Western European colonization of "new" lands in the XVI-XVII centuries. is a very important process in the development of the American continent. Europeans moved to uncharted lands in search of better life... At the same time, the colonialists faced resistance and conflicts with local residents - Indians. In this lesson, you will learn how the conquest of Mexico and Central America took place, how the civilizations of the Aztecs, Mayans and Incas were destroyed, and what are the results of this colonization.

Western European colonization of new lands

Background

The discovery of new lands was associated with the search for new sea routes to the East by the Europeans. The usual trade communications were cut by the Turks. Europeans needed precious metals and spices. The progress of shipbuilding and navigation allowed them to make long-distance sea voyages. Technological superiority over the inhabitants of other continents (including the possession of firearms) allowed the Europeans to make rapid territorial conquests. They soon discovered that colonies could be a source of great profits and get rich quick.

Developments

1494 - Treaty of Tordesillas on the division of colonial possessions between Spain and Portugal. The dividing line ran across the Atlantic Ocean from north to south.

1519 - About five hundred conquistadors, led by Cortez, landed in Mexico.

In 1521, the capital of the Aztecs, Tenochtitlan, was captured. A new colony was founded on the conquered territory - Mexico. ( about the Aztecs and their ruler Montezuma II).

1532-1535 - the conquistadors led by Pizarro conquer the Inca empire.

1528 - the beginning of the conquest of the Mayan civilization. In 1697 the last Mayan city was captured (resistance lasted 169 years).

The penetration of Europeans into America led to massive epidemics and the death of a huge number of people. The Indians were not immune to Old World diseases.

1600 - the British East India Company was created, which equipped and dispatched ships to the "Spice Islands".

1602 - The Dutch East India Company is established. From the government, the company received the right to seize land and manage the local population.

By 1641, most of Indonesia's fortresses were in Dutch hands.

1607 Jamestown, the first English settlement in the New World, is founded.

1608 - The French establish the Quebec colony in Canada.

XVII century. - The French colonized the Mississippi Valley and founded the Louisiana colony there.

1626 - The Dutch found New Amsterdam on Manhattan Island (future New York).

1619 English colonists bring the first group of slaves to North America.

1620 - British Puritans found New Plymouth (north of Jamestown). They are considered the founders of America - the Pilgrim Fathers.

End of the 17th century - in America there are already 13 English colonies, each of which considered itself a small state (state).

Participants

Conquistadors - Spanish conquerors who participated in the conquest of the New World.

Hernan Cortez- Spanish nobleman, conquistador. Supervised the conquest of the Aztec state.

Francisco Pizarro- conquistador, led the conquest of the Inca state.

Conclusion

In the 16th century, the two largest colonial empires were formed - the Spanish and the Portuguese. The domination of Spain and Portugal in South America.

The colony was headed by a viceroy appointed by the king.

In Mexico and Peru, the Spaniards organized the extraction of gold and silver. The trade in colonial goods brought great profits. Merchants sold goods in Europe 1000 times more expensive than the price at which they were bought in the colonies. Europeans got acquainted with corn, potatoes, tobacco, tomatoes, sugar molasses, cotton.

A single world market was gradually emerging. Over time, a slave-owning plantation economy was formed in the colonies. Indians were forced to work on the plantations, and from the beginning of the 17th century. - slaves from Africa.

Colonies became a source of enrichment for Europeans. This led to a rivalry European countries for the possession of colonies.

In the 17th century, France and Holland pushed the Spaniards and Portuguese into the colonies.

In the XVI-XVIII centuries. England won the battle for the seas. She became the strongest maritime and colonial power in the world.

The lesson will focus on the Western European colonization of "new" lands in the XVI-XVII centuries.

The great geographical discoveries radically changed the vector of development of the American continent. XVI-XVII centuries in the history of the New World it is called conquest, or colonization (which means "conquest").

Numerous Indian tribes were the natives of the American continent, and in the north were the Aleuts and Eskimos. Many of them are well known today. For example, the Apache tribes lived in North America (Fig. 1), which were later popularized in cowboy films. Central America is represented by the Maya civilization (Fig. 2), and the Aztec state was located on the territory of the modern state of Mexico. Their capital was located on the territory of the modern capital of Mexico - Mexico City - and was then called Tenochtitlan (Fig. 3). In South America, the largest Indian state was the Inca civilization.

Rice. 1. Apache tribes

Rice. 2. Mayan civilization

Rice. 3. The capital of the Aztec civilization - Tenochtitlan

The participants in the colonization of America (conquists) were called conquistadors, and their leaders were called adelantado. The conquistadors were impoverished Spanish knights. The main reason that prompted them to seek happiness in America was the ruin, the end of the reconquista, as well as the economic and political aspirations of the Spanish crown. The most famous adelantodo were the conqueror of Mexico, who destroyed the Aztec civilization - Hernando Cortez, Francisco Pizarro, who conquered the Inca civilization, and Hernando de Sota, the first European to discover the Mississippi River. The conquistadors were robbers and invaders. Their main goal was military glory and personal enrichment.

Hernando Cortez is the most famous conquistador, conqueror of Mexico, who destroyed the Aztec empire (Fig. 4). In July 1519, Hernando Cortes landed with an army on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico. Leaving the garrison, he went inland. The conquest of Mexico was accompanied by the physical extermination of the local population, the plundering and burning of Indian cities. Cortez had Indian allies. Despite the fact that the Europeans outnumbered the Indians in the quality of weapons, their numbers were thousands of times smaller. Cortez concluded a treaty with one of the Indian tribes, which made up most of his army. According to the treaty, after the conquest of Mexico, this tribe was to gain independence. However, this agreement was not respected. In November 1519, Cortes, together with his allies, captured the capital of the Aztecs, Tenochtitlan. For more than six months, the Spaniards held power in the city. Only on the night of July 1, 1520, the Aztecs managed to expel the invaders from the city. The Spaniards lost all their artillery, and the loss of life was great. Soon, having received reinforcements from Cuba, Cortez again captured the capital of the Aztecs. In 1521, the Aztec state fell. Until 1524, Hernando Cortez ruled Mexico solely.

Rice. 4. Hernando Cortez

The Maya civilization lived south of the Aztecs, in Central America, on the Yucatan Peninsula. In 1528, the Spaniards began conquering the Mayan territories. However, the Mayans resisted for more than 169 years, and only in 1697 the Spaniards were able to capture the last city inhabited by the Mayan tribe. Today, about 6 million descendants of the Maya Indians live in Central America.

The famous Adelantado who conquered the Inca empire was Francisco Pizarro (Fig. 5). The first two expeditions of Pizarro 1524-1525 and 1526 were unsuccessful. Only in 1531 did he go on his third expedition to conquer the Inca empire. In 1533, Pizarro captured the leader of the Incas - Atahualpa. He managed to get a large ransom for the leader, and then Pizarro killed him. In 1533, the Spaniards captured the capital of the Incas - the city of Cuzco. In 1535, Pizarro founded the city of Lima. The Spaniards called the captured territory Chile, which means "cold". The consequences of this expedition were tragic for the Indians. For half a century, the number of Indians in the conquered territories has decreased by more than 5 times. This was due not only to the physical extermination of the local population, but also to the diseases that the Europeans brought to the continent.

Rice. 5. Francisco Pizarro

In 1531 Hernando de Soto (Fig. 6) took part in the campaign of Francis Pizarro against the Incas, and in 1539 he was appointed governor of Cuba and undertook a campaign of conquest in North America. In May 1539, Hernando de Sota landed on the Florida coast and walked as far as the Alabama River. In May 1541, he reached the coast of the Mississippi River, crossed it and reached the Arkansas River Valley. Then he fell ill, was forced to turn back, and died in Louisiana in May 1542. His companions returned to Mexico in 1543. Although contemporaries considered de Soto's campaign a failure, its significance was nevertheless very great. The aggressive attitude of the conquerors towards the local population led to the outflow of Indian tribes from the territory of the Mississippi River. This facilitated the further colonization of these territories.

In the XVI-XVII centuries. Spain has seized vast territories on the American continent. Spain held these lands for a long time, and the last Spanish colony was conquered only in 1898 by a new state - the United States of America.

Rice. 6. Hernando de Soto

Not only Spain colonized the lands of the American continent. At the end of the 16th century, England made two unsuccessful attempts to establish colonies in North America. Only in 1605, two joint stock companies received from King James I a license to colonize Virginia. At that time, the term Virginia meant the entire territory of North America.

The first London Virginia Company was licensed for southern North America, and the Plymouth Company was licensed for northern part... Officially, both companies set themselves the goal of spreading Christianity on the continent, the license gave them the right by all means to search and mine on the continent for gold, silver and other precious metals.

In 1607, the city of Jamestown was founded - the first English settlement in America (Fig. 7). In 1619, two major events took place. This year, Governor George Yardley handed over some of his powers to a council of burghers, thus establishing the New World's first elected legislature. In the same year, a group of English colonists acquired Africans of Angolan descent and, despite the fact that they were not officially slaves yet, from this moment begins the history of slavery in the United States of America (Fig. 8).

Rice. 7. Jamestown - the first English settlement in America

Rice. 8. Slavery in America

The population of the colony developed uneasy relations with the Indian tribes. The colonists were attacked more than once by them. In December 1620, a ship carrying Puritan Calvinists, the so-called Pilgrim Fathers, arrived on the Atlantic coast of Massachusetts. This event is considered the beginning of the active colonization of the American continent by the British. TO late XVII century England had 13 colonies on the American continent. Among them: Virginia (early Virginia), New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. Thus, by the end of the 17th century, the British colonized the entire Atlantic coast of the modern United States.

At the end of the 16th century, France began to build its colonial empire, which stretched west from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the so-called rocky mountains, and south to the Gulf of Mexico. France colonizes the Antilles, and in South America establishes the colony of Guiana, which is still French territory.

The second largest colonizer of Central and South America after Spain is Portugal... She seized the territories in which the state of Brazil is today. Gradually, the Portuguese colonial empire in the second half of the 17th century declined and gave way to the Dutch in South America.

The Dutch West India Company, founded in 1621, gains a monopoly on trade in South America and West Africa. Gradually, in the 17th century, England and Holland took the leading place among the colonial powers (Fig. 9). There is a struggle between them for trade routes.

Rice. 9. Possessions of European countries on the American continent

Summing up the results of Western European colonization in the 16th-17th centuries, the following can be distinguished.

Social change

The colonization of America led to the extermination of the local population, the remaining aborigines were herded into reservations and subjected to social discrimination. Conquistadors destroyed ancient cultures Of the New World. Christianity spread along with the colonialists on the American continent.

Economic changes

Colonization led to the displacement of the most important trade routes from the inland seas to the ocean. Thus, the Mediterranean Sea has lost its decisive importance for the European economy. The influx of gold and silver drove precious metals prices down and other commodities up. The active development of trade on a global scale has stimulated entrepreneurial activity.

Household changes

The menu of Europeans includes potatoes, tomatoes, cocoa beans, chocolate. Europeans brought tobacco from America, and from that moment on, the habit of smoking tobacco spreads.

Homework

1. What do you think was the reason for the development of new lands?
2. Tell us about the colonists' conquest of the Aztec, Maya and Inca tribes.
3. Which European states were the leading colonial powers at the time?
4. Tell us about the social, economic and everyday changes that have occurred as a result of Western European colonization.

1. Godsbay.ru ().
2. Megabook.ru ().
3. Worldview.net ().
4. Biofile.ru ().

1. Vedyushkin V.A., Burin S.N. Textbook on the history of modern times, grade 7, M., 2013.
2. Verlinden C., Mathis G. Conquerors of America. Columbus. Cortez / Per. with him. HELL. Dera, I.I. Zharova. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 1997.
3. Gulyaev V.I. In the footsteps of the conquistadors. - M .: Nauka, 1976.
4. Duverger Christian. Cortez. - M .: Young Guard, 2005.
5. Innes Hammond. Conquistadors. History of the Spanish conquests of the 15th-16th centuries. - M .: Tsentrpoligraf, 2002.
6. Kofman A.F. Conquistadors. Three Chronicles of the Conquest of America. - SPb .: Symposium, 2009.
7. Paul John, Robinson Charles. Aztecs and Conquistadors. The death of a great civilization. - M .: Eksmo, 2009.
8. Prescott William Hickling. Conquest of Mexico. Conquest of Peru. - M .: Publishing house "V. Sekachev ", 2012.
9. Hemming John. Conquest of the Inca Empire. The Curse of a Lost Civilization / Per. from English L.A. Karpova. - M .: Tsentrpoligraf, 2009.
10. Yudovskaya A.Ya. General history. History of Modern Times. 1500-1800. M .: "Education", 2012.

MUNICIPAL BUDGETARY EDUCATIONAL

ESTABLISHMENT SECONDARY EDUCATIONAL SCHOOL №13

WORLD HISTORY LESSON OUTCOME

7TH GRADE

Theme:

"Europeans in the New World"

History and Social Science Teacher

MBOU Secondary School No. 13 of Stavropol

Parshina Marina Viktorovna

Stavropol,

2015-2016

Theme "Europeans in the New World"

Lesson type: a lesson in the assimilation of new knowledge

The form: problem lesson

Class: 7

Level of study: base

The purpose of the lesson : continue the study of the topic Great geographical discoveries and consolidate the knowledge gained.

Tasks:

Educational:

To form ideas among students about the occupation of colonists in America or the New World;

To acquaint students with the first colonies of England in America;

Explain the concept of "conquistador";

Form an idea of ​​the Mayan, Aztec and Inca civilizations.

Explain concepts such as "Creoles", "Mestizos", "Mulattoes", "Privateering";

To acquaint students with the discoveries of the British, French, etc.

Developing:

Continue to develop the skills of working with the map, with the textbook.

Develop causal relationships between the events of the beginning of the VGO and the end of the VGO.

Development of speech culture skills;

Develop such cognitive processes students as speech, memory, thinking, attention based on the visual material of the topic.

Continue to develop the ability to use terms;

Develop skill express your opinion and prove your point of view.

Educational:

To foster a geographic culture;

Foster a sense of respect for the events of a given period;

To cultivate the ability to listen to other people's opinions when discussing the policy of colonists in America.

Lesson form: traditional.

Equipment : blackboard, chalk, textbook, world map, visual material (printed images of the conquistadors, Mayans, Aztecs, architectural monuments their civilizations, pirates)

During the classes

The teacher greets the students and checks for students by asking the class attendant to report absent.

The students greet the teacher from their seats. The class attendant informs the teacher about those absent from the class.

2.Verification homework.

Frontal poll:

Chronology of the History of Modern Times?

What are the reasons for VGO?

Give the definitions of "reconquista" and "conquista". What are the similarities and differences?

List VGO and discoverers, showing routes on a map.

The teacher comments on the students' answers, gives grades

5. Tell us about the first section of the world.

1. The first period - early modern time (from the end of the 15th to the middle of the 17th century) and the second period - New story(from the middle of the 17th to the 19th centuries)

2. Development of trade; lack of gold and silver; increase in the treasury; technical innovations - new ships, compass, maps.

3.Reconquista- This is the displacement by Christians of Muslim rulers from the Iberian Peninsula. Conquista - conquest of Africa. Similarities: this is the conquest of new territories, the development of trade and cities in these territories. Differences: the events of the reconquista took place in the Iberian Peninsula, and the conquista took place in Africa.

4. Enrique "the navigator" - explored the coast of Africa - about. Cape Verde, present-day Guinea and Sierra Leone.

1488 Bartolomeo Dias - Cape of Good Hope

1492 Columbus discovers America.

1513 was opened Pacific Ocean-Vasco Nunez Balboa

1519-1522-Journey of Magellan.

5.1494-Treaty in Tordsillas between Spain and Portugal. A conditional meridian was drawn along Atlantic Ocean: all the newly discovered lands and seas lying to the west of it were declared the dominions of Spain, to the east of Portugal.

3. Studying a new topic.

Statement of the theme

Who discovered America or New World?

A new world has opened up in America. To Europeans, their way of life seemed to be the embodiment of a mythical "golden age". The Indians took the aliens for unearthly creatures. The Spanish nobles wanted to personally enrich themselves, they were only interested in gold. Many remained to live in a new place, were engaged in agriculture. The Spaniards turned the Indians into slaves and drove them to mines or exported them to Europe as slaves. They were treated with cruelty. The monks who came to the New World could not end the cruelty, because they thought that the Indians had no soul. After that there was a violent Christianization. Thus, having penetrated America, the Spaniards carry out a brutal policy there. Let's move on to point 2. In search of gold, the Spaniards began a conquest.

Remember what a conquista is?

The people who participated in the conquest were called conquistadors

Despite their small number, they had a great advantage in armament. In search of gold, they met with highly developed civilizations Mayan, Aztecs and Incas. Now we will learn about these civilizations together.

Working with text in groups

In 1519 a detachment of conquistadors set out to conquer the Aztecs. Hernan Cortes led the campaign. But the conquistadors could not capture the capital of the Aztecs, Tenochtitlan, and then they enlisted the support of hostile tribes and captured the capital. On behalf of the ruler, the invaders ruled the empire, and when the local population rose in revolt, the conquistadors cut off the water supply and the Aztecs surrendered. The conquest of Mexico lasted until the 17th century. A large number of the local population died in the mines, mining gold.

Working with textbook text and reference notes

Columbus and Amerigo Vespuchi

Conquista - the conquest of Africa.

Conquistadors are people who participate in the conquest.

Working with text in groups

Mayan appeared there in the 10th century BC and in just 500 years on the site of an impenetrable rainforest, a civilization was created where astronomy, mathematics, architecture, sculpture, painting were developed.The Maya developed a state system. The Maya created an accurate solar calendar, the most complex hieroglyphic writing, used the concept of zero before the Arabs and Hindus, predicted solar and lunar eclipses, calculated the movements of Venus with an error of only 14 seconds per year, achieved astounding excellence in architecture, sculpture, painting and ceramics. They worshiped their gods and at the same time obeyed kings and priests, built temples and palaces under their leadership, performed ritual ceremonies, sacrificed themselves, fought with neighbors.
The Maya created cities that were extraordinary in themselves, built only on muscle strength.

Aztecs came to the valley of Mexico City from the north - most likely from the lands that now belong to the United States. At that time, the entire territory of the valley was divided between local tribes and, naturally, none of them wanted to share the land with the newcomers. After some consultation, the local leaders decided to give the aliens an uninhabited island on Lake Texcoco. There were many snakes on the island, so locals expected the aliens on the island to have a hard time. Arriving on the island, the Aztecs saw that many snakes live on it, and they were very happy about this, since snakes were their food. The Aztecs had extensive knowledge in the field of astronomy, which they inherited from more ancient cultures. The Aztec civilization also inherited the architecture of the pyramids, sculpture and painting. Aztecs
mined and processed gold, silver, coal. They built many roads and bridges. The Aztecs developed the art of dance and many sports; theater and poetry. They had a ball game very similar to basketball today. The Aztecs had a very well-organized education, disciplines such as religion, astronomy, history of laws, medicine, music and the art of war were taught.

The Incas- an Indian tribe that lived on the territory of Peru and created, shortly before the Spanish conquest, a vast empire centered in Cuzco, in the Peruvian Andes. The Inca Empire, one of two empires that existed in the New World during Columbus' time, stretched from north to south from Colombia to central Chile and included the territories of what is now Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, northern Chile and northwestern Argentina. The Indians called the Inca only the emperor, and the conquistadors used this word to designate the entire tribe, which in the pre-Columbian era, apparently, used the self-name "kapak-kuna" ("great", "glorified"). Were engaged agriculture, grown corn, potatoes. Were engaged in breeding llamas. Religion was practical in nature and permeated the entire life of the Incas. Agriculture was considered a sacred occupation, and everything associated with it became huaca. The Incas believed in the immortality of the soul. Inca art gravitated towards austerity and beauty. The main art of the Incas was casting from precious metals.

1498 Giovanni Cabota discovered Fr. Newfoundler.

1534 - Jacques Cartier discovered Canada.

Roanoke, Virginia - First Colonies.

Anchoring and reflection

Historical five minutes (annex)

Self-Test and Mutual Test

Homework.

New time - period world history, including the XVI-XVIII centuries. There are different interpretations of when the new time began, but it is most correct to consider the end of the Middle Ages in 1453, when Byzantium fell and the palm of the primacy of messianism over humanity passed from Byzantium to Russia. The course history 7th grade modern time tells that it ended in 1917, when catastrophic changes began in Russia itself.

The main sign of the onset of the New Age, in addition to the destruction of Byzantium and the rise of Russia, is the rise of Europe as a whole. In the Middle Ages, Western Europe did not surpass Asia in terms of development. The capital of the world was Constantinople. Around Byzantium and was built foreign policy world powers.

The Renaissance began shortly before its fall. This happened in Italy in the XIV. This was the first sign of the beginning of the modern era. After the collapse of Byzantium, the world learned at lightning speed about a whole galaxy of great geniuses: Leonardo da Vinci, Erasmus of Rotterdam, Nicolaus Copernicus. In the first years of the modern era, there was a qualitative breakthrough in Europe's development unprecedented in history. Geniuses began to appear in all fields of science. Began before the era of the Great geographical discoveries, therefore, it is incorrect to consider them the beginning of the New Time. They were prepared by a previous era that no longer has any relation to the Middle Ages.

The massive European interest in science was awakened by the collapse of Byzantium. Europe lost its former support, which made it look for alternative supports. The victory of the Saracens cut off the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles from Europe, making it impossible to reach India by land. This is what made them look for him by sea.

Great geographical discoveries led to a unique economic breakthrough in world history. For a century Western Europe from an equal continent in Asia in terms of living standards, it has turned into the capital of the world. This was facilitated by the influx of gold from the new colonies. The influx was so colossal that by the end of the 16th century. in Spain gold was already valued as bread is now. An ounce of gold was worth nothing, there was a hyperinflation of gold, which has ceased to be an item of luxury and exclusivity.

The onset of the great geographical discoveries led to a moral crisis in European society. People stopped living according to the Laws of the Gospel and switched to making money at any cost. New principles that dictated colonial world, were the opposite of the teachings of Christ. This led to the decline of the authority of the Church and the emergence of Protestantism.

The millennial foundations of Europe have been undermined. Protestants who did not want to live according to the Law of God began to declare war on the Catholic Church. This led to the Dutch Revolution, which was the first in a series of revolutions to end the world of traditional values.

The reasons for the revolution in Holland are that the poor Spanish province did not receive the income from the colonies that Spain itself received. The Dutch felt left out and revolted. Soon they themselves became colonialists and went down in history as a major colonial power.

England also went to break off relations with the Church, Protestantism won in Scandinavia, Estonia, part of Germany, and France. However, in the latter, he led to religious wars, which were eventually won by the Catholics. Here the influence of Spain has affected.

The course of history of the 7th grade of modern times tells about the fact that the 16th century made England and Spain two of the most powerful and richest countries in the world. The English navy became the king of the seas. Europe has long seized the primacy in the world, and only today its geopolitical leadership has begun to be challenged by other races.

The economic breakthrough led to a scientific, technical and philosophical breakthrough. At the beginning of the 17th century. the world has learned what revolutionary philosophy is. Humanism was born, which with its edge opposed the autocracy and traditional values. Humanism placed not God, but man at the center of the universe, and insisted that the main values ​​in human life are universal, not religious.

Against the background of this ideology, the protest against the autocracy began to intensify. People began to think that democracy is the best system. This led to great English revolution 1640 It led to the greatest civil war in the history of England, but even she could not undermine her power. The main result of the revolution is the fall of the autocracy and the establishment of a constitutional monarchy, which has not yet fallen in England.

In the XVII century. the main event within Europe was the advance of Islam. Ottoman Empire occupied the Balkans, Greece, Hungary, part of Ukraine and Poland. The crown of Turkish power was in 1687, when the Turks, having gathered an invincible army, attacked Austria. Europe realized that Islam is much more terrible than all internal strife, immediately stopped the civil war among Christians and united. As a result, Jan Sobieski defeated the Turks near Vienna in 1697, striking them with cavalry, when the Turks were already carrying the green banner of Islam over the great immortal European city.

The onslaught of the Turks was stopped. Europe was saved, and Islam no longer reached such power as in the 17th century. and began to fade away. The next major event was the fall of Spain. Hyperinflation of gold led to the fact that the Spaniards ceased to live richly. Gold was not appreciated, the prices of consumer goods were growing, and it turned out that Spain could not offer the people anything but gold, which. Fearing the same hyperinflation, no one wanted to buy in Europe. An absurd situation has happened. Nobody needed gold. It has become an unnecessary commodity like dirt. This resulted in the War of the Spanish Succession in the early 18th century. and the final collapse of Spain.

The history course 7th grade new time will tell students that in the middle of the XVIII England turned into the workshop of the world. The British were more literate than the Spaniards, they disposed of their gold, they did not give it to the people, keeping it in banks, letting into the economy exactly as much as was needed to support it. As a result, in the 1750s England became the greatest state in the world, capable of producing any product available to mankind. She was ahead of the entire planet, ranked 1st in terms of territory and population.

End XVIII was marked by an industrial revolution, which led to the change of manual labor to machine labor. The existence of people has eased, but the pace of life has increased. The economy began to acquire a modern character. The appearance of people has also changed, becoming close to modern. The way of life of people, fashion, clothes have changed. Classical works of culture appeared.

The century ended with two more catastrophes. Revolutions in the USA and France. Their reasons are that the former were burdened by the position of those dependent on England, feeling within themselves the strength for independent national development, and the latter were weighed down by the same, only already banal lagging behind the economy and the standard of living of France from England.

As a result, the autocracy collapsed in France, and the country itself turned into a bulwark of threat to the very existence of mankind. Russia saved the world from this threat. The United States did not have such ambitions as France, and therefore it survived.

The victory of the American Revolution led to the emergence of the world's first democratic state. The United States became the first country where the values ​​of humanism and universal good were officially triumphed. At first, the United States lagged behind the monarchies of Europe, but in the XX century. It was the American state that established total and absolute control over the planet, imposing on mankind against its will its then developed values ​​of humanism and universal good, which are now considered indisputable by all countries of the world.

MOBU Novobureyskaya secondary school №1

OPEN LESSON ON A NEW HISTORY
TOPIC: "TIME FOR CHANGE"

(lesson held in grade 7)

Developed and carried out by: O. A. Kostyreva,

history teacher Novobureiskaya secondary school № 1

p. Novobureyskiy

Lesson objectives:

1. 
   Educational:

- consider the most important events 18th century stories that took place in England, France and the United States, conclude that they radically changed public relations in these states, entailed the destruction of traditional society and the emergence of a new - industrial.

1. 
   Developing:

- work on the development of students' speech, their ability to draw conclusions, analyze, look for cause-and-effect relationships.

1. 
   Educational:

- familiarizing students with the culture of Western states, fostering respect for universal history.

Lesson equipment:

1. 
   Paintings: "The signing of the Declaration of Independence", "Three estates in France", "The life of peasants in the French countryside", "Sale of slaves in North America" ​​and others.
2. 
   Multimedia installation and educational disc "General History" - grade 7.

^ introduction teachers:
Dear Guys! We are finishing the study of New History in the 7th grade. And today we will conduct a repeating and generalizing lesson, in which we will consider the most important events of the 18th century, which took place in three states - England, the USA and France. These events dealt a blow to the old feudal order, changing the economic, political, cultural life Western society.

^ The purpose of our lesson:

- consider the features of the industrial revolution in England, explain the basic concepts and terms;

Recall the struggle for the independence of the British colonies in North America, find out its causes and results, tell about the most prominent figures in the struggle for independence;

- find out the reasons for the Great French Revolution.
Open your notebooks and write down the topic for today's lesson: "Time for transformations."
Our lesson will be held in the form of the game "Clever and clever", as a result of which the guys who show good knowledge will be awarded "orders".
From each row, a team representative is called, who becomes the "smart guy" who answers at the board. In the class there are "agonists" who can answer the questions left unanswered by the "clever". In addition, the leader (teacher) asks questions directly to the children sitting in the classroom. At the end of the lesson, a summary will be made of which row has the most "smart people", and those guys who have the most correct answers will be rewarded.

^ The game begins.

A representative is called from each team.

Teacher:

On our open lesson school teachers are present. They are invited to become members of the jury, the "Supreme Areopagus".

The teacher will be assisted by a student of the class who will give out "medals" for correct answers.
In the last lesson, I asked the team representatives to think about the question "What is a new story in your opinion?" and express your thoughts within one minute.

-The statement of "clever men" about the new history.
Teacher:

While the “clever guys” are working at the board, our “agonists” in the class receive an anticipatory task that they must complete during the game. We will refer to their assignments as we deal with related topics.

Teacher:

The first agon is the Industrial Revolution in England.

(On the board are pictures "Craft, manufacture, factory", "Sale of slaves in the New World")
^ Questions to the "smart guys":

1 question: What is the agrarian revolution?

Question 2: What is an industrial revolution?

Question 3: Tell us about the conditions of the industrial revolution.
^ Question to "agonists":

Explain the difference between a manufactory and a factory (the guys refer to the picture).

Explain the concept of the "Golden Triangle", what did it bring to entrepreneurs? (you can refer to the painting "Sale of slaves in the New World").

Who are the Luddists?

Why did they destroy cars?

Name the most significant inventions that led to the industrial revolution in England ("Jenny's Spinning Wheel" by James Hargreaves, steam engine by James Watt).

^ The second agon is "The War of Independence of the British Colonies in North America."

Question to the "smart guys":

1 question: The reasons for the war of independence.

Question 2: What is the "Stamp Law"?

Question 3: What event is called the Boston Tea Party?
^ Question to "agonists":

Each of the team representatives had an anticipatory task. From the received description of a person's biography, they must conclude: "Who is this great figure?"

^ The guys read the assignments and give their answers:

American educator, statesman, scientist. Born into the family of a poor artisan. Giving everything free time self-education, became one of the most educated people of his time. They said about him “He took the scepter from the tyrants, the lightning from God” (meaning that he proved the electrical nature of lightning and showed how it can be obtained in laboratory conditions). He organized the first public library in Philadelphia, published his own newspaper. His last political act was the signing of a petition banning slavery.

(Benjamin Franklin)

Born into the family of a wealthy Virginia slave-owner planter. He was rich, successful in business, independent in decision-making and opposed British colonial policy. Among the Puritans, such personality traits were highly valued. He was entrusted with the creation regular army The United States, since he already had experience of conducting military operations against the Indians and the French.

(George Washington) He became the first President of the United States.

An outstanding thinker and humanist of his time, a figure of the Enlightenment, a Virginian planter and lawyer, one of the most prominent figures in the revolutionary war for independence. For him, the break with England was not just an achievement of independence, but a means of creating a state based on the principles of popular supremacy and natural equality of people. Author of the Declaration of Independence.

(Thomas Jefferson)

(Using the multimedia installation, the teacher shows portraits of these great figures)

Teacher: Guys, before you is the painting "Proclamation of the US Declaration of Independence." Now we will find out what this document, most important in the history of the United States, contains. One of the "agonists" had a task: "Insert the missing letters in the text of the Declaration."

^ The student reads the text of the declaration with the words inserted.

Assignment: Insert the missing letters.
The Declaration of Independence proclaimed the principle ... popular……… sovereignty and the right of the people to overthrow……… .. authorities violating his rights. The declaration proclaimed ... equality………. people and such inalienable human rights as the right to life, freedom and the pursuit of ... fortunately.

Teacher: to find out if the answer is correct, let's refer to the document on page 214 of our tutorial and read the text of the Declaration.

^ Questions for "agonists":

Before you is a picture - "The battle of the army of colonists with the British." Where do you think the British are drawn, and where are the colonists, by what signs can you prove this?

When was the US Constitution adopted and what did it contain?

(In 1787. Proclamation of a presidential republic. Legislative power - Congress).

What does the American flag mean?

^ Third agon. Causes and beginning of the Great French Revolution.
Questions to the "smart guys":

1 question: Describe the life of the three estates in France before the revolution. (According to the picture).

Question 2: In what position were the peasants in France before the revolution? (According to the picture).

Question 3: What are the reasons for the Great French Revolution?
^ Questions for agonists:

France in the 18th century was an agrarian country. What does this mean?

What event is considered the beginning of the French Revolution? (fall of the Bastille)
^ Guys, we have the opportunity to see how this event happened.

A training disc with a fragment "The Fall of the Bastille" is demonstrated for 5 minutes.

Teacher: Our "agonists" had assignments on the history of the Great French Revolution. Let's find out how they handled these assignments.
Exercise: What is the name of this great French figure?

While still in college, the young marquis got acquainted with the works of Rousseau and Montesquieu, dreamed of a society where natural human rights would be realized. When the colonies of England in North America began fighting for independence, a sense of justice determined his sympathy for the rebels. He left for the New World, where he equipped and armed the division entrusted to him with his own money. His exploits became known in France, and Voltaire called him "the hero of the New World." In France, he became chief of the National Guard.

(Marquis Gilbert de Lafayette)

^ Exercise: Insert missing letters.
On May 5, 1789, in the Palace of Versailles, the king opened the meeting ……… General…………… states. 270 deputies from the nobility, 291 deputies from the clergy and 600 elected from third…………. the estates took their places. Louis 16 ordered new taxes to be approved. The king's speech provoked ... disturbance……. Third estate. On June 17, the deputies of the third estate declared themselves representatives of the whole nation - ... The National………… .. meeting.
Teacher: Guys, you can ask your questions to each other on the topic of our lesson.
So, let's summarize our lesson and write the conclusions in a notebook:
Today in the lesson we examined the most important events of the 18th century, which led to the gradual destruction of traditional society and the emergence of the features of the future - industrial. In many ways, these events were prepared by the new ideology of the Enlightenment.
Writing in notebooks:

The events that took place in North America and France in the 18th century are called bourgeois revolutions, since they radically transformed society, establishing a republican system in these states.
The result of our game will be summed up by the "High Areopagus".

The results of the game are summed up, the guys who gave the correct answers are awarded with good marks, and those who gave the most correct answers are also awarded "orders".
Teacher: Guys, thank you for the lesson.
Literature:
1.Yudovskaya A.Ya., Baranov P.A. New story. 1500-1800.- M., Education, 2000.