilov V.M. Bekhterev K.A. Timiryazev N.D. Zelinsky Remained in the Homeland M. Voloshin Akhmatova N. Gumilev V. Mayakovsky M. Bulgakov V. Meyerholdi et al. "Smenovekhovstvo" is an ideological, political and social movement that emerged in the early 1920s. among the Russian foreign liberal-minded intelligentsia. It got its name from the collection "Change of Landmarks", published in Prague in July 1921. The Smenovekhovites set themselves the task of reconsidering the position of the intelligentsia in relation to post-revolutionary Russia. her for the welfare of the Fatherland. "Smenovekhovstvo" (results) by A. Tolstoy S. Prokofiev M. Gorky M. Tsvetaeva A. I. Kuprin The movement suited the leaders of the Bolsheviks, because it allowed to split the emigration and achieve recognition of the new government. They returned to their homeland: The attitude of the Bolsheviks: The class approach to culture The party and the state established complete control over the spiritual life of society. 1921 - the trial of the Petrograd military organization (famous scientists and cultural figures). - expulsion from the country of 160 prominent scientists and philosophers. 1922. - the establishment of Glavlit, and then the General Repertoire Committee (censorship). From the Resolution of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) "On the Party's Policy in the Field of Fiction" June 18, 1925. Thus, just as the class struggle in our country does not stop in general, it does not stop at all on the literary front either. In a class society, there is not and cannot be neutral art. The Party must emphasize the need to create fiction, designed for a truly mass reader, workers and peasants; it is necessary to break more boldly and decisively with the prejudices of the nobility in the literature of the Bolsheviks and the Church. On December 11 (24), 1917, a decree appeared on the transfer of all church schools to the Commissariat of Education. December 18 (31), the effectiveness of church marriage was canceled in the eyes of the state and a civil marriage was introduced. January 21, 1918 - a decree was published on the complete separation of the church from the state and on the confiscation of all church property ”. The decree provided for specific measures to ensure that religious organizations carry out their functions. The free performance of ceremonies that did not violate public order and were not accompanied by encroachments on the rights of citizens was guaranteed, and religious societies were given the right to free use of buildings and objects for conducting services. More and more prohibitions fell on the Church; The widespread closure of churches; Confiscation of church property for revolutionary needs; Arrests of priests; Deprivation of their voting rights; Children from clergy families were deprived of the opportunity to receive special or higher education. http://www.pugoviza.ru/cgi-bin/yabb2/YaBB.pl?num=1220371796 http://alkir.narod.ru/rh-book/l-kap9/l-09-03-3.html http://www.uralligaculture.ru/index.php?main=library&id=100007 http://www.xumuk.ru/bse/993.html http://literra.ru/2006/10/ http: // mp3slovo.com/list2_13_5.html http://russianway.rhga.ru/catalogue-books/index.php?SECTION_ID=326&ELEMENT_ID=23253 http://dugward.ru/library/blok/blok_mojet_li.html Sources: А.А . Danilov, History of Russia XX - early XXI century M., "Education", 2008. Internet resources.