On a distant star Venere
The sun of the flames and the golden
On Venus, ah, on Venus
The trees have blue leaves.

Nikolai Gumilyov

Planet of the Roman Goddess of Love and Beauty, Morning and Evening Star ... You probably saw her - early in the morning, when the sun is about to go, she fades on the blossoming sky. Or, on the contrary, the first lights up against the background of a coming sunset is the brightest, except for the sun and the moon, 17 times brighter the brightest star - Sirius. If you look closely, it does not look like a star - does not flicker, but shines with a smooth white light.

But at midnight you will never see it. Venus for the earth observer is not removed from the Sun more than 48 °, because we look at its orbit "outside." Therefore, Venus is clearly seen in two cases: when it is to the right, the west of the Sun is called western elongation -at this time she sits before the sun and earlier the sun gets up, so it's clearly visible before sunrise; And when she left from the sun and during the day he follows him, then it can be seen in the evening (Fig. 1). Period when the planet is close to the line ground - the sun is called compound(The planet "connects" with the Sun), at this time it is not visible.

However, not quite so. Venus is not visible by the eye when she is close to the sun, but in a telescope - if you know exactly where to see it - you can see. (By the way, the task is to draw, as it looks like in the Venus telescope, for example, in Eastern elongation.) And occasionally it happens that it passes for the earthly observer not near the sun, but directly by his disk. During such a passage, watching him to the telescope, Lomonosov and opened the atmosphere of Venus. When B. aboutthen, part of Venus was already on the drive of the Sun, he saw a thin glowing bezel around the rest of the planet for a moment around the rest of the planet (Fig. 2). Many seen this rims, but did not give it values. And only Lomonosov realized that this oblique sun rays highlighted the atmosphere of the planet, as a flashlight in the dark highlights smoke and makes it visible.

This atmosphere was not at all a gift. To begin with, it turned out that it is opaque for "ordinary" (visible) light and does not let the surface of the planet: it's like trying to see the bottom of the pan through a layer of milk. But the main thing people learned only when the descent apparatus tried in Venus.

In the size of Venus almost like the Earth, and by weight slightly less; It would seem that these two planets are almost the same. So at the beginning of the twentieth century it was possible to assume that trees grow on Venus and someone lives at all. Or that on it, for example, can settle the earthlings. However, these hopes were not justified: the first apparatus, who tried to sit in Venus (in 1967), was crushed, not yet flying to the surface!

It turned out that in Venus - monstrous atmospheric pressure: almost 100 times more than on Earth. On each square centimeter of the surface of the air post presses with such a force, as if on Earth on this centimeter, a hundred-kilogram gircling was put! The density of the Venerian "air" is only 14 times less than the density of water. The temperature is always - that day, that at night - equal to 470 ° C, more than in the hot spot of Mercury! In addition, the atmosphere, consisting mainly of carbon dioxide (CO 2), contains a bunch of poisonous and caustic sulfur compounds, including sulfuric acid. Until now, no descendable apparatus - and there were about a dozen about a dozen - did not last in this situation for longer than two hours ...

Try to imagine this picture. Sky on Venus orange, always covered with sulfuric acid clouds. Sun is never visible behind a solid layer of clouds. No water, naturally, no - at such a temperature she has long evaporated (and earlier, it seems there were oceans!). Sometimes acid rains are coming (literally: instead of water acid), but they do not come to the surface - they evaporate from the heat. There is almost no wind at the bottom, only 1 m / s, but "air" to that is dense, that even such a weak wind raises dust and small pebbles, it seems as if sailing in the air. But at the top, at the height of the clouds, the giant hurricane is constantly raging - the wind speed does 100 m / s, that is, 360 km / h, and even more! (Where this hurricane came from, still unknown.)

How did it happen? Why is this picture so different from earthly? Let's deal with.

Compounds of sulfur and carbon dioxide (which is 96% in Venus) in the atmosphere from volcanoes. There are many volcanoes - thousands, the entire surface is covered with frozen lava. Perhaps some of the volcanoes act now, but until the eruptions on Venus could not see.

In all of these "volcanic" gases, the molecules are heavy: for example, a carbon dioxide molecule weighs 1.5 times more than nitrogen molecules and oxygen constituting the earth's atmosphere. And there are a lot of them. Therefore, "air" is so dense and heavy.

And why the temperature is so high? Again the volcanic gases are to blame, primarily carbon dioxide. It creates the so-called greenhouse effect, whose essence is what. The sun illuminates the planet (land, for example) and thereby heats it, passing it every second (through the rays of the light) how much energy. Thanks to this energy, winds are blowing, rivers flow, plants and animals live. But energy never disappears, it can only turn from one species to another. We ate the sandwich - hidden in it (chemical) energy spent on heating our body. The flow of the river - water hits the stones and also heats them. So ultimately the energy transmitted by the sun planet goes into heat - the planet is heated. And where does energy go further? The heated surface of the planet emits a slightly different radiation, an invisible eye, infrared. The hot surface, the stronger the radiation. This radiation goes into space and takes "excess" energy - exactly as much as it comes from the sun. An equilibrium is observed: how much I took - so much correct.

And if you return (that is, emit) less than I got (got from the sun)? Energy will begin to accumulate on the planet, and the temperature of the surface and air will grow. The stronger the heated surface radiates more infrared rays - and soon the equilibrium will be restored, but at a higher temperature.

This greenhouse effect is overheating, which occurs just from such a temporary equilibrium disorder. The fact is that carbon dioxide absorbs infrared rays. The surface of the planet emit them, and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere - does not release outside, into space! Inside solar energy with visible light falls, and the outside - the atmosphere does not allow. So the energy will be copied until the entire atmosphere warms so much that its upper layer is already able to finally emit the desired amount of energy into space and restore equilibrium. This happened on Venus - to restore the balance, its surface had to warm up the degrees at 400. It can happen from the earth, if there is too much carbon dioxide in its atmosphere and other "complex" gases!

There is another interesting feature. Almost everything in the solar system - all planets and b aboutthen part of the asteroids - drawn around the sun in the same side. And around the axis, all the big planets rotate in the same direction - everything except one. Venus spinning "not like everything", however, very slowly: 1 turnover around the axis for 243 terrestrial days, while the Venusian year lasts 225 terrestrial days. That is, Venus rotates around the Sun even a little bit faster than around the axis! Training in Mercury, of course, you can easily figure out how much time would last day and how much - the night on Venus, if these two periods coincided (this answer is almost real, since the difference is small). Resonance with the sun is incomplete again - and again, perhaps the reason in the ground: like Mercury in his "waltz" all the time turns to us at meetings of the same side and Venus in each connection with the sun rooted to Earth equally. So inaccurate resonance with the Sun - but there is a resonance from the earth.

Why does she spin not in that direction? Unclear. There are different hypotheses, one more doubtful. All of them somehow refer to the fact that "in childhood" some misfortune happened to Venus. Someone pushed or hit ... But the answer is well known to the previous question - why all the other planets are so friendly (and all other than Mercury, quickly) spin into the same side? Try to guess.

Answers

1. When looking at the telescope, Venus is clearly visible disk, so the phases are visible - like the moon. And for the same reason: only its illuminated side can be seen. In Eastern elongation, we see exactly half the "in the form of the letter p" (see Fig. 1 of articles), like the moon in the first quarter. But unlike the moon, the month of Venus is not growing at this time, and decreases: the earth and the sun will be on different directions from her, and its sickle will become very narrow.

2. If the year and the star days coincided, the day and night would last on the quarter of the year - see the figure below. In fact, the sunny day on Venus lasts 116 terrestrial days, that is, more than six months, but less than half of the star day.

3. Rotation (and year, and daily) in one direction - a consequence of general origin. All the planets were "blinddled" from the lumps (planetsimals) in a large protoplanetary cloud, which everything as a whole has rotated in one (random) side, like soup in a saucepan if it is slightly prevented by a spoon. When the sun was formed, everything cloud compressed (squeezed to the center) and, as a skater, pressed in the "Winn" hands to the body, began to rotate faster; In physics, this is called the moment of the moment of the pulse. Separate lumps were also compressed (and very strong), forming the planet, and their rotation around the axis is greatly accelerated. Therefore, planets are spinning around the axis quickly; Mercury slowed down later.

Artist Maria Useinova

On Earth, such pressure can also be found - in the ocean, at a depth of 1 km.

In fact, a small greenhouse effect (but not due to carbon dioxide, and because of the water vapor) on Earth there is, and very by the way: without it, the temperature would be degrees 20-30 lower than now.

Formally, "not in the other side" is still spinning, but we will talk about it separately.

It is only necessary to draw a drawing ... if it does not work, see the answers.

Planet Characteristics:

• Distance from the Sun: 108.2 million km
• Planet diameter: 12 103 km
• Day on the planet: 243 days 14 min*
• Year on the planet: 224.7 days*
• t ° on the surface: +470 ° C.
• Atmosphere: 96% carbon dioxide; 3.2% nitrogen; There are some oxygen
• Satellites: has no

* Rotation period around its own axis (in earthly days)
** The period of orbit around the Sun (in the earth's days)

Venus is very often called the "sister" of the Earth, since their size and mass are very close to each other, but significant differences are observed in their atmosphere and the surface of the planets. After all, if most of the land is covered with oceans, it is simply impossible to see water on Venus.

Presentation: Planet Venus

By assumptions of scientists, the surface of the planet was also represented by water space, but at a certain point there was a strong increase in the internal temperature of Venus and all oceans were simply evaporated, and the pairs were carried out into space with sunshine.

Venus is the second in the degree of proximity to the sun planet having an orbit form close to the perfect circle. It is from the Sun at a distance of 108 million kilometers. Unlike most planets of the solar system, its movement occurs in the opposite direction, not from the west to the east, and from the east to the west. At the same time, the rotation of Venus in relation to the Earth occurs in 146 days, and the turnover around its own axis is performed for 243 days.

The radius of Venus is 95% of the earth and equal to 6051.8 km, of which the thickness of the cortex takes about 16 km, and the silicate shell, called the mantle, is 3300 km. Under the mantle is an iron core that does not have a magnetic field, which accounts for a quarter of the mass of the planet. In the center of the nucleus the density is 14 g / cm 3.

To fully explore the surface of Venus became possible only with the advent of radar methods, due to which large hills were revealed, which in magnitude can be compared with earthly continents. About 90% of the surface is covered by basalt lava, which is in the frozen state. A feature of the planet is numerous crater, the formation of which can be attributed by the time the atmosphere density was significantly lower. To date, the pressure at the very surface of Venus is about 93 atm., At the same time, the temperature reaches 475 o C, at an altitude of about 60 km, it is in the range from -125 to -105 o C, and in the region of 90 km, it begins again. Zoom up to 35-70 o C.

The surface of the planet blows a weak wind, which with increasing height of up to 50 km becomes very strong and is about 300 meters per second. In the atmosphere of Venus, stretching to a height of 250 km, there is a phenomenon like a thunderstorm, and it happens twice as much as on earth. At a 96% atmosphere consists of carbon dioxide and only 4% of nitrogen. The remaining elements are practically no observed, the oxygen content does not exceed 0.1%, and the water pairs are not more than 0, 02%.

For the human eye, Venus is well distinguishable even without a telescope, especially an hour after sunset and about an hour before it is sunrise, since the dense atmosphere of the planet reflects the light. Using a telescope, you can easily trace the changes that occur with the visible phase of the disk.

Studies with the help of spacecraft were held from the seventies of the last century by various countries, but the first photos were obtained only in 1975, in 1982 the first color images were obtained. Complex conditions on the surface do not allow work longer than within two hours, but today it is planned to be implemented in the near future, sending a Russian station with a probe, which can work for about a month.

Four times in 250 years there is a passage of Venus on the Disk of the Sun, which in the near future is now expected only in December 2117, since the last time the phenomenon was observed in June 2012.

Venus - the second from the sun of the planet of the Solar System, named after the Roman Goddess of Love. This is one of the brightest objects in the heavenly sphere, the Morning Star, appearing in the sky at dawn and at sunset. Venus is largely similar to Earth, but not at all is so friendly, as it seems to be published. The conditions on it are completely unsuitable for the occurrence of life. The surface of the planet is hidden from us an atmosphere of carbon dioxide and sulfuric acid clouds, creating a strongest greenhouse effect. The opacity of the clouds does not allow to learn to Venus in detail, therefore it still remains for us one of the most mysterious planets.

a brief description of

Venus draws around the Sun at a distance of 108 million km, and this value is almost constant, since the orbit of the planet is almost perfectly circular. At the same time, the distance to the Earth varies significantly - from 38 to 261 million km. The radius of Venus on average is 6052 km, the density is 5.24 g / cm³ (denser than the earth). The mass is 82% of the mass of the Earth - 5 · 10 24 kg. Acceleration of the free fall is also close to the earth - 8.87 m / s². There are no satellites for Venus, however, until the XVIII century, repeated attempts were made to find their search, who were not crowned with success.

The full circle in the orbit of the planet makes in 225 days, and the day in Venus is the longest in the entire solar system: they last a whole 243 days, - longer than the Venusian year. Venus moves in orbit at a speed of 35 km / s. The tilt of the orbit to the plane of the ecliptic is quite significant - 3.4 degrees. The axis of rotation is almost perpendicular to the plane of the orbit, so that the northern and southern hemispheres are illuminated by the Sun almost the same, and there is no change in the planet. Another feature of Venus is that the directions of its rotation and appeal do not coincide, in contrast to other planets. It is assumed that this is due to a powerful collision with a large celestial body that has changed the orientation of the axis of rotation.

Venus belongs to global planets, and also called the sister of the Earth due to the similarity of the size, mass and composition. But the conditions on Venus are difficult to call similar to earthly. Its atmosphere, consisting mainly of carbon dioxide, the most dense among all planets of the same type. Atmospheric pressure more terrestrial 92 times. The surface is enveloped thick clouds of sulfuric acid. For visible radiation, they are opaque, even with artificial satellites, which a long time prevented to see what is under them. Only radar methods for the first time allowed to study the relief of the planet, since Venusian clouds were transparent for radio waves. It was found that there were many traces of volcanic activity on the surface of Venus, but there were no existing volcanoes. Craters are very little, which indicates the "youth" of the planet: its age is about 500 million years old.

Education

Venus in its conditions and features of the movement is very different from other planets of the solar system. And so far it is impossible to answer the question of what the cause of such uniqueness is. First of all, whether this is the result of natural evolution or geochemical processes caused by the proximity to the Sun.

According to a single hypothesis of origin of planets in our system, they all arose from the giant protoplanetic nebula. Thanks to this, all atmospheres have been the same for a long time. After some time, only cold planets-giants were able to keep the most common elements - hydrogen and helium. With closer planets, these substances were actually "dropped" into outer space, and more severe elements were included in their composition - metals, oxides and sulphides. The atmosphere of the planets were formed primarily at the expense of volcanic activity, and their initial composition depended on the composition of volcanic gases in depths.

Atmosphere

Venus has a very powerful atmosphere hiding from direct observation its surface. Its large part consists of carbon dioxide (96%), 3% is nitrogen, and other substances - argon, water vapor and others - and less. In addition, in the atmosphere in the large volume there are clouds of sulfuric acid, and they make it an opaque for visible light, but infrared, microwave and radio emission through them pass. Venus's atmosphere 90 times with massive earthly, and also much hot - its temperature is 740 K. The reason for such heatedness (more than on the surface of the Mercury closer to the sun) lies in the greenhouse effect resulting from a high carbon dioxide density - the main component Atmosphere. The height of the Venusian atmosphere is about 250-350 km.

Venus's atmosphere constantly and very quickly circulates and rotates. The period of its rotation is many times less than the planet itself, only 4 days. Wind speed is also huge - about 100 m / s in the upper layers, which is much more than on Earth. However, at low heights, the wind movement significantly weakens and reaches only about 1 m / s. Powerful anticyclones are formed on the poles of the planet - polar vortices having an S-shaped form.

Like the earthly, the Venusian atmosphere consists of several layers. The lower layer - the troposphere is the most dense (99% of the total mass of the atmosphere) and extends to an average of 65 km. Due to the high surface temperature, the lower part of this layer is the hottest in the atmosphere. The wind speed is also low here, but with an increase in height, it increases, and the temperature and pressure are reduced, and at a height of about 50 km are already approaching earth values. It is in the troposphere that the highest circulation of clouds and winds is observed, and weather phenomena are observed - vortices, hurricanes, rushing at a huge speed, and even lightning, which are two times more frequent here than on Earth.

Between the troposphere and the following layer - the Mesosphere - is the thin border - the tropopause. Here the conditions are most similar to the conditions on the earth's surface: the temperature is from 20 to 37 ° C, and the pressure is approximately the same as at sea level.

The mesosphere takes a height from 65 to 120 km. The lower part of it has an almost constant temperature of 230 K. At an altitude of about 73 km, the cloudy layer begins, and here the temperature of the mesosphere gradually decreases with a height of up to 165 K. It starts at a height of 95 km, and here the atmosphere begins to heat up to the values \u200b\u200bof the order of 300- 400 K. The same temperature and under the above thermosphere extending to the upper boundaries of the atmosphere. It is worth noting that, depending on the light of the sun, the surface of the planet temperature of the layers on the day and night side is significantly different: for example, daytime values \u200b\u200bfor the thermosphere about 300 K, and the night - only about 100 K. In addition, there is also a long ionosphere on the venere 100 - 300 km.

At an altitude of 100 km in the Venus atmosphere there are an ozone layer. The mechanism of its formation is similar to the earth.

There is no own magnetic field on Venus, however there is an induced magnetosphere formed by the flows of ionized solar wind particles that bring the magnetic field of the star, enlarged into the coronal substance. The power lines of the induced magnetic field as if flow around the planet. But due to the lack of its own field, the solar wind freely penetrates its atmosphere, provoking its outflow through a magnetospheric tail.

The dense and opaque atmosphere practically does not allow the sunlight to reach the surface of Venus, so its illumination is very low.

Structure

Photo from the interplanetary spacecraft

Information about the relief and the inner structure of Venus has become relatively recently available due to the development of radar. The shooting of the planet in the radio band allowed to create a map of her surface. It is known that more than 80% of the surface is filled with basalt lava, and this suggests that the modern relief of Venus is formed mainly by volcanic eruptions. And indeed, there are a lot of volcanoes on the surface of the planet, especially small, with a diameter of about 20 kilometers and a height of 1.5 km. There are among them the current, at the moment it is impossible to say. Craters on Venus are much less than on other planets of the earthly group, since the dense atmosphere prevents the penetration through it most of the celestial bodies. In addition, spacecraft found on the surface of Venus elevation up to 11 km high, occupying about 10% of the total area.

The unified model of the internal structure of Venus is not designed to this day. According to the most likely of them, the planet consists of a fine bark (about 15 km), a mantle with a thickness of more than 3000 km and a massive iron-nickel nucleus in the center. The absence of a magnetic field on Venus can be explained in the lack of moving charged particles in the kernel. This means that the core of the planet is solid, since it does not move the substance.

Observation

Because of all the planets Venus, the most closely comes to the ground and therefore visited the sky most brightly, the observation will not be much difficult. It is visible to the naked eye even during the daytime, well, at night or at Twilight, Venus appears before giving the brightest "star" in the heavenly sphere with a star magnitude -4.4 M.. Thanks to such an impressive brightness, the planet can be observed in a telescope even during the day.

Like Mercury, Venus is not very removed from the sun. The maximum angle of its deviation is 47 °. It is most convenient to watch it shortly before sunrise or immediately after sunset, when the sun is still behind the horizon and does not interfere with the observation, and the sky is still not dark enough so that the planet glows too bright. Since the parts on the disk of Venus are barely catching with observations, it is necessary to use a high-quality telescope. And even in it most likely only a grayish circle without any details. However, under good conditions and high-quality equipment, it is sometimes possible to see dark bizarrees and white spots formed by atmospheric clouds. Binoculars will be useful only to search for Venus in the sky and its simplest observations.

The atmosphere on Venus was opened by M.V. Lomonosov during her passage along the Disk of the Sun in 1761.

Venus, like the moon and Mercury, has phases. This is explained by the fact that her orbit is closer to the Sun than the Earth, and therefore, when the planet is between the Earth and the Sun, only part of its disk is visible.

The zone of the tropopause in the atmosphere of Venus due to similar with earthly conditions is considered to accommodate research stations there and even for colonization.

Venus does not have satellites, but for a long time there was a hypothesis, according to which Mercury was previously, but due to some external catastrophic effects, its gravitational field left and became an independent planet. In addition, Venus has a quasispotnik - asteroid, the orbit of the rotation of which around the Sun is such that it does not come out from under the influence of the planet for a long time.

In June 2012, the passage of Venus on the Disk of the Sun, fully observed in the Pacific and almost throughout Russia, took place in the current century. Past passage was observed in 2004, and earlier - in the XIX century.

Due to many similarities with our planet for a long time, life on Venus was considered possible. But since it became known about the composition of its atmosphere, greenhouse effect and other climatic conditions, it is obvious that such an earthly life on this planet is impossible.

Venus is one of the candidates for terraforming - climate change, temperature and other conditions on the planet in order to make it suitable for the life of earthly organisms. First of all, it will be needed to deliver enough water to Venus to begin the flow of photosynthesis. It is also necessary to make the temperature on the surface is significantly less. To do this, it is necessary to reduce the greenhouse effect due to the processing of carbon dioxide into oxygen, with which cyanobacteria could cope, which will be needed to spray in the atmosphere.

Venus - Planet number 2 in our system. The hottest heavenly body after the sun, familiar to people for thousands of years.

Planet Venus is one of the closest to us. The distance from the Earth is 38 million kilometers - on astronomical standards is very close. Credit: CT "Hubble", NASA.

History of study Venus

Once the earthlings considered this object with two different stars due to the fact that he could appear in heaven and day, and at night. The Romans called him Lucifer and Vesper. Later, the planet (from the VI century. It is perceived as a whole) was named after the Goddess of Love: Aphrodite (ἀφροδίτη) in ancient Greece and Venus (Venus) in ancient Rome.

The very first written mention of the heavenly body is the Babylonian record of 1580 BC. e. In which the history of the opening of the planet and its features were explained.

In detail, the celestial body was described in:

• 650 BC e. - Maya astronomers;
• 1032 - Avicenna;
• XVII century - Galileo Galileem;
• 1761 - Mikhail Lomonosov.

Size, mass and orbit planet Venus

Venus is often called earth twin. There are a lot of common between these planets, for example, they look like their diameter. It is possible that both their origin is also equally.

Scientists call these planets and not in vain. Both are similar in size, mass, density and gravity. Credit: espogor.ru.

physical characteristics

Among the main physical characteristics of Venus:

• mass - 4900 trillion T;
• surface area - 460 million square meters. km;
• volume - 930 billion cubic meters. km.

These values \u200b\u200bare respectively 82, 90 and 87% of similar earthly parameters.

The average Venusian radius is 6051 km. The density of the slanting planet of rocks - 5.24 g / cm³.

Orbit and rotation

Planet Venus rotates at a distance of 108 million km from the Sun, beating in orbit at a speed of 35.02 km / s. Its orbital trajectory takes almost 225 days, and the period of rotation around its axis is 242 days, those. The day of the planet lasts longer than her year.

The turn around the axis of Venus performs at a speed of 6.52 km / h, and it does, as well as uranium, clockwise, unlike our other planets.

In addition, Venus Retrogradna - it rotates around the center of the system in the direction opposite to the generally accepted.

Natural satellites does not have a heavenly body.

Planet Venus rotates around its axis, rejected by 2.6 degrees from perpendicular to the orbit plane, from east to west. That is, in the direction opposite to the rotation of most planets. Credit: Sliderpoint.org.

The composition and surface of the planet

The structure of the celestial body resembles a bit of the earth's structure:

• the kernel, which has a diameter of about 3200 km, consists of iron-nickel-nickel compounds and weighs 25% of the total mass of the heavenly body;
• planetary mantle to a depth of about 3300 km;
• up bark with a thickness of 18 kg.

Since our planets were born and cooled at about one time, the Venusian core, in logic, at least partially should be liquid. But the planet's bark is durable and keeps heat inside, due to this, Venus has an internal magnetic field. In addition, this explains the lack of tectonic movements.

The Venusian surface today is the same as at the dawn of its development, 300-500 million years ago.

However, local volcanoes (their many here are, only those that are above 100 km, there are more than 160 pieces) are still capable of sprawing Lava. In the atmosphere, thunder storms were observed, but there are no precipitation on Venus and lightning can be created only as a result of volcanic activity. The probability of eruptions confirm the oscillations of the concentration in the air of sulfur dioxide.

Almost all (up to 90%) The surface of Venus is covered with petrified lava basalt type. In the local relief there are gigantic hills in size with earthly continents and mountains. Large depressions, as well as crater rings from strikes of other celestial objects, are practically absent.

Bark Venus has a thickness of about 16 km. Next comes mantle, in a depth of 3300 km - to the border with the iron core. Credit: infourok.ru.
In 1982, the Soviet automatic interplanetary station "Venus-13" managed to land on the surface of the planet and make several pictures. Credit: Vena-13 AMS, USSR.
Planet Venus has crater on its surface. A distinctive feature of the surface of the planet was the small number of craters of cosmic origin. Credit: Magellan CS, NASA.

Atmosphere and temperature Venus

The celestial body has a dense atmosphere, more than 96% of which is carbonated gas. It holds the planetary heat and creates a greenhouse effect, and it helps him in this clouds of sulfur dioxide and sulfuric acid, hanging at an altitude of 50-80 km.

They are so dense, reflected in the outer space of 60% of the entire solar energy coming here. High cloudy leads to the fact that the planet is weakly lit.

Venusian air also has a large amount of nitrogen. At an altitude of 5,500 km, on its upper border, the atmosphere almost completely consists of hydrogen.

The atmospheric layers of the planet rotate, and they do it 60 times faster than the Venus itself. Wind speed at height can reach 350 km / h, and the surface of the air moves 100 times slower.

The temperature on the surface can reach 462 ° C and is distinguished by insignificant fluctuations during the year. The planet does not have a pronounced axial inclination and for this reason is deprived of seasonality. In the clouds colder - to -70 ° C.

The day on Venus has a change of day and night, but the temperature indicators are practically not changed. This is explained by too slow the movement of the solar wind along the surface.

An artificial satellite of Venus Akatsuki takes the atmosphere of the atmosphere of the UVI ultraviolet camera. This allows you to see the atmosphere in detail. A picture of the planet Venus is depicted from the night side. Credit: jaxa / isas / darts.

Study of the planet

Detailed studies of the heavenly body of astronomy began in the 1860s. The first accurate measurement results were obtained only in the middle of the XX century. Then the orbital speed was found, the time of rotation around their own axis in the days, distance to the sun, distance to the adjacent planets.

Planet Venus - one of the first celestial objects, where the spacecraft were sent:

1. "Venus-1".
   In 1961 it was Venus-1 probe, launched in the USSR. Communication with him interrupted.
2. "Mariner-1".
   Was shipped in 1962 NASA "Mariner-1", the connection was interrupted.
3. Stations "Venus".
   In 1966-67 Soviet stations Venera-3 and Venus-4 were consistently lowered to the surface of the planet, which considered the object hidden behind the dense acid fog. After that were "Venus-5, 6 and 7". They descended into the atmosphere and directly to the surface, carried out chemical analyzes of the gas environment, gave a description of local weather. Scientists would like to get at least a few kilograms of the Venusian soil. But these stations were not returned home to Earth.
4. "Mariner-10".
   In 1967, NASA Space Station "Mariner-10" went to Mercury. Flying in a pair of thousands of kilometers from the surface of the planet, data on the composition of the atmosphere, pressure and some other information allowed the impression of the local climate to be impressed.
5. Soviet probes.
   In 1972-1975 Near Venus worked 3 Soviet probe, which made the first detailed photographs of the surface. Thanks to them, we know what this object looks like.
6. Vena Express.
   Studies continued in the XXI century. In 2006-2015 The planet accompanied the venera-express apparatus flying in its orbit. With it, many volcanoes were found and managed to study the relief of the celestial body in detail.

Surface map Venus

The most detailed planet cards on a large scale were drawn up after the radar cartographic study of Venus by the Magellan spacecraft, launched by NASA in 1990.

Photos of the planet did only the stations of the Soviet Space Program "Venus" and the Japanese Probe "Akatsuki".

This is the third brightness for earthlings planet after the sun and the moon. It is so bright that it can be observed in the sky during the day. In addition, it is such a big thing that this giant can be seen from the ground with the naked eye, but it will turn out only in twilight and early in the morning.

Once every 584 days, Venus planet approaches us at a distance of 38-41 million km - no planet of the solar system is closer. The maximum distance between this celestial body and land can be 261 million km.

Similarities of certain venerana parameters with earth and the fact that the planet is located in the inhabited area of \u200b\u200bspace gave scientists at the discovery of life here. Today we understand that it is impossible, but it is possible that there are once water and a favorable atmosphere, subsequently destroyed by the greenhouse effect.

This is one of the planets, the colonization of which is possible. The most suitable earthlings on Venus conditions can be created at an altitude of 50 km, because the cosmic settlers will have to build air cities supported by durable airships.

Venus is the second planet in the solar system, the period of circulation of which is 224.7 terrestrial days. She is named after the Roman Goddess of Love. The planet is one of all that received the name of the female deity. In brightness, this is the third object in the sky after the moon and the sun. Since Venus is closer to the Sun, it is never distinguished by more than 47.8 degrees. It is best to consider before sunrise or a little later. This fact gave reason to call her evening or morning star. Sometimes the planet is called the sister of the Earth. They are both similar to size, composition and strength of gravity. But the conditions are very different.

The surface of Venus is hidden by thick clouds of sulfuric acid, which prevents its surface in the apparently light. The atmosphere of the planet is transparent for radio waves. With their help examined the relief of Venus. For a long time, disputes continued on what is under the clouds of the planet. But the set of secrets was revealed by planetology. Venus has the most dense of all land-like planets atmosphere. Mainly it consists of carbon dioxide. This is explained by the fact that there is no life and carbon cycle. It is believed that in antiquity planet heated heavily. This led to the fact that all the oceans that existed here were evaporated. After themselves, they left a desert landscape with a large number of slab-like rocks. It is assumed that due to the weak magnetic field of water vapor, in the interplanetary space of the solar wind. Scientists have established that even now the atmosphere of Venus loses oxygen and hydrogen in a 1: 2 ratio. Atmospheric pressure is 92 times more terrestrial. Over the past 22 years, mapping of the planet project "Magellan".

In the atmosphere of Venus contains a lot of sulfur, and the surface wears signs of volcanic activity. Some scientists argue that this activity continues now. There is no exact evidence to this, because the lava flows were not seen on any of the depadies. A small number of crater suggests that the surface of the planet is young: she is about 500 million years. Also here was not found evidence of the tactonic movement of plates. Due to the lack of water, the lithosphere of the planet is very viscous. It is assumed that gradually the planet loses its high inner temperature.

Basic information

The distance to the Sun is 108 million kilometers. The distance to the Earth varies from 40 to 259 million kilometers. Planet orbit is close to circular. It addresses around the sun in 224.7 days, and the speed of rotation around the orbit is 35 km per second. To the ecliptic plane, the tilt of the orbit is 3.4 degrees. Around its axis Venus rotates from the east to the west. This direction is opposite to the rotation of most planets. One turn is 243.02 Earth Day. Accordingly, the sunny day on the planet is equal to 116.8 Earth. In relation to the Earth, Venus makes one turn around the axis in 146 days. The synodic period is exactly 4 times more and is 584 days. As a result, the planet is facing the land of one side in each lower compound. It is not yet clear, this is a simple coincidence or the gravitational attraction of Venus and Earth acts. The size of the planet is close to the earth. The radius of Venus is 95% of the radius of the Earth (6051.8 kilometer), the mass is 81.5% of the earth (4.87 · 10 24 kilograms), and the average density is 5.24 g / cm³.

Atmosphere of Planet

The atmosphere was opened by Lomonosov at a time when the planet passed through the Sun disk in 1761. It mainly consists of nitrogen (4%) and carbon dioxide (96%). Oxygen and water vapor in it are contained in trace quantities. Also, the atmosphere of the venera gas contains 105 times more than the Earth's atmosphere. The temperature is 475 degrees, and the pressure reaches 93 atm. The temperature of Venus exceeds Mercury, which is 2 times closer to the sun. This is the reason for the greenhouse effect, which is created by a dense carbon dioxide atmosphere. At the surface of the density of the atmosphere is 14 times less than water. Despite the fact that the planet rotates slowly, the daily and night temperature drop is not observed. Express the atmosphere of Venus to a height of 250 kilometers. Clouds are located at an altitude of 30-60 kilometers. Pokrov consists of several layers. His chemical composition has not yet been installed. But there are assumptions that there are compounds of chlorine and sulfur. Measurements were carried out from sides of spacecraft, which descended in the atmosphere of the planet. They showed that the cover of the clouds is not very dense and looks like a light haze. In ultraviolet, it looks like a mosaic of dark and light strips, which are elongated to the equator at a small angle. The clouds rotate from the east to the west.

The period of movement is 4 days. From here heats that wind speed, which blows at the level of the clouds is 100 m per second. Lightning here are beaten 2 times more often than in the atmosphere of the Earth. This phenomenon was called "Electric Dragon Venus". For the first time it was recorded by the Vena-2 apparatus. It was discovered in the form of interference in a radio broadcast. According to the Venus-8 apparatus, only a minor part of the sun's rays reach the surface of Venus. When the sun is in the zenith, the illumination is 1000-300 lux. Bright days here never happens. Venus-Express discovered an ozone layer in an atmosphere, which is located at an altitude of 100 kilometers.

Climate Venus

As calculations show, if there was no greenhouse effect, the maximum temperature of Venus would not be above 80 degrees. In fact, the temperature of the planet is 477 degrees, the pressure is 93 atm. These calculations disappointed some researchers who believed that the conditions on Venus are close to Earth. The greenhouse effect leads to a strong heating of the surface of the planet. Here the wind is rather weak, and in the equator area it increases to 200 - 300 m per second. Thunderstorms were also discovered in the atmosphere.

Internal structure and surface

Due to the development of radar methods, it was possible to study the surface of Venus. The most detailed map was compiled by the Magellan apparatus. He filmed 98% of the planet. On the planet, extensive hills were revealed. The largest of them are Earth Aphrodites and Earth Ishtar. On the planet relatively slightly shock crater. 90% of Venus is covered by basalt frozen lava. A significant part of the surface is young. With the help of Vena-Express, a map of the southern hemisphere of the planet was compiled and published. Based on these data, hypotheses appeared on the existence of strong tectonic activity and oceans here. There are several models of its structure. By the most realistic, Venus has 3 shells. The first is the bark, the thickness of which is 16 km. Second - mantle. This is a shell that extends to a depth of 3300 km. Since the planet has no magnetic field, it is believed that there is no electric current in the core, which causes it. So, the kernel is in a solid state. In the center, the density reaches 14 g / cm³. A large number of relief parts of the planet has female names.

Relief

The devices "Venus-16" and "Venus-15" recorded part of the northern hemisphere of Venus. From 1989 to 1994, Magellan produced more accurate mapping of the planet. Ancient volcanoes were found here, which mowed Lava, mountains, arachnoids, craters. The bark is very thin, as it is weakened with high temperatures. Land Aphrodites and Ishtar is not less than Europe in the area, and in the length of the canyons of PARNE are superior to them. Similar to the ocean depressions of the lowland occupy 1/6 of the surface of the planet. On Earth Ishtar Maland Maxwell rise by 11 kilometers. Impact crater are a rare element of the planet's landscape. On the whole surface there is approximately 1000 crater.

Observation

Venus is very easy to recognize. She shines much brighter of any stars. It can be distinguished due to even white color. Like Mercury, it does not depart from the sun for a long distance. It can retire from the yellow star by 47.8 degrees at the moments of the elongations. Venus, like Mercury, there are periods of evening and morning visibility. In ancient times, it was believed that evening and morning Venus are two different stars. Even in a small telescope, you can easily blame the changes in the visible phase of its disk. For the first time he was observed Galilee in 1610.

Sun disc

Venus looks like a small black disc against a big shone. But this phenomenon is very rare. For 2.5 centuries, there are 4 passages - the 2nd Jun and 2 December. Last we could observe June 6, 2012. On December 11, 2117, the following passage is expected. Astronon Horrors first observed this phenomenon on December 4, 1639. It was he who calculated it.

The "phenomena of Venus in the Sun" also represented a special interest. Lomonosov did them in 1761. It was also calculated in advance and expected astronomers of the whole world. Its research was necessary to determine the parallax, which allows you to clarify the distance from the sun to the Earth. This required observation from different points of the planet. They were held at 40 points with the participation of 112 people. Lomonosov was the organizer in Russia. He was interested in the physical side of the phenomenon and thanks to independent observations, discovered the light bezel around Venus.

Satellite

Venus, like Mercury, does not have natural satellites. Previously, there were many statements about their existence, but they were all based on an error. These searches were practically completed by 1770. After all, during the observation of the passage of the planet across the disk of the Sun signs of the satellite existence did not find. Venus has a quasispotnik, who draws around the Sun so that there is an orbital resonance between the Venus and it, the asteroid 2002 ve. In the 19th century, it was believed that Mercury is a satellite of Venus.

Interesting facts about Venus:

Venus is not much less than earth.

This is the second planet from the sun. The distance between them is 108 million km.

Venus is a firm planet. Refers to global planets. It has a volcanic landscape and many crater.

Around the sun, the planet appeals for 225 terrestrial day.

The atmosphere of Venus is toxic and dense. It consists of nitrogen, carbon dioxide. There are also clouds that consist of sulfuric acid.

The planet has no satellites.

Venus examined more than 40 devices. In the 1990s, Magellan appeared about 98% of the planet.

There is no evidence of life.

The planet rotates in the opposite direction, in comparison with the rest. The sun comes here in the East, and in the West gets up.

Venus can throw the shadow on the surface of the earth in a moonless night. This planet is the brightest of all.

There is no magnetic field.

The sphere of the planet is the ideal, unlike the earth, which has a sphere in the poles.

Thanks to the strong wind, the clouds completely fly through the planet for 4 terrestrial days.

It is impossible to see the land or the sun from the surface of the planet, as the clouds constantly envelop.

The diameter of the crater on the surface of Venus reaches two or more kilometers.

There is no change of season due to slow rotation around the axis.

It is assumed that earlier there were large stocks of water, but thanks to the solar radiation, it evaporated.

Venus is the first planet, which saw from space.

The size of the planet is less than the size of the Earth, the density is lower, and the mass is 4/5 of the mass of our planet.

Due to the low force of attraction, a man weighing 70 kg on Venus will weigh no more than 62 kg.

Our earthly year is a little more Venusian Day.