The land is in a state of constant change. This list presents ten basic events, which, according to forecasts, will experience our planet over the next billion years.

~ 10 million years

New satellite observations show that on planet Earth slowly forms a new ocean, originating in the fall of 2012 and gradually, continues to grow. This ocean, apparently, in the future, divide Africa for 2 continents. He began to form, after an earthquake in the eastern part of Africa - instantly arose a crack width of 8 meters and a length of 60 kilometers. According to calculations, 10 million years will pass when geological activity in this region will cease, leaving only dry pools that are filled with water and form a new ocean.

~ 100 million years

Given the large number of objects that are randomly circulated in space, there is an opportunity that in the next 100 million years old, our planet will collide with such an object. It will be comparable to the fact that caused dinosaur extinction 65 million years ago. Undoubtedly, some types will survive.
Who knows what life will be to succeed on such a planet? Maybe one day, we will share the land with an intelligence invertebrate or amphibians.

~ 250 million years

Pangeus Ultima is a hypothetical supercontinent, in which, according to forecasts, all existing continents will be connected approximately from 200-300 million years. In the future, the planet Earth or rather, approximately 50 million years old, Africa migrates to the north and, in the end, will face southern Europe. Australia and Antarctica will also be part of the new supercontinent, they will move to the north until they encounter Asia.

~ 600 million years

Gamma burst is a large-scale cosmic impetus for explosive energy, observed in remote parts of the galaxy, which is able to erase most of the ozone layer of the Earth, thereby causing radical changes in climate and extensive environmental damage, including mass extinction. For a few seconds, the gamma burst is able to free up so much energy as our sun allocates for 10 billion years.

~ 1.5 billion years

The sun gradually becomes all hot and slowly increases in size, which will ultimately lead to the fact that the Earth will be too close to the sun. In this regard, the oceans are completely dried, leaving behind only the deserts with burning soil. But fortunately, Mars at this moment can serve as a temporary chain for all remaining people.

~ 2.5 billion years

As scientists believed, based on today's ideas about the Earth's core, that the outer nucleus of the Earth will no longer be liquid - it solids. The magnetic field of the Earth will slowly disappear until exist at all. With absence magnetic fieldwhich protects the planet from destroying solar radiation, the earth's atmosphere will gradually lose its lung compound - such as ozone.

~ 3.5 billion years

There is a small chance that in the future the orbit of Mercury will stretch and cut the Werethe's path. Although we cannot imagine exactly what happens when it happens. In the best case, Mercury will simply be absorbed by the Sun or destroyed as a result of a collision with a Venus. At worst? The Earth may face any other large non-gaseous planet - orbits, which would be radically destabilized by Mercury.

~ 4 billion years

There is a possibility that new stars will appear on our night sky - Andromeda Galaxy. Probably it will be truly a wonderful spectacle. But over time, these new stars will start scary to distort the Milky Way, merging together, they will create a chaotic picture of the night sky us. In any case, our night sky will at least temporarily decorated with trillions of the newest stars.

~ 5 billion years

The additional force of the acting on the moon - the stars will be enough for the moon slowly fell on the ground. When the moon reaches the limit of Rosh, it will start disintegrating. After that, it is possible that the lunas of the moon form a ring around the Earth, which will fall on our planet for many years.

The likelihood that the land will collapse over the next ten billion years, is high. Or she will become an outcast planet, or will be absorbed by the "embrace" of the dying sun, or ... let's just hope that the land will not overtake sad fate.

The briefness of human life creates the illusion that nothing changes on Earth - it seems to us that the planet has always been the one that we see it now, with the same landscapes, animals and plants ... But geology and paleontology represent us the indisputable evidence of the continuous transformation of the Earth. After all, in fact, our planet dozens of times "shuffled" continents and changed the species composition of flora and fauna under the influence of new external conditions.

Earth after 5 million years

Today, everyone talks about global warming, which cause greenhouse gases created by human activity. However, the same human activity leads to cooling in separate parts of the planet - although in general it can be called a rough unbalancement of climate. But let's in order ...

On April 20, 2010, an explosion (and, by the way, not the first in the oil industry) occurred at the Deepwater Horizon oil platform, located in the Gulf of Mexico. Two days later, the platform was sank and oil from the underwater well began to enter the open sea. How much it flowed down while the engineers "British Petroleum" have not shut down the well, is reliably unknown. In the water of the Gulf of Mexico, where the Golf Stream is formed, according to different information, more than a trillion liters of crude oil fell.

Following the "floating money", the Americans injected 500 million liters of Corskisit and other chemical reagents for binding oil and precipitation to the bottom. This mixture is constantly expanding in the volume, spreading along the bottom of the ocean and providing a serious impact on the entire thermoregulation system of the planet by destroying the boundary layers of warm water flow. Perhaps for someone it will become news, but, according to the last satellite data, Gulf Stream no longer exists.

This "river" with warm water moved through Atlantic OceanHeated Northern Europe and protecting it from the winds. Currently, in some places, the circulation system died and dies in other sites. As a result of these processes, high temperatures were formed in Moscow, drought and floods in Central Europe occurred, the temperature in many Asian countries increased, mass floods occurred in China, Pakistan and other Asian countries.

The beginning of climate change has already been laid. All this means that it will be possible to forget about a stable climate and quiet life: in the future, violent mixing of seasons will occur, an increase in the size of the droughts and floods in various places of the Earth. This will lead to frequent indigestible, unstable economy, epidemics, changes in flora and fauna, as well as mass migration of the population from zones that are unsuitable for human habitat. The population of the planet is presumably shrinking twice, if not more.

But whatever natural disasters when we had to postpone humanity, after 5 million years old, the land will be in power the next ice age. Grand Ice Pancir will cover all the northern hemisphere until moderate latitudes, and the Ice Shield of Antarctica will grow. Stern dry climate transforms planet landscapes: most of the sushi will take cold deserts and steppes, in which only the most unpretentious animals are able to survive.

Earth in 50-200 million years

According to modern theory The drift of the continents, another 200-300 million years ago, in the Mesozoy, there was a single supercontinent - Pangeya. Initially, he splits into two parts - northern Laucasia and South Gondwan. Eurasia and North America, from Gondwana, subsequently formed from the famine South America, Africa, Australia, Antarctica, Arabian Peninsula and Industan.

Scientists believe that Pangea has been the third or fourth supercontinent in the history of our planet. Its predecessors were their births in the protein (1 billion years ago) and Nuna in Paleoproterozoy (1.8-1.5 billion years ago). Most scientists today converge in the fact that in a distant future, the land awaits the merger of the continents, which will completely change the appearance of the planet.

Modern continents form Amazia (from the words "America" \u200b\u200band "Eurasia") - a single continent in the area of \u200b\u200bthe modern Arctic, surrounded by the Global Ocean. Most of the mainland will be occupied by the harsh deserts and mountain arrays. Wet coasts will be in power of the most powerful storms. Antarctica will also move to the equator and drops his ice shell.

Collisions of continental plates will cause strengthening volcanic activity, which will result in the emission of a large amount into the atmosphere carbon dioxide and considerable climate warming. Ice on Earth almost will not remain, the oceans will damage the huge Sushi spaces. On a warm and wet planet, the real feast of life will begin.

What will be in millions of years a new supercontinent, which will connect all modern parts of the world, tried to understand geologists from Yale University. According to the theory of Professor David Evans, a specialist in the internal device and the history of continents, the center of the new continent can be both Asia and North America. The main thing is that this continent will be exactly on the territory of the modern Northern Ocean. The continents will "save" a new mountain range (Himalayas, for example, formed during the merger of Eurasia and the Gondwana - Industan region).

The results of the calculations were published in the Nature magazine. Professor Evans sighs: "Of course, this kind of reasoning cannot be checked by simply waiting 100 million years, - but we can use the trajectories of the ancient supercontinents in order to better understand how this eternal tectonic plant dance occurs."

The question is whether there will still live on the planet of the future people? Fatalists believe that it is impossible - in the end, once dominated dinosaurs and the estimated highly-circular race of Atlanta disappeared from the face of the Earth, without resisting the face of global changes and disasters. Such philosophy is very convenient, isn't it? After all, it's easier to know that "we are all die" and nothing depends on us, so you can burn your life as you like, leaving only ruin and trash. After all, it is such thoughts who expresses a person, saying: after me, at least a flood.

But let's look at the truth: a person has every chance of how to correct his mistakes and adapt to the most difficult conditions of existence (yes, we are) and invent high tech To protect against cataclysms. The main thing is not to lose hope, do not hide behind convenient excuses, believe in us - after all, only thanks to the hope and desire for the better, a person once ordered his shoulders and became those who he is.

A year ago, in his speech in the University of Oxford University, Legendary Stephen Hoking said that humanity can survive only for another 1000 years. We have compiled the most exciting forecasts for the New Millennium.

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1. People will live for 1000 years.

Millionaires already invest millions of dollars in research on a slowdown or termination of aging completely. After 1000 years, doctors can develop funds for each component that causes the fabric to grow old. The gene editing tools are already here that can potentially control our genes and make people immune to disease.

2. People will move to another planet.

After 1000 years, the only way to the survival of humanity may consist of creating new settlements in space. Spacex has a mission "Let people become cosmic civilization." The founder of the company Ilon Mask hopes for the first launch of his spacecraft by 2022, which will go to Mars.

3. We will all look equally.

In his speculative mental experiment Dr. Kwan suggested that in the distant future (after 100,000 years), people will have a larger forehead, large nostrils, big eyes and more pigmented leather. Scientists are already working on the ways to edit genomes so that parents can choose how their children will look like.

4. There will be super-fast intelligent computers.

In 2014, the supercomputer performed the most accurate modeling of the human brain today. After 1000 years, computers predict the coincidences and overtake the computational speed of the human brain.

5. People will be cyborgs.

Machines can already improve human rumor and vision. Scientists and engineers are developing bionic eyes to help blind people see. After 1000 years, fusion with technology can become the only way for humanity to compete with artificial intelligence.

6. Mass extinction.

The last mass extinction destroyed dinosaurs. A recent study showed that the rate of extinction for species in the 20th century was up to 100 times higher than it would be normal, without the impact of man. According to some scientists, only a gradual population reduction can help civilization to preserve.

7. We will all speak at the same global language.

The main factor, which is likely to lead to a universal language, is to streamline languages. Linguists predict that through 100 years will disappear 90% of languages Because of migration, and the remaining will be simplified.

8. Nanotechnology will solve the crisis of energy and pollution.

After 1000 years of nanotechnology will be able to eliminate environmental damage, clean the water and air and use the energy of the Sun.

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Scenarios of future changes of the Earth. The age of the earth: the next 5 billion years

Is the past prologue to the future? As for the land, you can answer: and yes and no.

As in the past, the Earth continues to remain a continuously changing system. The planet expects a series of warming and cooling. The glacial periods will return, as well as periods of extreme warming. Global tectonic processes will continue to move the continents, bow and blur the oceans. A drop in a giant asteroid or an eruption of a heavy duty volcano can again apply a cruel blow through life.

Space flight or death. To survive in the remote future, we must colonize the neighboring planets. Initially, you need to create bases on the moon, although our glowing satellite will still remain a non-micro-ray world for life.

But other events will also occur, as inevitable as the formation of the first granite crust. Myriads of living beings will die forever. Doomed on the disappearance of tigers, white bears, humpback whales, pandas, gorillas. A high probability that both humanity is also doomed.

Many of the details of the earth's history for the most part are unknown, or even unrecognizable. But the study of this story, as well as the laws of nature, gives an idea of \u200b\u200bwhat can happen in the future. Let's start with a panoramic view, and then gradually focus on our time.

Endshpil: The following 5 billion years

Earth almost halfway went to his inevitable death. For 4.5 billion years, the sun shone sufficiently stably, gradually increasing the brightness as its colossal hydrogen reserves burn. The following five (or so) billions of years the sun will continue to produce nuclear energy due to the conversion of hydrogen in helium. This is how almost all stars do most of the time.

Sooner or later, hydrogen reserves will end. Stars in bed, reaching this stage, just fade, gradually decrease in size and radiating less energy. Whether the sun is so red dwarf, the earth would simply wonder through. If some life was preserved on it, then only in the form of particularly enduring microorganisms deep beneath the surface, where the reserves of liquid water could remain.

However, such a pathetic death does not threaten such a pitiful death because it has a sufficient mass to have a margin of nuclear fuel for another scenario. Recall that every star holds two opposing forces in equilibrium.

On the one hand, gravity attracts the star substance to the center, as far as possible by reducing it volume. On the other hand, nuclear reactions, like an endless series of explosions of the inner hydrogen bomb, are directed outward and, accordingly, try to increase the size of the star.

The present Sun is in the burning stage of hydrogen, reaching a stable diameter of about 1.4 million km - this size lasted 4.5 billion years and will last about 5 billion.

The sun is large enough so that after the end of the hydrogen burnout phase, a new, powerful burning phase of helium burns out. Helium, the product of the fusion of hydrogen atoms, can be connected to other helium atoms, forming carbon, but this stage of the evolution of the Sun will have catastrophic consequences for the inner planets.

Due to more active helium-based reactions, the Sun will become more and more, such as overheated aerostat, turning into a pulsating red giant. It will swallow to the orbit of Mercury and simply swallows the tiny planet. It will reach the orbit of our neighbor Venus, swallowing at the same time and her. The sun will swollen a hundred times more of the current diameter - right up to the Earth's orbit.

Earth endgame extremely gloomy forecasts. According to some black scenarios, the Red Giant Sun will simply destroy the land that evaporates in a split solar atmosphere and cease to exist. On other models, the Sun will throw out more than a third of its current mass in the form of an unimaginable solar wind (which will be indispensable to disturb the dead surface of the Earth).

Since the Sun will lose part of its mass, earth orbit can expand - in this case, it may take advantage of the absorption. But even if we won't get a huge sun, everything that remains from our beautiful blue planet will turn into a fruitless head, continuing to contact orbit. In the depths can still be preserved for certain ecosystems of microorganisms, but its surface will never be covered with a juicy greens.

Desert: 2 billion years later

Slowly, but true, even in the current calm period of burning hydrogen, the sun is more and more warmed up. At the very beginning, 4.5 billion years ago, the glow of the sun was 70% of the modern. In the times of the Great Oxygen Event, 2.4 billion years ago, the intensity of the glow was already 85%. After a billion years, the sun will shine even brighter.

For a while, perhaps, even a lot of hundreds of millions of years, the feedback of the Earth will be able to soften this impact. The greater the thermal energy, the more intense evaporation, therefore, increase the cloudiness, which contributes to the reflection of most of the sunlight into the outer space. An increase in thermal energy means accelerating rock weathering, enhanced absorption of carbon dioxide and reducing greenhouse gases. Thus, negative feedback will suggest a long time to maintain the conditions for maintaining life on Earth.

But the turning point will inevitably come. A relatively small Mars reached such a critical point of billions years ago, losing all liquid water on the surface. Through any billion years, the earth's oceans will begin to evaporate with catastrophic speed and the atmosphere will turn into an infinite steam room. There will be no glaciers or snow-covered vertices, and even the pole turns into the tropics.

For several million years, life can persist in such greenhouse conditions. But as the sun heal and evaporate water into the atmosphere, hydrogen will begin to quickly disappear into space, which will cause a slow drying of the planet. When oceans completely evaporate (which may occur after 2 billion years), the surface of the Earth will turn into a fruitless desert; Life will be on the edge of death.

Novopangey, or Amazion: 250 million years later

The death of the earth is inevitable, but it will happen very and very soon. A look at a less remote future draws a more attractive picture of a dynamically developing and relatively safe planet. To imagine the world in a few hundred million years, the keys to understand the future followed in the past.

Global tectonic processes will continue to play its important role In changing the appearance of the planet. Nowadays, the continents are separated from each other. Wide oceans share America, Eurasia, Africa, Australia and Antarctica. But these huge sections of sushi are in constant motion, and its speed is approximately 2-5 cm per year - 1500 km for 60 million years.

We can establish fairly accurate vectors of this movement for each mainland, studying the age of basalts of the ocean bottom. Basalt near the middle ocean ridges is quite young, no older than a few million years. In contrast, the age of basalt in continental outflows in subducts can reach more than 200 million years.

It is easy to consider all these age data composition of the ocean bottom, to rewind the ribbon of global tectonics back in time and get an idea of \u200b\u200bthe mobile geography of earthly continents over the last 200 million years. Based on this information, the movement of continental slabs is 100 million years old.

Taking into account the modern trajectories of this movement throughout the planet, it turns out that all continents move to the next collision. After a quarter of a billion years, most of the earthly sushi will again become one gigantic supercontinent, and some geologists already prophesy his name - Novopangey. However, the exact device of the future of the united continent remains the subject of scientific controversy.

The assembly of Novopangei is a surround game. You can take into account modern movements of continents and predict their way for the next 10 or 20 million years. The Atlantic Ocean will expand several hundred kilometers away, while Pacific Ocean It is narrowed at the same distance.

Australia will move to the north towards South Asia, and Antarctica will slightly remove from the southern pole in the direction of South Asia. Africa also does not stand still, slowly moving to the north, moving into the Mediterranean Sea. After a few tens of millions of years, Africa will face southern Europe, closing the Mediterranean Sea and erecting at the collision site mountain range in size from Himalayas, compared to which the Alps will seem just dwarfs.

Thus, the world map after 20 million will seem familiar, but slightly overwhelmed. Modeling the world map is 100 million years old, most developers allocate general geographical signs, for example, agreeing that the Atlantic Ocean will overtake the size of quiet and become the largest water pool on Earth.

However, from this place the model of the future is diverged. According to one theory, extroversion, the Atlantic Ocean will continue to reveal and as a result, both America will eventually face Asia, Australia and Antarctic.

In the later stages of this assembly of the supercontinent, North America will be closed in the east of the Pacific Ocean and will face Japan, and South America gets clockwise from the south-east, connecting with the Equatorial part of Antarctica. All these parts are surprisingly combined with each other. Novopangey will be a single mainland, stretching from the east to the west along the equator.

The main thesis of the extroversion model lies in the fact that large convection cells of the mantle, located under tectonic plates, will be stored in their modern form. An alternative approach, called introversion, adheres to the opposite point of view, referring to previous cycles of closure and opening the Atlantic Ocean.

Reconstruction of the Atlantic position for the last billion years (or similar ocean, located between two America in the West and Europe along with Africa in the East), experts argue that the Atlantic Ocean was closed and blurred three times with cycles of several hundred million years - this conclusion suggests that heat exchanger The processes in the mantle are changeable and episodic.

Judging by the analysis of rocks, as a result of the movements of Lavrentia and other continents, about 600 million years ago, the predecessor of the Atlantic Ocean, called Jappetus, or Yuppa (by the name of the ancient Greek Titan of Japet, Father Atlas). Jappetus turned out to be closed after assembling Pangai. When this supercontinent began to split 175 million years ago, the Atlantic Ocean was formed.

According to the supporters of the introversion (perhaps, it is not necessary to call them introverts), continuing to expand the Atlantic Ocean will follow the same way. He will slow down, stop and retreat approximately after 100 million years. Then, after another 200 million years, both America will come together with Europe and Africa.

At the same time, Australia and Antarctica will be connected to Southeast Asia, forming a supercontinent called Amazion. This giant mainland in the form of a horizontally located Latin letter L includes the same parts as Novopangei, but for this model both America form his western outskirts.

Now both models of supercontinents (extroversion and introversion) are not deprived of the merits and are still popular. Whatever the outcome of this controversy, everyone converges in the fact that, although after 250 million years the geography of the land will change significantly, it will still reflect the past.

Temporary assembly of continents in the equator area will reduce the effect ice periods and moderate changes in the sea level. The mountain ranges will be erected in the collision of the continents, changes in climate and vegetation will occur, and there will also be fluctuations in oxygen levels and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. These changes will be repeated throughout the history of the Earth.

Collision: Coming 50 million years

A recent review on the topic of mankind will die, reflected a very low collision rating with asteroids - something about 1 per 100 thousand. Statistically, this coincides with the probability of death from a lightning strike or from tsunami. But in this forecast there is an obvious flaw.

As a rule, lightning kills about 60 times a year per person. In contrast, a collision with an asteroid may not kill a single person for several thousand years. But one is not a wonderful day, a modest blow can destroy everyone at all.

The likelihood that we have nothing to worry about, and hundreds of subsequent generations too. But you can not doubt that one day will happen large catastrophe It seems to be destroyed dinosaurs. In the coming 50 million years, the Earth will have to survive such a blow, perhaps not even one. This is just a matter of time and coincidence.

The most likely villains are asteroids, bringing close to the earth, are objects with a strongly elongated orbit, which takes place near the earth orbit close to the circular. There are no less three hundred of such potential murderers, and in the coming few decades, some of them will be held in dangerous intimacy from the Earth.

On February 22, 1995, the asteroid discovered at the last moment, which received a decent name of 1995 CR, with a whistle rushed pretty close - in several distances of the Earth-Moon. On September 29, 2004, the Tautatis asteroid, an oblongable object, about 5.4 km in diameter, passed even closer.

In 2029, asteroid Apophis, a fragment of about 325-340 m in diameter, should approach even more, deeply entering the lunar orbit. This unpleasant neighborhood will inevitably change its own orbit of Apophis and, perhaps, in the future it will bring it further to Earth.

On each well-known asteroid, crossing the orbit of the Earth, is available with dozen or more not yet detected. When such a flying object, in the end, will detect, it may be too late in order to take something. If we are a target, then perhaps at our disposal will be only a few days to prevent danger.

The impassive statistics leads us to calculate the probability of collisions. Almost annually, the fragments fall on the ground about 10 m in diameter. Due to the inhibitory effect of the atmosphere, most of these shells explode and falls into small parts even to contact with the surface.

But objects with a diameter of 30 or more meters, meetings with which occur about once every thousand years, lead to significant destruction in places of fall: In June 1908, such a body collapsed in the taiga near the river River Tunguska in Russia.

Very dangerous, diameter near a kilometer, stone objects fall to the ground around once every half a million years old, and asteroids at five or more kilometers can fall to the ground for about 10 million years.

The consequences of such collisions depend on the size of the asteroid and the area of \u200b\u200bthe fall. Fifteen-taller walne will empty the planet, wherever he fell. (For example, an asteroid, which destroyed dinosaurs 65 million years ago, was, on calculations, about 10 km in diameter.)

If 15-kilometer pebbles fall into the ocean - 70% of the likelihood, taking into account the ratio of water and sushi, then almost all the mountains on the globe, except the highest, will be demolished by destructive waves. Everything disappears below 1000 m above sea level.

If an asteroid of this size collapses to land, the destruction will be more local. Everything will be destroyed within a radius of two-three thousand kilometers, and throughout the mainland, which will be unhappy target, devastating fires will sweep.

For some time, the consequences of falling from the blow of the area will avoid the consequences of the fall, but such a blow spacing an immeasurable amount of dust from destroyed stones and soil, for the years closing the atmosphere with dust clouds reflecting sunlight. Photosynthesis will practically come down. The vegetation will die and the food chain will interrupt. Part of humanity can survive in this catastrophe, but civilization in the form in which we know it will be destroyed.

Small objects will cause less destructive consequences, but any asteroid is more than a hundred meters in diameter, whether it will collapse to the land or in the sea, will cause a natural disaster worse than those known. What to do? Can we ignore the threat as something remote, not so significant in the world complete problemsrequiring immediate decision? Is it possible to reject a large chip in some way?

The late Carl Sagan is perhaps the most charismatic and influential representative of the scientist community over the past half a century, a lot reflected on asteroids. Public and in private conversations, and mostly in its famous TV shows "Cosmos" he ratified for agreed actions at the international level.

He began with the fact that he told the fascinating story about the monks of the Canterbury Cathedral, who in the summer of 1178 became witnesses to the colossal explosion on the moon - it was a very close to the fall of an asteroid less than a thousand years ago. If such an object collapsed to Earth, millions of people would die. "The Earth is a tiny corner on a huge Space Arena," he said. - It is unlikely that someone will come to help us. "

The simplest step to be done first is to draw the most close attention to dangerously approaching the Earth the celestial bodies - the enemy should be known in the face. We need accurate telescopes equipped with digital processors to locate flying objects approaching land, calculate their orbits and make calculations of their future trajectories. It is not so expensive, and something is already done. Of course, it would be possible to make more, but at least some efforts are undertaken.

And what if we find a large object that can crash in us in a few years? Sagan, and with him and whole line Other scientists and military believe that the most obvious way is to cause the deviation of the asteroid trajectory. If you start on time, then even a slight push of a rocket or several directed nuclear explosions Could significantly move the asteroid orbit - and thereby direct the asteroid past the goal, avoiding the collision.

He argued that the development of such a project requires an intensive and long-term program of space research. In the prophetic article 1993, Sagan wrote: "Since the threat of asteroids and comet concerns each inhabitable planet in the galaxy, if any, reasonable creatures will have to be united to leave their planets and move to neighboring. The choice is simple - fluttering into space or die. "

Space flight or death. To survive in the remote future, we must colonize the neighboring planets. First, it is necessary to create bases on the moon, although our glowing satellite will still remain a non-microgenic world for life and work. The next - Mars, where more solid resources are poured - not only large stocks of frozen groundwater, but also sunlight, minerals and cut, but the atmosphere.

It will not be a slight and cheap enterprise, and it is unlikely that Mars will turn into a prosperous colony in the near future. But if you settle and cultivate the soil, our promising neighbor may well become an important step in the evolution of mankind.

Two obvious obstacles may not be removed, or even at all will make it impossible to settle people on Mars. First - money. Tens of billions of dollars, which will be needed for the development and implementation of flights to Mars, exceed even the most optimistic NASA budget, and this under favorable financial conditions. International cooperation would be the only way out, but so far such large international programs did not take place.

Another problem is the issue of surviving astronauts, because it is almost impossible to ensure safe flight on Mars and back. Surov Cosmos, with its countless meteorite gears, capable of piercing a thin sheath of even an armored capsule, and unpredictably the sun - with its explosions and deadly, penetrating radiation.

Astronauts "Apollo", with their weekly flights to the moon, it is incredibly lucky that at that time nothing happened. But the flight on Mars will last for several months; In any cosmic flight, the principle is one: the longer time, the greater the risk.

Moreover, existing technologies do not allow spaceship sufficient for reverse flight fuel reserve. Some inventors are talking about the processing of Martian water to synthesize rocket fuel and fill in the reverse tanks, but so far it is from the area of \u200b\u200bdreams, and about a very distant future. Perhaps the most logical solution is that it hurts the NASA pride, but is actively supported by the press, the flight is one way.

If we sent an expedition, in many years, providing it with a provisionant instead of rocket fuel, reliable shelter and greenhouses, seeds, oxygen and water, tools for the extraction of vital resources on the most red planet, such an expedition would be able to take place.

She would be unthinkable dangerous, but all the great pioneers were dangerous - such was the world's round-the-world swimming in 1519-1521, the expedition to the West Lewis and Clark in 1804-1806, Parilar Expeditions of Peel and Amundsen in the early 20th century.

Humanity has not lost a gambling desire to participate in such risky enterprises. If NASA announces the registration of volunteers to one-sided flight to Mars, thousands of specialists will be recorded without thinking.

After 50 million years, the Earth will still be a living and dwelling planet, and its blue oceans and green continents will be shown, but will remain recognizable. Much less obvious to the fate of mankind. Maybe a man will sweep as a view. In this case, 50 million is quite enough to erase almost all traces of our brief dominion - all cities, roads, monuments will be weathered much earlier than the deadline.

Some alien paleontologists will have to sweat to discover the smallest traces of our existence in near-surface sediments. However, a person can and survive, and even evolve, colonize at the beginning nearest planetsAnd then the nearest stars.

In this case, if our descendants come out on space Spacious, then the Earth will be appreciated even higher - as a reserve, a museum, shrine and a place of pilgrimage. Maybe only leaving his planet, humanity, finally, will truly appreciate the place of birth of our species.

Change of land map: next million years

In many ways, after a million years, the Earth will not change much. Of course, continents will be shifted, but not more than 45-60 km from the current location. The sun will shine as before, coming over every twenty-four hours, and the moon will make a turn around the Earth for about one month.

But something will change very thoroughly. In many points of the globe, irreversible geological processes convert the landscape. The vulnerable outlines of the coast of the ocean will be particularly significant.

County Kalvert in Maryland, one of my most beloved places, where Miocene rocks with them are drawn to many kilometers on the type of infinite reserves of fossils, as a result of rapid weathering disappears from the face of the earth. After all, the size of the entire county is only 8 km and it decreases almost 30 cm annually. At such a speed, the county of Calvert will not last and 50 thousand years old, not that Million.

Other states, on the contrary, will acquire valuable land plots. The acting underwater volcano near the southeastern coast of the largest from the Hawaiian Islands rose above 3000 m (although it is still covered with water) and comes in growth every year.

Million from the ocean waves will rise a new island, which has already called the name of the right. At the same time, the extlicate volcanic islands northwest, including Maui, Oahu and Kauai, respectively, decrease under the influence of wind and ocean waves.

As for the waves, the specialists who investigate rocks for future changes come to the conclusion that the most active factor in the change in the geography of the earth will be the offensive and retreat of the ocean. Changing the rate of rift volcanism will affect a very long time, depending on how much more or less lava will be glanced on the ocean day.

The sea level can be significantly reduced during periods of volunteering of volcanic activity, when the bottom cliffs are cooled and calmed: as scientists believe, it is precisely a sharp decrease in the sea level directly in front of the Mesozoic extinction.

The presence or absence of large inner seas like the Mediterranean, as well as the cohesion and split of the continents cause significant changes in the sizes of coastal offshore sites, which will also play an important role in the formation of the geosphere and the biosphere during the coming million years.

Million years are tens of thousands of generations in human life, which is hundreds of times the whole of the previous human history. If a person survives as a view, the land can also undergo changes as a result of our progressive technological activity, and such that it is difficult to even imagine.

But if humanity is dying, the land will remain about the same as now. On land and in the sea will continue life; The joint evolution of the geosphere and the biosphere will quickly restore the pre-industrial equilibrium.

Megavilling: the following 100 thousand years

A sudden catastrophic collision with an asteroid fade in comparison with a continuous eruption of megavilling or a solid stream of basalt lava. Vulcanism on a planetary scale accompanied almost all five mass extinction, including what was caused by the fall of the asteroid.

The consequences of megavulcanism should not be confused with ordinary destruction and losses in eruptions of ordinary volcanoes. Conventional eruptions are accompanied by lava flows, well-known inhabitants of the Hawaiian Islands, living on the slopes of Kilauea, whose dwellings and everything that is in her way, it destroys, but in general, such eruptions are limited, predictable and it is not difficult to avoid them.

Somewhat more dangerous in this category of ordinary eruption of pyroclastic volcanoes when great amount The grilled ash rushes down the mountainside at a speed of about 200 km / h, sewing and burking under it all on their path.

This was the case in 1980 with the eruption of the volcano of St. Helena, Washington, and Pinatubo Volcano in the Philippines in 1991; Thousands of people would have killed in these catastrophes if there were no advance warning and mass evacuation. An even more terrible danger represents the third type of volcanic activity: the release of huge masses of small ashes and poisonous gases into the upper layers of the atmosphere.

The eruption of Icelandic volcanoes Eyyafyallayokudl (April 2010) and Grimswall (May 2011) refer to relatively weak, since they were accompanied by emissions of less than 4 km³ of ash. Nevertheless, they have been paralyzed by air traffic in Europe for several days and harm the health of many people from nearby locality.

In June 1783, the eruption of the Vc volcano is one of the largest in history - was accompanied by a release of more than 12 thousand m³ of basalt, as well as ashes and gas, which turned out to be quite enough to enhance Europe with a poisonous Mal. At the same time, a quarter of the population of Iceland died, some of which died from directly poisoning with acid volcanic gases, and most of the hunger during the winter.

The consequences of the catastrophe affected the distance of more than a thousand kilometers in the direction of the southeast, and tens of thousands of Europeans, mostly residents of the British Isles, died from the protracted effects of this eruption. But the most deadly was the eruption of the Tambo volcano in April 1815, during which more than 20 km³ of lava were thrown.

At the same time, more than 70 thousand people died, most of them from mass hunger, which arose as a result of damage caused by agriculture. The Tamborsky eruption was accompanied by the release of huge masses of sulfuric gases into the upper layers of the atmosphere, which led to the blocking of the sun's rays and plunged the northern hemisphere in the "Year without sunlight" (" volcanic winter") In 1816.

These historical events still amazing imagination, and not for reason. Of course, the number of victims does not go to any comparison with hundreds of thousands of people who died from the recent land of shaking in the Indian Ocean and Haiti. But between the eruptions of volcanoes and earthquakes there is an important, frightening difference.

The size of the most powerful is possible earthquakes Limited strength of the breed. The solid breed can withstand a certain pressure before split; The strength of the breed can cause a very devastating, but still a local earthquake - magnitude nine points on the Richter scale.

In contrast to this eruption of volcanoes, there are no restrictions on the scale. In fact, geological data is irrefutable indicate eruptions, hundreds of times more powerful than volcanic catastrophes, preserved by the historical memory of mankind. Such giant volcanoes could eclipse the sky for years and for many millions (not thousands!) Square kilometers change the appearance of the earth's surface.

Gigantic taupo volcanic eruption on the North Island, New Zealand, occurred 26,500 years ago; More than 830 km³ of magmatic lava and ashes were monsigible. Toba volcano on Sumatra exploded 74 thousand years ago and the monster is more than 2,800 km³ Lava. The consequences of a similar catastrophe in modern world it is hard to imagine.

Nevertheless, these supervocals, which gave rise to the greatest cataclysms in the history of the Earth, are fused compared to giant basalt streams (scientists call them "traps"), which caused mass extinction. In contrast to disposable eruptions of supervulkanov, basalt streams cover a huge time period - thousands of years of continuous volcanic activity.

The most powerful of such cataclysms, as a rule, coinciding with the periods of mass extinction, distributed hundreds of thousands of millions of cubic kilometers of Lava. The largest catastrophe occurred in Siberia 251 million years ago during the great mass extinction and was accompanied by a scale of basalt on an area of \u200b\u200bmore than a million square kilometers.

Dinosaur death 65 million years ago, which is often attributed to a collision with a major asteroid, coincided with the gigantic spill of basalt lava in India, which gave rise to the largest magmatic province of Decan trappes, the total area of \u200b\u200bwhich is about 517 thousand km², and the volume of grown mountains reaches 500 thousand km³ .

These huge territories could not form as a result of a simple conversion of the crust and the top of the mantle. Modern models Basalt formations reflect the idea of \u200b\u200bthe oldest era of vertical tectonics, when gigantic magma bubbles slowly rose from the boundaries of the rusted core of the mantle, cracking earth Corre And fluttering on a cold surface.

Such phenomena in our time happen extremely rarely. According to one of the theories, between the streams of basalt, the time interval is approximately 30 million years, so you can hardly live up to the next one.

Our technological society will definitely receive a timely warning about the possibility of such an event. Seismologists are able to track the flow of hot, molten magma, ascending to the surface. At our disposal can be hundreds of years to prepare for such a natural disaster. But if humanity falls in the next surge of vulcanism, we can do little to oppose this cruel from earthly trials.

Ice factor: the next 50 thousand years

In the foreseeable future, the most significant factor determining the appearance of earthly continents is ice. Within a few hundred thousand years, the depth of the ocean is strongly dependent on the general volume of frozen water, including ice caps of mountains, glaciers and continental ice shields. The equation is simple: the greater the volume of frozen water on land, the lower the water level in the ocean.

The past is the key to forecasting the future, but how do we know the depth of the ancient oceans? The results of observation using satellites behind the water level in the oceans, although they are incredibly accurate, are limited to the last two decades. Measuring sea levels by level gauges, although less accurate and local deviations are collected over the past one and a half century.

Geologists, exploring the coast, can resort to mapping signs of the coastline in antiquity - for example, raised coastal terraces, which can be found on the sediments of coastal sediments, which have tens of thousands of years, are such raised areas may reflect the periods of water levels.

The relative position of fossil corals, which usually grow in the zone of the shallow ocean shelf heated by the Sun, could extend our record events of the events deep into centuries, but this entry will be distorted, since such geological formations are rapidly raging, immersed and leaked.

Many experts began to pay attention to the less obvious indicator of the sea level - on the changes in the ratios of oxygen isotopes in small shells of marine mollusks. Such ratios can tell much more than the distance between any celestial body and the sun. Due to its property, react to change the temperatures of oxygen isotopes give a key to deciphering the volume of the ice cover of the Earth in the past and, accordingly, to changing the water level in the ancient ocean.

However, the connection between the amount of ice and oxygen isotopes is the matter is the curd. It is believed that the most common isotope of oxygen, which makes up 99.8% air oxygen, which we breathe is light oxygen-16 (with eight protons and eight neutrons). One on 500 oxygen atoms - severe oxygen-18 (eight protons and ten neutrons).

This means that one of every 500 water molecules in the ocean is harder than the usual. When the ocean is heated from sunlight, water containing light isotopes oxygen-16, evaporates faster than oxygen-18, and therefore water weight in low-seated clouds is easier than in the ocean itself.

As the clouds rise in the cooler atmospheric layers, water with severe oxygen-18 condenses in the rain drops faster than the light water with an oxygen isotope-16, and oxygen in the composition of the cloud becomes even easier.

In the process of the inevitable movement of the clouds to the poles of oxygen in the components of their water molecules becomes much easier than in sea water. When precipitation falls over the polar glaciers and the glytchers, light isotopes are frozen and marine water becomes even harder.

In periods of maximum cooling of the planet, when more than 5% of the earth's water turns into a lot, sea water becomes particularly saturated with severe oxygen-18. During the periods of global warming and departure of glaciers, the level of oxygen-18 in sea water is reduced. Thus, thorough measurements of the ratio of oxygen isotopes in coastal sedimentary rocks can provide an idea of \u200b\u200bchanges in surface ice in retrospective.

It is these studies and a geologist of Ken Miller with colleagues at the University of Ratgers for several decades, studying the powerful sediment layers covering the coast in New Jersey. These sediments in which are recorded geological History The last 100 thousand years is saturated with the sinks of microscopic fossil organisms, called phoraminifers.

Each tiny foraminifer is kept in its composition of oxygen isotopes in the proportion, which was in the ocean at a time when the body grew. Measuring oxygen isotopes in the coastal sediments of New Jersey, a layer behind the layer, provides a simple and accurate means for estimating the volume of ice into the corresponding period of time.

In the recent geological past, ice cover was decreased, it was growing, which was accompanied by relevant significant fluctuations in the sea level every few thousand years. At the peak of the glacial periods, more than 5% of water on the planet turned into a lot, lowering the sea level of meters per hundred relatively modern.

It is believed that about 20 thousand years ago, one of these periods of low standing of water was formed by landstakes through the beerings of the Strait between Asia and North America - it was on this "bridge" in the new world, people and other mammals migrated. In the same period, La Mansha did not exist, and the dry valley was running between the British Islands and France.

During the periods of maximum warming, when the glaciers were almost disappeared, and snow caps swept on the tops of the mountains, the sea level was increased, becoming about 100 m above the modern, immersing hundreds of thousands of square kilometers of coastal territories throughout the planet.

Miller and his staff have calculated more than a hundred cycles of advancing and retreating glaciers over the past 9 million years, and at least a dozen of them fall on the last million - the range of these mad ocean fluctuations reached 180 m. One cycle can be slightly different from the other, but events They occur with obvious frequency and are associated with the so-called Milankovich cycles, named so in honor of Serbian astronoma Milutina Milankovich, who discovered them about a century ago.

He found out that well-known changes in the parameters of the earth's movement around the Sun, including the slope of the earth's axis, the eccentricity of the elliptic orbit and the slight oscillation of their own axis of rotation, determine the periodic changes in the climate with gaps from 20 thousand years to 100. These shifts affect the solar energy flow, Reaching land, and thus cause significant fluctuations in climate.

What awaits our planet in the next 50 thousand years? You can not doubt that sharp fluctuations in the sea level will continue, and it will not go down again, it will rise. Sometimes, probably, over the next 20 thousand years, snow hats will grow on tops, the glaciers will continue to increase, and the sea level drops sixty or more - to such a level of the sea, lowered at least eight times for the last million years.

It will have a powerful impact on the outlines of continental coastal lines. The east coast of the United States will expand a lot of kilometers in the eastern direction, as the shallow-water main slope is unfolded. All major harbor of the Eastern coast, from Boston to Miami, will turn into dry inner platea.

Alaska will connect with Russia a new ice-covered shelter, and the British Islands can again become part of mainland Europe. Rich fisheries along the continental shelves will be part of the sushi.

As for the sea level, if it decreases, then it must certainly increase. It is quite possible, it is even very likely that after the next one thousand years of the sea will rise 30 m and above. Such a rise in the level of the world's ocean, rather modest geological standards, unrecognizable posts the map of the United States.

The thirty-meter rise level of the sea will lead to the flooding of most of the coastal plains on the east coast, shifting the coastline to one and a half hundred kilometers in the west direction. The main coastal cities are Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Washington, Baltimore, Wilmington, Charleston, Savannah, Jacksonville, Miami and many others - will be under water. Los Angeles, San Francisco, Sandihi and Seattle will disappear in sea waves.

Flames almost all Florida, the shallow water will spread on the site of the peninsula. Under water will be most of the states of Delaware and Louisiana. In other parts of the world, the damage caused by the rise of the sea level will be even more devastating. The whole countries will cease to exist - Holland, Bangladesh, Maldives.

Geological data is irrefutable indicate: such changes will continue to occur. If warming is rapid, as many experts believe, the water level will rise quickly, by about 30 cm over a decade.

The usual thermal expansion of sea water during global warming periods is capable of increasing the rise of the sea level on average to three meters. Undoubtedly, it will be a problem for humanity, but will have a very insignificant effect on the Earth.

Nevertheless, this will not become the end of the world. This will become the end of our world.

Warming: The following hundred years

Most of us do not look at several billion years ahead, as does not look at a few million years or even a thousand years. We are concerned with more pressing care: how to pay for me higher education For a child in ten years? Will I get a promotion in a year? Will the stock market go up next week? What to cook for lunch?

In this context, we have no need to worry. Excluding an unexpected catastrophe, our planet in a year, after ten years it will not change. Any difference between what is now, and what will happen in a year, almost imperceptible, even if the summer will be unprecedented hot, or the crop will suffer from drought, or will get an extraordinarily strong storm.

Undoubtedly one thing: the earth continues to change. There are many signs of the upcoming global warming and melting of glaciers, perhaps partly accelerated by the human activity. Over the next century, the consequences of this warming will affect many people in a wide variety of aspects.

In the summer of 2007, I participated in the symposium on the problems of the future in the fishing village of Ilulissat on the west coast of Greenland, almost near the northern polar circle. The choice of a place to discuss the future was very successful, since climate change took place directly outside the conference room in the cozy hotel "Arctic".

For a thousand years, this Harbor, located near the rich of the mighty Ilulissat Glacier, was the place of profitable fishing fishery. Thousand years of fishermen in the winter, when the harbor frozen, they were engaged in retribution. That is, they were engaged before the beginning of the new millennium. In 2000, for the first time (at least according to the millennial oral history), the harbor did not frown in winter.

And such changes are observed throughout ground Shar.. From the shore of Cesapik Bay, they report a sustainable increase in the level of the tide compared with previous decades. Year after year, sugar applies further to the north, turning the once fertile agricultural land of Morocco in a dusty desert.

The ice of Antarctica is rapidly and split. The average air and water temperatures are constantly growing. All this reflects the process of consistent global warming - the process that the Earth has already experienced the random number in the past and will experience in the future.

Warming can be accompanied by others, sometimes paradoxical effects. Gulfstream, the powerful ocean flow that carries warm water from the equator to the North Atlantic, is controlled by a large temperature difference between the equator and high latitudes. If, as a result of global warming, the contrast of temperatures will decrease, as follows from some climate models, then Gulf Stream can weaken or stop at all.

Ironically, the direct result of this change will be the transformation of the temperate climate of the British Islands and Northern Europe, which are now heated by a golfustrim in a much cooler.

Similar changes will occur with other ocean currents - for example, with the course coming from Indian Ocean In the southern Atlantic past the African horns - it can cause a cool climate South Africa or a change in the monsoon climate providing part of Asia with fertile rains.

When the glaciers are melting, the sea level rises. According to the most modest calculations, it will rise half meter in the following century, although, according to some data, in some decades, the growth of sea water can fluctuate within a few centimeters.

Such changes in the sea level will affect the many inhabitants of coastal territories around the world and will become a real headache for builders engineers and beach plots owners from Maine to Florida, but in principle, with a rise to one meter, you can cope in densely populated coastal zones. At least the nearest one or two generations of residents may not worry about the occurrence of the sea on land.

However, certain types of animals and plants may suffer much more. The melting of polar ice in the north will reduce the habitat of polar bears, which is very unfavorable to preserve the population, the number of which is already reduced. The rapid shift of climatic zones towards the poles will adversely affect other types, primarily on birds, which are especially susceptible to change in seasonal migration and feed areas.

According to some data, the average increase in temperature on the planet is just a couple of degrees, which involves the majority of the climatic models of the coming century, can reduce birds of birds by almost 40% in Europe and more than 70% in fertile rainforests of Northeast Australia.

A serious international report says that of about six thousand species of frogs, the toad and lizards every third will be in danger, mainly due to the propagation of fungal disease provoked by the warm climate, fatally dangerous for amphibians. Whatever the consequences of warming are discovered in the upcoming century, it seems that we come into the period of accelerated extinction.

Some transformations in the following century, inevitable or only likely, may be instantaneous, whether it is a major destructive earthquake, an eruption of a supervolkan or a drop in an asteroid with a diameter of a more kilometer. Knowing the history of the Earth, we understand that such events are common, which means that are inevitable on the scale of the planet. Nevertheless, we build cities on the slopes of the current volcanoes and in the most geologically active zones of the Earth in the hope that we will confide from the "tectonic bullet" or "space projectile".

Between very slow and rapid changes are the geological processes, which usually leave the century or even the millennium - climate change, sea level and ecosystems, which may remain invisible for several generations.

The main threat is not the changes themselves, but their degree. For the condition of the climate, the position of the sea level or the existence of ecosystems can achieve a critical level. Acceleration of positive feedback processes may unexpectedly hit our world. What is usually required by millennium can manifest itself in a dozen or other years.

Easy to stay in a complacent mood, if the chronicle of rocks is wrongly read. For some time, until 2010, concern about the modern events, it was concerned about studies discovering 56 million years ago - the time of one of the mass extinctions, sharply affected by the evolution and the spread of mammals. This is a formidable phenomenon, called the Late Paletsen's thermal maximum, caused a relatively sharp disappearance of thousands of types.

The study of the thermal maximum is important for our time, since it is the most famous in the history of the Earth, a documented sharp shift of temperatures. Volcanic activity It caused a relatively rapid increase in the content in the atmosphere of carbon dioxide and methane, two inseparable greenhouse gases, which, in turn, led to the emergence of a positive feedback, which lasted over a thousand years and was accompanied by moderate global warming.

Some researchers see the explicit parallel with a modern situation in the Late Pallel's thermal maximum, which is unfavorable - with the rise of global temperatures by almost 10 ° C, the rapid increase in sea level, ocean oxidation and a significant displacement of ecosystems towards poles, but not so catastrophic, To threaten the survival of most animals and plants.

The shock from the recent finds of Lee Kemp, a geologist from the University of Pennsylvania, and his colleagues practically deprived us of any reason for optimism. In 2008, the Kemp team gained access to the materials obtained as a result of drilling in Norway, which allowed in detail the events of the Late Pallececene thermal maximum - in sedimentary rocks, layer behind the layer, captured the finest details of the rate of change of carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere and climate.

Bad news are that the thermal maximum, which for more than a decade was considered the fastest climatic shift in the history of the Earth, was due to changes in the composition of the atmosphere, in the intensity of ten times in charge of what is happening today.

Global changes As part of the atmosphere and the average temperature formed for a thousand years and as a result, led to extinction, in our time there were over the past hundred years, for which humanity burned huge amounts of hydrocarbon fuel.

This is an unprecedented fast change, and no one can predict how the land will react to it. At the Prague Conference in August 2011, where three thousand geochimics were gathered, a very sad mood reigned among specialists disgraced by the new data of the Late Pallececene thermal maximum.

Of course, for the general public, the forecast of these experts was formulated in rather cautious expressions, but comments that I heard in the sidelines were very pessimistic, even awesome character. Concentration greenhouse Gaza It increases too quickly, and the mechanisms of absorption of this excess are unknown.

Does this not cause a massive ejection of methane with all subsequent positive feedbacks that such developments entail? Will the sea level on a hundred meters rise, how many times happened in the past? We enter into the Terra Incognita zone, exercising a poorly thought out experiment on a global scale, similar to which land has not been experienced in the past.

Judging by the data of rocks, there would be a life-resistant to the shocks, the biosphere in the turning point of sudden climatic shifts is in strong tension. Biological productivity, in particular, agricultural, for some time falls to a catastrophic level.

In rapidly changing conditions, large animals, including a person, will pay an expensive price. The interdependence of rocks and the biosphere does not destroy, but the role of humanity in this saga, a duration of billions of years, remains incomprehensible.

Maybe we have already achieved a turning point? Perhaps not in the current decade, it is possible at all without the life of our generation. But this is the nature of the turning point - we recognize such a moment only when it is already coming.

Financial bubble burst. The population of Egypt raises the rebellion. Exchange tolerates collapse. We are aware of what is happening, only in a retrospect, when it is too late to restore Status Quo. Yes, and was not in the history of the land of such a recovery.