How to write reviews correctly: mastering a non-standard direction. Analytical review of scientific sources Analytical review of publications on the topic
An analytical review is called succinct summary content of primary sources by isolating basic factual information and conclusions. Analytical material is created on the basis of books, official documents, as well as publications in newspapers and magazines. Requirements for this type of work are strict, consisting in the need to present systematized information in a compressed form.
Stages of work:
- Study of literature and selection of factual material.
- Drawing up a plan that helps to clearly understand the sequence of presentation of information, its structure, the degree of overload or insufficient illumination of sections, the ability to refuse certain questions, and identify errors in the construction of the text.
- Formulation of the title is obligatory. Compliance with the refereed sources is not necessary, since an analytical review of the topic is created on the basis of several domestic and foreign publications.
- It is required to follow the accepted spelling scheme:
- topic;
- subject (object);
- nature, purpose of publication;
- method of doing work.
Writing analytical reviews belongs to the category of a special branch of writing, in which the author demonstrates the ability to penetrate the essence of the problem, quickly find and analyze the texts of domestic and foreign publications, and carry out a critical generalization of material taken from various sources. And all this, provided that the criteria of importance, novelty and simplicity of presentation are met. The review, which became the basis of a book or textbook, is recognized as successful, and unsuccessful analytical reviews remain unclaimed. In order for an analytical review of domestic and foreign publications on the topic of dissertation work to be recognized as successful, the author will have to apply either a lot of effort and energy, or seek professional help from the staff.
Analytical review of scientific sources must fully and systematically, on the basis of modern scientific sources, reveal the state of the issue to which this work is devoted. The collected materials can be presented in chronological order or arranged in a logical manner.
The subject of analysis in the review should be the analysis of achievements in the field under study. An analytic review usually consists of presenting the concepts of various authors regarding the research subject. An analytical review may include:
· A list of the main issues that were considered by researchers in the study of this problem;
· Information about who and when dealt with the problem;
· A description of the main concepts;
· general characteristics basic research methods of the problem;
· An overview of the main empirical research on this issue.
A common mistake is to simply list various theories and concepts without analyzing and systematizing them.
The collected materials can be presented in chronological order or arranged according to a logical principle [Kulikov, 2002].
Chronological principle assumes a sequential presentation of material in the order of emergence of theories and concepts. The chronological principle can be useful when it is important to conduct historical analysis of the problem, trace the features of its development in science. This is especially important in the case of historical and psychological research. In this case, you can rely on the following series of questions.
1. Who first turned to the study of this problem?
2. What problematic questions did the researchers ask themselves? How has the range of issues changed over time?
3. How did it develop empirical research in this area? (To trace the line of research development based on the classics and leading psychological schools).
5. What contradictions existed in the views of representatives of different schools or among individual researchers, and how were they resolved?
6. The state of the problem at the moment.
The chronological form of presentation of the material can also be convenient when the problem is poorly developed and there is a limited number of studies on the topic of interest to the author.
However, the chronological method is not recommended if the topic chosen for the work is represented by numerous studies that are concentrated in a limited time period, if there are many private views on the problem and conflicting approaches to its study. In this case, it is preferable logical method presentation of material that will allow you to systematize various and disparate information [Kulikov, 2002; Melnikov, 2009].
Logical principle building an overview of sources is in grouping approaches, concepts, empirical research by various authors in accordance with the main questions characterizing the area under study. It is useful to highlight and write these basic questions already at the beginning of the first chapter in order to outline the line of theoretical analysis. As such questions can act.
1. Definition of basic concepts essential for understanding the phenomenon.
2. Phenomenology of the phenomenon (manifestations, external distinctive features).
3. The structure of the phenomenon (constituent elements and connections between them).
4. Functions of the phenomenon (purpose, what it serves).
5. Dynamic aspects of the phenomenon (formation and development).
6. Types, forms of the phenomenon (existing classifications).
7. Place among other mental phenomena.
8. Applied aspect (practical technologies concerning the studied phenomenon) [Andreev, 2004; Kulikov, 2002].
The author of the work can dwell on those issues that interest him more, are the most relevant, are consistent with the purpose of the study. For each of the questions selected for analysis, approaches, concepts and, if necessary, empirical studies are presented, regardless of the time of their occurrence. Positions different authors compared, contrasted, general tendencies, points of disagreement, contradictions in views are noted.
In most cases, a logical overview is preferable.
Theoretical research
Theoretical research is one of the most difficult forms research activities... For more complex work, especially master's theses, a simple analytical review is not enough scientific literature... A well-executed master's thesis presupposes an independent author's theoretical research. The theoretical research is based on problem analysis, and the result is own approach to solving the problem and its rationale. In general, theoretical research should produce new knowledge obtained by logical
by.
A theoretical study can be:
Theoretical development any concept from the studied area (for example, the concept of "emotional intelligence" and its relationship with other psychological phenomena);
Substantiation of a new view of the phenomenon under study or a new approach to its study (for example, the problem of the place of cognitive manifestations in the structure of integral individuality);
Creation of a theoretical model of the phenomenon (for example, reflecting the structure of the psychological space and time of an individual, the structure of communicative activity, etc.);
Creation of a new classification of phenomena;
Classification of research methods by topic;
Development and justification of the structural model underlying any diagnostic technique (for example, the structure of the diagnosis psychological health high school students);
Development and substantiation of the principles of correctional, developmental or training programs.
Theoretical research begins with a problem statement. Often such a study is preceded by a literary review, at the end of which the main problems are already indicated, then one of them is selected. What can serve as an indicator of the existence of a problem:
There are "blank spots" - unexplored or poorly studied issues;
There are conflicting concepts, inconsistencies in understanding the phenomenon, conflicting empirical data;
There are methodological difficulties in studying the phenomenon;
Necessary tools are missing;
Research has no practical output.
Theoretical research must claim to be new. Therefore, it is important that it is based on a "strong" idea. The signs of a “good idea are manifested in the fact that it is [Melnikova, 2009]:
1) deepens, expands theoretical knowledge;
2) provides a simpler explanation for a well-known phenomenon;
3) allows you to build a theoretical model of the phenomenon;
4) provides a key to resolving any contradiction;
5) allows you to create a "beautiful" practical technology;
6) opens up opportunities for further research.
The purpose of the empirical part that accompanies theoretical research can be a proof of one's own concept, testing a developed model, or collecting empirical information in accordance with a new approach.
The rationale for the chosen direction of work should show its advantages over other possible solutions to the problem. It is necessary to assess the accepted direction of research in terms of its effectiveness, both scientific and practical. The rationale for the purpose of the WRC and the working hypothesis should be based on the recommendations contained in the policy brief, taking into account the specific conditions of the research work.
The rationale for the chosen direction (goal) of the work should not be substituted by the rationale for its feasibility (necessity) of the work itself.
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
FSBI "Specialized accounting center in the agro-industrial complex"
(FSBI "Special Center for Agro-Industrial Complex")
analytical reviews
Moscow 2011
annotation
The main goal of the activity is to analyze and forecast the state of the market conditions for agricultural products, products of the processing industry and foodstuffs, material and technical resources and services for the development and adoption of motivated decisions on the development of agro-industrial production, the sale of products and foodstuffs by all subjects of the agro-industrial complex.
Due to the wide branch network, the institution forms a single interconnected system of information support for the agro-industrial complex, carrying out high-quality collection, prompt processing and professional analysis of market information.
The leading activities of the organization are the analysis of economic information on various segments of the agro-industrial market and the market of material and technical resources, as well as the provision of information services in the field of the agro-industrial complex (collection, processing, analysis and generalization of statistical information and data, information and analytical materials, indicators of financial and economic activities of organizations, reporting, market information on agricultural products and food, material and technical resources and services for the village), preparation, release and provision of free access to analytical reports on various segments of the agri-food market and the market of material and technical resources in Russia and the world ("Russia in the agri-food market of the world "," Market for grain and products of its processing "," Market for oilseeds and products of their processing "," Market for potatoes, vegetables and fruits "," Sugar market "," Market for biofuels "," Market for agricultural machinery "," Mineral fertilizers market "," Milk market ”,“ Meat market ”,“ Oil product market ”,“ Market labor resources in the agro-industrial complex ").
The vectors of development of the FSBI "Special Center for Agro-Industrial Complex" are: modernization and continuous improvement of the existing system of work with market information, improvement of methods for controlling the reliability of primary information, close cooperation with regional administrations of the agro-industrial complex, effective participation in the implementation of measures for the development of the State Information Support System in the field of agriculture ...
1 PURPOSES AND OBJECTIVES OF ANALYTICAL REVIEWS OF THE RF AIC MARKET .. 4
2 REQUIREMENTS FOR ANALYTICAL REVIEWS ... 5
2.1 Requirements for the content of the material. 5
2.2 Requirements for the form of information submission. 6
2.3 Disciplinary Requirements. 7
3 REGISTRATION OF ANALYTICAL REVIEWS .. 8
3.1 General requirements. 8
3.2 Construction of an analytical review. eight
3.3 Numbering of pages of the analytical review. 9
3.4 Numbering and design of sections, subsections, clauses, subclauses of the analytical review 9
3.5 Illustrations. eleven
3.6 Tables .. 12
3.9 List of sources used. 15
3.10 Applications. 17
4 SAMPLE STRUCTURE OF ANALYTICAL REVIEWS .. 19
4.1 Milk and dairy products. nineteen
4.2 Meat and meat products. 26
4.3 Grain and products of its processing. 34
4.4 Oilseeds and products of their processing. 37
4.5 Potatoes, vegetables and fruits ... 40
4.6 Sugar. 43
4.7 Labor market of the Russian agricultural sector of the economy. 46
4.8 Energy resources .. 49
4.9 Biofuels. 51
4.10 Mineral fertilizers. 53
4.11 Agricultural machinery. 55
4.12 Russia in the agri-food market of the world. 57
1 GOALS AND OBJECTIVES OF ANALYTICAL REVIEWS OF THE AIC OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION MARKET
The analysis of the agro-industrial complex involves the identification of factors that influenced the change in the situation on the world agri-food market for the analyzed period, a review and assessment of the observed indicators and indicator products for the analyzed period both in Russia and abroad, tracking the main trends and dynamics of the development of indicators, making forecasts.
The process of analyzing the agri-food market and the market of material and technical resources in the agro-industrial complex with the proper level of organization of the process assumes that the researcher is a highly qualified specialist in the subject area and is able to give an expert assessment of the situation in the world market and the domestic market of the country.
The analytical review, as a result of the analysis, should be a complete, logically structured product that meets the goals and solves the assigned tasks, allowing the user to get the most complete, reliable, relevant information presented in a format that is understandable to the user.
Basic target audience analytical reviews of the agro-industrial complex market are the management bodies of the agro-industrial complex, the sector of real agrarian business, including collective and farms, and other interested users.
The main purpose of analytical reviews is Information support activities of organizations of the agro-industrial complex on the basis of modern forms and methods of economic analysis.
The main task of analytical reviews is a visual and structured provision of relevant, reliable analytical information about the current situation and development trends of various segments of the agri-food market and the market of material and technical resources in Russia and the world for making operational organizational and managerial decisions by interested users.
2 REQUIREMENTS FOR ANALYTICAL REVIEWS
2.1 Material content requirements
2.1.1 Completeness of the review of the analyzed segment of the Russian agro-industrial complex market
The content and content of the analytical review should fully disclose the stated topic. In order to achieve completeness of reflection in the analytical review of the selected topic, it is necessary to clearly understand all the components of its content; be competent, well-oriented in the full range of industry-related and other information sources related to the review topic.
2.1.2 Versatility and legitimacy of the sources of information used
To prepare the review, a wide and diverse range of sources should be involved, including recommended official, industry, informational publications and websites, industry and statistical databases.
2.1.3 The relevance of the information reflected in the overview
The information provided in the reviews and the data analyzed must be up-to-date and cover the relevant information for the entire reporting period. Information related to the topic, but beyond the designated period, is permissible in the review text only to build comparative conclusions in relation to current indicators.
2.1.4 Correctness and soundness of interpretation
The content of the entire analytical review, all information included in it should be neutral, purely thematic in nature, exclude any feedback and assessments regarding the activities of individual officials and officials, and also not allow comments on certain political events(this condition applies to both author's analytics and citing sources). At the same time, the validity of the interpretation should be traced, which implies logical coherence, objectivity and adequacy of the generalizations and conclusions made by the author of the review, a clear understanding of the analyzed information and sufficient competence in the specifics of the subject under consideration.
The information and statistics provided in the overview should not look like a lengthy listing. Working with statistical data should include the assessment and analysis of indicators with the identification of the main trends and dynamics.
2.2 Requirements for the form of information submission
2.2.1 Preparation of analytical reviews
The analytical review should be prepared in accordance with the recommendations given in section 3 of these guidelines... Deviations from the recommendations on the presentation of analytical information are allowed in order to improve the perception of this information by interested users (it is allowed, for example, the design of conclusions, chains of diagrams, tables in separate "blocks" that fit into the general text of the review, however, the signatures of tables, figures and other design elements must meet the requirements given in section 3 of these guidelines).
2.2.2 Lexico-stylistic and spelling literacy of the review
The analytical review must be performed in accordance with the following requirements:
No grammatical errors;
1.1.2 Oil prices
1.2 World economy
2 SITUATION IN THE MAIN SEGMENTS OF THE RUSSIAN AGRICULTURAL MARKET
2.1 Livestock
2.1.1 Milk
2.2 Crop production
2.2.1 Cereals
2.2.2 Oilseeds
2.2.3 Potatoes and vegetables
2.2.4 Sugar
3.4.4 If a section consists of one subsection, then the subsection is not numbered. If a subsection consists of one item, then the item is not numbered. The presence of one subsection in a section is equivalent to their actual absence.
3.4.5 If the text of the review is subdivided only into paragraphs, then they are numbered with sequential numbers within the entire review.
3.4.6 Clauses, if necessary, can be divided into subclauses, which should be sequentially numbered within each clause, for example 4.2.1.1, 4.2.1.2, 4.2.1.3, etc.
3.4.7 Enumerations may be given within clauses or subclauses. Each enumeration should be preceded by a hyphen or, if necessary, a link in the text of the document to one of the enumerations, a lowercase letter (except for e, z, o, z, b, and, s, b) followed by a parenthesis.
For further detailing of the enumerations, it is necessary to use Arabic numbers, after which a parenthesis is placed, and the entry is made with paragraph indentation, as shown in the example.
Example:
3.4.8 If the survey consists of two or more parts, each part should have its own serial number. The number of each part should be entered in Arabic numerals on the title page under the indication of the type of review, for example, “Part 2”.
3.4.9 Everyone structural element the review should begin with a new sheet (page).
3.4.10 The numbering of pages of the review and annexes included in the review should be continuous.
3.5 Illustrations
3.5.1 Illustrations (drawings, graphs, diagrams, computer printouts, diagrams, photographs) should be placed in the overview immediately after the text in which they are mentioned for the first time, or on the next page. All illustrations should be referenced in the overview.
3.5.2 All illustrations should be centered on the page without indentation. Above and below each illustration must be left at least one free line.
2.5.3 The style of illustrations should be consistent throughout the analytical review.
3.5.4 Illustrations can be computer-based, including color. When decorating illustrations, one should take into account the specifics of black and white printing, that is, the elements of figures and diagrams should be visually distinguishable in black and white.
3.5.5 Illustrations, with the exception of illustrations of annexes, should be numbered with Arabic numerals continuously.
If there is only one picture, then it is designated "Picture 1". The word "picture" and its name are placed in the middle of the line.
3.5.6 It is allowed to number illustrations within the section. In this case, the illustration number consists of the section number and the sequential number of the illustration, separated by a period. For example, Figure 1.1.
3.5.7 The illustrations, if necessary, can have a name and explanatory data (figure text). The font size of captions to illustrations should be one point smaller than the font of the main text (10 pt). The word "Figure" and the name are placed after the explanatory data and arranged as follows:
Example:
Figure 1 - Logo of the Federal State Budgetary Institution
"Specialized center for accounting in the agro-industrial complex"
3.5.8 Illustrations of each annex are designated by separate numbering in Arabic numerals with the addition of the designation of the annex before the number. For instance, 3 .
3.6 Tables
3.6.1 Tables are used for better clarity and ease of comparison of indicators. The name of the table, if any, should reflect its content, be precise and concise. The name of the table should be placed above the table on the left, without indentation, in one line with its number separated by a dash. The font size of captions for tables should be one point smaller than the font of the main text.
When transferring a part of the table, the name is placed only above the first part of the table, the lower horizontal line limiting the table is not drawn.
3.6.2 The table should be placed in the overview immediately after the text in which it is mentioned for the first time, or on the next page. There must be at least one free row above and below each table.
3.6.4 All tables should be aligned to the width of the page. The information in the table must be formatted in accordance with the following rules:
Align numeric data horizontally - to the right of the cells. Values are rounded to the nearest hundredth;
Alignment of text horizontally - along the left edge of the cells;
The table header is horizontally aligned to the center of the cells;
Vertically, all table cells are centered;
The line spacing in the table is 10 mm.
3.6.5 A table with a large number of lines is allowed to be transferred to another sheet (page). When transferring a part of the table to another sheet (page), the word "Table" and its number are indicated once on the left above the first part of the table, over the other parts they write the word "Continuation" and indicate the number of the table, For example:"Continuation of table 1". When transferring a table to another sheet (page), the heading is placed only above its first part.
A table with a large number of columns can be divided into parts and placed one part under another within one page. If the rows and columns of the table go beyond the page format, then in the first case, the head is repeated in each part of the table, in the second case - the side.
If the text repeated in different lines of the table column consists of one word, then after the first spelling it is allowed to replace it with quotes; if from two or more words, then at the first repetition it is replaced with the words "The same", and then with quotation marks. It is not allowed to put quotation marks instead of repeating numbers, marks, signs, mathematical and chemical symbols. If digital or other data is not given in any line of the table, then a dash is put in it.
3.6.6 Tables, with the exception of annex tables, should be numbered with Arabic numerals sequentially.
It is allowed to number tables within a section. In this case, the table number consists of the section number and the sequence number of the table, separated by a dot.
The tables of each annex are designated by separate numbering in Arabic numerals with the addition of the designation of the application before the number.
If there is one table in the document, then it should be designated "Table 1" or "1" if it is given in Appendix B.
3.6.7 Headings of columns and rows of the table should be written with capital letter in the singular, and the subheadings of the graph are with lowercase letter, if they form one sentence with a heading, or with a capital letter, if they have an independent meaning. At the end of the headings and subheadings of tables, periods are not put.
3.6.8 Tables on the left, right and bottom are usually delimited by lines. It is allowed to use a font size smaller in the table than in the text.
It is not allowed to separate the headings and subheadings of the sidebar and the graph with diagonal lines.
Horizontal and vertical lines delimiting the rows of the table may not be drawn if their absence does not complicate the use of the table.
As a rule, the headings of the graphs are written parallel to the rows of the table. If necessary, the perpendicular arrangement of the headings of the columns is allowed.
3.7 Notes
3.7.1 The word "Note" should be capitalized from the paragraph and not underlined.
3.7.2 Notes are given in documents if explanations or reference data are needed to the content of text, tables or graphic material. Notes should not contain requirements.
3.7.3 Notes should be placed immediately after the text, graphic material or in the table to which these notes refer. If there is only one note, then a dash is placed after the word "Note" and the note is printed with a capital letter. One note is not numbered. Several notes are numbered sequentially in Arabic numerals without a period. A note to the table is placed at the end of the table above the line indicating the end of the table.
Example:
Note -___________________________________
Several notes are numbered sequentially in Arabic numerals.
Example:
Notes (edit)
1_______________________________________________
2_______________________________________________
3_______________________________________________
3.8 Links
3.8.1 References to the sources used should be indicated by the ordinal number of the bibliographic description of the source in the list of sources used. The reference number is enclosed in square brackets.
3.8.2 Reference should be made to the document as a whole or to its sections and appendices. References to subsections, paragraphs, tables and illustrations are not allowed.
3.8.3 When referring to standards and technical specifications, only their designation is indicated, while it is allowed not to indicate the year of their approval, provided full description standard in the list of sources used in accordance with GOST 7.1-2003 “Bibliographic record. Bibliographic description. General requirements and rules of drawing up ".
3.9 List of sources used
3.9.1 The list of sources used is recommended to be drawn up in accordance with GOST R 7.0.5-2008 “Bibliographic reference. General requirements and rules for drawing up ", GOST 7.1-2003" Bibliographic record. Bibliographic description. General requirements and rules of drawing up ".
3.9.2 Bibliography, that is, a list of references used in the research work, is placed after the main text before the appendices.
3.9.3 The numbering of all used literature is continuous from the first to the last source.
3.9.4 The list of sources used should be arranged in the following sequence:
Printed editions;
Periodicals;
Electronic resources.
Within each group, entries are listed alphabetically.
3.9.5 Each bibliographic record includes basic information:
Main title;
Information about the edition;
Imprint: place of publication, publisher, date of publication;
3.9.6 It is recommended to draw up a list of used literature according to the principle of an alphabetical index (in the general alphabet of authors and titles) in the following sequence:
Literature in the languages of peoples using the Latin alphabet.
3.9.7 The objects of compiling a bibliographic reference are also electronic resources of local and remote access. Links are made both to electronic resources in general (electronic documents, databases, portals, sites, web pages, forums, etc.), and to component parts of electronic resources (sections and parts of electronic documents, portals, sites, web -pages, publications in electronic serials, messages on forums, etc.).
3.9.9 A note provides information necessary for searching and characteristics of technical specifications of an electronic resource. The information is given in the following sequence: system requirements, information about restrictions on availability, date of updating the document or part of it, e-mail address, date of access to the document.
3.9.10 Information system requirements are given in cases where special software is required to access the document (for example, Adobe Acrobat Reader, PowerPoint, etc.).
3.9.11 If there is information about the date of the last update or revision of the network document, they are indicated in the link, preceded by the appropriate words "Date of update" ("Date of revision", etc.). The date includes the day, month, and year.
3.9.12 If it is impossible to establish the date of publication or creation from the screen title page of an electronic resource of remote access (network resource), then the earliest and latest dates of creation of the resource that could be identified should be indicated.
3.9.13 For electronic resources of remote access, a note on the access mode is given, in which it is allowed to use the abbreviation "URL" (Uniform Resource Locator) instead of the words "Access mode" (or their equivalent in another language) to denote an electronic address.
Information about the protocol for accessing a network resource (ftp, http, etc.) and its email address are given in the format of a uniform resource locator.
Examples of link formatting:
1. Books
Fedotov, and models for constructing empirical production functions /. - SPb. : Publishing house of St. Petersburg State University, 1997 .-- 220 p.
Williamson, O. E. The mechanisms of governance / O. E. Williamson. - New York: Oxford University Press, 1996 .-- 429 p.
Economics and Finance of Real Estate / [and others]; ed. ... - SPb. : Publishing house of St. Petersburg State University, 1999. - 186 p.
Seven notes of management / ed. V. Krasnova, A. Privalova. - Ed. 3rd, add. - M .: Journal Expert, 1998. - 424 p.
2. Articles, magazines
Kushch, aspects of the development of inter-firm networks: Russian experience /, // Russian management journal. - 2004. - T. 2, No. 1. - S. 33-52.
Patokina, O. Privatization in Russia: The search for an efficient model / O. Patokina, I. Baranov // Russian and East European finance and trade. - 1999. - Vol. 35, No. 4. - P. 30-46.
3. Electronic resources
*****: scientific e-library[Electronic resource]. - M.: Intra-Plus, 1– Access mode: http: // www. *****, free.
Reference books on semiconductor devices // [Personal page of V. R. Kozak] / Institute of Nuclear Physics. [Novosibirsk, 2003]. URL: http: // www. inp. nsk. su /% 7Ekozak / start. htm (date of access: 13.03.06).
Housing law: topical issues of legislation: electron, journal. 2007. No. 1. URL: http: // www. ***** (date of access: 20.08.2007).
3.10 Applications
3.10.1 The appendix is drawn up as a continuation of this document on its subsequent sheets or issued as an independent document.
3.10.2 All annexes should be referenced in the text of the document. Applications are arranged in the order of references to them in the text of the document.
3.10.3 Each application should start with new page indicating at the top in the middle of the page the word "Application", its designation and degree. The application must have a title, which is written symmetrically relative to the capitalized text on a separate line.
3.10.4 Applications are designated by capital letters of the Russian alphabet, starting with A, with the exception of the letters E, Z, I, O, CH, L, Y, b. The word "Application" is followed by a letter indicating its sequence.
It is allowed to designate applications with letters of the Latin alphabet, with the exception of the letters I and O.
In the case of full use of the letters of the Russian and Latin alphabets, it is allowed to designate applications with Arabic numerals.
If there is one attachment in a document, it is referred to as "Appendix A".
3.10.5 The text of each annex, if necessary, can be divided into sections, subsections, clauses, subclauses, which are numbered within each annex. The number is preceded by the designation of this application.
3.10.6 Annexes should share sequential pagination with the rest of the document. If necessary, such an application can have "Content".
4 EXAMPLE STRUCTURE OF ANALYTICAL REVIEWS
4.1 Milk and dairy products
4.1.1 Sample structure of a desk review
To analyze the state of the milk and dairy products market based on available information sources, it is necessary to review and analyze the information and structure it according to the sections presented in the list below:
Abbreviations and abbreviations
1 Production
1.1 Dynamics of the number of dairy herds
1.2 Milk production
1.3 Milk processing and dairy production
2 Review of the pricing environment in the Russian market
2.1 Dynamics of sales prices for raw milk
2.2 Dynamics of purchase prices for raw milk
2.3 Dynamics of prices for dairy products
2.4 Dynamics of consumer prices for dairy products
3 Foreign trade
3.1 Export
3.2 Import
3.3 Customs regulation
4 Overview of the global dairy market
4.1 General trends in the global milk and dairy products market
4.2 Country overview
5 Trends, forecasts and prospects for the development of the industry
List of sources used
Requirements for coursework for 5th year students
Specialties: Primary education. Practical psychology... Speech therapy. Special psychology.
The structure of the course work
§ Introduction
§ Conclusion
§ Bibliographic list (15-20 sources)
§ Appendix
Introduction
The presence of a detailed introduction (2-3 sheets of typewritten text) - mandatory requirements for term paper... The introduction should clearly, clearly define the essence or concept of the topic and justify its legitimacy and relevance.
In the introduction, the relevance of the topic is substantiated, a goal is outlined and specific objectives of the course work are set, a hypothesis of scientific research is put forward. A small historiographic image can contain an assessment of the problem being developed from the point of view of its study, representation in the literature, versatility, etc.
It is recommended to formulate your assessment of the degree of development of the topic in the studied research literature, reflect the significance of this problem in the positive transformation of reality, and also express your attitude to the need for these transformations. From the formulation of a scientific problem and proof that this problem has not yet received its development and coverage in the special literature, it is necessary to proceed to the formulation of the research goal. It is also necessary to find out the specific tasks of the study to be solved in accordance with this goal.
Purpose of the study - scientific and practical results to be achieved as a result of its implementation.
Research objectives - these are the sequential stages of organizing and conducting research. The formulation of coursework objectives is usually done in the form of listing (study ..., describe ..., establish ..., identify ..., develop ..., conduct ...). One of the requirements for setting and formulating research goals and objectives is clarity, certainty, and concreteness. An obligatory element of the introduction is the formulation of the object and subject of research.
Object of study - that part of the real world that is cognized, explored, transformed by the student, i.e. a phenomenon chosen for study.
Subject of study is determined by the goals and objectives of the study - the study of mental phenomena using experimental methods (identification of dependencies ..., determination of patterns ..., identification of differences ..., study ...). An obligatory element of the introduction is the formulation of a research hypothesis.
Hypothesis - it is a scientific proposal for the explanation of any phenomenon, the verification of which requires a strong scientific and practical basis.
The hypothesis must meet the following requirements:
The formulation of the hypothesis should be as accurate and relatively simple as possible, not containing vague, ambiguous terms and concepts;
The hypothesis must be testable in principle, i.e. provable experimentally;
A hypothesis should unite the whole range of phenomena to which the statements contained in it apply.
As a result of the research carried out, the hypothesis can be confirmed or refuted. Do not be afraid of negative results that do not support the hypothesis, because they also contribute to scientific knowledge... The introduction of the term paper indicates methods studies that serve as a tool in obtaining factual material to achieve a set goal. The introduction ends with a statement of general conclusions about the scientific significance of the topic, the degree of its study and identifies those issues that require further study.
Research base - where the research was carried out, the number of subjects (20-30 people)
CHAPTER 1
Analytical review of the literature on the research problem
In the chapter “Analytical Literature Review » the essence of the problem is stated, the author's position of the student is determined. The title of this chapter is formulated based on its content.
For instance:
The problem ... is in foreign and Russian psychology
Theoretical and methodological aspects of the problem ...
Directions and approaches in studying the problem ...
The paragraphs that make up the chapter must have their own title, determined by its title. So, for example, the content of a chapter can be divided into the following paragraphs:
1.1. Definition…
1.2. Characteristics and components ...
1.3. Views on nature ... of foreign and domestic psychologists.
The student must show the ability to consistently present the features and problems while simultaneously analyzing it. Preference should be given to the main, fundamental facts that allow to reveal the essence of the problem posed, and not to details that can lead away from the goals of the course work. After presenting a specific question at the end of each section, there are brief conclusions in order to analyze the problem.
An analytical review of the literature on the topic should ultimately lead to the conclusion that this particular topic has not been disclosed (or disclosed only partially or in the wrong aspect) and therefore needs further development. Ultimately, this chapter should answer the following questions:
- What has already been done on this problem and with whom?
- What's not done?
- Why is it important?
At the end of the chapter, it is useful to summarize the earlier findings, which list the main points of the first chapter.
CHAPTER 2
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The technology of preparing an analytical review as a means of presentation
research results
The essence of the analytical review
The composition of the stages and stages of the formalized compilation of an analytical review
Preparatory stage of the analytical review
The main stage of compiling an analytical review
The final stage of the analytical review
The essence of the analytical review
The most ancient and common way to find new solutions is a wasteful trial and error method, based on enumerating different options without a specific systematic approach. An alternative to this is analytical methods associated with identifying new objects, their aspects, new problems and ways to solve them based on information analysis and synthesis. This is the essence of the professional activity of a computer scientist-analyst, designed to produce a comprehensive analysis of individual aspects, properties, constituent parts of the research object, to carry out analytical reasoning, while generating new information and offering non-traditional approaches, ways to solve the identified problems. At the same time, there should be a decrease in intellectual, labor, financial, material, etc. costs.
Analytical activity is a type of intellectual activity characterized by the predominance of creative procedures that allow generating new information, identifying new problems or their aspects, and proposing non-traditional ways to solve them.
The result of analytical activity is the preparation of information and analytical products, which include analytical reports, analytical reports, analytical reviews, analytical reports, analytical forecasts, headings of promising areas, market statements, expert opinions, patent opinions, information models, description of subject area objects, etc. . P.
The creation of information and analytical products is based on the use of such methods as information analysis, information synthesis, modeling (information, structural and linguistic, bibliometric, scientometric, imitation, epistemological, verbal, infometric, etc.), examination (patent, license, information , regulatory, environmental, etc.), forecasting, diagnostics, information and analytical monitoring.
In practice scientific research and project developments, the most important place is occupied by analytical reviews, which provide a multifaceted, substantiated characteristic of the studied subject area (problem). An analytical review is the most important part of coursework, coursework and diploma projects carried out by students studying in the specialty "Applied Informatics (by area)".
Analytical overview Is the result of analytical and synthetic processing of a set of documents on a specific issue (problem, direction), containing systematized, generalized and critically evaluated information.
The purpose of the analytical review is the interpreted orientation of end users in the information flow in a specific direction (problem). Depending on the function performed, analytical reviews are divided into:
Substantiation reviews, which assess the state of the issue under study with a justification for the need to solve the identified problem, as well as a set and comparative assessment of the ways and methods of its solution;
Final reviews, which assess the issue under study with a description of the level achieved, as well as available on this moment in the studied area of unsolved problems;
Predictive reviews, in which an assessment of the state is given and promising ways of development of the studied subject area are determined on the basis of a reasoned assessment of the existing situation, as well as trends and rates of its change.