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1. Explain the meaning of the concept of "cultural revolution". What caused the need for its implementation in the USSR? Define the positive and negative aspects of the cultural transformations carried out in the USSR?

The "cultural revolution" in the USSR meant the fight against illiteracy, the creation of a new Soviet school, the training of new cadres, the creation of a new "people's" intelligentsia, the development of science, art, literature, kind of controlled by the Bolsheviks and relying on Marxist-Leninist ideology. The advantages were that illiteracy was eliminated in a short time, a developed education system was created, which was free and accessible to all, a mass of highly qualified workers appeared, scientific thought began to work, and a special Soviet culture developed. Cons - the domination of the Marxist-Leninist ideology, total control by the state limited the development of sciences, prohibited the introduction of innovations from the West, and limited the sphere of art.

2. What measures were taken by the Soviet government to eliminate mass illiteracy? How was the task of training personnel for the needs of industrialization solved? Prove that by the end of the 1930s. The USSR became a highly educated country.

To eliminate illiteracy, the society "Down with illiteracy" was created already in 1923. This society was led by M.I. Kalinin. (head of the legislative branch) and A.V. Lunacharsky. (People's Commissar of Education). Thousands of schools and literacy centers have been opened. Both children and adults were taught. By 1939, 80% of the population could read and write, count. Education became free, labor schools were created, in which training was carried out in two stages, with terms of 5 years and 4 years. Workers 'faculties (workers' faculties) appeared. They prepared young people for admission to universities. This led to the growth of students and specialists with higher education. Since 1930, universal compulsory primary education has been introduced. Industrialization required an increase in the number of competent specialists, therefore, already in 1933, workers' schools and vocational courses were created for workers. Compared to 1913, the number of universities has actually increased 8 times, and the number of specialists increased from 1.5 million in 1917 to 20 million in 1941. This suggests that the USSR by the end of the 1930s. became a highly educated country.

3. How did the Soviet state view the development of science? Why were the humanities subjected to special control? What caused the repressions against cultural figures?

The USSR allocated huge funds for the development of scientific research, but the emphasis was on the natural sciences. The theory of space flights by K.E. Tsiolkovsky, the theory of jet propulsion by F.A. Tsander, the achievements of I.P. Pavlova in the field of physiology, N.I. Vavilov in the field of genetics, the theory of the biosphere by V.I. Vernadsky. A breakthrough in aircraft and rocketry is associated with the names of A.N. Tupolev, S.P. Queen. And the humanities were persecuted, tk. many of them contradicted the Marxist-Leninist ideology. Many scientists left the country during the Civil War, and many were repressed (A.F. Losev, a humanities scientist, was repressed, the great Russian thinkers P.A. Sorokin and N.A. Berdyaev left the country). They did not agree with the Bolshevik line, therefore they were persecuted by the state.

4. What was the manifestation of the stateization of science, education and art during the years of socialist construction? What role did the Marxist-Leninist ideology play in Soviet society?

The stateization of science, education and art during the years of socialist construction was manifested in the imposition of the ideology of Marxism-Leninism, which is the same, from the point of view of the state and the party. Most of the works were written at the direction of the party. For example, the official principle of artistic culture was socialist realism, which implied the creation of works that reveal the content of socialist construction, consider the surrounding reality from the point of view of partisanship and the struggle for socialism. It was not reality that was reflected, but whatever the party wanted. Those who disagree with this line left the country or were repressed. Total censorship fought against dissent, and Marxist-Leninist ideology played a fundamental role in the life of the state and society.

5. What is the essence of the principle of socialist realism? Why were Soviet writers, reflecting the negative aspects of the life of Soviet society, accused of slandering, avoiding reality and did not allow the publication of their works?

The essence of the principle of socialist realism is that it assumed the creation of works that reveal the content of socialist construction, examine the surrounding reality from the point of view of partisanship and the struggle for socialism. It was not reality that was reflected, but whatever the Bolsheviks wanted. It was necessary to show the party members only from the positive side, how they help people and fight for the construction of socialism, but it was forbidden to show what not all of them did right, that people had a hard life at that time. The kulaks, for example, were portrayed as enemies of the people and the state, and the fact that they were good masters, on whom the state could not rely, was hushed up. It was also kept silent about the fact that the middle peasants were dispossessed. Those who dared to write as they were were accused of defamation, were not allowed to publish their works, and some were repressed.

6. Make a summary table "Achievements of culture of the USSR in the 1920s - 1930s." Use additional literature.

literature	M.A. Sholokhov "Quiet Don", V. Kataev "Time, Forward!", I. Ilf and E. Petrov "Twelve Chairs", "Golden Calf", Bulgakov M. "Master and Margarita", which was prohibited.
painting	S. Gerasimov, K. Petrov-Vodkin, A. Dineka, M. Grekov dedicated pictures of the October Revolution and the Civil War.
sculpture	IN AND. Mukhina "Worker and Collective Farm Woman".
architecture	Stalinist style in architecture, the project of the Palace of Soviets (was not implemented)
music	S. Prokofiev, D. Shostakovich, A. Khachaturian, T. Khrennikov, D. Kabalevsky, I. Dunaevsky and others. Young conductors E. Mravinsky, B. Khaikin have come to the fore.
theatre	The Bolshoi Drama Theater in Leningrad, the first artistic director of which was A. Blok; V. Meyerhold, theater. E. Vakhtangov, Moscow Theater. Mossovet.
cinema	S. Eisenstein "October", S. And G. Vasiliev "Chapaev".

7. What policy towards the church was carried out by the Soviet state? What consequences did this policy have for the church and society as a whole? Give an assessment of the state policy in relation to the church and religion.

The Soviet government actively intervened in the affairs of confessions. There was confiscation of church property, church marriage was not recognized. Already in 1918, a law was passed on the separation of church from state and school from church. Soon the clergy were deprived of the right to vote, and during the Civil War, industrialization and collectivization, the clergy were repressed. A special department of the NKVD classified the "churchmen" as "anti-Soviet elements." There were mass arrests and executions of clergymen. The policy towards them softened a little after the church called for the defense of the Fatherland during the Great Patriotic War.

We propose to discuss. P. 109. Why by the mid-1930s. have they practically ceased to exist?

Because there was the formation of a totalitarian state with one ideology of Marxism-Leninism, the struggle and repression against dissent, the fight against Westernism, etc. therefore most of them ceased to exist.

This lesson is about the culture and art of the USSR in the 1930s. Despite the totalitarian control of the state over all spheres of the cultural development of society, the art of the USSR in the 1930s. did not lag behind the world trends of that time. The introduction of technological progress, as well as new trends from the West, contributed to the flourishing of literature, music, theater and cinema. In the course of today's lesson, you will learn what factors influenced the culture of the USSR in the 1930s, what new happened in the field of education, science, painting, architecture, literature, music, theater and cinema.

Rice. 2. Tsvetaeva M.I. ()

Economic development also affects the development of culture and art. In the country in the 1930s, as well as in the 20s, educated people are required. The country needs competent highly qualified specialists in all industries, in all spheres. Education is developing, like culture, science, art.

Interesting changes are taking place in the social sphere. Culture is becoming more widespread, that is, more people receive education, get the opportunity to join cultural, spiritual values. On the other hand, in order to please these masses of the population, cultural and art workers are forced to lower the bar, make art accessible and understandable to the people. Art as a method of influencing a person, as a method of understanding the world, can be a very important and powerful ally of power. Of course, the art of the 1930s. not so much opposed the power as it helped, it was one of the means of establishing the Stalinist regime, the method of establishing communist ideology, the method of establishing the cult of the individual.

In the 30s. contacts with other countries are still ongoing. Mutual exchange of cultural ideas, trips, exhibitions do not take place as intensively as in the 1920s, but nevertheless they do take place. The USSR was a multinational country, and in the 1930s. the national culture reaches a high level, a separate written language of the small peoples of the Soviet Union appears.

Culture and art continued to reflect on the events that took place in the 1930s. There were no bright events, but the impetus given by the revolution continued to take effect. In the 1930s. the Bolsheviks continued to talk about the Cultural Revolution, and the first task was to raise the level of education, eliminate illiteracy. In the early 30s. introduced a universal 4-year free education, at the end of the 30s. the 7-year school becomes compulsory and also free. In total, the secondary school then included a program of 9 grades (see Fig. 3).

Rice. 3. Soviet poster ()

Moreover, a huge number of new schools were built, many of these schools, built in the 30s, with large spacious classrooms, corridors are still standing in our cities.

In addition to the secondary education system, higher education is also developing. By the end of the 30s. there were several thousand higher educational institutions in the USSR. A huge number of new educational institutions, branches of higher educational institutions were opened. By 1940, almost a million people had a higher education. Changes also took place in the structure of higher education. From ser. 30s great role began to be given to social sciences, primarily history. In the 20-30s. there was continuity in the teaching of mathematics, physics, and other exact and natural sciences, but this was not the case with humanitarian subjects. We can say that in the 1920s - early 1930s. history simply did not exist, the history faculties at the Moscow and Leningrad institutes were liquidated. Since 1934, the tasks have changed.

In 1933, Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany. The German national idea, patriotic, was perverted by the fascists. In this regard, the education system is changing, more attention is paid to those sciences that are involved in the upbringing and development of patriotic feelings in a person.

Great successes in the 30s. In particular, such famous Soviet physicists and chemists as P.L. Kapitsa, A.F. Ioffe, I.V. Kurchatov, G.N. Flerov who worked in different fields. S.V. Lebedev, the famous Soviet chemist, conducting his experiments, achieved the production of synthetic rubber (see Fig. 4, 5, 6).

Rice. 4. P.L. Kapitsa ()

Rice. 5. A.F. Ioffe ()

Rice. 6. S.V. Lebedev ()

In the humanities, things were not so good. In the 1930s. there were several discussions, in particular on history. As a result of these discussions, the opinion was confirmed that the whole history of mankind, according to the theory of Karl Marx, is successively five formations: primitiveness, slavery, feudalism, capitalism, socialism, smoothly turning into communism. The socio-economic formation is the central concept of the Marxist theory of society or historical materialism. Through the OEF, ideas about society as a certain system were recorded and at the same time the main periods of its historical development were highlighted. It was believed that any social phenomenon can be correctly understood only in connection with a certain CEF, the element or product of which it is. The history of all countries and peoples began to fit this scheme, this template. There were discussions, discussions could be held, but when the discussion started, often on instructions from above, it was forbidden to argue further and only one point of view was recognized as correct. Living scientific life has stalled, because science is impossible without discussion. Also, science was severely damaged by repression. Repressed scientists: N.I. Vavilov, P.A. Florensky, E.V. Tarle, S.F. Platonov, D.S. Likhachev. (see Fig. 7).

Rice. 7.D.S. Likhachev ()

Art and literature also developed in the 1930s. It must be said that more significant changes are taking place in the field of literature and art than in the development of science and education. Since 1934, there has been a creative organization in the country that unites all writers - the Union of Writers of the Soviet Union. Until 1934, there were several organizations: LEF (Left Front), the Union of Russian Writers, the Organization of Peasant Writers, etc. In 1934 they all united, and under the leadership of Maxim Gorky, a new organization was created - the Union of Writers. At the beginning of 1929, the LEF association disintegrated, and it was not included in the Writers' Union. After some time, the Union of Composers and the Union of Architects appeared. The Soviet government organized such unions in order to take control of literary and art workers. Thus, control by the authorities under a totalitarian regime is carried out by different methods. Firstly, it is purely administrative control, and secondly, through the unions of writers, journalists, artists, composers. A sufficiently large number of excellent writers were unable to fit into this new organized literary life. M.A. Bulgakov, they stopped printing A.P. Platonov, hounded M.I. Tsvetaev, died in the camps of O.E. Mandelstam, N.A. Klyuev. Repressions have affected many writers. At the same time, during these years, A.N. Tolstoy, M. Gorky, A.A. Fadeev, S. Ya. Marshak, A.P. Gaidar, K.M. Simonov, M.A. Sholokhov, K.I. Chukovsky, A.L. Barto, M.M. Prishvin. On the verses of the Soviet poets M.V. Isakovsky, V.I. Lebedev-Kumach wrote amazing songs (see Fig. 8, 9, 10).

Rice. 8. Roots Chukovsky ()

Rice. 9. Aibolit. Korney Chukovsky ()

Rice. 10. Agnia Barto ()

Interesting processes took place in other spheres of art as well. Music is a difficult area to grasp. 30s - these are years of different music: on the one hand, S.S. Prokofiev, D.D. Shostakovich wrote serious symphonic music. But the masses of Soviet citizens sang with pleasure the songs of A.V. Alexandrova, for example his famous song "Katyusha", which became popular. Among the famous performers of that time were L.P. Orlova, L.O. Utesov. In 1932 the Union of Soviet Composers was founded.

Art is always a struggle, it is an artist's struggle with himself, it is a struggle of styles, a struggle of directions. In the 1930s. Socialist realism, the theoretical principle and the main artistic direction that prevailed in the USSR in the mid-1930s, continues to establish itself. - early 1980s. In Soviet art and art criticism already at the end of the 1920s. there was an idea of ​​the historical purpose of art - to assert socialist ideals, images of new people and new social relations in a generally accessible realistic form. The Russian avant-garde gradually fades into the background (P. Filonov, Robert Falk, Kazimir Malevich). At the same time, P. Korin, P. Vasiliev, M. Nesterov continued to create, began to paint portraits of famous people, scientists, doctors, artists.

Interesting processes continue in architecture. There is such a trend as constructivism, the avant-garde in architecture. One of the directions of the avant-garde said that architecture should be functional. At home, besides the fact that they should be beautiful, they should also be simple and comfortable. In the 30s. Soviet town planning was born. Large, spacious, bright, as comfortable as possible cities, new cities of the future - their creation was in the first place among Soviet architects. A. Shchusev, K. Melnikov, the Vesnin brothers are architects who created a new look for our country. In addition to houses, in addition to residential areas, there was an idea to show the beauty of the industrial world, to build beautiful factories so that a person, looking at this industrial landscape, would understand that the country is heading for a brighter future.

At the end of the 30s. in all branches of art: in painting, and in sculpture, and in architecture, a large style begins to appear - the Soviet Empire. This is an imperial style, it is characterized by large beautiful powerful houses, paintings depicting heroes. The Stalinist Empire style is the leading direction in Soviet architecture (1933-1935), which replaced rationalism and constructivism and became widespread during the reign of I.V. Stalin (see Fig. 11, 12).

Rice. 11. Stalinist Empire style. Hotel "Ukraine" ()

Rice. 12. Stalin's Empire style. Ministry of Foreign Affairs ()

The sculpture of V.I. Mukhina "Worker and Collective Farm Woman", prepared for the world exhibition in Paris in 1937 (see Fig. 13).

Rice. 13. Sculpture "Worker and Collective Farm Woman". IN AND. Mukhina ()

Cinema

Cinema carried an important ideological load. It told about the revolutionary struggle ("Youth of Maxim", "Return of Maxim", "Vyborg Side" - directed by G. Kozintsev and L. Trauberg); on the fight against internal enemies ("The Great Citizen" - directed by F. Ermler); about the happy life of Soviet people (comedy directed by G. Aleksandrov with L. Orlova's participation "Merry Fellows", "Circus", "Volga-Volga"); about overcoming difficulties ("Seven Brave" - ​​directed by S. Gerasimov). In the film directed by M. Romm "Lenin in 1918" Stalin appeared for the first time in the cinema. On Stalin's instructions, S. Eisenstein in 1938 directed the film "Alexander Nevsky" with N. Cherkasov in the title role. The composers I. Dunaevsky, N. Bogoslovsky, V. Soloviev-Sedoy wrote songs for the cinema.

Theatre

In the sphere of theatrical life, the Bolshoi Theater was considered the main musical theater, and the Moscow Art Academic Theater (MKHAT) named after V.I. Chekhov. Galina Ulanova shone in the ballet. Composers were encouraged to create opera and ballet performances on heroic themes. In particular, R. Glier's ballet The Flames of Paris (about the French Revolution) and A. Cheshko's opera The Battleship Potemkin were staged.

Let's summarize. The creation of a large number of educated people, institutions, the development and expansion of branches of the Academy of Sciences led to an increase in the level of education, the creation of a new layer of the Soviet intelligentsia. On the whole, positive processes were going on in education and science, with the exception of the tragic moments of repression. In the 1930s. developed art, painting, music, literature, sculpture, architecture.

Homework

1. Describe the development processes of education, science and art culture of the USSR in the 1930s.
2. Why do you think in the 1930s. focused on teaching history?
3. Expand the essence of the method of socialist realism in art. What works of socialist realism do you know?
4. Which of the repressed in the 1930s. can you name scientists and cultural figures? Prepare a report or report on their activities and creativity.

Bibliography

1. Shestakov V.A., Gorinov M.M., Vyazemsky E.E. Russian history,
2. XX - the beginning of the XXI century, grade 9: textbook. for general education. institutions; under. ed.
3. A.N. Sakharov; Grew up. acad. Sciences, Ros. acad. education, publishing house "Education". -
4. 7th ed. - M .: Education, 2011 .-- 351 p.
5. Kiselev A.F., Popov V.P. Russian history. XX - early XXI century. 9th grade: textbook. for general education. institutions. - 2nd ed., Stereotype. - M .: Bustard, 2013 .-- 304 p.
6. Lezhen E.E. The poster as a means of political agitation in the 1917-1930s. Saratov State Social and Economic Bulletin
7. university. - Issue No. 3. - 2013. - UDC: 93/94.
8. Braginsky D.Yu. Sports motives in Russian art of the 1920s-1930s. Bulletin of the Russian State Pedagogical University A.I. Herzen. - Issue No. 69. - 2008. - UDC: 7.

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2. Nado5.ru ().
3. Countries.ru ().
4. Russia.rin.ru ().

Features of the development of culture n Cultural revolution is a radical transformation of spiritual life, with the goal of creating a new socialist culture to replace the old bourgeois one (M.P. Kim)

Tasks of the Cultural Revolution Democratization of culture; n Elimination of mass adult illiteracy; n General education; n Formation of a new intelligentsia; n Creation of a new ideology. n

Public education n n Elimination of illiteracy and illiteracy of the adult population. 1919 - Decree on the compulsory teaching of reading and writing in the native language of the entire population between the ages of 8 and 50. Points for the elimination of illiteracy (literacy points). Individual group training. Final exam: in a minute, the student must read 80 -120 letters in large print or write 5-7 letters. In 1939, the official data on the elimination of illiteracy - 87, 4% of the population became literate. Introduction of general education. The introduction of compulsory primary education took place in 1930.

Problems of the formation of the intelligentsia Accepted Soviet power: Scientists K. A. Timiryazev, I. V. Michurin, I. M. Gubkin, K. E. Tsiolkovsky, N. E. Zhukovsky Poets V. V. Mayakovsky, A. A. Blok, V. Ya Bryusov Artists I. I. Mashkov, P. V. Kuznetsov, V. R. Falk Sculptors A. T. Matveev, S. T. Konenkov Architects I. V. Zholtovsky, V. A. Shchuko, L. V. Rudnev

Problems of the formation of the intelligentsia n b b b b b They did not accept the Soviet power and left for emigration (in 1921, about 2 million people): Marina Tsvetaeva (1892 -1941) in emigration in 1922 -1929. Ivan Alekseevich Bunin (1920 -1953) Since 1920 in exile. Nobel Prize 1933 “Still, if the Germans had occupied Moscow and St. Petersburg and I had been offered to move there, given the best conditions, I would have refused. I would not be able to see Moscow under the rule of the Germans, to see how they command there. " Alexey Maksimovich Gorky (1868 -1936) From 1921 to 1927 he was abroad. The Artamonovs Case (1925), the play Yegor Bulychov and Others (1932), Dostigaev and Others (1933), the epic novel The Life of Klim Samgin (1-4 volumes, 1925-1936). Ilya Efimovich Repin (1844 -1930) In exile since 1918, the town of Kuokkala- "I have been a summer resident since 1918" Fyodor Ivanovich Chaliapin (1873 -1938) Since 1922 he lived abroad. In 1984, the ashes were transferred from Paris to Moscow. Sergei Vasilievich Rachmaninoff (1873 -1943) Since 1917, Alexander Nikolaevich Benois (1870 -1960) abroad. Since 1926, he lived in France, worked in theaters in different countries. Alexei Nikolaevich Tolstoy (1882 -1945). 1918 -1923 in exile. Later, he was a laureate of three Stalin Prizes. Nicholas Roerich (1874 -1947) Since 1920, abroad.

Problems of the formation of the intelligentsia n "Philosophical steamer". 1922 - the expulsion of 200 scientists and cultural figures from the country (philosophers: N. A. Berdyaev, S. N. Bulgakov, I. A. Ilyin; historian L. P. Karsavin, in the future the creator of television V. V. Zvorykin). Steamer "Oberburgomister Haken" - 70 people, steamer "Prussia". Rector of Moscow University prof. Novikov (zoologist), rector of Petrograd University prof. Korsavin (philosopher), a group of mathematicians led by the dean of the Faculty of Mathematics of Moscow State University prof. Stratonov, sociologist Pitirim Sorokin and others.

Problems of the formation of the intelligentsia n n n Training of specialists 1918 - tuition fees in universities were abolished. 1922 University scholarships introduced. 1928 - 41, 3% of students were provided with scholarships, 1931 -71%, the end of the 1930s. -90, 6% 1919 - workers' faculties were created at universities. In 1921, 17% of students from working-class families studied at universities, in 1928 - 33%, in 1932 - more than 60%. Growth in the number of universities: 1914 - 91 1922 - 244 1939 - 760 1928 - the number of specialists with higher education -90 thousand 1930 -1931 34% of engineers received a diploma after 3 years of study. 1932 -184, 5 thousand people had higher education. In the early 1920s. the intelligentsia amounted to 2 million. 1937 - intelligentsia in the USSR 9.6 million people

Scientific intelligentsia n n Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa (1894 -1984) In 1918 P. Kapitsa became an employee of the Radiological Institute, headed by A. F. Ioffe. In 1921, P. Kapitsa arrived in England as part of a commission of the Russian Academy of Sciences, directed to restore scientific ties with foreign scientists. He was accepted for an internship at Rutherford's laboratory in Cambridge, where he worked until 1934. Member of the Royal Society of London (1929). In 1931 Rutherford obtained money for the organization of a special separate laboratory for Kapitsa. In 1934 he returned to the USSR. One of the founders of low temperature physics. From 1946 to 1955 he was dismissed from service for refusing to work on the Soviet atomic project, but continued to teach at Moscow State University.

Scientific intelligentsia n The works of Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky (1863 -1945) became the basis of a new direction in science - geochemistry and the doctrine of the biosphere. The production of radium was organized under his leadership. In 1920, Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov (1887 -1943) formulated the law of homologous series in hereditary variability. For the development of the doctrine of the centers of origin of cultivated plants, he was awarded the Lenin Prize. Nikolai Konstantinovich Koltsov (1872 -1940) created the Institute of Experimental Biology. For the first time in the USSR, it began research on human genetics. In 1927, NK Koltsov substantiated the position of chromosomes as hereditary molecules.

Scientific Intelligentsia n n In 1933, the world's first Institute of Rocket Technology was created, it had a cruise missile department, which was headed by Sergei Pavlovich Korolev (1906 -1966). In 1931-1932, under the leadership of Friedrich Arturovich Tsander (1887-1933), a group for the study of jet propulsion (GIRD) was created, since April 1932 this group was led by Korolev. November 1933 according to the project of Tsander (died in 1933 on March 28 in Kislovodsk during treatment), the first Soviet rocket GIRDKh (mass-29.5 kg, length-2, 2 m) was built and launched by his students. The rocket took off vertically to a height of 75 -80 meters, then fell 150 meters from the launch site. The prototype of the protagonist in Belyaev's novel "Leap into Nothing" was F. A. Tsander.

Creative intelligentsia n n Proletkult is an organization formed in 1918 by A. A. Bogdanov (1873 -1928), P. I. Lebedev-Polyansky. (1881 -1948) Organization that advocated the creation of a new proletarian culture. Lenin actively criticized the proletkult organizations and their leaders.

The principles of the formation of Soviet culture V.I.Lenin A.A. culture, then selectively use the achievements of the past culture Enlightenment of the masses, development of amateur performance Attitude towards the intelligentsia: use of knowledge, re-education in order to attract to cultural construction The knowledge of bourgeois specialists can be used only in the development of science, in artistic creation it is not. They are contemplators and cannot take the position of workers, therefore they cannot convey their experiences

Ideas of Proletkult n A Platonov "Chevengur". The hero Dvanov “in his heart loved ignorance more than culture: ignorance is a pure field, where the plant of all knowledge can still grow. A culture is an overgrown field where the salts of the soil are taken by plants, where nothing grows. " n 1918 - spelling reform. Abbreviated explosion: AHR, RAPP, VKP (b), BAM, OMON ... n New names: Novomir, Hammer, Vladlen, Revolution, Kuvalda, Decree, Traktorina, Dazdraperma (Long live May first!), Pyatvchet (Five-year plan in four years) ... nn Militarization of the language: "Front of works", "soldiers of the party", "attack on shortcomings", "a million-strong army of village workers" and so on.

Public art organizations n "Forge" (1920 - separated from "Proletkult") Poet Vasily Kazin Worker May (1922) I knock, I knock with a hammer. I spin, I spin a pipe on a scrap, And thunder is dissuaded And in the air, and in every house.

Public Art Organizations n n Futurists V.V. Mayakovsky (1918) You will find a White Guard - and to the wall Time for bullets to shadow on the walls of museums They lined up cannons on the edge Why Pushkin And other generals of the classics were not attacked? V. I. Lenin: I understand and recognize Pushkin, I recognize Nekrasov, but Mayakovsky, excuse me, no. V. Kirillov poem "We" (1920) In the name of our tomorrow We will burn Raphael We will destroy museums We trample the art of flowers

Public art organizations n Left Front of the Arts (LEF, created in 1922) - poets N. N. Aseev, O. M. Brik, artists L. S. Popova, A. M. Rodchenko, V. F. Stepanova and others. Successors futurism, defended new art and denied continuity. n "Association of Artists of Revolutionary Russia" (AHRR) -19221932 Since 1928 - the Association of Artists of the Revolution (AHR) A.M. Gerasimov, I.I.Brodsky, B.V. Ioganson, E.A.Katsman and others. in the country Their realistic paintings embodied the ruling party's attitude to serve the people and the revolution. n Russian Association of Proletarian Writers (RAPP, since 1928, VAPP). A. I. Bezymensky, D. Bedny, D. A. Furmanov and others. She put forward the idea of ​​class literature, opposed it to the old bourgeois, demanded to dissociate from fellow travelers, as class alien to the proletariat. The Association fought against Proletkult.

Theater n Variety of ensembles in the 1920s n Traditional academic theaters - the Bolshoi Theater, the Maly Theater, the Moscow Art Theater and the former Alexandrinsky Theater (since 1917 the State Drama Theater), etc. n Studio groups. Moscow Art Theater Studios. 3rd studio. Leader Evgeny Bagrationovich Vakhtangov (18831922) - 1922 "Princess Turandot" by Carla Gozzi

Theater October nn Vsevolod Emilievich Meyerhold (1874 -1940) Theaters "RSFSR-1", "RSFSR-2", "Theater named after V. E. Meyerhold" (1923) - S. Eisenstein, V. Yakhontov, E. Garin , V. Mayakovsky, S. Martinson Mass events 1920 November 7 in Petrograd storming of the Winter Palace. Participated "Aurora"

Cinematography in the 1920s n 1920 - the first film adaptation of M. Gorky's story "Mother" (dir. Reasonable) n 1918 -1919. the periodical newsreel "Kinonedelya" was published, later there were issues of "Kinopravda", "Kinokalendar", etc. n S. M. Eisenstein "Battleship Potemkin" (1925) In 1927 at the World Exhibition in Paris he was awarded the highest award. n 1922 9 Soviet films were released, 1927 - 86, 1931 - 261.

Painting n Poster art n Artist M. M. Cheremnykh suggested hanging posters in empty shop windows. Posters of the famous "ROST Windows" and signatures to them were made by famous artists and poets (artists V.N.Deni, V.V. Lebedev, poet V.V. Mayakovsky)

Painting n Picturesque canvases reflected the reality and fantasy of the revolution n Still lifes of K. S. Petrov-Vodkin and D. P. Shterenberg looked like eloquent documents of the hungry years of the Civil War of 1918.

Sculpture n 1918 - the state plan of monumental propaganda. The list of persons to whom it was supposed to erect monuments in Moscow and other cities was approved. n Some of the first to unveil monuments to A.N. Radishchev by L.V. Shervud in Petrograd and the memorial relief of S.T.

Sculpture n Project of a monument to the Third International, created in 1919 -1920. VE Tatlin - the multi-tiered tower embodied the idea of ​​the coming unification of people and the spirit of absolute freedom. The model, made of wood and wire, was soon lost.

Architecture n n n A new style of buildings has emerged. They are characterized by: simplification of forms, lack of decor, use of the possibilities of new materials - glass, concrete, metal frames. KS Melnikov Club named after Rusakov (1927 -1929), (laconic forms, a combination of different-sized geometric structures, the use of glass window structures, uniting several floors in one plane). II Leonidov AV Shchusev This style was called constructivism.

Formation of a new ideology n 1930s The principle of socialist realism is affirmed, which presupposes the depiction of reality in accordance with the socialist ideal (partisanship, nationality, optimism). The term appeared in 1932, the authorship is attributed to A.M. Gorky. n The state is in favor of strict control over the cultural sphere. The main themes of creativity were the themes of the revolution, the Civil War, industrialization, collectivization, the fight against "enemies of the people", the praise of Stalin and the Communist Party. In August 1934, M. Gorky, in a report at the First All-Union Congress of Soviet Writers, substantiated the new method as the creative program of Soviet writers. The congress proclaimed the formation of a unified organization of writers - the Union of Writers of the USSR. Only the members of the union were assigned the officially recognized status of a professional writer.

Literature of the 1930s n n n Literature became a powerful weapon for propagating the ideas of the ruling party. MA Sholokhov "Virgin Soil Upturned", NA Ostrovsky "How the Steel Was Tempered". A new hero entered literature - a fighter for the cause of the revolution and the building of a new world, convinced of the correctness of socialist ideas. “VV Mayakovsky, who passed away in 1930, was recognized as the best, most talented poet. The status of a great proletarian writer was firmly entrenched in Gorky. At the same time, works that did not meet the ideological criteria were not allowed for publication. These are the works of MA Bulgakov, AA Akhmatova and others. Children's writers DI Kharms and AI Vvedensky were accused of sabotage and formalism. Attacks on the "Chukovshchyna" continued. Great attention began to be paid to the heroic past of the country. Their heroes: Alexander Nevsky, Dmitry Donskoy, Ivan the Terrible, K. Minin and Dm. Pozharsky. Such works, as a rule, were awarded the Stalin Prizes, established in 1939.

Theater in the 1930s n n n The supremacy of the Moscow Art Theater is confirmed - "Alignment with the Moscow Art Theater!" Closure of left-wing theaters Two directions in theater development: 1. Psychologically mundane (Alexander Afinogenov "Mashenka", Arbuzov "Tanya") 2. Romantically sublime (Vsevolod Vishnevsky "Optimistic tragedy") Development of amateur theaters

Cinematography of the 1930s n n n n n Cinematography has created a galaxy of images of new people-heroes of peaceful life. "A Way to Life" (dir. N. V. Ekk) 1931 "Seven Brave" (dir. S. A. Gerasimov) 1936 "Tractor Drivers" (dir. I. A. Pyriev) 1939 way "(dir. G. V. Aleksandrov) 1940" Chapaev "(dir. The Vasiliev Brothers) 1934 Lenin's theme appeared:" Lenin in October "(1937) and" Lenin in 1918 "(1939 g.) (directed by M. I. Romm) were called masterpieces of socialist realism. "Party ticket" (dir. I. A. Pyriev) 1936 Musical comedies dir. G. V. Aleksandrova "Volga" (1938), "Circus" (1936) (music by Isaac Dunaevsky)

1930s architecture n 1934 -1940 in Moscow, the Red Army Theater was erected in the form of a giant five-pointed star.

Results of cultural development Democratization of culture. Amateur activities. n Formation of socialist ideology. Patriotism. The war has proven. Nationalization of culture. The main role in culture is played by the state order. n Formation of a new intelligentsia. S. Fitzpatrick: “Cultural achievements of the 30s. were rather the result of the efforts of the old pre-revolutionary intelligentsia ”. n Without belittling the dignity of these people, it should be noted that in 1923 -1939. more than 50 million illiterates and 40 million semi-literate were trained. At the beginning of the century, 75% of the adult population of Russia did not know how to read and write. n Philosophers, sociologists: the true intelligentsia in the USSR after the repressions of the 30s. ceased to exist. n Historians are against. N.G. Chufarov: 1). Many representatives of the old intelligentsia continued to work. 2). A new Soviet intelligentsia has formed, which is characterized by such positive qualities as the desire to serve the Motherland, its people, purposefulness, organization, hard work, and the desire to broaden their horizons. True, it has lost such qualities of the old intelligentsia as humanism, tolerance for dissent, mercy, opposition to all the negative phenomena of the existing regime. n

Why in the history of Soviet culture the period of the ies is called the "Cultural Revolution"? Lesson assignment.

The economic transformations in the USSR set the task of raising the educational level of the population. The pedagogical experiments of the 1920s were unsuitable for this. In 1930, the transition to universal primary education began, in 1937, to the millennium. School returned to school. , a fixed schedule, grades, etc. New programs and textbooks were created. In 1934, the teaching of history and geography was restored, and then other disciplines. 1. Development of education. School in the collective farm named after Karl Marx. Kabardino-Balkaria.

20 thousand new schools were opened in the country. In the USSR, there were 35 million students. According to the census of 1939, the literacy rate was 87.4%. Secondary specialized and higher education developed at a rapid pace. In terms of the number of students and students, the USSR took first place in the world. books in 1937 amounted to 700 million copies. They were published in 110 languages ​​of the peoples of the USSR. 1. Development of education. Rural school for adults.

The development of science in the USSR proceeded under a powerful ideological pressure. Those who disagreed with this approach were subjected to persecution and repression. In biological science, a group headed by T. Lysenko persecuted Soviet geneticists N. Vavilov, N. Koltsov, A. Serebrovsky. Lysenko explained his actions by the defense of Darwinism and Michurin's theory from “bourgeois science.” Subsequently, many geneticists were repressed, and genetics itself was prohibited. 2. Science under ideological pressure. D. Nalbandyan. Session of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

Stalin paid great attention to historical science. History began to be interpreted as the history of the class struggle. In 1938, the Short Course on the History of the CPSU (b) was published, edited by Stalin personally. He glorified Stalin and, in fact, became the official interpretation of the foundations of Marxism-Leninism and questions of the history of the CPSU (b). On its basis, unofficial schools in historical science were destroyed, irreparable damage was inflicted on it. 2. Science under ideological pressure. S. Vavilov, N. Koltsov, A. Serebrovsky

Despite ideological pressure, the natural sciences have been able to achieve outstanding success. S. Vavilov (optics), A. Ioffe (crystal physics), P. Kapitsa (micro physics), I. Kurchatov (nuclear physics) and others enriched world science. Chemists N. Zelinsky, A. Bakh, S, Lebedev made fundamental discoveries in the field of obtaining artificial substances and organic food products. 3. Successes of Soviet science. A. Ioffe and P. Kapitsa

Soviet biologists-N. Vavilov, V. Pustovoy, V. Williams and others. Significant successes were achieved by mathematics, astronomy, mechanics, physiology. Geology and geography underwent tremendous development during this period. This was associated with the beginning of the industrial development of Siberia and the Far East. .New deposits of minerals were discovered: oil in the Volga region, coal in the suburbs and Kuzbass, iron in the Urals, etc. 3. Successes of Soviet science. V.S. Pustovoit

In the 30s. the elimination of differences in artistic culture was completed. From now on, art should follow one direction - socialist realism and show life as it should be in the representation of party leaders. Art began to plant myths and create an illusion, that the happy time had already come. Using it, the authorities skillfully manipulated public opinion and directed it in the right direction. 4. Socialist realism. P. Belov. Hourglass.

A huge contribution to the formation of a new consciousness was made by cinematography. The documentary chronicle illuminated current events in the right light. It owed much of its success to outstanding directors - D. Vertov, E. Tisse, E. Shub. In 1931 in the USSR the first sound film - “A Way to Life” was staged. In the th color film - “Grunya Kornova” Historical tapes - “Chapaev,“ We ​​are from Kronstadt ”, a trilogy about Maxim were especially popular. 5.Soviet cinema. Shot from the film "Chapaev"

5.Soviet cinema. I. Ilyinsky and L. Orlova in the film "Volga-Volga". Musical tapes - "Volga-Volga", "Merry Children", "Pig and Shepherd" and others were especially popular with the audience. Children's cinema - "Timur and his team", "Golden Key", "A lonely sail is gleaming." On the eve of the war, a whole series of patriotic tapes appeared - "Alexander Nevsky," Peter I "," Minin and Pozharsky. "The most famous directors were S. Eisenstein, N. Ekk, G. Alesandrov, I. Pyrev, V. Pudovkin.

The development of music was associated with the names of S. Prokofev, D. Shostakovich, T. Khrennikov, I. Dunaevsky. Musical collectives appeared - the Bolshoi Symphony Orchestra, the Beethoven Quartet, etc. When evaluating the work of composers, the tastes of the leaders played a huge role, so D. Shestakovich was subjected to harsh criticism. Song creativity reached its heyday. , B. Mokrousov, M. Blanter, the Pokss brothers were known throughout the country. 6. Music and painting. I. Dunaevsky and V. Lebedev-Kumach.

6. Music and painting. B. Johanson. Interrogation of the communists. In the visual arts, the main thing was not the skill of the artist, but the ideological orientation of the plot, compliance with the principles of socialist realism. His classic was B. Johanson, whose painting "Interrogation of the Communists" was awarded with all possible awards. In this style A. Deineka, Yu. Pimenov, M. Nesterov. M. Saryan, P. Konchalovsky, A. Lentulov.

7. Theater. Literature. MI Kalinin among the awarded writers. Strict censorship left an imprint on the quality of literature. Many ephemeral works were published. Nevertheless, many talented writers worked during this period. M. Gorky writes “The Life of Klim Samghin”, “Yegor Bulychev and Others.” A. Tolstoy is the contender of “Walking through the agony” and begins work on the novel “Peter I”. They made a huge contribution to the history of literature M. Sholokhov, M. Bulgakov, V. Kaverin, A. Platonov and others.

In the end of the 20s. on the stages of Soviet theaters, plays by Soviet playwrights are beginning to take hold. “A Man with a Gun” by N. Pogodin, “Optimistic Tragedy” by V. Vishnevsky, “Tanya” by A. Arbuzov - made up the “golden fund” of the repertoire of many theaters. Plays by M. Gorky were successfully staged throughout the country. The introduction of Soviet people to culture was due to the rapid growth in the number of theaters, museums, philharmonic societies, bi bibioteques. Talent shows were held throughout the country. 7. Theater. Literature. B. Shchukin as Lenin In the play "The Man with a Gun"