The overall characteristics of the ancient Italy.If the Mediterranean is rightfully considered one of the most grateful places in the world, then Italy can be called the pearl of the Mediterranean. The story about this country, all the ancient and many modern writers resembles enthusiastic panechnic. Turning to her, Vergilius, the most brilliant of Roman poets, wrote:

"Hello, Saturn Earth, the Great Mother of Harvests!

Mother and husbands. "

The magnificent geographical location, the wealth of natural resources necessary for the exercise of agriculture, the wonderful climate - all this is still in ancient times made Italy the most prosperous and crowded country of the Mediterranean, and in our days the population is superior to all other countries of the Mediterranean, including those of them that is much more extensive for its territory.

While in Balkan Greece, only the fifth part of the whole country could be used for agriculture, which is quite typically for the Mediterranean, in Italy - more than half. It is not surprising, therefore, that many ancient writers called Italy of an abundance country, like her "solid fruit garden". Yes, and in our time, Italy is called the main garden of Europe. On the harvest of olives, she ranks second in the world (after Spain), and on the collection of grapes and the production of wine divides the first and second places with France.

Italy consists of two parts: Mainland, located in the valley of the Po River (Ancient Pad) at the foot of the highest in Europe of the Alpine Mountains, and the Apennine Peninsula, narrow and long, reminiscent of the shape of a booze. Sicily's extensive Island, separated from Italy, a narrow Messinsky Strait, extends south of it. In fact, it is a continuation and part of the Apennine Peninsula.

The geographical position of Italy.If you look at the card, it is immediately striking that the Apennine Peninsula with Sicily occupy the central position in the Mediterranean, separating its western part of the eastern, so from Italy is equally easily accessible to any area of \u200b\u200bthis region. Over time, such a strategically favorable position of the country provided Romans the best conditions for their conquests in the Mediterranean and to control the captured regions.

Alps, protecting Italy from the cold northern winds, were not an insurmountable obstacle to either the movements of peoples and armies or trade. Through mountain passes in the North-West and Northeast, Italy was associated with a whole network of trade routes with extensive areas located in the Rhine and Danube basins.

At the same time, through Sicily, which was located just 160 kilometers from the African coast, Italy was closely related to Africa. The Apennine Peninsula, stretching for a whole thousand kilometers from the North-West to the southeast, just 70 kilometers will be from the west coast of the Balkan Peninsula. Since the ancient seurines preferred not to lose ground from sight, the most convenient ways for trading and warships floating from Europe to Africa or from Greece to Spain were held along Italy and Sicily.

Thus, the geographical position of Italy was very profitable because it was at the intersection of the most important trade and strategic ways, representing a colossal bridge, connecting Europe with Africa, Western Mediterranean with East.

However, these advantages could be used by the inhabitants of Italy only with time. At the beginning of the I thousand BC. The country located away from the centers of the ancient civilizations of the East was a deaf angle of the Mediterranean. Yes, and subsequently, she had a tendency to isolation and conservatism, since it was excessively provided with natural resources, but due to the lack of convenient harbors and the developed system of the islands is poorly connected with the sea. Italy has long remained a relatively backward peasant country located on the periphery of the prosperous Greek and Hellenistic world.

The main areas of the ancient Italy.Italy was located not only at the junction of the most important marine and ground paths, but also at the junction of two different worlds: the world of Western Europe and the world of the Mediterranean. By the natural and climatic conditions and the appearance of their inhabitants of the Valley of the River more like more Western EuropeThan on the southern, and the Apennine Peninsula was part of the Mediterranean world. Italy, thus, was a miniature copy of the entire Roman power.

The large, full-flowering river, the largest in Italy, together with numerous tributaries flows through the most extensive in the Mediterranean of a fertile plain, which in deep antiquity was covered with dense oak forests. Large herds of cattle and horses passed on extensive pastures and filler meadows, and on the forest edges of the flock of pigs that fed with acorns.

By the beginning of our era, when fields, gardens and vineyards appeared on the site of many forests, this area became a resident of all Italy, providing it with wheat and meat, and remains it so far.

The climate in northern Italy is not a Mediterranean, but moderate, as in the countries of Western Europe, however, in a softened version: winter is not as cold as the Alps, and the summer is not very roast due to the proximity Mediterranean Sea.

Galla, inhabited by the valley of the river from the end of V. BC, on the appearance and lifestyle was very different from the residents of the Apennine Peninsula and right up to Roman conquest were more closely related to their fellows behind the Alps than with neighbors in Central and Southern Italy. Difference appearance And the life of the inhabitants of the North and the South of the country remains in our day. By the name of its people inhabited by the people, Northern Italy was called the Romans Gallium Tzizalpinskaya, that is, "Gallium for the side of the Alps". And the country located on the other side of the Alps, on the site of modern France, was named Gaul Transalpin

Along the entire Apennine Peninsula, closer to his east coast, stretching low Apennine Mountains. Together with the departures from the main range, the Apennins occupy the greatest part of the peninsula. They are not so cool and stony, like the mountains of the Balkan Peninsula, and have never been an obstacle for merchants and shepherds, and in the mountain valleys and hilly foothills, the farmers gathered rich yields.

The eastern arid coast of a narrow strip extends between the Apennines and the Sea. It does not have almost a single comfortable bay convenient for seafarers, besides near the shore, the mass of sandy shames, very dangerous for navigators. Small disadvantaged rivers flowing into the sea south of the software, in the summer, often completely switched and could be used instead of roads. This poor, backward, weakly connected with the outside world area was the backyards of Italy.

Balkan Greece is facing the East, and Italy - to the West. The most fertile, densely populated areas of the Apennine Peninsula are on his west coast. As well as everywhere in the Mediterranean, they are less suffering from drought than areas located on the east coast, since the clouds carrying the rain moisture usually go from the West from the side of the Atlantic Ocean and, stumbled upon the mountain ranges, shed rains.

On the west coast there are several comfortable bays for ships, and the sea here is more quiet and friendly. There are several large rivers in it, which in antiquity were broken and shipping. The largest of them is the Tiber, flowing in the central part of the Apennine Peninsula.

The most fellow regions of Italy were three extensive hilly plains of the west coast with a very fertile volcanic soil: north and west of Tiber lay Etria(modern Tuscany), south - Lati, and also south, in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Naples Bay, Campaign.

Etrury was famous for the excess of fertile land and water: due to numerous rivers, streams and swamps, its inhabitants had to take care of not so much irrigation, but about the drainage of the soil. It was also considered to be storeed metals for the whole country: there were produced the best in Italy Iron, as well as copper and such a rare metal as tin.

The campaign was called a happy campaign (letters. Happy fields of fields). She was the most fertile place in the whole Mediterranean. The amazing combination of the fertile soil and a wonderful soft climate allowed for a year to remove with its fields not one or two, both in other places, but three or four richest harres. The best in Italy of wheat varieties, grapes and olives grew in campaigns, the richest and blooming cities of the country, such as, for example, the famous luxury Kapui were in its territory.

On the coast of the campaign there were a lot comfortable for navigators of bays and bays, away from the shore - the mass of warm thermal sources for health. It is not surprising that for a long time the campaign was an apple of discord for many local and nagging tribes and peoples who wanted to establish themselves on her fertile land, and when she was ruled by Romans, it turned into an area where fashionable resorts and villas were located and the most influential and powerful aristocrats and villas Even emperors.

The fertile lacies, which was in the very center of the Apennine Peninsula, did not have any deposits of metals, like Etrury, nor such a fertile climate as a campaign, but was located at the intersection of the most important land, river and sea routes that combined the Northern and South, Primorsk and Domestic Regions of the country . Laija occupied the same position in relation to Italy as that - in relation to the whole Mediterranean. In the very lacquer, the most advantageous location was Rome, quickly transformed into one of the largest cities of Italy.

The southern coast of Italy was called Great GreeceSince the fertile seaside plains were greek policies based during the Great Greek Colonization. The biggest and powerful of them was a tartuent, famous for craft and trade, numerous and prosperity of citizens.

The population of Italy in the era of antiquity Italy with a population of 7-8 million people was the most crowded country of the Mediterranean, the habitat of many different tribes and peoples.

Most of the Apennine Peninsula at the beginning of the I millennium occupied italiki,moving there, as suggesting, with their ancestors in the podnavier. They were divided into a lot of tribes that spoke on close to each other languages. They belonged to Latins settled in a hilly lacies, Sabina, who lived north of them in the stony foothills of the Apennine, and the Oski, affirmed in the campaign.

In the mountains of the central part of Apennin opposite the Lazi and the campaign there were tribes of cattle breeders and farmers who united in alliances. The strongest of them was Samutorsky, so the whole area was called SamiaIn the mountains of southern Italy, in front of the Great Greece, Lukan and Bruttia lived.

These related tribes belonged to different worlds: by the middle of the 1th millennium BC. In sedentary farmers, Latins and Oskops, there were already cities - states, writing and laws, and the mountaineers, Samnites, Lukan and Bruthy, lived on the old manner of harsh tribal life. The militant highlanders had neither cities, nor the state. They spent the best part of the time with eternally moving from place to the place of herds. Meutive income they often replenished at the expense of a discrepancy, attacking the rich neighbors who lived on fertile plains.

The most advanced and cultural people of Italy were greeks,living in Great Greece and campaign. Their city-states by the middle of the 1st millennium BC Reached the highest heyday and prosperity and even eclipsed with wealth, beauty and luxury own metropolis. Greek legislators, philosophers and speakers from Italy were decoration and fame of the entire Allenka world.

Little in what the mysterious greeks etruscansettled around the VIII century. BC. On the extensive plain of the Etruria. It is still unknown, from where they came from. Many modern scientists associate their origin with Malaya Asia. Since the writing of the Etruscans has not yet been able to decipher, it remains unclear to what language family Etruscan belongs.

12 rich Etruscian state cities constituted a single religious union. Etruscular aristocrats, Lukumon, owned large estates in which dependent ones worked, actually serfs peasants. Etrury was famous for all Italy by his artisans (especially masters for metal), artists and sculptors, priests, jewels, merchants and pirates.

Etruscan sought to subordinate to their influence and colonize the richest areas of Italy. To V c. BC. They founded many colonies in the Valley of the River PO and in the campaign, established control over many cities-states Latia. In alliance with powerful Carthage, they conducted a successful fight against the Greeks, also sought to expand holdings in Italy and at the nearby islands - Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica.

But with V c. BC. The successes of Etruscans are replaced by failures. They lose their influence on the lacies and the campaign, and at the beginning of the next century they are forced to leave the northern Italy, which the tribes captured celts (Galov).

Galla, for a long time retained the harsh birth life and passion for wars and robbery, in IV century. BC. Starting devastating raids on Etruria and other areas of Italy. At the same time, the Samnites, Lukan and Bruttia, which robbed and the campaign and Great Greece are sharply activated. The world of ancient civilization was threatened.

However, by the middle of the III century. BC. This threat disappeared due to the conquest of the entire Apennine Peninsula Rome. At the beginning of the II century. BC. The Romans finally won the Tsizalpin Gallium. Civilization defeated barbarism.

Gradually, peace, peace and prosperity are established throughout this extensive country. But the price of this was the disappearance by the beginning of our era of many peoples, languages \u200b\u200band cultures. All inhabitants of Italy become Romans, they say in Latin and do not differ much from each other.

The only exception to the general rule was the Greeks who lived in campaigns and southern Italy. All of them in I. BC. Steel Roman citizens, but retained their own language, customs and traditions in their cities. Up to XVIII century. spoken language In some regions of southern Italy, Greek remained.

Periodization of history Ancient Rome. Strast Har-ka of each period.

Periodization

1. Tsarsky Rome.VIII-Kon.vi centuries. BC.

21.04.753 BC - The foundation of Rome.

509 BC - Exile of the last king Torvinia proud.

2. Epoch of the Republic of Roman. V-i centuries. BC. (up to 30 g. BC - End of Greek. Hellenism).

· Early RR (V-III centuries BC. - The base of the community).

· Late RR (II-I centuries. BC - Rome conquers Mediterranean).

3. The era of the Roman Empire.

· Wound ri. Principal period. (Until 192 AD - the death of Commoda).

· Crisis III century.

· Late Ri. The period of the Dominat (IV. - 476 AD is the death of Zri).

The concept of "Ancient Rome" is state-in, o'clock and civilization, the story of the first from 753 g to the NE to 476 g of NE. Main periods:

1) Tsarsky Rome (VII - VI centuries to NE; 21 Apr 753 g to the NE - the basis of Rome): the decomposition of the birth control structures, the emergence of the early class organization, the beginning of the formation of state institutions;

2) the period of the early republic (V - III to the NE; 509 g to the NE - exile 7 king Torkivia Proud): intensive development of the slave-owner or state, the conquest of Rome Italy;

3) the period of the late republic (II - I BB to NE): the time of classical slavery and the formation of the Roman Mediterranean Power;

4) Early Empire, or Principal (I - II BB of NE): The flourishing of the ancient civilization of the Mediterranean, the rise of the economy and culture $

5) Crisis III in NE: struck all the structures of the Roman circle and entailed the decay of the empire;

6) Late Empire, or Dominat (IV - V BB of NE): The period of decomposition of the slave-owner, nucleation and development in its depths of the protoferic relationship.

Natural conditions and their impact on the development of ancient Roman civilization.

Apennine ps deeply goes to the Mediterranean Sea in his part of the part; From the north to it, the wide valley p is adjacent. By, fenced by the mainland Arc Alps; Along Total P-Ova stretches the mountain chain of the Apennine (in the north and south of the mountains approach the Zap coast of Italy, and in its middle part - to the east coast); The Apennine Persh is washed by the Adriatic, Ionian, Tyrrhenian and Ligurian seas, which is the part of the Mediterranean Sea.

Conditions for the development of navigation worse than in Greece: Near Italy, there is little O-GIR, the largest of them - Sicily - the M / D of Italy and North Africa, but the two dr big O-Va - Corsica and Sardinia - lie quite far to the West.

The coastline of the U-wow P-ov is weakly cut: little comfortable bays (especially the east coast)

In DR Italy more than in Greece, fertile lands: in the valley of the river. Software, in Etruria, Campaigns, Sicily; In ancient Latia, many lands were marshed, but with the creation of a drainage system in the form of waste channels, this region also became quite suitable for agriculture; Less fertile were soil in the center and in the south of the East part of P-Oov; Italy is replete with rivers (pain, in the summer of them now, but in antiquity they have been full due to the abundance of forests, later cut down). Minerals in the DR Italy were not enough: the marble and other building stone rocks were mined, as well as clay suitable for pottery production; At the mouth of the tiber were deposits of a table salt; But there are almost no ore deposits; Only in Etruria was paid copper and on O-ve Ilva (Elba) - iron.

Favorable for the life of primitive people Prira Conditions of Italy, K-paradium was settled with the paleolithic era, for a long time contributed to some of the closets of her historic development, while, for example, the Greeks need for bread, associated with relative overpopulation, drove for the sea from viii century. BC. The inability before the appearance of steel or at least the bronze guns of widespread development of agriculture in Italy with its thick forests and mainly heavy soils excluded the creation of a more or less highly productive farm and class society at its base.

Tin here appeared only from the end of the II millennium BC, it may have begun to import from Spain and Britain. Equito, but from this time began in Italy, the production of bronze. Iron production, especially steel, has spread even later. Most compared to Greece, the remoteness of Italy from advanced civilized countries of the East also slowed down the pace of its development historical in ancient times.

Rome of the tsarist era.

Tsarsky Rome (753-510 to NE)

The oldest Rome is one of the cities of Latia (the region of resettlement lat tribes to the south of Ercturia), arose in steyakism (the merger of small generic settlements).

In VIII to NE, 30 cities - the Latin Federation headed by Alboy Longa (the founder of Alba-Long - Askani-Yul, the son of the Trojan Hero of Enai). The grandchildren of the 14th king Alba-Long Numitor Rem and Romulus were founded on the Palatine Hill on Ber Tiber Rome. In a quarrel, Romulus killed his brother and became the first of the 7 Romans of the kings. Under it: Roman-Sabinsky Sinakism, the population of Rome - in 30 Kurians, the expansion of Roman possessions at the expense of neighbors (Latins and Sabinov), victory over Weims, the creation of a personal royal guard of 300 verbs.

The second Rimsk king is Numa Pubrugi (715-673 to NE): dismissed the detachment of the verbists, deified Romulus under the name of Quirin, established the cults of the gods, created craft and priestly colleges, established bargaining days (Nundin).

Numa receiver - Tull Guests (673-641 to NE): destroyed Albu Long, resettled its inhabitants in Rome.

The fourth king is Ank Maria (641-616 to the NE): fought with Latins, Sabines and Volski, built 1 trees bridge C / W Tiber, expanded terr Rome, founded the first Roman colony of the assistance in the mouth of the tiber, took possession of salt crowns.

The next king is a leaving from Etruria Lucius Tarquinisia Ancient (616-578 to NE): Stamped a stone and began to build a forum, erected a large circus m / d hills with Palatin and Aventin, prepared a place for the construction of the temple of Jupiter on the Capitol (to build his grandson of Tarquinius Proud ), built urban fortifications and conjunction; With it, Rome began to dominate the lacies.

Servi Tully (578-534 to NE): fought with Weija and DR by the Etruscan cities, hesitated Rome to defams the wall, conducted a series of state reforms.

The last - Lucius Tarquinius Proud (534-510 to NE): Tiran, the many healing wars, was expelled from Rome with the offspring \u003d\u003e the establishment of the republic in Rome.

Population of ancient Rome: cattle breeding (main), agriculture (less role) and craft; It was divided into 3 tribal tribes (Titiius, Ramnes and Lucers), 30 hours and 300 gods. Members of the genus possessed the collector of their own land, had a generic cemetery and their cult. In the challenge of the birthday community - the Senate. Questions discussed by 300 senators - to the National Assembly, convened in Kuria (\u003d\u003e Chiculty Comicies).

Tsar: fullness of military, execute and trial power + Supreme Priest; I had 12 liktors (bodyguards).

Members of the Generic Organization are the Roman people of Kvirith. Roman citizen community (initially replenished at the expense of the immigrants, distributed through the Kuria) closed in more than Anke Marce, because Reserves of the community land foundation \u003d\u003e fixation of 2 classes-classes: privileged patrician (access to community-based landfill, the right to participate in the chicient comicies; Patrician gods were headed by child elders and shared on the patriarch family of AO HL with home bars) and Plebeev (retaining their birth, They stood outside the Romans of the Generic Organization; impoverished Plebei became customers of Patrices (adjacent to the genus of their cartridge, in all he was obeyed; the cartridge is protection and patronage)).

Servi Tully: Military and valuable reform \u003d\u003e All male us-ie - on 6 property classes (the poor - proletarians; Each class has exhibited definition for centuries (hundreds) in the army). Also, servicing Tully introduced centers (assets and age centers; one centurium is one voice; Plebei participated); Admin-ter Ref (\u003d\u003e Rome - 21 District (Triban)); The army is from 4 legions under the commands of the king. As a result, it was necessary to start the gradual inclusion of plebeans in the Romans of the College of the team.

By the end of the Tsarsk period - the formation of the Romans of the policy - Civitas (citizen of the community with an ancient shape of the bond). In 510 g to the NE - the conspiracy of the aristocracy and the expulsion of the King's ambassador from Rome \u003d\u003e 2 annually re-elected magistrate - Consul (the first consuls: Luces of Yongy Brut and Lutions Tarquinia Collatin).

Each of the illustrations below refers to one of the topics specified in the list. Set the match between themes and illustrations: select one illustration for each topic.

Write the numbers in response by placing them in order corresponding to the letters:

A.	B.	IN	G.

Explanation.

A) Phenician - dishes (3).

B) Ancient Rome - Caesar's murder (Illustration 1).

C) Assyrian State - Winged Bull (Illustration 2).

D) Ancient Egypt - Removing a heart in the afterlife of Anubis (illustration 4).

Thus, a - 3, b - 1, in - 2, g - 4.

Answer: a - 3, b - 1, b - 2, g - 4.

Answer: 3 & 1 & 2 & 4

Read the excerpt from the legend and determine which of the data it refers. In response, write the letter that is indicated by this topic.

From the part of the initial matter, which was even between heaven and earth, ment, creative spirit, and ptah, primitive fire, formed a little in the face of two large world bodies - the sun, God of RA, and the Moon, God Eag.

When the sun and the moon occurred, it was possible to go about the division of time; For with God and through God's god, there were two goddesses at the same time: Sate, day, bright half of the world, and Gattar, night, gloomy half of the world.

Explanation.

God of RA - Egypt.

Answer:

Answer: G.

Select one topic from the list, and then execute the tasks 3-6, only on the topic you selected.

Read the words list and write the word related to the topic you chose.

Plebei, Poseidon, Nineve, Building Cedar, Tao, that.

Explain the meaning of this word.

Explanation.

1. Compliance with the following: for the topic A - construction cedar, B - Plebei, V - Ninevia, G - that.

2. Explanation of the meaning of words:

construction cedar - valuable wood supplied by Phoenicians to neighboring countries;

plebei - Originally incomplete (doubtful) residents of ancient Rome (early Roman Republic);

Ninevel - the capital of the Assyrian state;

TOT - God of wisdom in ancient Egypt.

Select one topic from the list, and then execute the tasks 3-6, only on the topic you selected.

Read the list of events (phenomena, processes) and write an event (phenomenon, process) that refers to your chosen topic.

The spills of the Nile, the invention of porcelain, piracy, strengthening the army to Tagoldpalassar III, the elevation of Guy Julia Caesar, the activities of the "Father of History" Herodot.

Using knowledge on history, tell about this event (phenomenon, process). Your story must contain at least two historical facts.

Explanation.

The correct answer must contain the following items:

1) Compliance with themes and events (processes, phenomena): for the topic A - piracy; B - the elevation of Guy Julia Caesar; B is the strengthening of the army to Togoldpalasar III; M - Spindle Nile;

2) story about the specified event (process, phenomenon)

Select one topic from the list, and then execute the tasks 3-6, only on the topic you selected.

Strip on the contour map is one quadricle formed by a degree grid (parallels and meridians), in which the country specified in the topic you choose is fully or partially located.

Explanation.

A) Phenicia - red.

B) Ancient Rome is black.

C) Assyrian state is green.

D) Ancient Egypt - blue.

Explanation.

The influence of the geographic environment on classes and life of people in ancient class societies

Types of geographical environment
	Anniewicz (big river valleys)	Ancient Greek	Ottomansky
Agriculture	Agriculture (grain farm, vegetable growing, grapenerism) became the main occupation under the influence of favorable factors: 1) hot climate; 2) soft and fertile soils; 3) Full-water rivers (spills that restore soil fertility; irrigation opportunities). Favoric factors for farming: 1) the lack of rains during the ripening period of cereals; 2) the oversight of the moisture of some sections and the insufficient saturation of others as a result of the spill.	The hot climate favored viticulture and olive. Unfavorable grain factors Factors: 1) non-fermented soils; 2) Maja, 3) drought during the ripening period of bread; 4) the lack of rivers suitable for irrigation.	The hot climate, an abundance (comparatively with Greece) for processing, evenly falling precipitation favored the cultivation of grain, grapes, olives, vegetables and fruits.
		The development of iron guns had a great influence on the development of agriculture
Cattle breeding	The development of cattle breeding favored the abundance of wild plants, walking on animal feed
	Feed (including wild) were in excess. This contributed to the breeding of various animals: bulls, donkeys, buffaloes, sheep, goats, pigs, etc.	Food for cattle lacked. Small cattle Passing on the slopes of mountains, grinding shrubs and low-spirited trees.	The feed was in excess (scotch pass on the foot of the food all year round).
Crafts	The presence of minerals (clay, stone, ores) contributed to the development of pottery, construction, metal processing
Exchange	Shipping rivers contributed to the development of the exchange between various regions of the country. In the southern crossbath, natural conditions contributed to the creation of the farm in which some products (grain, dates, wool fabrics) were produced in excess and partially intended for exchange to other, departed from other countries (metals, forest, stone).	Mountain relief made it difficult to interregional exchange on land. Marine position, bays and islands favored the development of exchange between different areas and with other countries. Natural conditions contributed to the creation of the farm in which wine, oil and craft products were made to exchange for grain, slaves, etc.	Maritime position favored the development of trade. However, a slight number of islands near the shores of Italy made it difficult to navigation. At the Romans, the provision of fertile lands and raw materials did not cause an acute need to exchange with neighboring peoples. Therefore, the Romans originally were not for the navigators (up to the III century BC.)
Life	The clothes are relatively with the northern countries, it was easier, left an open considerable part of the body. The windows in the housing were small (sometimes absent), which created the coolness and dusk inside the house. People spent a lot of time in the courtyard, in the garden beside the house, on his roof. Got up early, hot watch of the day rested

Theme lesson : Ancient Rome.

The purpose of the lesson: the assimilation of new knowledge about the emergence of ancient Rome, about the geographical and natural climatic situation of ancient Rome, about the peoples inhabiting the Apennine Peninsula in antiquity.

Tasks lesson:

Educational:

to form a bright, figurative, logical view of the Apennine Peninsula and Rome VIII - VI centuries. BC.;

relying on the material studied, expand students' presentings about ancient Rome using the main skills and skills of students;

contribute to mastering students of the main concept material on this topic.

Developing:

in the course of the lesson, to promote the development of cognitive interest and motivation to educational activities on the example of the close coupling of the material being studied with life;

during the lesson, promote the development of students creative abilities, logical thinking, the ability to find causal relationships of events;

promoting the development of skills to work with sources, oral speech, the ability to argue their point of view.

Educational:

to promote the formation of students with emotionally - value relationship to the past studied;

brief respectful attitude towards the past of various nations.

Type of lesson: Study lesson for new material (combined)

Form of the lesson: Presentation lesson.

Learning methods:

Verbal (story, conversation, explanation, description);

Methods of stimulation (novelty, enormity);

Control methods (test check, quiz, frontal survey), etc.

Equipment and visual manuals: tutorials, workbooks, presentation material, computer.

New terms and concepts:

Etruscans, Latins, Festival, Vesta, Mars, Liktors, Patricia, Plebei, Senate.

Structure lesson

Stages

Time

Organizational stage

The stage of preparation for the active learning of the new educational material

Stage of the objective of the goal

4.1.

4.2.

4.3.

Stage of learning new knowledge

Geographical position and natural climatic conditions of ancient Rome

Peoples inhabiting the Apennine Peninsula

Legend of the foundation of Rome

City on seven hills and its inhabitants

Management in ancient Rome

28,5

The stage of primary testing of understanding of new material students ( it is carried out in the form of issues and problem tasks after studying each section of the lesson topic)

Stage consolidation of new knowledge

Stage of summing up lessons

Stage of information and briefing homework

Equipment lesson

Workers notebooks

Tutorials

Computer and multimedia presentation

DURING THE CLASSES:

1. Organizational stage

Mutual greeting teacher and students.

Definition of missing.

Check the external condition of the classroom.

Check the preparedness of students to the lesson.

Organization of attention.

Hello. Sit down. They sat down correctly and prepared to the lesson.

A presentation lesson appears on the screen.

2. Stage of preparation for the active learning of the new educational material

Jobs are displayed on the screen.

- Task number 1.

Guys to start learning a new material, we need to recall the basic events of periods of the already studied. Therefore, I prepared a small quiz for you. Work is simple, the items will appear on the screen, which were invented at different times and in different countriesYou must remember which. (see slide1)

- Task number 2.

And these are words that we will use at today's and further lessons. These words were studied by you in previous lessons, so your task will be to remember them and remember the country where these words were used. (see Slide 2)

3. Stage of the objective of the lesson.

Today, at the lesson, you are waiting for an exciting trip to the country, a little well-known or not at all before this lesson, but the knowledge gained in this lesson will be needed for a long time - and to study new topics on history in all subsequent classes, and lessons Literature and iso, and just in ordinary life. Many words and terms studied in this lesson, you have already heard, as they are used in everyday life, in the means mass mediaBut the meaning of these words you will learn today.

(see slides 3 and 4)

4. The stage of learning new knowledge.

4.1.Gogographic position and natural climatic conditions

Ancient Rome

(Working with the map on page 203 and on the screen of the diaprotector.

After the demonstration of geographic objects, the children find the same objects on the map in the textbook) (See Slides 5, 6)

The Apennine Peninsula Ancient times is called Italy. This peninsula is similar to an ancient boot, the sock of which is the island of Sicily. In the north of the peninsula, separated from the mainland of Europe by the middle Alpine Mountains. From the south, from the east and the west of the Aphenin Peninsula is washed by the seas of the Mediterranean Sea: Adriatic, Ionian, Tyrrhenian, Ligurian.

And what is already the studied peninsula associated with the seas of the Mediterranean Sea?

(Balkan)

What states on this peninsula are familiar to you?

Greek states (Ellada: Athens, Sparta, Olympia, Beochia, Fessiona, etc.

A low mountain range of Apennins stretches through the peninsula. At the foot of the Apennine lie valleys, plains, hilly terrain, comfortable for people's lives. For most of the territory of Italy, warm, fertile climate, fertile soils. Therefore, the peoples inhabiting this territory were engaged in viticulture, gardening and growing grain crops (wheat, rye).

Recall what kinds agriculture The inhabitants were engaged Ancient Greece?

(Growing olives and viticulture)

Why weren't it engaged in growing grain crops?

(There was no natural ability: Mountains, little fresh water, little plains)

In the north in the mountains there were many minerals: a building stone, metals.

Output: Try to combine the knowledge gained and make a conclusion about the conditions of life and management on the Apennine Peninsula, comparison conditions with the terms of the Balkan Peninsula.

4.2. Most of the Apennine Peninsula

Work in the notebook: write down the names of the tribes inhabiting Apennine Peninsula (Etruscan, Umbra, Latina, Samnets, Apule)

Which of the tribes occupied a large territory?(Etruscan)

To the Romans, highly developed civilization on the Apenninsky Peninsula created Etruscans. Until now, scientists have not solved the secret of their origin. It is assumed that the Etrusks came from Malaya Asia at the beginning of 1 millennia BC. e. The preserved Etruscan inscriptions indicate that they used the Greek alphabet. However, their language is not fully deciphered.

Etrusks were beautiful farmers, but even more they were famous for brave and experienced navigators their ships furrowed the Water of the Mediterranean Sea, they traded with Egypt, Fianch, Greece, the cities of the Pyrenean Peninsula. Etruscan pirates were fear of all Mediterranean. In Greek myth, it is narrating that one day Tyrrhen (Etruscan) robbers risked to kidnap even God Dionysus. Captured people were sold in slavery.

Etruscan owned art processing iron, bronze, precious metals. They built a lot of cities surrounded by powerful walls and towers. When booking, the city of Etrusks plowed the plow, a hardened white cow and a white bull, a furrow around the place that was intended for settlement . (See Slide 7)

The cities of Etruscans ruled the kings. Etruscular aristocrats at the head of the armed detachments made raids on neighboring land. Victory over the enemies were celebrated by special celebrations - triumphs. (see Slide 8)

But already by the VIII century BC. On the territory of the Apennine Peninsula there was quite a lot of tribes of different nations.

What kind of tribe settled the territory near the city of Rome?(Latins)

4.3.Lend about the foundation of Rome

Work on the textbook : read out loud "legend about the founding of Rome" (p. 204 - 206).

After reading the answer: (see Slide 9)

1. What was the name of the tribe located on the left bank of the Tiber River? (Latins)

2. What was the name of the king of the ruling in one of the Latin cities? (Numitor)

3. What can you say about it younger brother Amulus? (He was evil and envious. Amululi took the power of a numerator, and his daughter Rei Silvia forcibly made Vestnaka)

4. And who are such vadillats? (This is the priestess of the goddess of fire and homemade focus of Vesta)

5. So how was the name of the goddess, a patronage of homely hearth and family? (Vesta)

6. What was the name of the sons of Rii Silvia? (Rem and R about mule).

7. What do you think Ammuli decided to get rid of these tiny children? (I was afraid that when they grow up, they will take revenge for grandfather and mother and begin to claim power)

8. What was the name of the god of war from Latin? (Mars)

9. What was the name of the god of war from the ancient Greeks? (Zeus)

10. How did you manage to survive two twin brothers? (the wolf sicked them)

11. How was the relationship of two brothers in the future? (they quarreled because of the construction of the city and Romulus killed his brother Rem)

12. Have you ever hear about such fratricide in other religions, in other legends? (Yes, in Christianity Cain kills his brother Abel).

13. Which brothers is the founder of Rome? (Romulus)

14. What denotes latin Rome? (Roma - exactly how the name of Romulus sounded)

15. Who called licators? (armed guard of the king)

16. Why did the liktors wear a bunch of rods and an ax? (Since the king could order a shock at any time, or even cut off his head)

17. Do you think such power could like the people? Why?

Work in the notebook: To write down the basic concepts: (see Slide 11)

Mars - God of war.

Vesta - the goddess of the family and the custodian of the hearth.

Festival - Priestess Vesta goddess.

Licators - warriors-guards accompanying the king.

4.4.Hgorod on seven hills and its inhabitants

The legend of the foundation on the left bank of the Tiber of the city of Rome refers this event by 753 BC. e.

Work at the Time Ribbon Board:

Guys, the elements of the lesson of history, we already had, literature and letters, too, and now let's spend a minute of mathematics.

Task. Terms of challenge are as follows: (see Slide 12)

Now in 2009.

Rome was founded in 753 BC. e.

Lukoyanov received the status of a county city in 1779.

The tape of time must be answered by three questions:

How many years now Rome?

How old is the city of Lukoyanov?

How many years of Lukoyans are younger than Rome?

1) 2010 +753 \u003d 2763 (years) by Rima;

2) 2010 - 1779 \u003d 231 (years) G. Lukoyanov;

3) 2763 - 231 \u003d 2532 (year) Rome older than G. Lukoyanov.

Fizkultpause(see Slide 13,14)

We solved and wrote,

Together we quietly stood up.

Times, two - stretched,

Three, four - smiled,

Five, six - all shook,

Seven, eight - turned.

Sat down, got up, got up, sat down,

And each other is not treated.

Hands! Wider shoulders!

One two Three! Breathe smooth!

From charging will become stronger,

Will be stronger and stronger!

(see Slide 15)

Romans, like other ancient peoples, considered the number seven sacred. Rome is located on seven hills. The main ones were Palatin, Aventin and Capitol. On Austina, where, according to legend, Rem was buried, a simple people settled.

The screen shows the Rome scheme and the hills are written on which it is located.

Record the foundation date of Rome and the name of the hills in the notebook.(see Slide16)

Roman hills:

Palatin;

Aventin;

Capitol;

Ace;

Vine;

Quirinal;

Escvilin.

Work on the textbook: read the text on page 207 to paragraph 3 and tell me what they did Romans, what did they grow and where they lived? (see Slide 17, 18,19)

4.5.And in ancient Rome(see Slide 20)

The Roman people were also divided into Patriches and Plebeev. The emergence of patrician legend connects with Romulos. The first Roman king, wanting to rely on the most worthy representatives of the Roman community, allocated a hundred people who had more noble origin and personal advantages. Of these, he was the Council of Elders - Senate. The Senate became an important governing body, and its members became known as senators. Sometimes senators were also called fathers - Latin "Patres", from here there was a name "Patricia", that is, the "descendants of fathers". Patricia amounted to Roman aristocracy. They held a high position in society, possessed extensive land possessions and wealth.

Word Word in Notebook: patricia - descendants of Rome indigenous people. (see Slide 21)

Plebei were included in the Roman people later Patriches. Previously, it was believed that Plebei is a simple person, for the most part poor. A deeper study of Roman history has shown that there were very rich families among the plebeians, there were noble plebeian childbirth. Plebei were deprived of many rights. They could not participate in the People's Assembly, in the Senate, borrow senior positions depended on the Patrician court. Plebeev's desire to gain civil rights, access power, to approve their property led to their centuries-old fighting patricians.

Word Word in Notebook: plebei - Migrants from different parts Italy. (see Slide 21)

Only Patricia could manage Rome. The oldest representatives of childbirth were meeting in the Senate.

Higher power belonging to the people's assembly, consisting of male patrician. The People's Assembly was also sometimes called the collection of patrician.

The National Assembly performed the most important functions in the state:

Chose the king, which ruled for life;

Declared war;

The world has concluded;

Wound a state treasury and tax collection.

According to the legends of Rome, the rule of seven kings. The first was Romulus, and the last king called the Tarquinity on the nickname proud. This king was not elected, he himself seized the power, killing the sixth king of serving Tully (he was called Roman Solon, since he spent the reforms of Solon reforms in Athens in Rome).

Capturing power in Rome, Tarquiniya proud got rid of the outstanding patricians, capturing their property.

Many had no power of the Power of Tsar-Tirana, so the Romans rebelled and expelled Tarquinia from the city along with his family. More kings they decided not to choose. It happened in 509 BC. But you will learn about this event on next lesson.

5. Stage of consolidation of students' knowledge.

Chainvord (see Presentation) (see Slides 22,23)

Chainvord Questions:

1. Bog of the war in Romans (Mars);

2. Sites, in which the elders of the birth (Senate) were meeting;

3. Park, on the shores of which Rome arose (Tiber);

4. Slendar founder of Rome (Romulus);

5. In the guard of the king (the liktor).

Quiz (see presentation) (see Slides 25, 26)

6. Conclusion by lesson.

Estimation.

Pupil reflection (Traffic method).

7. Entrance informing students about the homework.

Task for the house: (see Slide 24)

Examine paragraph 44 material.

To learn new words.

Answer questions after paragraph.

Climate of ancient Rome Various throughout the existence of this civilization. In the first half of the 1st millennium BC. The Italian climate was more wet and cool than now, and at present the dry south saw more precipitation. The northern regions were located in the temperate climate zone, while the rest of Italy was in subtropics, having a warm and soft climate. During the annual melt of mountain snow, even small rivers will overflow, the lap of the terrain (Tuscany and Pontic Marsh were recognized in ancient times). The existence of Roman civilization (including the Eastern Roman Empire) is stretched by three climatological periods: early subatlantic (900 BC-175 AD), MID-subatlantic (175-750) and late subatlantic (from 750) .

Written, archaeological and naturally scientific powers The proof independently, but consistently shows that in the period from the Roman Empire of the maximum expansion of "s and the final crisis, the climate has changed. The greatest length of the empire near Tranah coincided with the Roman climatic optimum. Climate change occurred with different speed, From seemingly near the state during the early Empire to sharp fluctuations during the late Empire. Nevertheless, there are some contradictions in the concept of usually the period in the wettest eastern Mediterranean in p. 1 AD-600 AD due to contradictory publications.

Stable climate

Winter 69/70 AD was arid, as you know, Tacitus, when he wrote his Histories. about 100 g. N.E.; At the same time, the dry season was preserved in North and South America. Dry conditions returned during the reign of Adrian. In Timgad - about the visit of Adrian to this city in 133, the rain fell for the first time in the last five years. Some parts of the empire, however, have seen better precipitation. The meteorological diary, drawn up by Ptolem in Alexandria, is mentioned rain at every month, with the exception of August and the Thunder throughout the summer. It helps to explain the agricultural prosperity of Roman Africa (Hitter Rome), as well as prosperity southern Spain In the Roman era. According to Rhoads Murphey, the total supply per year of grain from North Africa to Rome, "is estimated to be enough to feed about 350,000 people, in no case should be exported in modern conditions" Columella Calendar Weather "S assumes that in summer the amount of rainfall in the south of Italy, especially in Rome and campaign, happened more often than now. Unusual high level The precipitation was in Roman Spain during the so-called Iberian-Roman wet period.

Roman Spain survived three main stages: the most wet interval in 550-190 BC, the arid interval in 190 BC, BC - 150.N. And another wet period in 150-350. In 134 BC Emilian's army in Spain had to go at night because of a strong heat, when some of his horses and mules died of thirst (even if earlier, in 181 BC, heavy spring rains prevented Celtibers from the removal of the Roman siege from Contrebia). After the 2nd century, our era of warm temperatures prevail especially in the Austrian Alps, intersperses the cool spells from p. 155 to 180. After about 200 temperatures hesitated, the tendency to cool.

Environmental problems and climate change

According to Sheldon Jadson, in the 2nd century BC. The rate of soil erosion in Lazium increased tenfold, which is due to the increase in the number of settlements in South Echruria. In addition, from the founding of Rome BC, perhaps 165, the Romans are cut down huge areas for arable land. In 61 Ad Seneca younger described a high level of air pollution in Rome, which was associated with burning fuel extensive wood.