People who do not know their past have no future (M. Lomonosov)

Our republic has gone from a maternity autonomous entity within Russia to a full-fledged Republic of Dagestan, which has an equal status with all other constituent entities of the Russian Federation, becoming its southernmost part.

The incorporation of Dagestan into Russia was not an easy process. The tsarist administration had to make a lot of efforts to involve Dagestan in the mainstream of the economic and cultural development of the empire. To this end, a number of reforms were carried out, the most important of which was the administrative one, which contributed to the stabilization of the political situation in the Caucasus.

Under the influence of Russia, economic specialization actively took place in the mountainous region, commercial agriculture and cattle breeding developed. An important aspect in the development of the Dagestan region was the emergence of a national intelligentsia, which was facilitated by the opening of secular schools. The tsarist administration opened vacancies in secondary and higher educational institutions of the empire for the Dagestan elite. At the same time, educational institutions, libraries, hospitals first appeared in the region. Dagestan region as part of Russian Empire lasted from April 1860 to January 20, 1921.

In 1917, a revolution took place in the Russian Empire, and Soviet power was established in Dagestan. In November 1920, an Extraordinary Congress of the Peoples of Dagestan was held in Temir-Khan-Shura, at which the People's Commissar for Nationalities Joseph Stalin proclaimed the Declaration of Soviet Autonomy for Dagestan. And on January 20, 1921, by the Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the formation of the Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, which is part of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), was legally approved - the Decree on the formation of the Dagestan ASSR as part of the RSFSR was adopted.

It included Avar, Andean, Gunibsky, Darginsky, Kazi-Kumukhsky, Kaitago-Tabasaran, Kyurinsky, Samursky. Temirkhan-Shurinskii, Khasavyurt okrug and the territory of the Caspian coast. Much later, the Karanogaysky, Kizlyarsky, Krainovsky, Tarumovsky districts (now the Nogaysky, Tarumovsky, Kizlyarsky districts) and the city of Kizlyar were transferred to the Dagestan ASSR.

By the aforementioned Decree, the central government recognized the national-state autonomy within Russia, proclaimed by the peoples of Dagestan at the Extraordinary Congress on November 13, 1920. The decree on the formation of the Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic determined the final boundaries, peaceful methods of resolving territorial disputes, the activities of the republic's governing bodies, the basic principles of relations between the central and local authorities.

Over time, the Dagestan autonomy within the Russian Federation became one of the leading regions in the North Caucasus. The Dagestani people made a choice in favor of state unity with Russia, this was the most right choice from the point of view of self-preservation and self-development of our peoples as part of a united Russia.

In addition, paradoxically, despite the centuries-old existence of various political associations on the territory of our region, it was the Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic that became the first real common Dagestan state, the process began state building, in which all peoples of our republic participated on equal terms.

The supreme bodies of power and administration of the republic were also formed - the Central Executive Committee (CEC) and the Council of People's Commissars (SNK). Nazhmudin Samursky was elected chairman of the CEC, and the first government of the republic was headed by Jalaletdin Korkmasov. The formation of the Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic finally consolidated the victory of Soviet power in the republic.

The Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic received organizational and practical implementation on December 5, 1921 at the All-Dagestan Constituent Congress of Soviets, which adopted the first Constitution in the history of the republic.
The creation of a unified Dagestan state made it possible to make a powerful breakthrough in economic, political and cultural development. The enterprises destroyed during the Civil War were restored, dozens of new factories, factories, power plants, transport infrastructure facilities, the October Revolution canal were built, hunger and illiteracy were defeated. During the years of Soviet power, Dagestan became a republic with a developed industry and diversified agriculture.

In the development of the economy, an important role was played by the electric power industry and oil-extracting industries, mechanical engineering, the construction materials industry, the chemical and food industries. During the Soviet period, dozens of large industrial enterprises were built, an industrial system advanced for its time was created, an industrial structure sufficiently developed even by modern standards.

Has changed radically social structure Dagestan, where today almost half of the population lives in cities. The appearance was also transformed settlements: new beautiful schools, hospitals, residential buildings, administrative buildings were built, the area of ​​gardens and parks increased. In the field of culture, great changes have also taken place - national professional theaters have been created, a system of higher and secondary educational institutions has been formed, capable of satisfying all the basic needs of the republic in specialists.

Dagestan has become an exemplary Soviet autonomy, characterized by high rates of socio-economic and cultural development. The solemn oath taken in 1920 at the Extraordinary Congress of the Peoples of Dagestan on friendship and fraternal solidarity with the peoples Soviet Union, the highlanders of Dagestan held back in the difficult years of the Great Patriotic War.

As the Head of the Republic of Dagestan Ramazan Abdulatipov noted: “During the Great Patriotic War, our country was saved by the unity of the people. Hundreds of thousands of Dagestanis rose to defend their homeland - the Soviet Union and defended not only themselves, but also many peoples of the world from enslavement. Bright memory to all the heroes who gave their lives for the unity and independence of our Fatherland! There are 59 Heroes of the Soviet Union and Russia in Dagestan, because the Dagestanis have always been courageous warriors, patriots of their country, have always strengthened the friendship of peoples. "

The peoples of Dagestan confirmed their choice during the collapse of the USSR and the formation of new independent states, remaining a part of the Russian Federation. Head of Dagestan speaking at an event dedicated to the Day national unity, said: “Even in the most difficult times, the Dagestanis believed in Russia and strove for it. Thanks to Russia, we are a civilized, cultured country, we are a people that has a historical past, present and, undoubtedly, a future. "

DAGESTA AUTONOMOUS SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC, Dagesta n, - as part of the RSFSR. Located in the east. parts of the North. Caucasus, in the east it is washed by the Caspian m. Formed on January 20. 1921. Area. 50.3 thousand km 2. US. - 1,062,472 hours (1959); as of 1 Jan. 1963 - 1222 thousand people (Avars, Dargins, Lezgins, Laks, Kumyks, Tabasaran, Rutuls, Aguls, Tsakhurs, Mountain Jews, etc.); mountains. US. - 314 968 hours, rural - 747 504 hours (1959). D. has 8 cities and 25 villages. districts, 7 villages of mountains. type. The capital is Makhachkala.

Primitive communal system in territory D... Terr. D. was mastered by man in the Paleolithic era. Monuments to Kam. centuries (Chumis-Inits, Usisha, Chokh, Rugudzha), the most ancient of which belonged to the Acheulean era. Neolithic materials. epochs (Tarnair, Buinaksk, Akusha) show the transition of the Danish tribes to hoe farming and cattle breeding. Subsequent, Eneolithic. epoch covering the 3rd millennium BC e., is characterized by the further development of agricultural and pastoralists. kh-va and a kind of culture, characteristic of the entire Caucasus. The most important achievement of this era is the development of copper and its alloys. In the Eneolithic. epoch there was a replacement of the maternal system of kinship with the paternal one. Monuments of the Bronze Age (in the districts of Derbent, Manas, Karabudakhkent, Makhachkala, B. Chiryurt, Irganai, Chokha, Kuli) show the continuity in the development of local culture. The first major division of labor took place in the Bronze Age. Plowed agriculture and cattle breeding are developing, a cut wears preim. sedentary character. Intertribal exchange is increasing. Relig. beliefs: animism, magic, cult of fire; cosmogonics began to take shape. representation. Within the framework of a single culture of the North-East. In the Caucasus, local variants are emerging. This reflects the process of ethnicity. differentiation within dag. kinship groups. tribes, ending with the formation of smaller cultural groups - the distant ancestors of the present. of the D. nationalities, which began in the Late Bronze Age, the process of decomposition of the clan structure intensified in the 1st millennium BC. e., in the era of development and widespread introduction of iron. The Danish tribes (Legs, Gels, Duckies, and others) embark on the path of forming tribal alliances, a cut culminating in the entry at the end of the 1st millennium BC. NS. in a large state. unification on the territory. Azerbaijan - "Caucasian Albania". During the existence of Albania on the territory. South. There were cities such as Choga, Toprakh-Kala, Urtseki, and others. n. NS. South. D. up to Derbent was occupied by the Sassanids, and the coastal strip to the north from Derbent in the 4th century BC. captured by the "Huns". The population of Denmark was engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry; handicrafts and trade developed, mainly on the coast of the Caspian Sea. Derbent, Semender, Zerekhgeran (Kubachi). Canvases, metal products, madder, and saffron were exported from D. In the 5th century. in D., the Albanian alphabet became widespread. Monuments with Albanian inscriptions have been found in Derbent, Belidji, Kumukh and Orod.

The origin and development of feudal relations in Denmark (6th to 19th centuries)... In the 6-10 centuries. the decomposition of the primitive communal system and the emergence of feuds took place. relationship. The process of feudalization took place more intensively in the lowland part of Denmark. the plain part of D. became part of the "Khazar Kaganate" with its center in Semender. In the rest of the D., there were politicians. early feudal education. such as Sarir, Lakz, Gumik, Dzhidan, Kaitag, Zerekhgeran, Tabasaran, and others. The boundaries of these associations basically corresponded to the boundaries of the settlement of the Danish peoples - Avars, Dargins, Laks, and Lezgins. The development of the feud. relations in D. were promoted by an Arab. colonization. From 664 D. was subjected to the incessant invasions of the Arabs, who finally subjugated all D. to their power in the first half. 8 c. They imposed heavy taxes on the conquered population - kharaj (land tax) and jizya (poll tax from non-Muslims) and intensively imposed Islam on Denmark. The peoples of Denmark put up stubborn resistance to the Arabs. In the beginning. 9 c. in connection with the cross. the uprising of "Babek" in Transcaucasia and in D. strengthened the anti-Arab. performances. In 851 the highlanders of Denmark supported an uprising against the Arab rule in Georgia. In 905 and 913–914, the combined forces of the Danish highlanders defeated the Arab protégé, the ruler of Shirvan and Derbent. From that time, D.'s ties with Russia were established.

In the 10-11 centuries. further development received agriculture and cattle breeding, developed blacksmithing, foundry, jewelry, ceramics. production. The centers of the craft were Kumukh, Shinaz, Bezhta, Gotsatl, and others. Kubachin weapons, Lezghin and Tabasaran carpets and rugs were exported through Derbent to the east and north (Rus). A prominent place in the ext. the trade was occupied by the merchants of Derbent. The successes in the development of the economy were accompanied by the development of the culture of D. High level reached builds. technology, applied arts; the Arab spread. writing. The historian appears. chronicles. In 1106 "History of Dagestan, Shirvan and Arran" was compiled. Christianity penetrated into Denmark through Georgia (churches in Antsukh, Tsakhur, Genukha, a chapel near Datun, and Christian burial grounds in Khunzakh and Urad). Means. number of cam. crosses with cargo. and Georgian-Avar inscriptions testifies to the fairly widespread distribution of Christianity in D. and to attempts to create a written language in the Avar language. based on cargo. graphics. However, in a number of places, pagan ideas were still strong.

All R. 11th century Seljuks captured Azerbaijan and b. h. D. At the end of the 11th century. Derbent became an independent principality. From about the end of the 12th century. in D. large state. formations: "Avar Khanate", Kazikumukh shamkhalstvo, Kaitag utsmiystvo, Tabasaran Mysumism and a number of minor politicians. associations. The shamkhals and khans repeatedly tried to unite the whole of Dagestan under their rule, but the lack of economics. and polit. preconditions (underdevelopment of feudal relations, ethnic diversity, civil strife) hindered the creation of a single state. D. in Wed century remained fragmented into small polit. units, each of which had internal. orders and weapons. strength.

In the 20s. 13th century D. has undergone devastation. the invasion of the Mongols. In the 14th century. the troops of "Uzbek", "Tokhtamysh" and "Timur" invaded D. They destroyed cities and many villages (Kadar, Kaitag, Tarki, Batlukh, Kuli, Tanus, Khunzakh, and others) and contributed to the implantation of Islam in D. With the death of Timur (1405), the desire for liberation from the foreign yoke intensified in D.. Great influence on will release. Rus' struggled in D. With the formation and strengthening of Rus. centralized. states, especially after the annexation of the Kazan (1552) and Astrakhan (1556) khanates, strong ties were established between Denmark and Russia. All in. D. arose in Russian. Terki, developed economical. D.'s ties with Transcaucasia and North. The Caucasus. This contributed to the development of c. x-va, trade, restoration of crafts. centers. In the 15th and 16th centuries. in Derbent, Tsakhur, Kara-Kureish, Kubachi, Kumukh, Khunzakh and others, Muslims were discovered. schools (madrasahs), in which, along with the study of the Koran, the youth studied Arab. lang., mathematics, philosophy, etc. In the 15th century. attempts were made to work out on the basis of the Arab. alphabet writing for Avar and Lak languages, a in the 16th century. - for the Dargin language. D. scientists have created a number of original works, the most valuable of which is the history of the Middle-century. D. - "Tarihi Dagestan" by Mohammed Raffi.

In the 14-17 centuries. the development of the feuds continued. relations in D. But at the same time, patriarchal-clan relations still existed in a number of districts of the country. In the 16-17 centuries. in the Kaitag utsmiystvo and the Avar Khanate, a feud was formed. codes that strengthened the rights of feudal lords to the dependent population. In Denmark, customary law played a large role, and blood feud existed. In the x-ve of the feudal lords, slaves were used. Feud. fragmentation, frequent feuds. feuds and constant invasions tour. and Iran. troops determined that in D. lasts. time remained patriarchal feud. relationship, slowly evolved produces. strength.

From the beginning. 16th century up to the 1st floor. 17th century D. was subjected to the incessant aggression of Iran and Turkey, who fought among themselves for the conquest of the Caucasus. In the face of constant struggle with the external. the enemy is economically and politically fragmented, torn apart by the feud. due to the feuds, multilingual D. was forced to seek the protection of Russia, in which the highlanders saw a counterbalance to the Iranian Tur. aggression. In the 1st floor. 17th century Tarkovskoe shamkhalstvo, Kaitagskoe utsmiist-vo, Avar and Kazikumukh khanates, and others passed into Russian citizenship. In 1722, Peter I annexed the seaside D. to Russia, however, by virtue of the external force. complications and int. difficulties under the Ganja Treaty of 1735, Russia ceded them to Iran. But the peoples of D. continued to liberate. anti-Iranian. fight. In 1742, Nadir Shah, at the head of a huge army, invaded Denmark, but was defeated. Economical the development of the seaside districts was ahead of the upland D., where the main. industry with. On the farm, there was distant-pasture animal husbandry, and domestic crafts (clothing, simple agricultural implements) were developed, which satisfied their own needs. x-c. Int. trade was mainly exchange, its centers were Derbent, Tarki, Enderei, Khunzakh, Kumukh, Akhty. Livestock products and handicrafts were exported to Azerbaijan, Georgia, North. Caucasus. Bargaining intensified. D.'s ties with Russia. In the 18th century. there were also changes in the socio-economic. line. Feuds continued to develop in lowland and, in part, highland D. relationship. In high-mountainous D., an early feud. relations were still combined with obsolete primitive communal relations. The most powerful possessions were Avar, Kazikumukh khanates and Tarkov shamkhalstvo.

Despite the political. and economical fragmentation and constant invasions foreign invaders, in the 17-18 centuries. the culture of the peoples of D. was developing. The most striking of the extant productions. folklore, telling about the heroic. D.'s fight against Iran. dominion was epic. song in Avar, Lak and Lezgin languages. about Nadir Shah; spread heroic. songs reflecting ist. ties with Georgia, Azerbaijan and the peoples of the North. Caucasus, class. struggle (for example, Avar. "Song of Khochbar", which became all-Dagestan). The most prominent poet was Said Kochkhyurskiy (1767-1812). In the 18th century. was finally developed for the Avar, Lak, Dargin, Kumyk and other languages. Ajam writing system, basic. to Arab. alphabet. Scientists D. - Magomed from Kudutl (1635–1708), Damadan from Megeb (d. 1718), Taishi from Kharakhi (1653–63), Dibir-Kadi from Khunzakh (1742–1817) - by their works on philology, jurisprudence, philosophy , mathematics, astronomy, and other sciences gained fame outside the borders of D. There was an ist. op. "Chronicle of the Jara Wars" and others.

D.'s accession to Russia. Penetration and development of capitalist relations... All R. 18th century the threat of tour loomed over D. conquests, but the victories of Russia in the Russian-tour. the wars of 1768–74 and 1787–91 eliminated this threat. In 1796, in connection with the invasion of the hordes of Aga Mohammed Khan, Rus. detachment under the command. V. Zubov annexed the coastal territory to Russia. D. In 1797, Paul I returned the Russian. troops from the Caucasus. D. remained fragmented into 10 khanates, shamkhalism, utsmiystvo, and more than 60 "free" societies. societies standing at different levels. development. In the domain where the feud is. relations were more developed, the exploited population was made up of peasants who were in varying degrees dependence on shamkhals, khans, utsmiys, beks. In the "free" societies of Denmark, where cattle-raising was the leading branch of the economy, the feudalizing nobility concentrated mountain pastures and livestock in their hands. Operation of direct. the producer was covered by remnants of patriarchal-clan relations, idyllic. customs and pseudo-kinship ties.

13 nov. In 1920, at the Extraordinary Congress of the Peoples of Denmark, it was decided to create the Sov. autonomy D. Jan. 20 1921 The Central Executive Committee adopted a decree on the formation of the Dagestan ASSR as part of the RSFSR. Dec. 1921 1st Founding. D.'s congress adopted the constitution of Dag. ASSR, elected the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the republic. Households began. Rebirth of Denmark. By 1926, the gross output of the Danube industry exceeded the gross output of 1913 by 21.5%. During the years of socialist. construction, the economy of D. was completely transformed. Dozens of large and medium-sized enterprises were built; there were oil fields and coal mines. By 1939, 120 power plants with a total capacity of 30.5 thousand kWh were built. By 1940, the gross output of a large industry had increased 13 times as compared with 1913. On socialist. The handicraft industry was rebuilt. Were created nat. frames. The working class of Denmark has grown fivefold in number since 1920. By the beginning. 1940 98.5% of the cross was collectivized. x-c. The sown area of ​​the republic amounted to 347.4 t. Ha, exceeding the level of 1913 by 66%. Length of irrigates. network increased in comparison with 1921 5.5 times. Eliminating the age-old economic. and cultural backwardness, the peoples of Denmark created socialist. economy and culture. During the Fatherland period. 1941–45 St. 40 Dagestanis were awarded the title of Hero of the Owls. Union, more than 10 thousand soldiers were awarded military orders and medals. In the post-war. Over the years, the peoples of Denmark have achieved new successes in the socialist era. construction. More than 40 large industrial facilities have been commissioned. enterprises: s-dy electrotherm. equipment, "DagZETO", Dagelektroapparat, separator, grinding machines, Dagelectroautomat, repair-mechanic. and others, completed the construction of the largest in the North. Caucasus Chiryurtovskaya HPP, development of new oil fields has begun in the Karanogaysky, Tarumovsky, Krainovsky and Kizlyarsky districts. Chemistry, glass, textile, food is rapidly developing. industry, especially canning and wine-making. By 1961, prom. Denmark's production increased more than 50 times over 1913, electricity generation more than 70 times, and oil production hundreds of times. After the September plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU (1953), p. farm D. In 1953–62 the number of cattle increased by 166 thousand heads, sheep - by 1118.5 thousand heads. The average grain yield increased from 4.3 to 12.7 centners per hectare. In the coastal and foothill zones of Denmark, plowing is fully mechanized, sowing by 93%, and harvesting by 95%. The working people of Denmark are successfully fighting for the implementation of the program of building communism adopted by the 22nd Congress of the CPSU (1961). According to the long-term plan for the development of bunk beds. In 1961–80, oil production, machine building, and the metalworking industry will develop at an especially accelerated pace in D. By 1980, the area of ​​irrigated land in the republic will significantly increase. Until Οct. Revolution, almost the entire population of Denmark was illiterate, there were no universities, theater, cinema, etc. During the years of the Sov. The authorities in Denmark have carried out a cultural revolution, and illiteracy has been eliminated. part of the population got rid of religions. remnants. Writing for seven ethnic groups of D. was created. The works of S. Stalsky, G. Tsadasa, T. Khuryugsky, R. Gamzatov and other outstanding representatives of multilingual owls are widely popular. dag. lit-ry. In 1962, there were 1,586 schools and 27 specialized secondary schools in D. and 4 higher education. institutions, 1203 libraries, 951 clubs, 7 theaters, 570 cinema installations, a television center. In 1950, a branch of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR was established. In 1962, 49 newspapers and 10 magazines were published in D. Journal: "Friendship" (in 5 languages), "Goryanka" (in 5 languages), "Dagestan" (in Russian), "Proceedings of the Dag. Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences", "Uch. that of history, language and literature "," Uch. Zap. Dag. State University "(in Russian). Newspapers: "Dagestanskaya Pravda" (in Russian), "Bagarab Bairakh" ("Red Banner", in Avar. "Communist" (in Lezg. Language), "Lenin Yelu" ("Lenin's way", in Kumyk), "Komsomolets of Dagestan" (in Russian), 29 obl. and regional newspapers.

Historical institutions I: Institute of History, Language and Literature Dag. branch of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (created in 1925), Ist.-philological. f-t Dag... state un-ta them. V.I. Lenin (1931), Central State Archives (1929), Partarchive Dag. regional committee of the CPSU (1921), 4 ethnographers. Museum, 1 Historical Revolution. Museum.

Source: Materials on the archeology of Dagestan, vol. 1, Makhachkala, 1959; Berger Α., Materials for the description of highland Dagestan, Tiflis, 1859; same, Caspian region, Tiflis, 1856; History, geography and ethnography of Dagestan in the 18th – 19th centuries. (archival materials), M., 1958; P. Butkov, Materials for new history Caucasus, from 1722 to 1803, h. 1-3, St. Petersburg, 1869; Bronevsky S., The latest geographical (statistical, ethnographic) and historical. news about the Caucasus, t. 1–2, M., 1823; Sat. information about the Caucasian highlanders, c. 1-10, Tiflis, 1868-1881; AKAK, v. 1–12, Tiflis, 1866–1904; Belokurov S. Α., Relations between Russia and the Caucasus, M., 1889; Khashayev X. M., Code of laws of the Ummu-khan of Avarsky, M., 1948; Alkadari G.-E., Asari - Dagestan, Makhachkala, 1929; Gidatlinsky adats, in rus. and an Arab. lang., Makhachkala, 1957; Adats of the Dagestan region and Zakatala district, Tiflis, 1899; The movement of the highlanders of the North-Eastern Caucasus in the 20-50s. XIX century. Sat. documents, Makhachkala, 1959; Revolutionary movement in Dagestan in 1905-1907 (Collection of documents and materials), Makhachkala, 1956; Struggle for the establishment and consolidation of Soviet power in Dagestan in 1917-1921. (Sat. documents and materials), M., 1958; The revolutionary committees of Dagestan and their activities to consolidate Soviet power and the organization of socialist construction (March 1920 - December 1921), [coll. documents and materials], Makhachkala, 1960.

Lit .: Lenin V.I., Development of capitalism in Russia, Soch., 4th ed., Vol. 3; him, the Comrades-Communists of Azerbaijan, Georgia, Armenia, Dagestan, the Mountain Republic, ibid., v. 32; Ordzhonikidze G.K., Fav. Art. and speech. 1911-1937, M., 1939; Kirov S.M., Articles, speeches, documents, 2nd ed., V. 1, 3, L., 1936; Essays on the history of Dagestan, vols. 1–2, Makhachkala, 1957; Magomedov R.M., History of Dagestan. From ancient times to the beginning. XIX century, Makhachkala, 1961; The peoples of Dagestan. Sat. Art., M., 1955; Gadzhieva S. Sh., Kumyks. Historical and ethnographic research, M., 1961; Kotovich V.G., Sheikhov N.B., Archaeological. study of Dagestan for 40 years (results and problems), Uch. zap. Institute of History, Language and Literature, v. 8, Makhachkala, 1960; Bartold V.V., The place of the Caspian regions in the history of the Muslim world, Baku, 1925; Kovalevsky Μ. Μ., Law and custom in the Caucasus, vol. 2, M., 1890; Neverovsky Α. Α., A brief look at northern and middle Dagestan in topographic. and statistical. relations, St. Petersburg, 1847; Yushkov S.V., On the question of the peculiarities of feudalism in Dagestan (before the Russian conquest), Uch. app. Sverdlovsk ped. in-that, in. 1, 1938; E. Kusheva, North Caucasus and international relationships XVI-XVII centuries, "IZH", 1943, No. 1; Smirnov N. Α., Specific traits ideology of muridism, M., 1956; his, Russia's Policy in the Caucasus in the 16th – 19th centuries, Moscow, 1958; his, Muridism in the Caucasus, M., 1963; On the movement of the mountaineers under the leadership of Shamil [materials of the session], Makhachkala, 1957; Fadeev AV, Essays on the economic development of the steppe Ciscaucasia in the pre-reform period, M., 1957; his, Russia and the Eastern crisis of the 20s of the XIX century., M., 1958; his, Russia and the Caucasus of the first third of the XIX century., M., 1960; Khashaev X., The social structure of Dagestan in the XIX century., M., 1961; Magomedov R.M., Socio-economic and political system of Dagestan in the XVIII - early XIX centuries, Makhachkala, 1957; Gadzhiev V.G., Accession of Dagestan to Russia. Uch. app. Institute of History, Language and Literature, vol. 1, Makhachkala, 1956; Nishunov I. R., Economic consequences of the annexation of Dagestan to Russia (pre-October period), Makhachkala, 1956; Kaymarazov G. Sh., Progressive influence of Russia on the development of education and culture in Dagestan, Makhachkala, 1954; Daniilov GD, Dagestan during the revolution of 1905–1907, Uch. app. Institute of History, Language and Literature, vol. 1, Makhachkala, 1956; him, Socialist. transformations in Dagestan (1920-1941), Makhachkala, 1960; Daniyalov A.D., Soviet Dagestan, Μ., 1960; Kazanbiev M., National-state construction in Dag. ASSR (1920-1940), Makhachkala, 1960; Abilov A.A., Essays Soviet culture the peoples of Dagestan, Makhachkala, 1959; Struggle for the victory and consolidation of Soviet power in Dagestan, Makhachkala, 1960; Alikberov G., Revolution and Civil War in Dagestan, Makhachkala, 1962; Efendiev A.-K. I., Formation of owls. intelligentsia in Dagestan (1920-1940), Makhachkala, 1960; Osmanov G., Collectivization p. kh-va and DASSR, Makhachkala, 1961; Magomedov R.M., Chronology of the history of Dagestan, Makhachkala, 1959.

V.G. Gadzhiev. Makhachkala.

On December 17, the Supreme Soviet of Dagestan adopted a declaration on the indivisibility and integrity of the republic, in which it is called Republic of Dagestan .

On April 21, 1992, the Congress of People's Deputies of Russia introduced the double name "Dagestan Soviet Socialist Republic - Republic of Dagestan" into the Constitution of Russia; the change came into effect on May 16, 1992. On July 30, 1992, the Supreme Council of Dagestan amended the constitution of the republic, which proclaimed the equivalence of the names "Dagestan Soviet Socialist Republic" and "Republic of Dagestan" the name of the constitution.

On June 25, 1952, in addition to the regional division, 4 districts were formed as part of the Dagestan ASSR: Buinaksky, Derbent, Izberbash, Makhachkala.

Thus, in 1990, the Dagestan ASSR included 10 cities of republican subordination:

and 39 districts:

Population

Population dynamics of the republic:

Year	Population, people	A source
	788 098	1926 census
	930 416	1939 census
	1 062 472	1959 census
	1 428 540	1970 census
	1 627 884	1979 census
	1 802 579	1989 census

National composition

year	Russians	Avars	Dargins	Kumyks	Laktsy	Lezgins	Nogays	Azerbaijanis	Tabasaran	Tats and mountain Jews	Chechens
	12,5%	17,7%	13,9%	11,2%	5,1%	11,5%	3,3%	3,0%	4,0%	1,5%	2,8%
	14,3%	24,8%	16,2%	10,8%	5,6%	10,4%	0,5%	3,4%	3,6%	?	2,8%
	20,1%	22,5%	13,9%	11,4%	5,0%	10,2%	1,4%	3,6%	3,2%	1,6%	1,2%
	14,7%	24,4%	14,5%	11,8%	5,0%	11,4%	1,5%	3,8%	3,7%	1,3%	2,8%
	9,2%	27,5%	15,6%	12,9%	5,1%	11,3%	1,6%	4,3%	4,3%	0,9%	3,2%

Notes (edit)

1. . .
4. , article 22
5. (unavailable link - history) . .
8. See: Law of the Russian Federation of April 21, 1992 No. 2708-I // Bulletin of the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR and the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR. - 1992. - No. 20. - Art. 1084. This law came into force from the moment of its publication in the Russian newspaper on May 16, 1992.
10. . .
11. . .
12. . .
13. . .
14. . .
15. . .

Links

• Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic // Great Soviet Encyclopedia: [in 30 volumes] / Ch. ed. A.M. Prokhorov... - 3rd ed. - M. : Soviet encyclopedia, 1969-1978.

Autonomous republics (ASSR) Bashkir (1919-1990¹) Buryat (1958-1990¹) Buryat-Mongolian (1923-1958) Gorskaya (1921-1924) Dagestan(1921-1990¹) Kabardinskaya (1944-1957) Kabardino-Balkarian (1936-1944; 1957-1990¹) Kazakh (1925-1936) Kalmyk (1935-1943; 1958-1990¹) Karakalpak (1932-1936) Karelian (1923-1940; 1956-1990¹) Kyrgyz (1920-1925) / Kyrgyz (1926-1936) Komi (1936-1990¹) Crimean (1921-1945) Mari (1936-1990¹) Mordovian (1934-1990¹) Volga Germans (1924-1941) North Ossetian (1936-1990¹) Tatar (1920-1990¹) Tuvinskaya (1961-1990¹) Turkestan (1918-1924) Udmurt (1934-1990¹) Chechen-Ingush (1936-1946; 1957-1990¹) Chuvash (1925-1990¹) Yakutsk (1922-1990¹) Autonomous regions Adyghe (Circassian) (1922-1928) Adyghe (1928-1991) Buryat-Mongolian (1921-1923) Votskaya (1920-1932) Gorno-Altai (1948-1991) Jewish (from 1934) Ingush (1924-1934) Kabardinskaya (1921-1922) Kabardino-Balkarian (1922-1936) Kalmyk (1920-1935; 1957-1958) Karachay-Cherkess (1922-1926; 1957-1991) Karachaevskaya (1926-1943) Komi (zyryan) (1921-1936) Mari (1920-1936) Mongolian-Buryat (1921-1923) Mordovian (1930-1934) Volga Germans (1918-1924) Oirat (1922-1932) / Oirot (1932-1948) North Ossetian (1924-1936) Tuvinskaya (1944-1961) Udmurt (1932-1934) Khakasskaya (1930-1991) Circassian (Adyghe) (1922) Circassian (1928-1957) Chechen (1922-1934) Chechen-Ingush (1934-1936) Chuvash (1920-1925) Autonomous and national districts (AO, NO) Aginsky Buryat-Mongolian NO (1937-1958) / Aginsky Buryat Autonomous Okrug (1958-2008) Argayashsky NO (1934) Balkarian (1921-1922) Vitimo-Olekminsky NO (1931-1938) Ingush (1921-1924) Kabardinsky NO (1920-1921) Karachaevsky NO (1920-1922) (1930-1940) Ust-Orda Buryat NO (from 1930) Evenki Autonomous Okrug (1930-2007) Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (since 1930) ¹ Date of adoption of the declaration of sovereignty

- Why shouldn't I tell! I can speak and boldly say that it is a rare wife who, with a husband like you, would not take lovers (des amants) for herself, but I didn’t, ”she said. Pierre wanted to say something, looked at her with strange eyes, which expression she did not understand, and again lay down. He was physically suffering at that moment: his chest was tight, and he could not breathe. He knew that he had to do something to end this suffering, but what he wanted to do was too scary.
“We'd better part,” he said intermittently.
- To part, if you please, only if you give me a fortune, - Helen said ... To part, that's what frightened me!
Pierre jumped up from the sofa and staggered towards her.
- I'll kill you! - he shouted, and grabbing a marble board from the table, with a force unknown to him, took a step towards it and swung at it.
Helen's face became scary: she screamed and jumped away from him. The father's breed was reflected in him. Pierre felt the fascination and the charm of rage. He threw the board, smashed it and, with open arms, stepping up to Helene, shouted: "Get out !!" in such a terrible voice that the whole house heard this cry with horror. God knows what Pierre would do at that moment if
Helene did not run out of the room.

A week later, Pierre gave his wife a power of attorney to manage all the Great Russian estates, which accounted for more than half of his fortune, and one left for St. Petersburg.

Two months passed after receiving news in Bald Hills about the Battle of Austerlitz and the death of Prince Andrei, and despite all the letters through the embassy and all the searches, his body was not found, and he was not among the prisoners. The worst thing for his family was that there was still a hope that he was raised by the inhabitants on the battlefield, and maybe he was recovering or dying somewhere alone, among strangers, and unable to give any news about himself. In the newspapers from which the old prince first learned about the defeat of Austerlitz, it was written, as always, very briefly and vaguely, that the Russians, after the brilliant battles, had to retreat and retreat in perfect order. The old prince understood from this official news that ours were defeated. A week after the newspaper, which brought the news of the Battle of Austerlitz, a letter came from Kutuzov, who informed the prince of the fate that befell his son.
“Your son, in my eyes, wrote Kutuzov, with a banner in his hands, in front of the regiment, fell a hero worthy of his father and his fatherland. Unfortunately for me and the whole army, it is still unknown whether he is alive or not. I flatter myself and you with the hope that your son is alive, because otherwise, among the officers found on the battlefield, about whom the list was submitted to me through the envoys, and he would have been named. "
Having received this news late at night, when he was alone in. in his study, the old prince, as usual, went on his morning walk the next day; but he was silent with the bailiff, gardener and architect and, although he looked angry, he did not say anything to anyone.
When, at the usual time, Princess Marya came to him, he stood behind the machine and sharpened, but, as usual, did not look back at her.
- A! Princess Marya! - he suddenly said unnaturally and threw the chisel. (The wheel was still spinning with swing. Princess Marya long remembered this fading creak of the wheel, which merged for her with what followed.)
Princess Marya moved towards him, saw his face, and something suddenly sank into her. Her eyes ceased to see clearly. She saw in her father's face, not sad, not killed, but angry and unnaturally working on himself, she saw that, behold, a terrible misfortune hung over her and would crush her, the worst in her life, misfortune that she had not yet experienced, an irreparable, incomprehensible misfortune. , the death of the one you love.
- Mon pere! Andre? [Father! Andrew?] - said the illiterate, awkward princess with such an inexpressible charm of sadness and self-forgetfulness that her father could not resist her gaze and turned away with a sob.
- Received the news. Not among the prisoners, not among those killed. Kutuzov writes, - he shouted shrilly, as if wishing to drive the princess with this cry, - killed!
The princess did not fall, she did not become sick. She was already pale, but when she heard these words, her face changed, and something shone in her radiant, beautiful eyes. As if joy, the highest joy, independent of the sorrows and joys of this world, poured out beyond the strong sadness that was in it. She forgot all fear of her father, went up to him, took his hand, pulled him to her and hugged his dry, sinewy neck.
“Mon pere,” she said. - Do not turn away from me, let us cry together.
- Scoundrels, scoundrels! - shouted the old man, removing his face from her. - To ruin the army, to ruin people! For what? Go, go, tell Lisa. - The princess powerlessly sank into a chair beside her father and began to cry. She now saw her brother at the minute he was saying goodbye to her and to Liza, with his gentle and at the same time arrogant air. She saw him the minute he gently and mockingly put the icon on himself. “Did he believe? Did he repent of his unbelief? Is he there now? Is it there, in the abode of eternal tranquility and bliss? " she thought.
- Mon pere, [Father,] tell me how it was? She asked through her tears.
- Go, go, killed in a battle in which they led to kill the best Russian people and Russian glory. Go, Princess Marya. Go and tell Lisa. I will come.
When Princess Marya returned from her father, the little princess was sitting at work, and with that special expression of an inner and happily calm look peculiar only to pregnant women, she looked at Princess Marya. It was evident that her eyes did not see Princess Marya, but looked deep into herself - into something happy and mysterious happening in her.
“Marie,” she said, moving away from the embroidery frame and waddling back, “give your hand here. She took the princess's hand and laid it on her stomach.
Her eyes smiled expectantly, a sponge with a mustache rose, and remained raised, childishly happily.
Princess Marya knelt in front of her and hid her face in the folds of her daughter-in-law's dress.
- Here, here - do you hear? I'm so weird. And you know, Marie, I will love him very much, ”said Liza, looking at her sister-in-law with shining, happy eyes. Princess Marya could not raise her head: she was crying.
- What's the matter with you, Masha?
“Nothing… I felt so sad… sad about Andrei,” she said, wiping her tears on her daughter-in-law's knees. Several times, during the morning, Princess Marya began to prepare her daughter-in-law, and each time she began to cry. These tears, of which the little princess did not understand the reason, alarmed her, no matter how observant she was. She said nothing, but looked around uneasily, looking for something. Before dinner, the old prince, whom she had always feared, entered her room, now with a particularly restless, angry face, and without saying a word, left. She looked at Princess Marya, then pondered with that expression in the eyes of an inward-looking attention that is experienced by pregnant women, and suddenly burst into tears.
- Did you get anything from Andrey? - she said.
- No, you know that the news could not come yet, but mon is worried, and I am afraid.
- Oh nothing?
“Nothing,” said Princess Marya, looking firmly at her daughter-in-law with radiant eyes. She decided not to tell her and persuaded her father to hide the terrible news from her daughter-in-law until her permission, which was supposed to be the other day. Princess Marya and the old prince, each in his own way, wore and hid their grief. The old prince did not want to hope: he decided that Prince Andrei was killed, and despite the fact that he sent an official to Austria to look for the trace of his son, he ordered him a monument in Moscow, which he intended to erect in his garden, and told everyone that his son was killed. He tried not to change to lead the old way of life, but his strength betrayed him: he walked less, ate less, slept less, and every day he became weaker. Princess Marya hoped. She prayed for her brother as if she were alive, and every minute she waited for the news of his return.

- Ma bonne amie, [My good friend,] - said the little princess on the morning of March 19 after breakfast, and her sponge with a mustache rose out of old habit; but as in all not only smiles, but the sounds of speeches, even the gaits in this house from the day of receiving the terrible news, there was sadness, even now the smile of the little princess, who succumbed to the general mood, although she did not know its reason, was such that she even more reminiscent of general sadness.
- Ma bonne amie, je crains que le fruschtique (comme dit Fock - chef) de ce matin ne m "aie pas fait du mal. [Dear friend, I'm afraid that the current frishtik (as the chef Fock calls him) won't make me feel bad. ]
- What about you, my soul? You are pale. Oh, you are very pale, - said Princess Marya in dismay, running up to her daughter-in-law with her heavy, soft steps.
- Your Excellency, should you send for Marya Bogdanovna? - said one of the maids who were here. (Marya Bogdanovna was a midwife from a district town who had lived in Bald Gory for another week.)
“And in fact,” said Princess Marya, “maybe, exactly. I will go. Courage, mon ange! [Fear not, my angel.] She kissed Lisa and wanted to leave the room.
- Oh, no, no! - And besides pallor, on the face of the little princess, a childish fear of inevitable physical suffering was expressed.
- Non, c "est l" estomac ... dites que c "est l" estomac, dites, Marie, dites ... [No, this is a stomach ... tell Masha that this is a stomach ...] - and the princess cried childishly suffering, capriciously and even somewhat feignedly, breaking his little hands. The princess ran out of the room after Marya Bogdanovna.
- Mon Dieu! Mon Dieu! [My God! Oh my god!] Oh! She heard from behind her.
Rubbing full, small, white hands, the midwife was already walking towards her, with a considerably calm face.
- Marya Bogdanovna! It seems that it has begun, ”said Princess Marya, looking with frightened open eyes at her grandmother.
“Well, thank God, princess,” said Marya Bogdanovna without adding a step. “You girls shouldn't know about this.
- But how has the doctor not arrived from Moscow yet? - said the princess. (At the request of Liza and Prince Andrei, by the time they were sent to Moscow for an obstetrician, and they waited for him every minute.)
“Nothing, princess, don’t worry,” said Marya Bogdanovna, “and everything will be fine without the doctor.
Five minutes later the princess heard from her room that they were carrying something heavy. She looked out - the waiters were carrying a leather sofa, which was in Prince Andrey's office, into the bedroom for some reason. There was something solemn and quiet on the faces of the people who were carrying them.
Princess Marya sat alone in her room, listening to the sounds of the house, occasionally opening the door when they passed by, and looking closely at what was happening in the corridor. Several women with quiet steps passed there and from there, looked back at the princess and turned away from her. She did not dare to ask, shut the door, returned to her room, and then sat down in her chair, then took up the prayer book, then knelt in front of the icon case. To her misfortune and surprise, she felt that prayer did not calm her excitement. Suddenly the door of her room opened quietly and her old nanny Praskovya Savishna, tied with a handkerchief, appeared on her threshold, almost never, due to the prince's prohibition, who did not enter her room.
“Mashenka, I came to sit with you,” said the nanny, “but I brought the prince's wedding candles in front of the saint, my angel,” she said with a sigh.
- Oh, how glad I am, nanny.
- God is merciful, dove. - The nanny lit candles wrapped in gold in front of the icon case and sat down at the door with a stocking. Princess Marya took the book and began to read. Only when footsteps or voices were heard did the princess fearfully, inquiringly, and the nanny looked reassuringly at each other. In all parts of the house, the same feeling was poured out and possessed by everyone that Princess Marya felt, sitting in her room. According to the belief that what less people knows about the suffering of the parturient woman, the less she suffers, everyone tried to pretend not to know; no one spoke about this, but in all people, except for the usual degree and respectfulness of good manners that reigned in the prince's house, one could see some kind of common concern, a softened heart and the consciousness of something great, incomprehensible, happening at that moment.
There was no laughing in the big girl's room. In the waiter's room, all the people sat and were silent, ready for something. Torches and candles were burned on the yard and did not sleep. The old prince, stepping on his heel, walked around the office and sent Tikhon to Marya Bogdanovna to ask: what? - Just tell me: the prince ordered to ask what? and come tell me what she has to say.
“Report to the prince that labor has begun,” said Marya Bogdanovna, looking significantly at the messenger. Tikhon went and reported to the prince.
- Well, - said the prince, closing the door behind him, and Tikhon did not hear the slightest sound in the study. A little later, Tikhon entered the office, as if to fix the candles. Seeing that the prince was lying on the sofa, Tikhon looked at the prince, at his upset face, shook his head, silently approached him and, kissing him on the shoulder, left without straightening the candles and without saying why he had come. The most solemn sacrament in the world continued to be performed. The evening has passed, the night has come. And the feeling of expectation and softening of the heart before the incomprehensible did not fall, but rose. Nobody slept.

It was one of those March nights when winter seemed to want to take its toll and pour out its last snows and blizzards with desperate malice. To meet the German doctor from Moscow, who was expected every minute and for whom a set-up was sent to the main road, to the turn to the country road, horsemen with lanterns were sent to escort him through bumps and jams.
Princess Marya had long since abandoned the book: she sat silently, her radiant eyes fixed on the wrinkled face of the nurse, familiar to the slightest detail: a lock of gray hair that had emerged from under her kerchief, on a hanging bag of skin under her chin.

Dagestan - part of the RSFSR. Located in the east. parts of the North. Caucasus, in the east it is washed by the Caspian m. Formed on January 20. 1921. Area. 50.3 thousand km 2. US. - 1,062,472 hours (1959); as of 1 Jan. 1963 - 1222 thousand people (Avars, Dargins, Lezgins, Laks, Kumyks, Tabasaran, Rutul, Aguls, Tsakhurs, Mountain Jews, etc.); mountains. US. - 314 968 hours, rural - 747 504 hours (1959). D. has 8 cities and 25 villages. districts, 7 villages of mountains. type. The capital is Makhachkala.

Primitive communal system in the territory of D. Terr. D. was mastered by man in the Paleolithic era. Monuments to Kam. centuries (Chumis-Inits, Usisha, Chokh, Rugudzha), the most ancient of which belonged to the Acheulean era. Neolithic materials. epochs (Tarnair, Buinaksk, Akusha) show the transition of the Danish tribes to hoe farming and cattle breeding. Subsequent, Eneolithic. epoch covering the 3rd millennium BC e., is characterized by the further development of agricultural and pastoralists. kh-va and a kind of culture, characteristic of the entire Caucasus. The most important achievement of this era is the development of copper and its alloys. In the Eneolithic. epoch there was a replacement of the maternal system of kinship with the paternal one. Monuments of the Bronze Age (in the districts of Derbent, Manas, Karabudakhkent, Makhachkala, B. Chiryurt, Irganai, Chokha, Kuli) show the continuity in the development of local culture. The first major division of labor took place in the Bronze Age. Plowed agriculture and cattle breeding are developing, a cut wears preim. sedentary character. Intertribal exchange is increasing. Relig. beliefs: animism, magic, cult of fire; cosmogonics began to take shape. representation. Within the framework of a single culture of the North-East. In the Caucasus, local variants are emerging. This reflects the process of ethnicity. differentiation within dag. kinship groups. tribes, ending with the formation of smaller cultural groups - the distant ancestors of the present. of the D. nationalities, which began in the Late Bronze Age, the process of decomposition of the clan structure intensified in the 1st millennium BC. e., in the era of development and widespread introduction of iron. The Danish tribes (Legs, Gels, Duckies, and others) embark on the path of forming tribal alliances, a cut culminating in the entry at the end of the 1st millennium BC. NS. in a large state. unification on the territory. Azerbaijan - Caucasian Albania. During the existence of Albania on the territory. South. There were cities such as Choga, Toprakh-Kala, Urtseki, and others. n. NS. South. D. up to Derbent was occupied by the Sassanids, and the coastal strip north of Derbent in the 4th century. captured by the Huns. The population of Denmark was engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry; handicrafts and trade developed, mainly on the coast of the Caspian Sea. Derbent, Semender, Zerekhgeran (Kubachi). Canvases, metal products, madder, and saffron were exported from D. In the 5th century. in D., the Albanian alphabet became widespread. Monuments with Albanian inscriptions have been found in Derbent, Belidji, Kumukh and Orod.

The origin and development of feudal relations in Denmark (6th to 19th centuries). In the 6-10th centuries. the decomposition of the primitive communal system and the emergence of feuds took place. relationship. The process of feudalization took place more intensively in the lowland part of Denmark. the plain part of D. became part of Khazar Kaganate with the center in Semender. In the rest of the D., there were politicians. early feudal education. such as Sarir, Lakz, Gumik, Dzhidan, Kaitag, Zerekhgeran, Tabasaran, and others. The boundaries of these associations basically corresponded to the boundaries of the settlement of the Danish peoples - Avars, Dargins, Laks, and Lezgins. The development of the feud. relations in D. were promoted by an Arab. colonization. From 664 D. was subjected to the incessant invasions of the Arabs, who finally subjugated all D. to their power in the first half. 8 c. They imposed heavy taxes on the conquered population - kharaj (land tax) and jizya (poll tax from non-Muslims) and intensively imposed Islam on Denmark. The peoples of Denmark put up stubborn resistance to the Arabs. In the beginning. 9 c. in connection with the cross. the Babek uprising in Transcaucasia and in Denmark strengthened the anti-Arab. performances. In 851 the highlanders of Denmark supported an uprising against the Arab rule in Georgia. In 905 and 913-914, the combined forces of the Danish highlanders defeated the Arab protege, the ruler of Shirvan and Derbent. From that time, D.'s ties with Russia were established.

In the 10-11 centuries. agriculture and cattle breeding were further developed, blacksmithing, foundry, jewelry, and ceramics developed. production. The centers of the craft were Kumukh, Shinaz, Bezhta, Gotsatl, and others. Kubachin weapons, Lezghin and Tabasaran carpets and rugs were exported through Derbent to the east and north (Rus). A prominent place in the ext. the trade was occupied by the merchants of Derbent. The successes in the development of the economy were accompanied by the development of the D. culture. The building reached a high level. technology, applied arts; the Arab spread. writing. The historian appears. chronicles. In 1106 "History of Dagestan, Shirvan and Arran" was compiled. Christianity penetrated into Denmark through Georgia (churches in Antsukh, Tsakhur, Genukha, a chapel near Datun, and Christian burial grounds in Khunzakh and Urad). Means. number of cam. crosses with cargo. and Georgian-Avar inscriptions testifies to the fairly widespread distribution of Christianity in D. and to attempts to create a written language in the Avar language. based on cargo. graphics. However, in a number of places, pagan ideas were still strong.

All R. 11th century Seljuks captured Azerbaijan and b. h. D. At the end of the 11th century. Derbent became an independent principality. From about the end of the 12th century. in D. large state. formations: Avar Khanate, Kazikumukh shamkhalstvo, Kaitag utsmiystvo, Tabasaran Mysumism and a number of minor politicians. associations. The shamkhals and khans repeatedly tried to unite the whole of Dagestan under their rule, but the lack of economics. and polit. preconditions (underdevelopment of feudal relations, ethnic diversity, civil strife) hindered the creation of a single state. D. in Wed century remained fragmented into small polit. units, each of which had internal. orders and weapons. strength.

In the 20s. 13th century D. has undergone devastation. the invasion of the Mongols. In the 14th century. the troops of Uzbek, Tokhtamysh, and Timur invaded D. They destroyed cities and many villages (Kadar, Kaitag, Tarki, Batlukh, Kuli, Tanus, Khunzakh, and others) and contributed to the implantation of Islam in D. With the death of Timur (1405), the desire for liberation from the foreign yoke intensified in D.. Great influence on will release. Rus' struggled in D. With the formation and strengthening of Rus. centralized. states, especially after the annexation of the Kazan (1552) and Astrakhan (1556) khanates, strong ties were established between Denmark and Russia. All in. D. arose in Russian. Terki, developed economical. D.'s ties with Transcaucasia and North. The Caucasus. This contributed to the development of c. x-va, trade, restoration of crafts. centers. In the 15-16 centuries. in Derbent, Tsakhur, Kara-Kureish, Kubachi, Kumukh, Khunzakh and others, Muslims were discovered. schools (madrasahs), in which, along with the study of the Koran, the youth studied Arab. lang., mathematics, philosophy, etc. In the 15th century. attempts were made to work out on the basis of the Arab. alphabet writing for the Avar and Lak languages, and in the 16th century. - for the Dargin language. Scientists D. created a number of original works, the most valuable of which is the history of the Middle-century. D. - "Tarihi Dagestan" by Mohammed Raffi.

In the 14-17 centuries. the development of the feuds continued. relations in D. But at the same time, patriarchal-clan relations still existed in a number of districts of the country. In the 16-17 centuries. in the Kaitag utsmiystvo and the Avar Khanate, a feud was formed. codes that strengthened the rights of feudal lords to the dependent population. In Denmark, customary law played a large role, and blood feud existed. In the x-ve of the feudal lords, slaves were used. Feud. fragmentation, frequent feuds. feuds and constant invasions tour. and Iran. troops determined that in D. lasts. time remained patriarchal feud. relationship, slowly evolved produces. strength.

From the beginning. 16th century up to the 1st floor. 17th century D. was subjected to the incessant aggression of Iran and Turkey, who fought among themselves for the conquest of the Caucasus. In the face of constant struggle with the external. the enemy is economically and politically fragmented, torn apart by the feud. due to the feuds, multilingual D. was forced to seek the protection of Russia, in which the highlanders saw a counterbalance to the Iranian Tur. aggression. In the 1st floor. 17th century Tarkovskoe shamkhalstvo, Kaitagskoe utsmiist-vo, Avar and Kazikumukh khanates, and others passed into Russian citizenship. In 1722, Peter I annexed the seaside D. to Russia, however, by virtue of the external force. complications and int. difficulties under the Ganja Treaty of 1735, Russia ceded them to Iran. But the peoples of D. continued to liberate. anti-Iranian. fight. In 1742, Nadir Shah, at the head of a huge army, invaded Denmark, but was defeated. Economical the development of the seaside districts was ahead of the upland D., where the main. industry with. On the farm, there was distant-pasture animal husbandry, and domestic crafts (clothing, simple agricultural implements) were developed, which satisfied their own needs. x-c. Int. trade was mainly exchange, its centers were Derbent, Tarki, Enderei, Khunzakh, Kumukh, Akhty. Livestock products and handicrafts were exported to Azerbaijan, Georgia, North. Caucasus. Bargaining intensified. D.'s ties with Russia. In the 18th century. there were also changes in the socio-economic. line. Feuds continued to develop in lowland and, in part, highland D. relationship. In high-mountainous D., an early feud. relations were still combined with obsolete primitive communal relations. The most powerful possessions were Avar, Kazikumukh khanates and Tarkov shamkhalstvo.

Despite the political. and economical fragmentation and constant invasions of foreign invaders, in the 17-18 centuries. the culture of the peoples of D. was developing. The most striking of the extant productions. folklore, telling about the heroic. D.'s fight against Iran. dominion was epic. song in Avar, Lak and Lezgin languages. about Nadir Shah; spread heroic. songs reflecting ist. ties with Georgia, Azerbaijan and the peoples of the North. Caucasus, class. struggle (for example, Avar. "Song of Khochbar", which became all-Dagestan). The most prominent poet was Said Kochkhyurskiy (1767-1812). In the 18th century. was finally developed for the Avar, Lak, Dargin, Kumyk and other languages. Ajam writing system, basic. to Arab. alphabet. Scientists D. - Magomed from Kudutl (1635-1708), Damadan from Megeb (d. 1718), Taishi from Kharakhi (1653-63), Dibir-Kadi from Khunzakh (1742-1817) - by their works on philology, jurisprudence, philosophy , mathematics, astronomy, and other sciences gained fame outside the borders of D. There was an ist. op. "Chronicle of the Jara Wars" and others.

D.'s accession to Russia. Penetration and development of capitalist relations. All R. 18th century the threat of tour loomed over D. conquests, but the victories of Russia in the Russian-tour. the wars of 1768-74 and 1787-91 eliminated this threat. In 1796, in connection with the invasion of the hordes of Aga Mohammed Khan, Rus. detachment under the command. V. Zubov annexed the coastal territory to Russia. D. In 1797, Paul I returned the Russian. troops from the Caucasus. D. remained fragmented into 10 khanates, shamkhalism, utsmiystvo, and more than 60 "free" societies. societies standing at different levels. development. In the domain where the feud is. relations were more developed, the exploited population was made up of peasants, who were in varying degrees of dependence on shamkhals, khans, utsmiys, and beks. In the "free" societies of Denmark, where cattle-raising was the leading branch of the economy, the feudalizing nobility concentrated mountain pastures and livestock in their hands. Operation of direct. the producer was covered by remnants of patriarchal-clan relations, idyllic. customs and pseudo-kinship ties.

The Gulistan Peace Treaty of 1813 legally formalized the accession of Denmark to Russia, which firmly protected the peoples of Denmark from foreign invasions and created conditions for the elimination of political forces. fragmentation, contributed to the introduction of the highlanders to the economy and culture of the Russian. people. However, the colonial policy of tsarism caused spontaneous uprisings of the highlanders. Muslim. the clergy, pro-Turkish feudal lords, seeking to use the performances of the mountaineers for their own gain, led an anti-Rus. propaganda. In these difficult conditions at the turn of the 30s. 19th century under the flag of Muridism, the anti-colonial liberation arose. movement of the mountaineers lod of hands. Gazi-Magomed (in 1828-32), Gamzat-bek (in 1832-34), and Shamil (in 1824-59), proclaimed by the imams of D. and Chechnya. In the beginning. 40s military-theocratic state - imamat, included means. part of D. and Chechnya. But outside. By the success of the Imamate, the latent class grew. contradictions, to-rye in the 50s. led to a departure from the movement of bunks. masses. Tsarism strengthened the military. onslaught. Shamil was forced to surrender in 1859. In 1860 the Dagestan Region was organized, the military-nar. management - bureaucratic. apparatus adapted to colonial conditions. In 1865-68, the emancipation of slaves and part of the feudal-dependent peasants was carried out. But even this scanty cross. reform created the preconditions for the penetration and development of capitalist. relationship.

In 1877, with the beginning of the Russian-tour. war, in D., after Chechnya, an uprising broke out against the colonial regime. Various segments of the population took part in it. While the working people of Denmark were fighting for their liberation, the feudal-clerical leaders, who seized the leadership of the uprising, strove to take advantage of the favorable situation and ward off Denmark from Russia. The uprising was suppressed.

All R. 19th century and especially after construction in the 90s. f. D. joined the mainstream of the capitalist. development. Coopers, oil refineries, nail-making, canning and alcoholic-vodka factories, tobacco, rope and paper spinning factories, a refrigerator, a mill, a printing house, and other enterprises are being built in Denmark. A working class is forming, the population of Petrovsk-Port (now Makhachkala), Derbent, Temir-Khan-Shura (now Buinaksk), Kizlyar, and Khasavyurt is growing. Means. changes are taking place in the village. x-ve. Large capitalist regions arose in the lowland and foothill regions. kh-va Vorontsov-Dashkova, Argutinsky-Dolgoruky, Lazarev, Konovalov and others. Rus. the peasants who moved to Denmark brought with them a higher cultivator. culture, as well as unknown in D. of page - x. crops: potatoes, tomatoes, beets, etc. In the 90s. the iron plow, harrows, mowers, and other agricultural crops are being introduced. implements, the transition to a three-field crop rotation is made. In 1884-1913 the sown area increased by 70%, the yield increased by 1.5 times, the livestock population increased by 40%. Domestic industry and crafts began to grow into small-scale production and into a scattered manufactory. However, the developing capitalist. relations in D. did not become dominant. Pre-revolutionary. D. remained one of the backward outskirts of Russia. Opened by tsarism in the interests colonial rule secular schools, honey. and veterinary points, postal and telegraph offices objectively contributed to the development of the culture of the peoples of D. N. Anuchin, V. V. Dokuchaev, M. Kovalevsky, and others. They studied nature, history, ethnography, and the languages ​​of Denmark, and contributed to the development of friendship between the highlanders and the Russians. In the 19th century. in D. appeared nat. historians, ethnographers and folklorists: M. Khandiev, D. M. Shikhaliev, A. Cherkeevsky, A. Omarov, M.-E. Osmanov, S. Gabiev, B. Dolgat and others.

The alliance of the mountaineers with the Russian was strengthened. by the proletariat, under the influence of which the nat. and the social consciousness of the highlanders. Dec. 1904 in Petrovsk-Port, the first in D. organization of the RSDLP was created, the Derbent group of the RSDLP soon arose, and at the beginning 1905 Temir-Khan-Shurinskaya. The leadership of the Social-Democrats D.'s org-tions were carried out by the Caucasian Union, Baku, and Terek-Dagestan committees of the RSDLP. During the revolution of 1905-07 in February, May, October. 1905 workers went on strike. etc., ports, textile workers, employees of postal and telegraph offices, students. In July 1906, one of the major revolutionaries broke out in Deshlager (now Sergokala). performances military units in the tsarist army in the Caucasus - the uprising of the Samur infantry. shelf. In 1913 the tsarist government issued a law on the liberation of the dependent peasants of Denmark from the feud. duties. After Feb. revolution of 1917 in March in Temir-Khan-Shura was organized by the Time. region will execute. to-t, and 6 apr. the local government authority was created. pr-va - Special Commissariat, subordinate to the Special Transcaucasian Committee. Bourges. nationalists and Muslims. the clergy sought the separation of D. from Russia and education were independent. state-va. To this end, in April. 1917 they created the Jamiat Ul-Islamie Society, and in Sept. - Dagestan milli-committee.

D. during the period of socialist construction. After the victory Oct. revolution in Russia, 7 (20) nov. 1917 at a meeting of the Petrovsky Council of Workers and Military. deputies on the report of the delegate of the 2nd All-Russian. Congress of Soviets N. Anisimov adopted a resolution recognizing the Sov. authorities. At the end of Nov. 1917 in Petrovsk-Port the Voyen.-revolutionary. committee (VRK) headed by U. Buinaksky. Dec 1 at a rally in Petrovsk-Port, Buinaksky, on behalf of the Military Revolutionary Committee, announced the establishment of the Sov. authorities. March 25, 1918 counterrevolutionary. forces organized arms. attack on Petrovsk-Port. The Petrovsk-Port Red Guard detachment was forced to retreat to Astrakhan and partly to Baku. After replenishment, the Red Guard. detachments returned to D., where the Sov. power: 20 Apr in Petrovsk-Port, on May 2 in Temir-Khan-Shura and on April 25. in Derbent. In Temir-Khan-Shura region was organized. VRK (U. Buinaksky, M. Dakhadayev, D. Korkmasov, A. Ismailov, S. Gabiev, E. Gogolev and others). In the fight for the Sov. The working people of D. received great help from the Baku Council of People's Commissars, whose activities extended to D. On May 16, 1918, he appointed V. I. Naneishvili as Extraordinary Commissar of the Dagestan Region. with the authority to organize there Sov. power, and before its formation to manage the region. By July 1918 Sov. power was established in Temir-Khan-Shurinsky, Kaitago-Tabasaran, Kazikumukh, Darginsky and partly Gunibsky and Kyurinsky districts. In July 1918, a congress of Soviets of cities and liberated districts of D. was held in Temir-Khan-Shura. The congress adopted laws on the nationalization of land, fisheries, and large industries. enterprises, elected Doug. regional executive committee. With the invasion of the Caucasus, German-Tur., And then English. interventionists Sov. power in D. temporarily fell. In the summer of 1918, a counterrevolutionary. detachments of L. Bicherakhov (see Bicherakhovs) captured Derbent, Petrovsk-Port and Temir-Khan-Shura. At the head of the counterrevolutionary. pr-va became the book. Tarkovsky. The Bolsheviks: M. Dakhadaev, N. Ermoshkin, I. Kotrov, G. Kandelaki, G. Tagizade were captured and brutally killed. All R. Feb in the village of Kumtorkala, the 1st party was convened underground. conference, on a cut the underground Dagestan regional committee of the RCP (b) headed by Buinaksky was elected, the Military was created. council (Buinaksky, O. Leshchinsky, S. Abdulkhalimov, etc.). Partisans developed in the towns and villages of D. traffic. Detachments of the Red Army were created (approx. 8 t. H.). In May 1919, the counterrevolutionary. the pr-in arrested almost the entire composition of the Dagestan regional committee of the RCP (b). Buinaksky, Leshchinsky, Ismailov and others were shot. Denikin's troops entered D. in July. However, the revolutionary. the movement grew, and by the end of 1919 the whole of Dagestan was engulfed in an uprising led by the newly created underground Dag. the regional committee and the Caucasian regional committee of the RCP (b), headed by A.I. Mikoyan. In March, the 11th Red Army approached D. Insurgent. detachments that went on the offensive liberated Derbent and Temir-Khan-Shura. On March 30, units of the 11th Red Army under the leadership of G.K. Ordzhonikidze and S.M. Kirov, together with the partisans, captured Petrovsk-Port. Sov. power was restored throughout D. In the spring of 1921 the anti-Soviets were suppressed in D. revolt of N. Gotsinsky.

13 nov. In 1920, at the Extraordinary Congress of the Peoples of Denmark, it was decided to create the Sov. autonomy D. Jan. 20 1921 The Central Executive Committee adopted a decree on the formation of the Dagestan ASSR as part of the RSFSR. Dec. 1921 1st Founding. D.'s congress adopted the constitution of Dag. ASSR, elected the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the republic. Households began. Rebirth of Denmark. By 1926, the gross output of the Danube industry exceeded the gross output of 1913 by 21.5%. During the years of socialist. construction, the economy of D. was completely transformed. Dozens of large and medium-sized enterprises were built; there were oil fields and coal mines. By 1939, 120 power plants with a total capacity of 30.5 thousand kWh were built. By 1940, the gross output of a large industry had increased 13 times as compared with 1913. On socialist. the handicraft industry was rebuilt. Were created nat. frames. The working class of Denmark has grown fivefold in number since 1920. By the beginning. 1940 98.5% of the cross was collectivized. x-c. The sown area of ​​the republic amounted to 347.4 t. Ha, exceeding the level of 1913 by 66%. Length of irrigates. network increased in comparison with 1921 5.5 times. Eliminating the age-old economic. and cultural backwardness, the peoples of Denmark created socialist. economy and culture. During the Fatherland period. war 1941-45 St. 40 Dagestanis were awarded the title of Hero of the Owls. Union, more than 10 thousand soldiers were awarded military orders and medals. In the post-war. Over the years, the peoples of Denmark have achieved new successes in the socialist era. construction. More than 40 large industrial facilities have been commissioned. enterprises: s-dy electrotherm. equipment, "DagZETO", Dagelektroapparat, separator, grinding machines, Dagelectroautomat, repair-mechanic. and others, completed the construction of the largest in the North. Caucasus Chiryurtovskaya HPP, development of new oil fields has begun in the Karanogaysky, Tarumovsky, Krainovsky and Kizlyarsky districts. Chemistry, glass, textile, food is rapidly developing. industry, especially canning and wine-making. By 1961, prom. Denmark's production increased more than 50 times over 1913, electricity generation more than 70 times, and oil production hundreds of times. After the September plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU (1953), p. farm D. In 1953-62 the number of cattle increased by 166 thousand heads, sheep - by 1118.5 thousand heads. The average grain yield increased from 4.3 to 12.7 centners per hectare. In the coastal and foothill zones of Denmark, plowing is fully mechanized, sowing by 93%, and harvesting by 95%. The working people of Denmark are successfully fighting for the implementation of the program of building communism adopted by the 22nd Congress of the CPSU (1961). According to the long-term plan for the development of bunk beds. In 1961-1980, oil production, machine building, and the metalworking industry will develop at an especially accelerated pace in D. By 1980, the area of ​​irrigated land in the republic will significantly increase. Until Oct. Revolution, almost the entire population of Denmark was illiterate, there were no universities, theater, cinema, etc. During the years of the Sov. The authorities in Denmark have accomplished a cultural revolution, and illiteracy has been eliminated. part of the population got rid of religions. remnants. Writing for seven ethnic groups of D. was created. The works of S. Stalsky, G. Tsadasa, T. Khuryugsky, R. Gamzatov and other outstanding representatives of multilingual owls are widely popular. dag. lit-ry. In 1962, there were 1,586 schools and 27 specialized secondary schools in D. and 4 higher education. institutions, 1203 libraries, 951 clubs, 7 theaters, 570 cinema installations, a television center. In 1950, a branch of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR was established. In 1962, 49 newspapers and 10 magazines were published in D. Journal: "Friendship" (in 5 languages), "Goryanka" (in 5 languages), "Dagestan" (in Russian), "Proceedings of the Dag. Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences", "Uch. that of history, language and literature "," Uch. Zap. Dag. State University "(in Russian). Newspapers: "Dagestanskaya Pravda" (in Russian), "Bagarab Bairakh" ("Red Banner", in Avar. "Communist" (in Lezg. Language), "Lenin Yelu" ("Lenin's way", in Kumyk), "Komsomolets of Dagestan" (in Russian), 29 obl. and regional newspapers.

Historical institutions: Institute of history, language and literature Dag. branch of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (created in 1925), Ist.-philological. Faculty of Doug. state un-ta them. V.I. Lenin (1931), Central State Archives (1929), Partarchive Dag. regional committee of the CPSU (1921), 4 ethnographers. Museum, 1 Historical Revolution. Museum.

Source: Materials on the archeology of Dagestan, vol. 1, Makhachkala, 1959; Berzhe A., Materials for the description of highland Dagestan, Tiflis, 1859; same, Caspian region, Tiflis, 1856; History, geography and ethnography of Dagestan in the 18th-19th centuries. (archival materials), M., 1958; P. Butkov, Materials for the new history of the Caucasus, from 1722 to 1803, parts 1-3, St. Petersburg, 1869; Bronevsky S., The latest geographical (statistical, ethnographic) and historical. news about the Caucasus, t. 1-2, M., 1823; Sat. information about the Caucasian highlanders, c. 1-10, Tiflis, 1868-1881; AKAK, v. 1-12, Tiflis, 1866-1904; Belokurov S. A., Relations between Russia and the Caucasus, M., 1889; Hashaev Kh.M., Code of laws of Ummu-khan of Avarsky, M., 1948; Alkadari G.-E., Asari - Dagestan, Makhachkala, 1929; Gidatlinsky adats, in rus. and an Arab. lang., Makhachkala, 1957; Adats of the Dagestan region and Zakatala district, Tiflis, 1899; The movement of the highlanders of the North-Eastern Caucasus in the 20-50s. XIX century. Sat. documents, Makhachkala, 1959; Revolutionary movement in Dagestan in 1905-1907 (Collection of documents and materials), Makhachkala, 1956; Struggle for the establishment and consolidation of Soviet power in Dagestan in 1917-1921. (Sat. documents and materials), M., 1958; The revolutionary committees of Dagestan and their activities to consolidate Soviet power and the organization of socialist construction (March 1920 - December 1921), (collection of documents and materials), Makhachkala, 1960.

Lit .: Lenin V.I., Development of capitalism in Russia, Soch., 4th ed., Vol. 3; him, the Comrades-Communists of Azerbaijan, Georgia, Armenia, Dagestan, the Mountain Republic, ibid., v. 32; Ordzhonikidze G.K., Fav. Art. and speech. 1911-1937, M., 1939; Kirov S.M., Articles, speeches, documents, 2nd ed., V. 1, 3, L., 1936; Essays on the history of Dagestan, vols. 1-2, Makhachkala, 1957; Magomedov R.M., History of Dagestan. From ancient times to the beginning. XIX century, Makhachkala, 1961; The peoples of Dagestan. Sat. Art., M., 1955; Gadzhieva S. Sh., Kumyks. Historical and ethnographic research, M., 1961; Kotovich V.G., Sheikhov N.B., Archaeological. study of Dagestan for 40 years (results and problems), Uch. app. Institute of History, Language and Literature, v. 8, Makhachkala, 1960; Bartold V.V., The place of the Caspian regions in the history of the Muslim world, Baku, 1925; Kovalevsky M. M., Law and custom in the Caucasus, t. 2, M., 1890; Neverovsky A.A., A brief look at northern and middle Dagestan in topographic. and statistical. relations, St. Petersburg, 1847; Yushkov S.V., On the question of the peculiarities of feudalism in Dagestan (before the Russian conquest), Uch. app. Sverdlovsk ped. in-that, in. 1, 1938; Kusheva E., North Caucasus and international relations of the 16th-17th centuries, "IZh", 1943, No. 1; Smirnov N. A., Characteristic features of the ideology of muridism, M., 1956; his, Policy of Russia in the Caucasus in the XVI-XIX centuries., M., 1958; his, Muridism in the Caucasus, M., 1963; On the movement of the mountaineers under the leadership of Shamil (materials of the session), Makhachkala, 1957; Fadeev AV, Essays on the economic development of the steppe Ciscaucasia in the pre-reform period, M., 1957; his, Russia and the Eastern crisis of the 20s of the XIX century., M., 1958; his, Russia and the Caucasus of the first third of the XIX century., M., 1960; Khashaev H., Social structure of Dagestan in the XIX century., M., 1961; Magomedov R. M., Socio-economic and political system of Dagestan in the 18th - early 19th centuries, Makhachkala, 1957; Gadzhiev V.G., Accession of Dagestan to Russia. Uch. app. Institute of History, Language and Literature, vol. 1, Makhachkala, 1956; Nishunov I. R., Economic consequences of the annexation of Dagestan to Russia (pre-October period), Makhachkala, 1956; Kaymarazov G. Sh., Progressive influence of Russia on the development of education and culture in Dagestan, Makhachkala, 1954; Daniilov GD, Dagestan during the revolution of 1905-1907, Uch. app. Institute of History, Language and Literature, vol. 1, Makhachkala, 1956; him, Socialist. transformations in Dagestan (1920-1941), Makhachkala, 1960; Daniyalov A.D., Soviet Dagestan, M., 1960; Kazanbiev M., National-state construction in Dag. ASSR (1920-1940), Makhachkala, 1960; Abilov A. A., Essays on the Soviet culture of the peoples of Dagestan, Makhachkala, 1959; Struggle for the victory and consolidation of Soviet power in Dagestan, Makhachkala, 1960; Alikberov G., Revolution and Civil War in Dagestan, Makhachkala, 1962; Efendiev A.-K. I., Formation of owls. intelligentsia in Dagestan (1920-1940), Makhachkala, 1960; Osmanov G., Collectivization p. kh-va and DASSR, Makhachkala, 1961; Magomedov R.M., Chronology of the history of Dagestan, Makhachkala, 1959.

V.G. Gadzhiev. Makhachkala.

Dagestan ASSR

Today, January 20, Dagestan celebrates the 96th anniversary of the formation of the republic. The adoption on this day of 1921 by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the Decree on the formation of the Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was the starting point of a new stage in the history of our peoples. The decree formalized the will of the Dagestanis expressed by the Extraordinary Congress and laid the legal foundations for the all-Dagestan autonomous national statehood.

Autonomy of Dagestan - a new stage in the history of the region

The decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee determined the foundations of the state structure of the Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, becoming, in fact, the provisional Constitution of the republic. The system of governing bodies, the rights of local authorities, the procedure for relations between federal and local authorities were determined. Then the DASSR included 10 districts and territories of the Caspian coast of Dagestan. To strengthen Soviet power in the republic great importance had the creation of national statehood, granting the peoples of Dagestan the right to resolve issues of their internal structure. Since May 1921, the capital of the DASSR becomes the city of Makhachkala ( former Petrovsk), named after the revolutionary Makhach Dakhadaev. In December of the same year, an all-Dagestan constituent congress of Soviets was held, which approved the activities of the Dagestan Revolutionary Committee and adopted the first Constitution of the DASSR, which established a harmonious system of state power and administration of the republic. In addition, the Central Executive Committee of the Soviets of Dagestan was elected at the congress.

According to the chairman of the Coordination Council of Non-Commercial Organizations of the Republic of Dagestan Zikrula Ilyasov, the peoples of Dagestan during this period for the first time in their centuries-old history united into a single state entity.

"The Dagestan ASSR received broad rights in the political, economic and cultural life that allowed state authorities and administrations to independently resolve numerous issues of economic construction, administrative structure, distribution budget funds, tax policy, healthcare organization, education. Autonomy made it possible to create a new type of state relations in Dagestan, which led to the revival of the culture of peoples, which radically changed spiritual image a mountaineer, ”he said.

Another important point, according to Ilyasov, is that for 96 years the Dagestanis have been subjected to various tests that could break national unity.

“The tragic days and heroic periods of the Patriotic War of 1812, the revolution and the formation Soviet power, cruel civil war and repression, the Great Patriotic War and the construction of socialism, natural disasters and the collapse of the USSR, perestroika and creation New Russia, the fight against terrorism and the revival of Dagestan - all these grandiose events have touched every Dagestani family, just as they have touched the Russians of all regions of the great Motherland.

Today we undeservedly consign to oblivion that the Dagestan ASSR was awarded four orders for labor and military exploits. Let me remind you that in 1923 the republic received the Order of the Red Banner of Labor of the RSFSR for the displayed majestic energy and cohesive work on digging an irrigation canal about 50 miles long by the local population in the order of crowded subbotniks. In 1965 - the Order of Lenin for achievements in development National economy... In 1971 - the order October revolution for the successes achieved in communist construction and in connection with the 50th anniversary of the formation of the DASSR. But the most important for us today is the Order of Friendship of Peoples, received in 1972 for the merits of the working people of the republic in strengthening fraternal friendship and cooperation. Soviet peoples, successes in cultural construction, ”he says.

According to Ilyasov, for a long time, the fate of the Dagestanis has historically been intertwined with the fate of millions of Russians.

“Looking over the entire history of our republic, one can recognize the relations with the Russian people as especially valuable. Dagestanis do not forget the names of the glorious sons of the Russian people who fought for the republic in the first years of its formation. We must not forget that the first dictionaries of the Dagestan languages ​​were created precisely by representatives of the Russian intelligentsia.

Today, many of our enemies are making great efforts to falsify our history, "emasculate" the historical memory of the great achievements of their ancestors from the ideological and intellectual potential of young people. Therefore, the reproduction in the memory of the people of the good deeds of our fathers and grandfathers and the now living sons and daughters of Dagestan, who spared no knowledge, strength and energy in labor for the good of the Fatherland - Russia, is a good example in the patriotic and labor education of our youth, ”Zikrula emphasized Ilyasov.

Socio-economic significance of the creation of DASSR

According to the deputy chairman of the People's Assembly of the Republic of Dagestan, chairman of the regional Communist Party Makhmud Makhmudov, since the proclamation of autonomy and the formation of the republic, there has been a qualitative and quantitative renewal of Dagestan as a subject of the Russian Federation.

“First of all, the changes took place in organizational structure the very power of the republic, from which issues of planning and regulation of industrial potential, development of agriculture, culture and education originate.

It was beneficial for the country to have in its composition a civilized, developed in every sense of the outskirts. In total, more than 30 new industries were created in the Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic: chemical, radio engineering, energy and construction industries. In addition, the revival of agriculture began in the republic during the Soviet period. Thanks to the good climatic conditions the region was engaged in the supply of large quantities of fruits and grapes. In the mid-1980s alone, more than 460 thousand tons of grapes were harvested in Dagestan, while at present we have only about 140 thousand tons.

In addition, a detachment of specialist engineers was sent to the republic from central Russia to build and develop industrial potential. Thanks to this, we were able to go through the difficult path to industrialization and collectivization in a short time. It was a period of economic growth, labor achievements of a multinational people. New factories and plants were built, old enterprises were reconstructed and equipped with modern equipment and technical lines, and large-scale transformations were taking place in the countryside, ”said the parliamentarian.

He also noted that after the adoption of autonomy, education and science, culture and art received their development. “A lot of work has been done in the republic to eliminate illiteracy. It is impossible to forget the contribution of Russian teachers who were sent to us to educate young people. As a result of the introduction of Dagestan to Russian, and through it to world culture, the modern national intelligentsia was actively formed. It was under the influence of Russian culture that Dagestan developed towards civilization, ”Makhmudov emphasized.

According to him, despite some losses in the field of ethnocultural customs and traditions of peoples, the socio-economic development of the republic was accompanied by intensive processes of consolidation of peoples. By the beginning of market reforms, the liquidation of the Soviet system of government, such indicators of the socio-economic development of the peoples of Dagestan, as the ratio of the urban and rural population, its distribution by industry and spheres of the economy and the educational structure, were quite close to each other and basically corresponded to the average indicators for the Russian Federation. Federation.

Change of status: from autonomy to a sovereign republic

The Dagestan ASSR on May 24, 1991 was transformed into the Dagestan SSR as part of the RSFSR, and already on December 25, 1993 - after the entry into force of the Constitution of the Russian Federation - into the Republic of Dagestan.

Olga Kazakbieva, Ph.D., senior lecturer of the Department of Fatherland History, DSTU, noted that a special stage in the life of Dagestanis is the era of the 90s of the last century, when during the collapse of the Soviet Union, Dagestan was subjected to various tests.

“At a time when the republics of the former Soviet Union were passing laws on their sovereignty, Dagestan people showed conscientiousness and wisdom. Having renounced sovereignty, we were able to remain faithful to our historical choice - to live and develop in the fraternal family of the peoples of our country. This is a choice of the prospects for the development of both the economy as a whole and the entire Dagestan society. The second congress of the peoples of Dagestan held at that time announced the continuation of the course towards the creation of a democratic, legal and secular state, ”she stressed.

Also, according to Kazakbieva, an important stage in the development of the republic was the adoption on July 26, 1994 of the Constitution of the Republic of Dagestan, which was an important step towards the establishment of democracy and the foundations of law.

“On the eve of the adoption of the 1994 Constitution in Dagestan, there was an economic crisis caused by the difficulties of transition from a command-administrative system of management to a market one, as well as the difficult geopolitical situation of the republic.

The most important prerequisites in the development and adoption of the Constitution of the Republic of Dagestan were the desire to ensure a lasting interethnic and interfaith peace in order to effectively develop the economy and solve social issues... Also, Dagestanis were ready to abandon individual interests in order to achieve the common good and were respectful of historical memory and the use of the positive experience of past generations. However, new constitution became a natural result of the rapid political activity of the population, characteristic of the transition period in life Russian state", - said Kazakbieva.

As the Head of the Republic Ramazan Abdulatipov said, only showing genuine respect for our common history drawing lessons from its glorious and tragic events, we turn to the traditions and experience of our ancestors, who cherished interethnic and confessional peace and harmony as the highest value.

Olga Kazakbieva recalled that over the 96 years of their existence, Dagestanis have made a qualitative leap in all spheres of life. The past experience reflects the fact that the conditions for the well-being of the present and future generations are the preservation and strengthening of the unity and cohesion of the multinational people, friendship and fraternal cooperation with all the peoples of the Russian Federation.