Indians South America.

There were more than 5,000 tribes in South America, about 100 language families (less than 10 in Europe). The entire mainland has been inhabited since the Neolithic, from 8-7 thousand years ago. BC.
In the extreme south, on the island of Tierra del Fuego, the Yagans and she lived. Chonos lived on the coast of the Strait of Magellan and the islands, who fought with the Araucans for about. Chiloe. They also grew potatoes, fished, and collected seafood. Their neighbors, the Tehuelche and Alakaluf, inhabited the islands of the Wellington archipelago. They were nomadic fishermen and hunters, shamanists who lived in monogamous families. Spanish-speaking Chileans began to colonize them since the 70s of the XIX century, when they numbered about 4,000 people. By 1972, only 50 of these Indians remained.

The Patagonian Pampa has long been inhabited by a few Puelche and Tehuelche tribes. These were the tallest Indians. They lived in tents made of dog skins, hunted guanacos and Nanda ostriches with the help of the “bola” weapon - two stone balls on one leather strap. In the 16th century, the Indians "received" horses from Europeans. Horses quickly ran wild in the wild in the pampas, the original inhabitants tamed them and began to explore the steppes. Over time, some Araucan tribes came here. Feral bulls also appeared in the pampas. Good, well-fed times have come for the natives. But to late XIX centuries, the pampas were captured by large European pastoralists.

Araucan tribes lived in Central Chile: Picunche, Mapuche, Wilche, Pehuenche and others. Araucans, self-name - "Mapuche" (people of the earth). Currently, there are up to 1.5 million people in Chile and Argentina.
By the 15th century, the Mapuche inhabited a vast territory from the Atacama Desert to Chiloe Island. They lived in small clans, knew how to process silver, made ceramics, fabrics, were engaged in agriculture and cattle breeding.
In the middle of the 15th century, the lands up to the river. Maule was captured by the Incas and included in their empire.

Conquistador D. Almagro in June 1535 left Cusco to conquer Chile with 570 Spaniards and 15 thousand Indians. The hike was difficult. Andean passes with a height of more than 4000 m had to be stormed in winter frosts. On the way, 11 thousand Indians and all the horses died. But having overcome all obstacles in March 1536, the Spaniards reached the plains of the North. Chile. True, they did not find wealth here, but in small skirmishes with the locals they suffered heavy losses, and hurried back to Peru.
The Mapuche created a Tribal Union of 5 tribal groups. They fought for their freedom from 1536 to 1882, ie. almost 350 years!

A few years later, in the footsteps of D. Almagro, another detachment of conquistadors headed by P. Valdivia set off. In 1540 they captured the Inca city of Arequipa, founded the first city in Chile - La Serena, and soon the future capital of the country - Santiago. The Spaniards repulsed the first raids of the natives on their fortresses, and the captive leaders - the "currents" were left hostage.
On the next year P. Valdivia went on a campaign to the south. Taking advantage of this, the Araucanians under the command of the "currents" Michimalonka laid siege to the city of Santiago. A small Spanish garrison was on the verge of death, but Ines Suarez, a friend of P. Valdivia, ordered the execution of the hostages and throw their heads at the attackers. The Indians retreated in fear.

P. Valdivia sent officer Monroy with 6 soldiers for help to Peru. On the way they were captured by the Indians. Five soldiers were killed, and Monroy and the last soldier spent two years in captivity, and the city of Santiago without contact with outside world. But in the end, the captives managed to escape and get to Peru. They returned to their own with new forces of Europeans: 160 horsemen and two caravels with 200 infantry.

In 1549 the war resumed. The Spaniards crossed the Bio-Bio River - the new border of the Araucan lands. On the plain of Andalien, they were attacked by 4,000 troops of Indians under the command of the supreme "toki" Ayavila. The Spaniards with the help of firearms managed to repel their onslaught. Ayavila is dead. Along the new border, the Spaniards built fortresses 8 miles away: Arauco, Tukapel, Puren.
All R. In the 16th century, there were more than 500 thousand Araucans. The supreme "currents" Linkoyan did not want war and was going to give his people into submission to the Spaniards. Then the Araucans overthrew him and chose another supreme "toki" Lautaro, young and hot. As a child, he was held captive in Santiago and then fled. The leader knew well both the strength and the weakness of the conquerors.

In December 1553, the Araucans rebelled, attacked the fortress of Tukapel and destroyed it. Captain-General of Chile P. Valdivia hurried to the rescue of his fortresses. The Indians lured his detachment into an ambush and exterminated. P. Valdivia himself also died. A few days later, in February 1554, the next detachment of the Spaniards p / com was defeated. G. de Almagro. Following was captured and destroyed the city of Concepción. The detachment of the new ruler of Chile, F. de Villagra, was also defeated already at Mariguena. But the Araucans could not take the cities of La Imperial and Valdivia, which remained in their rear. During the 4 years of the uprising, the entire central part of Chile, up to the city of Santiago, was cleared of the Spaniards. But when the Indians were preparing for a decisive raid on the capital of the enemy, there was a typhus epidemic that claimed the lives of 4/5 of the soldiers. In 1557, the Spaniards suddenly attacked a small detachment of Lautaro, killed the leader, and put his head in the city of Santiago.

The Araucans lost the war, but did not reconcile. The old, but strong and courageous Kaupolikan became the supreme "toki". The moment came when the Araucanians revolted again. Even women and children took part in the new war. In battles, one of the wives of Kaupolikan named Fresia especially distinguished herself.
The captain-general of Chile was already de Mendoza. The Spaniards used artillery in the battles, found traitors among the Indians and again won. Kaupolikan was captured and executed.

Araucans for 20 years of wars and peace have learned to famously own horses and have not come to terms with the rule of Europeans. Their new performance in 1571 was led by the supreme "currents" Kolokolo. The struggle went on with varying success and with unnamed perseverance. But in 1598, the next "currents" Pelantar with his entire army suddenly attacked the main forces of the Spaniards, led by the captain-general O. de Loyola himself, located near the village of Carabala and defeated them utterly. After this defeat, the colonialists went across the Bio-Bio River. After a long siege, in 1600 the Spaniards left the city of La Imperial, and in 1602 the city of Villarrica. fighting continued until 1612, but did not give an advantage to either side.

Spain could no longer wage such a long and difficult war away from the mother country, and the soldiers refused to serve in the deadly country of Chile. In 1641 passed peace talks culminating in the signing of the Quillen Treaty. The independence of the Araucan tribe and the border along the river were confirmed. Bio-Bio. In subsequent years, the Spaniards tried more than once to break the peace, to enslave a free tribe, for example, in 1655, 1723, 1766, 1769, but they always suffered painful defeats. In 1744, the first plenipotentiary ambassador from Arakania arrived in Santiago. In 1773, Spain recognized the independence of the new country.

In 1818, the Republic of Chile also gained independence. The new authorities also set out to conquer the Indians, but the young state did not have the strength for a serious war.

In the 1850s, the French lawyer Orly de Tounan (1825-1878) arrived in Araucania. He quickly won the trust of the Indian chiefs and was elected "Supreme White Toki". After that, the Frenchman proclaimed Araucania a kingdom, and himself King Orly I. The new monarch gave his country a Constitution, copied from the Constitution of France during the 3rd Empire, the government, the National Assembly. Orly I united the Araucans - the Chilean Mapuches and the Argentine Rankelches into the "United Kingdom of Araucania and Patagonia". However, when the king arrived in Chile, he was arrested and deported to his homeland. There, Orly I tried to win the support of the Emperor of France, Napoleon III, but he rejected the lawyer's claims.

At this time - 1851 - 1861, M. Monta was the president of Chile. He was determined to settle the "Indian question" decisively. All-round pressure on the Araucans intensified, and the Chileans began to build fortifications on their land. Then the king returned to his subjects. And just in time - the Chilean army was already mobilized and was preparing for war with might and main. War broke out in 1859 More strong army Chile won, but Araucania retained its independence. In 1864, a border treaty was signed. The Indians and their king dreamed of a long peace. But when Orly I got back to Chile, he was again arrested and deported to France. A few years later he managed to return to Araucania again. And this time the presence of the king did not save the country, and the Chilean army invaded Indian territory in 1868, 1870, 1871. In June 1871 Orly I left for Europe and never returned to America.

The Republic of Chile in the second half of the 19th century strengthened in all respects. At the same time, the will of the Mapuche to continue the struggle weakened, helped by defeats in the wars of 1873 and 1880, and they surrendered. In 1882, Araucania was divided between Chile and Argentina, but individual tribes retained their independence until 1885.

People came to northern and central Argentina in the 8th - 7th millennium BC. during the Neolithic period. And even in the 16th century, the tribes living here were at the stage of a communal-tribal system. The most developed people were related to the Araucans - the Diagites, who lived in the North. Chile and S.-Z. Argentina. They knew agriculture, bred llamas, smelted metals. Diagits retained their identity until late XVII century, but then the Quechua were assimilated.

On the shores of the Gulf of La Plata lived a group of fishing tribes Kerandi. They waged bloody wars with the Spaniards from 1536 and were completely exterminated at the end of the 16th century.
Hunting tribes lived in the northern part of Argentina: Abipon, Toba, Mataco, Guarani.

To the north of La Plata Bay and east of the Parana River, as well as on the territory of Uruguay, the fishing tribes of the Charrua (Charru) lived. In the north of Uruguay, Guarani and Tape, at the end of their original history, formed primitive communities. The Spaniards organized the first colony here in 1617.

Primitive tribes of the Tupi-Guarani language group lived on the territory of Paraguay, numbering 2.5 million people by the time the Europeans arrived. Their main god was Tupon - the god of rain and lightning, the creator of the world and man, omnipotent and omniscient. In the east of Paraguay, the Indians lived settled, and in the Gran Chaco region they roamed. This region is in the square: Argentine pampas - Andes - Mato Grosso - r. Paraguay. Chaco means "hunting place" in Quechua. There are fertile virgin lands, a lot of animals. The largest tribe of this group was the Kaikuru tribe. They were experienced, warlike hunters. Enemies they killed and scalped, but their women and children were taken to their tribe. Other tribes: Chan, Abipons, Payagua, Samuko, Toba, Matako, Mbaya, Chiriguano and others. There are quite a lot of Tupi-gaurani in modern America, they are still hunters and farmers, cultivating maize, cassava, melons, mate.

Numerous tribes of Tupi-Guarani have long lived in eastern Paraguay - southern Brazil. The territory of Brazil was inhabited from 8 - 7 thousand years BC. and to XVI century 800 thousand - 1 million Indians lived here. Their tribes were at the stage of the primitive communal system. But they have already distinguished priests and leaders.

On the coast Atlantic Ocean Tupi-namba lived, rather wealthy fishermen and farmers who built villages behind strong palisades. The Portuguese discovered the coast of Brazil in 1500.
Tribes of nomadic hunters lived in Inner Brazil: Botokudy, Kaingang, Kariri and others.
Along the river Araguaya was inhabited by the Bororo and Guato tribes.
The hills of Mato Grosso were inhabited by the tribes of the jes language group: Kayapo, Xavanty, Caraja, Kamayura, Apinage and others.

In the Amazonian selva there were many tribes standing at a rather low level of development. They were engaged in hunting and fishing, gathering and primitive agriculture, growing cassava, beans, tobacco and bananas. Among them were: Bakairi, Siriono, Takana, Panno, Nambikvara, Apiaka, Munduruku, Katukina, Mura, Witoto, Oyampi and many others.

In the upper Amazon - "Montagna", on the territory of present-day Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, hunting tribes lived: jibaro (chivaro), saparo and others.

The tribes of the Arawak people lived in Guyana: Huarrau, Huayca, Guaharibo. This section of the Atlantic coast was discovered by the Spaniards in 1499, and settled by the Dutch in 1581. At the end of the twentieth century, there were approx. 40 thousand people.

The territory of Venezuela in con. The XV century was inhabited by numerous Indian tribes of primitive fishermen, hunters, farmers: Makiritare - in the upper Orinoco; on the coast - peaceful Arawaks and warlike cannibals Caribs; on the central highlands - caracas, kaketio; in the western regions - guajiro, lashe, muso, timote, kuiska and others.

The settlement of South America by man ended later than other continents - only 12-15 thousand years ago. It is impossible to say unequivocally how the mainland was populated. Most likely, a person entered America from Asia. It happened during the Late Paleolithic - about 35 thousand years ago. In this era on Earth there was ice Age, and the Bering Strait, which connects America, was covered with ice. The ancient peoples of Asia migrated through it in search of new lands suitable for habitation and hunting, so they began to develop new part world - America. But it took them another 20,000 years to reach its southernmost tip.

As you know, the indigenous peoples of America are called Indians. They were also called Indians, who, having discovered America, was sure that he had reached the shores. In European languages, for example in English, the words "Indian" and "Indian" are still spelled and sound the same: "Indian". When a European set foot in America in 1492, it was the beginning of the end for most of its native inhabitants. Very soon, European travelers began to behave like conquerors, taking away from the Indians everything that they did not agree to give them just like that. Already 30 years later, on the very first islands discovered by the Spaniards, the entire indigenous population was destroyed. The colonialists carried with them the material culture of Europe: steel weapons, horses, grain, but trade with the indigenous peoples always came with pressure on them, and ended with military operations against them and the destruction of the tribes that got in the way of the colonialists. Along with this, the Spaniards brought other troubles to the mainland - European diseases. To this day, it is not known how many Indians died from them, and what turned out to be more destructive for them: Spanish blades or viruses to which the local population had no immunity - the usual “cold” for a European could turn out to be a fatal infection for many of the Indians., and whole tribes of aborigines died out from measles and smallpox.

Of course, not all the peoples of South America were at the level of the tribal system, despite the fact that most of them still lived in tribes - they did not need high tech to get food. Hunting and gathering could feed the tribe from generation to generation, and living in harmony with nature was the best survival tactic for these people. But on the mainland there were also peoples with a more developed material culture. Among them, the Inca Empire stands out first of all. The Incas controlled large areas of western South America. They knew how to build stone buildings, lay roads, water pipes, they had a complex social hierarchy and a strong army, with the help of which they conquered and kept many other peoples of South America in subjection. The Incas knew the processing of bronze, however, due to the absence of the Andes in their territory, they remained at the level of " bronze age”, passed by Europeans already 2-3 thousand years ago. The Incas did not have horses either. The wild horse did not survive in America, unlike Eurasia, which is perhaps why the peoples of America never invented the wheel. Of course, the Inca Empire was not able to repulse the Europeans. In the 20-30s. XVI century Francisco Pizarro captures this state. Today, only stone monuments of their vanished culture remain from the Inca Empire. First of all, this is the city of Machu Picchu (pictured). This is a stone city built in the Peruvian Andes, which is also called the "city in the sky" or " lost city Incas". After conquering their Empire, the inhabitants of Machu Picchu mysteriously disappeared.

Since the 16th century, the Spaniards and the Portuguese have been gradually developing new lands, establishing new settlements here, which turn into large cities. It is because of the dominance in Medieval Europe, and indeed throughout the world of those times, that South America today speaks precisely these two languages. In most countries, such as Chile, Spanish is the official language. Portuguese is spoken by the most big country continent - . Together with the colonialists, the Christian religion also came here, which supplanted local beliefs. Most of the peoples of South America now profess Catholicism.

From the 16th century, Europeans increasingly began to use slaves to develop new lands and work on plantations. The Indians were too freedom-loving for these purposes. They often preferred to die rather than become slaves. Because slaves began to be imported from. In those difficult times, the slave trade was commonplace, the conquered peoples were deprived of all rights and were doomed to death or slavery, and the concept of human rights or equality of all people did not even exist - it was a gloomy Middle Ages, the echoes of which continued to sound until the 19th century, when finally slavery was abolished. Black slaves were brought to America by the thousands. All these processes greatly influenced the population of the mainland. A hundred years ago, all of America was inhabited only by Indians - representatives of the Mongoloid race, and in the 16th century people of all three appeared here. big races. Interbreeding gradually took place between these races, since representatives of different races quite often entered into marriages. So the descendants of Europeans and blacks are called mulattoes. They have swarthy skin and features of both Europeans and Africans. Mestizos are descendants of Indians and Europeans. Metis inhabited primarily Northern part South America - Venezuela, . As a result of the mixing of Indians and blacks, another type of appearance arose - sambo.

Today, 358.7 million people live in South America. Among them are representatives of all human races. A significant part are the descendants of emigrants from Europe. There are not so many purebred Indians, the largest indigenous peoples are Quechua and Aymara. However, in the depths of the Amazonian selva there are still small tribes that have never met with Europeans. They live in isolation and have no idea about the existence of the rest of humanity. Periodically, new tribes can be discovered, but their study remains almost impossible (//www.uncontactedtribes.org/ - a site dedicated to tribes living in isolation).

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History of the peoples of the American continent before their meeting with Europeans in the 16th century. developed independently and almost without interaction with the history of the peoples of other continents. Peoples of the Americas before colonization

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The tribes of most of North and South America were at different stages of the primitive communal system, and among the peoples of Mexico, Central America and the western part of South America, class relations were already developing at that time; they created high civilizations. Spanish conquerors in the 16th century destroyed their states and culture and enslaved them.

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Peoples of South America before European conquest

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Central America - Maya, Toltecs, Olmecs, Aztecs, Quiche South America - Incas (Quechua, Aymara), Guarani, Mapuche, Shipibo, Conibo Main peoples of Central and South America

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The Fuegians were among the most backward tribes in the world. Three groups of Indians lived on the Tierra del Fuego archipelago: the Selknam (she), the Alakalufs, and the Yamana (Yagans). FIRE-EARSTERS - the common name of the Indians arch. Tierra del Fuego: alakaluf (Wellington Island), she (Tierra Tierra del Fuego) and Yagans (Navarino Island). Close to extinction. Languages ​​isolated. firemen

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The Selknam lived in the northern and eastern parts of Tierra del Fuego. They hunted the guanaco llama and collected the fruits and roots of wild plants. Their weapons were bows and arrows. On the islands of the western part of the archipelago lived

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Alakalufs, engaged in fishing and collecting shellfish. In search of food, they spent most of their lives in wooden boats, moving along the coast. Bird hunting with bows and arrows played a lesser role in their lives.

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The Yamanas lived by collecting shellfish, fishing, hunting seals and other marine animals, as well as birds. Their tools were made of bone, stone and shells. There was no stratification in the community, the oldest members of the group did not exercise power over their relatives. A special position was occupied only by healers, who were credited with the ability to influence the weather and cure diseases.

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By the time of the European invasion, the Pampas were hunters on foot. In the middle of the XVIII century, the inhabitants of the pampas (Patagonians) began to use horses for hunting. The main object of hunting and a source of food were guanacos. There were no permanent settlements among the pampas hunters; pampa indians

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Animistic beliefs occupied a significant place in the religious ideas of the Pampas Indians. The Patagonians peopled the world with spirits; the cult of dead relatives was especially developed.

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They lived in southern central Chile. They were engaged in agriculture and bred llamas, dressing fabrics from the wool of the llama-guanaco, pottery and silver processing. The southern tribes were engaged in hunting and fishing. The Araucanians became famous for their stubborn resistance to European conquerors for over 200 years. Araucans (Mapuche)

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The tribes of the group that lived on the territory of Eastern and Southern Brazil - Botokuda, Canella, Kayapo, Xavant, Kaingang and other smaller ones, were mainly engaged in hunting and gathering, making transitions in search of game and edible plants. Indians of Eastern Brazil

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IN initial period European colonization in the northeastern and central parts of South America lived numerous tribes belonging to different language groups, mainly to the Arawaks, Tupi-Guaranis and Caribs. They were mostly engaged in slash-and-burn agriculture and lived settled lives. Indians of the Amazon and Orinoco rainforests

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For fishing, boats were built from tree bark and single-tree dugouts. Weaved nets, nets, tops and other gear. They beat the fish with a spear, shot at it with bows. The Indians of the tropical forests of South America, mankind also owes the discovery medicinal properties cinchona bark and ipecac vomit.

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The rainforest tribes practiced slash-and-burn agriculture. Landing time was determined by the position of the stars. Women loosened the ground with knotty sticks or sticks with shoulder blades of small animals and shells planted on them. They grew cassava, corn, sweet potato, beans, tobacco, and cotton.

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Artistic creativity of the described Indian tribes was expressed in dances performed to the sounds of primitive musical instruments (horns, pipes), in games that imitated the habits of animals and birds.

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Love for jewelry was manifested in the body coloring with a complex pattern using vegetable juices and in the manufacture of elegant attire from multi-colored feathers, teeth, nuts, seeds, etc.

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The Andes region is one of the significant centers of ancient irrigated agriculture. The oldest monuments of a developed agricultural culture here date back to the 1st millennium BC. e., its beginning should be attributed to approximately 2000 years earlier. Ancient peoples of the Andes region

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Primitive farmers cultivated potatoes, and quinoa was especially widespread among cereals. The Andes region is the only one in America where animal husbandry developed. Llama and alpaca were tamed, giving wool, skins, meat, fat. The Andeans did not drink milk.

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An Indian tribe, which is essentially a union of tribes, as well as the language of this tribe. They inhabit the Amazonian selva on the territory of modern Peru. The main occupations are farming in the floodplains and fishing, brewing beer, servicing river transportation. shipibo-conibo

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The Shipibo-Conibo tribe is famous among other Indian tribes for its shamans; the famous Peruvian artist Pablo Amaringo came from among them.

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Chibcha, Muisca or Mosca is one of the highly developed civilizations of South America in the XII-XVI centuries. Among the cultures of ancient America, the Chibcha are on a par with the Maya, Aztecs and Incas. The Chibcha themselves called themselves Muisca, that is, "people."

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Tools of labor - axes, knives, millstones - were made from hard rocks of stone. Spears with burnt wood tips, wooden clubs, and slings served as weapons. Of the metals, only gold and its alloys with copper and silver were known. Many methods of processing gold were used: massive casting, flattening, stamping, overlay with sheets. golden raft chibcha

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The washing ceremony of the ruler of this people served as the basis for the legend of "Eldorado" (Eldorado - in Spanish "golden"), which became widespread in Europe, and "Eldorado" became synonymous with fabulous wealth. Gold items of ancient America

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Indian people living in Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador. The number is about 14 million people. They make up about a third of the population in Peru and Bolivia. During the conquest of the country by the Spaniards - the most powerful of the Peruvian peoples. The Quechua culture was then at the same height as the Aztec culture in Mexico. Quechua

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They live mainly in the highlands around Lake Titicaca in western Bolivia, southern Peru and northern Chile. Part of the Aymara lives in cities, making up the majority of the mining population of Bolivia. Aymara The President of Bolivia, Evo Morales, is of Aymara origin

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Prepare a message about ancient civilization Maya, Inca and Aztec Homework

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http://ancient.astrostar.ru/mezoamerica/35796.html - Ancient gods http://www.velesova-sloboda.org/antrop/anthropological-glossary-ru.html - Anthropological illustrated explanatory dictionary http://derban. info/photo/21/ http://www.li.ru/interface/pda/?jid=1825315 - Community of South American Indians Wikipedia Information sources

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The population of South America is over 350 million people.
Until the end of the 15th century, South America was inhabited by Indian tribes and peoples who spoke languages ​​such as Tipigua Rani, Quechua and Chibcha. They settled mainly in the Central Andean Highlands (its high mountain valleys). But with the advent of Europeans (Spaniards, Portuguese), the indigenous population began to be exported to Peru, Venezuela, as slaves, to work on plantations and mines, and immigrants from Italy, Germany and other European countries began to settle in the countries of South America.
Largely, modern population is of Indian-European and Negro-European descent. In addition, large Indian peoples live in many countries of South America, for example, in Peru and Ecuador - Quechua, and in Chile - Araucans.

Ethnic composition:

• Indians;
• Europeans;
• immigrants from Asian countries;
• black people.

On average, 10-30 people live per 1 km2, but the smallest number of people live in the Amazon rainforests and some mountainous areas of the Andes. As for densely populated areas, one such area is Pampa (it occupies the whole of Uruguay and the northeast of Argentina).
Official language- Spanish, but, for example, in Brazil - Portuguese, and Trinidad, Guyana and Tobago - English.
Big cities: Sao Paulo, Buenos Aires, Rio de Janeiro, Lima, Bogotá, Salvador.
The population of South America professes Catholicism, Protestantism, Christianity, Hinduism, and Islam.

Lifespan

On average, residents of South American countries live up to 65-70 years. For example, in Chile this figure is 76, in Ecuador - 71, and in Suriname - 69 years.
Despite rather high life expectancy rates, the continent is characterized by a rather high mortality rate among young people and people of pre-retirement age.
The main causes of death of the population: oncological, cardiovascular, infectious diseases, as well as poisoning, injuries and accidents.

Traditions and customs of the peoples of South America

Rituals are the main traditions of the peoples of South America. For example, in Brazil, the marriage of young people must necessarily be consecrated in the church, and a “sorcerer” must be present at the holiday itself, whose task is to help young people protect themselves from the evil eye.
Venezuela is famous for its main traditions - festivals, which are accompanied by dances and songs. In addition, the calendar of Venezuelans is full of different holidays, which they celebrate cheerfully and noisily.
Close attention deserves the traditions of the inhabitants of Bolivia - the Indians living here and descendants from mixed marriages (their traditions are the embodiment of the true traditions of South America). They express their feelings through songs and dances (popular folk dances are auchi-auchi, kueka, tinki).
Bolivians are engaged in folk art - weaving and knitting (over the past 3000 years it has not changed at all).
Another local custom is the use of coca leaves in everyday life - it is customary to chew them, infuse them, make tea from them and season some dishes with them (in European countries coca leaves are considered a drug, and in Bolivia they are a tonic).
If you decide to go to South America, you will right choice- you can dive into mysterious life this mainland.

Bostanji Nazar

Presentation "Indigenous people of America and its culture" for the lesson of the surrounding world in grade 4 on the topic "Nature of the New World"

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The indigenous population of America and its culture The work was completed by: Bostanzhi Nazar, a student of 4 "A" class MBOU secondary school No. 18 in Belgorod

The indigenous population of America, which belongs to a separate Americanoid race, are the Indians. The name arose from the erroneous idea of ​​the first European navigators (Christopher Columbus and others) of the late 15th century, who considered the transatlantic lands they discovered to be India

Scientists consider Altai to be the ancestral home of the Indians, from where they left their colonies for many millennia (approximately 70-12 millennium BC) in New World along the so-called Bering Bridge - an ancient wide isthmus between America and Asia, on the site of which the Bering Strait is now located, in order to develop new lands.

The inhabitants of our territories gradually settled in the northern part of Eurasia, and then moved to the Western Hemisphere, where they turned into Indians.

After America was mastered, each individual tribe began to develop in its own direction. The general tendencies observed among them were as follows. The Indians of South America honored the maternal race. The inhabitants of the northern part of the continent were content with patriarchy. In the tribes of the Caribbean, there was a tendency to move towards a class society

Northern tribes The indigenous population of North America occupied the territory of present-day Canada with the USA, starting from the eternal glaciers and ending with the Gulf of Mexico. There have been many different cultures In the south of North America, the tribes were considered the most developed, since the natives here were engaged in agriculture, using the method of artificial irrigation, and part-time bred livestock. The northern Indians who settled the upper part of Canada hunted caribou and also fished. The northwestern tribes were engaged in fishing, as well as sea hunting. The Californian Indians were engaged in ordinary hunting and fishing. The Woodland Indians occupied the entire eastern part of the modern United States. These people were engaged in sedentary agriculture. The Indians of the Great Plains are famous hunters of wild bison.

Caribbean The indigenous population of Central America was the most developed. It was in this part of the continent that the most complex slash-and-burn and irrigated systems of agriculture developed at that time. Metallurgy began to be mastered, and the primitive communal system was already moving to a class system, turning into a slave-owning state. Among the tribes that lived in the Caribbean are the Aztecs, Mixtecs, Maya, Purépecha, Totonacs, and Zapotecs. The indigenous population of Latin America on these lands was also engaged in cattle breeding. They grew maize, legumes, sunflowers, pumpkins, agave, cocoa, and cotton. Tobacco was also grown here.

South America The indigenous population of South America was not so highly developed. The only exception can be the Inca Empire, which was located in the Andes and was inhabited by the Indians of the same name. On the territory of modern Brazil, tribes lived who were engaged in hoe-type agriculture, and also hunted local birds and mammals. The territory of Argentina was occupied by mounted guanaco hunters. In Tierra del Fuego, they were engaged in fishing.

The Inca Empire This is the greatest association of Indians that existed in the 11th-13th centuries on the territory of present-day Colombia, Peru and Chile. Before the arrival of the Europeans locals already had their own administrative division. The empire consisted of four parts, and each of them, in turn, was divided into provinces. The Inca Empire had its own statehood and laws, which were mainly presented in the form of punishments for certain atrocities. Their system of government was, most likely, despotic-totalitarian. This state also had an army, there was a certain social system, over the lower layers of which control was carried out. The main achievement of the Incas is their giant highways. The roads they built on the slopes of the Andes reached 25 thousand kilometers in length. To move around them, llamas were used as beasts of burden.

Traditions and cultural development The culture of the indigenous population of America is mainly their languages ​​of communication, many of which are still not completely decipherable. Each tribe had not just its own dialect, but its own autonomous language, which sounded only in oral speech, did not have a written language. The first alphabet in America appeared only in 1826. Up to this point, the natives of the continent used pictographic signs, and if they had to communicate with representatives of other settlements, they used gestures, body movements and facial expressions.

The tradition of making ceramics among the Indians of both North and Central and South America arose long before contact with Europeans, and local styles of ceramics were very diverse. In addition to ceramic vessels, various Indian cultures also made clay figurines, masks, and other ritual objects.

In Central America and in the Andean region, by the time of European colonization, there was a highly developed art culture destroyed by the conquerors. The art of numerous tribes that were at the stage of the primitive communal system was closely connected with everyday life and material production; it reflected the observations of hunters, fishermen and farmers, embodied their mythological ideas and the richness of ornamental fantasy.

The types of Indian dwellings are diverse: sheds, barriers, domed huts. Tonic tents made of poles, covered with branches, leaves, mats, skins. Clay or stone huts in the highlands of South America; communal dwellings - plank houses in the northwest of North America; bark-framed "longhouses" in the Great Lakes region; stone or adobe houses-villages (pueblo) in southwestern North America

Wood carving, especially rich on the northwestern coast of North America (polychrome totem and grave poles with interweaving of real and fantastic images), is also found among a number of South American tribes.

Weaving, weaving, embroidery, making ornaments from feathers, ceramic and wooden utensils and figurines were widespread. Fantastic images, rich geometric ornaments, and military and hunting scenes are known in the paintings (drawings of the Indians of the Great Plains on tips, tambourines, shields, skins bison)

Deities of the Indians Most of the tribes of North America believed that the deity is a kind of plane, which is located far in the ocean. According to their legends, their ancestors lived on this plane. And those who committed a sin or showed negligence fell off it into a gaping void. In Central America, deities were given the appearance of animals, most often birds. The wise tribes of the Incas often considered the prototypes of people who created the world and everything in it to be their gods.

Mythological aspect Initially all fairy tales, legends and other folk compositions, which belonged to the Indians, could tell us about their life, about life, about how to get food. These peoples sang of birds, wild mammals and predators, their brothers and parents. A little later, mythology acquired a slightly different character. The Indians have created myths about the creation of the world, which are very similar to our biblical ones. It is noteworthy that in many stories of American indigenous people there is a certain deity - the Woman with Braids. She is both the personification of life and death, food and war, earth and water. She has no name, but references to her power are found in almost all ancient Indian sources.

Indian contributions to world civilization The peoples of the world adopted from the Indians the cultivation of corn (maize), potatoes, tomatoes, sunflowers, cassava, cocoa, cotton, tobacco, pepper, beans, peanuts, agave, a number of legumes, squash. create a stable fodder base for livestock. The Indians bred domestic animals, of which domestic turkey and guinea pig are now widespread. Among the birds domesticated by the Indians is the Muscovy duck.