As noted earlier (see paragraph 2.2.1. The genus nouns), in shape Multicap Multiple Case (first of all nouns male) There is a large number of expirations, which is associated with the history of the development of a system of decline in Russian nouns.

1. Currently, among the noun male genus of the second decline, two endings are the most common: -Y / -Y. and -and I, and in colloquial speech and the surprise of special productivity marked ending -and I. It partially displaces the end -Y / -Y. And in the literary language.

So, in the XIX century there were forms houses, Ridges, and in the twentieth century - houses, trains. Already in recent decades directors, professors They became obsolete, and their place was taken by the director, professor.

However, the process of extrusion of endings - and ending -A / - in the literary language, it is much slower in the literature than in the surrounding precisely because the forms of C -A / is are largely perceived as second-rate, reduced.

The use of the other end is determined by a number of factors:

but) ending -A / -I have nouns denoting pair concepts:

eyes, sleeves, wrapped;

b) Most single words have in multiple number ending -Y / -Y. (cakes, fleets, noises), but exceptions (homes, varieties) are possible;

in) The ending -A / is, as a rule, they have in a plural of double words with an emphasis on the first syllable.

Wed: ka Ter - boats, Schomptol - Schompol.

If stake in B. initial form falls on the second syllable, then in the multiple number the end -Y / -Y.: watermelon - Watermelon;

d) In three-stroke and multi-line words, the end is distributed -Y / -Y. With the stress in the middle of the word: pharmacists, contracts (the form contracts Although admissible, but still undesirable!);

e) foreign language words (more often than French origin) with the final -er / -er and emphasis on last syllable Usually have the ending - ¬ --y:

officer - officers, kiosks - kiosks, fleeler - chaffers (!);

note On the latter form. Used in the surprise and professional speech form shuffle Supported by a spaticrous form of the singular with the emphasis on the first syllable - chauffeur. But this pronunciation is not literary (!).

e) Words of Latin origin with the final -tor /----is usually have ending-ours / and ( computers, processors), although in animated nouns, quite frequency and used in speech, the ending becomes common.

Wed: comcoming tori, lecturers, Nova Torah - Directors, Doctors, Professor;

g)the ending -A / is usually have double and three-plated nouns with an emphasis on the first syllable and with the final - l / l and -r / -l:

cyiver - Keeiver, Pienty (permissible - pitel).

Sometimes the same noun simultaneously falls under the action of several mutually exclusive factors. It is among those words that there are the greatest number of options in speech.

For example, words fa Cover, vector double with an emphasis on the first syllable, so in the plural they could have the ending -A / -E. At the same time, these are inanimate nouns of Latin origin with the final --tor, Therefore, they may have ending-ours. The literary language wins the action of the second factor and the normatives are options vectors, Fa Cotors.
Noun bunker double with an emphasis on the first syllable, so it may have ending-and. But as the word German, and not French origin on -er, it can have a finish. In the literary language, both forms are equal to: bunker and bunkers.

Sometimes the use of one or another end is determined by the value and combination of the word:

• borov (horizontal parts of chimneys) and borovy. (castrated male pigs);
• conductor / Tram Conductors and conductors in the machine (special devices in mechanisms);
• plant Cases, Cadet Cases and man or animal hulls;
• fur (selected animal skins) and bellows;
• images in the novel and the image of the saints in the church;
• knight's orders and order for exploits;
• reins for horse and raisters (prompting);
• belt Khalatov and time Zones (permissible - time belts);
• pass letters and factory pass;
• sable (fur) and soboli. (animals);
• bank accounts - office accounts;
• first marriage sons and sons of Fatherland;
• electric Toki. and current in the field;
• tones in music and tone in painting;
• press the brakes - eliminate brakes in work;
• spiritual teachers and school teachers;
• breads in the furnace and bread in the field;
• colors (paints) and flowers (plants);
• junkers (Large landowners in Germany) and juncker (Pupils of military schools).

2. The nouns of the middle kind of second decline mainly have a plural ending -A / -E: ring - rings, porch - porch.

This is the ending (unlike noun male genus) usually happened: seed, Steak, Vötra.

In the initial form, the emphasis usually falls on the last syllable: village, glass, bucket.

But perhaps the impact end - and / mirrors (In the initial form, such nouns usually have an emphasis based on - mirror).

Significantly less than the nouns of the middle kind have the ending - they / - and: shoulder - shoulders.

Sometimes in speech there is an erroneous use of endings - and in a number of medium-sized medium kinds instead of a regulatory end-/ -th.

For example: mirrors Instead of regulatory mirrors; spotsinstead of regulatory spots; eggsinstead of regulatory eggs.

3. Whole line Nouns are characterized by non-standard formation of the form of a nominative case of a plural:

the nouns of the male genus on-shirts in the plural of suffix are - and the unstressed ending is:

the foals - the foals, the child - guys;

nouns on -ann / -Yanin in multiple number ends on -Yang / -Yan:

citizen - citizens, peasant - peasants, Armenian - Armenians (!);

note On the shape of a plural number of nouns: host - owners (very rough mistake - owners!), bottom - Dona, Shilo - Shil, chicken - chickens, ship - ships, baby - children, people - people.

4. In addition, it should be remembered that not all nouns have two forms - the only and multiple number.

Collective, abstract nouns have only the form of the singular:

good, faith, youth, lingerie.

A number of specific nouns do not have the shape of the singular:

scissors, pants.

The names of substances usually also have one form: either the form of the only one or the shape of the plural.

Wed: sugar, coal, jam; Ink, sawdust.

Therefore, the use of an abstract noun will be incorrect moralityin a sentence: Under the word "morality" understand the generally accepted forms of morals protected by the state.

Difficult forms of multiple nouns names

To the number of forms of nouns names, the formation of which can be associated with certain difficulties, should include the forms of the plural number of the nominative case ( directors or directors, valves or valve?) and the shape of the plural number of the genitive case of some nouns ( five gramms and five grams, five oranges or five orange?)

1. Forms of the multiple numerical number of nouns: directors or director?

The form of the nominative case of a multiple nouns is checked in vocabulary (according to the dictionary). See the rubric "Check the word" On our portal. Please note: Search for words in dictionaries is carried out at the initial form (nominative case, the only number)!

Word article read as follows: If the article has no special indications on the shape of the plural (litter mN.), then to form a form of a nominative case of a plural used ending -and or -. If another end is required (or permissible options), then there is a litter: mN. -but. For example:

In modern Russian literary language options, fluctuating in the form of them. p. MN. h., there are over 300 words. The focus of the spread of flexia -and I) Are areas of astringent and professional language. In connection with this form on -and I) have often spoken or professional coloring: contract, locksmith, turner. Forms al -Y (s) more neutral and for most words meet traditional standards literary language. However, in some cases, forms on -and I) Already crowded forms on -Y (s).

In addition, you can remember a number of patterns that facilitate the choice of flexions (endings) of the nominative case of a plural:

The sloping nouns of the middle kind, the initial form of which ends on - well, have an unstressed flexion. h. P. -and (shells, Pits, Apples). The exception is nouns with shock endings MN. h.: troops and clouds.

The remaining nouns of the middle kind in the form of MN. h take the end -and I): swamps, fields, sea, windows.

Form by -and I Some words may be the only or predominant: side - Boca (boki. Only in the phraseological combination hands in Boki.); century - century (century Only in phraseological combinations for once, forever, forever, forever), eye - Eyes, Meadow - Meadows, Fur - Fur, Snow - Snow, Stack - Stacks, Silk - Silk.

Forms may have different meanings: tonya(about color) and tones (about sound) of bread(about cereals) and harby (about baked bread), shop and come(in the enterprise) and come (Medieval artisan organizations).

Forms of nouns may vary by stylistic coloring: bORT. and the statute. boards; at home and the statute. houses; stern and the statute. sterns; Rog and the statute. and poet. horns; Sortand the statute. varieties; Toma and the statute. then we, as well as thunders. and poet. thunder; Grazing and poet. coffin.

Finally, the form of nouns can be equal and interchangeable: of the year and years (but: years of youth, heavy deprivation; Ninetie, zero years), shop and come (in the enterprise), storm and storms.

To resolve the question of the status of the "controversial" form of the word (abnormative, variant, stylistic painted, etc.), in any case, you need to contact the dictionary.

Non-standard multiple number is formed by words child - Children, Man - People, Dno - Donaand some others.

2. Forms of a multiple numerical number of nouns: five grams or five grams?

For most of the noun male genus, in the initial form of ending on a solid consonant ( orange, Tomato, Amanita, Computer, Sock), is characteristic of the end -One In the form of a small number of multiple pledge: oranges, Tomatoes, Amanship, Computers, Socks and so on. From this rule, you can allocate an extensive number of exceptions - similar nouns, but in the form of a small number of multiple numbers of the zero ending: one stocking - no stocking, one Ossetian - Five Ossetians, one gram - five grams and five gramand so on to the number of such words include:

Names of people by nationality and belonging to military joints, preferably used in the forms of the plural in a collective meaning: magyars - Magyar, Turkmen - Turkmen, Martemarina - Martemarinov and Gardemarine, partisans - partisans, soldiers - soldiers; This also includes the form p. p. MN. h. human.

Names of paired items: boots - Shoes, Eyes - Eyes, Cuffs - Cuffs, Shines - Shores, Stockings - stockings, Epoletta - Epolet, Boots - Boot.

The names of measures and units of measurement: 220 volts, 1000 watts, 5 amps, 500 gigabytes. If such names are used outside the "measuring" context (in other words, the form of a genitive case is not countable), then the end is used -One: live without excess kilograms, missing gigabytes.

It should be noted that the names of fruits, fruits and vegetables, which are nouns of the male genus, in the initial form ending on solid consonants ( orange, Eggplant, Tomato, Mandarin), in the form of a genitive case of MN. h. have ending -s: five oranges, kilograms of eggplants, New Year without mandarins, tomato salad.

For some nouns education forms MN. Part. p. difficult; These are words dream, Molver, Baska. On the contrary, words shan and drovter Do not have other forms, except for the form of the MN. Part. case.

See: Russian Grammar, M., 1980.

18. Malstory case of multiple nouns. End options.

For most nouns of the male genus of the 1st decline in the nominative case of a plural characteristic, the main ending is characterized by - and. This ending have:
1) Nouns containing more than one syllable, of which the shock is the last (in the nominative case of the singular): Argumland, Boxer, Vernishazh, Veterian, Head, Debutánt, Defús, Kurgany, Motél, Older, Extrace, etc. The exceptions are two words: the hands - the sleeve and the overshadh - wagon;
2) considerable number of single nouns with constant stress in case of case (singular): Ball - Balls, bass - Basa, Fight - Boúly, goal - Goals, Fat - Fat - Club - Clubs (smoke), Garden - Gardens, soup - soups, cheese - cheese; Gene - Géna, grams - gramma, cargo - grines, probe - Zódda, Club - Club (people's association); Lacques, lias, elevator - lyual, warehouse - Sklda, syllable - Layout, reviews - for fun, cake - tons, toast - toast, pound - FLATES, Chef - Shéfy and Nek. Dr.

The ending is also the overwhelming majority of borrowed words to -tor, -Su (type vector, compressor, lecturer). The exceptions are the existence director, the doctor, a professor, forming the nominative case of a multiple number. A few words - an animated inspector, instructor, conductor (about man), corrector, editor, inanimate spotlight, sector, tractor (the rest inanimate to -tor, -Sour have the ending - they have variant, stylistically equal forms: instructors and instructor, projcotors and spotlights, etc.
At the same time, a significant part of the nouns is characterized by the form on them as standard, i.e. The only possible possible from the point of view of the literary norm. Forms on -A / -E (drum) possess:
1) Many single nouns: side (but in phraseology: hands in Boki), eyelids (but in phraseologiza: live an awards of eyelids, forever, forever, in the eyelids, in the same century), the top (top in the meaning "lifting folding The roof of the crew "), eye, house, food, edge, forest, log, meadow, fur (in the meaning of the selected skins or" products from them "), horn, genus (in the meaning" view, type of troops or weapons ") , height, snow *, account (in the values \u200b\u200bof "cash document", "discharge of a financial operation"), current (in the values \u200b\u200bof the "point of grinding", "place of tokens"), tone (in the value "color, color shade"), bread (In the meaning of "Zlak"), Khlev, color (like coloring of something), silk (silk in the value "product").
Ending -I (with the increment of suffix -J- or OUJ-) have a noun tooth, son-in-law, wedge, count, com, scream (in the values \u200b\u200bof "weight carrying device", "Tip, placed on the pole"), kum, husband ( In the meaning "married man in relation to his wife");
2) Many nouns with the number of syllables are greater than one with a constant stress on the first syllable (in the sole form): iadres (as the designation of the residence), béreg, blesses (as part of the chimney), bin, Berfer, Véer, Véksel, Vénzel, Vértel, Vécher, ridge, hungry, Drug, DPEEL, ÉFER, Wheel, Zhamchug (as products), rods, zhakrom, kâtel, kúver, cléver (like "crops of this culture"), kolokol, kórt (in all values, except for "torso" and "Typographic font"), coplen, Kercher, Láger (in all values, except for the "socio-political group"), lémes, Macster, Nóer, ourselves (in the meaning of "icon"), Occorch, Outline, Rend (as a reward) , Register (in the value "Document"), устровов, утпуск, Паруру, Posset, pioneral, plowing, pouring, pouring, poodle, pour, train, prost (in the value "Document"), Schahar (sugar - in special use in meaning "Varieties of this substance"), Térem, Téters, Tóxt, Tórbas, Ttsen, Hlasa (coldha in the value of the "Cold Weather period"), Hisitor, Chösp, Schofer, Cholepol, Yuner (in the values \u200b\u200bof the Pupil of Military School in Pre-revolutionary Russia "and" Olrous-defining Unter-Officer "in the Russian Army), Anchor and Nek. Dr.

The end is (with the increment of suffix -j-) have nouns, the rim, the occasion ("belt to control the horse").
Several dozen nouns have variant forms of na /-and -á /-'. Some of these nouns are commonwood words, variant forms of which are regulated and stylistically equivalent. These include: Bunker, Heap, Vympel, Glisser, Jumper, Harry, Inspector, Instructor, Kittel, Corrector, Cruiser, Pretzel (in the phraseology, only a form is used: to write a pretzel), block, flap, lighter, nemody , outer, warrant (as the term architecture), baker, clerk, pole, cruiser (form of prudes preferable), baptizing, handwriting, spotlight, poodle, report (form Рапоптода Sable (in the meaning "Fur, Fur Products" Sable only), Sauce, Stapel, Tabel, Tenor, Tokar *, Tractor, TRANM, TRUFEL, ONTER, Feldsher, Feldgerer, Flegene, Flywer, Shkier, Schnitzel, Stack, Stamp, plug, storm, shoeler, hawk.

The significant group consists of words (commonly consolidated for one or another terminology), in which the variant forms on-/ -th characterize professional speech (mechanics, technicians, sailors, etc.). Such forms are actively used from nouns, which are the names of the mechanisms (and their parts), of various kinds of devices, tools, equipment, etc. (valve - valve, grader - grader, throttle - choke, dowel - dowel, tanker - tanker, etc.), names of professions, specialties, posts (pilots - Lotsmann, navigator - navigator, etc.).
A slight number of words whose variant forms are peculiar to poetic, elevated speech. Such variant forms include snow, wind, thunder, sheets (plants), men, sons, popols. Wed, for example: "According to these bikes, the winds of the wind walk" (R.Kaz.); "I love you, my swam winds" (A. Prokofiev); "As if with a quiet sky, a cloud starts up. Lightning. Thunder. On the field of spruce with its umbrella Green, behind the field - somewhere far away - at home" (A. Reshetov); "You ask those soldiers that under the birch are lying, and let them say their sons, whether Russian wars want" (EVT); "And whistles, and mutters spring. The knee flooded tops. Awaken male from sleep, so that, like butterflies, the leaves shook" (Zab.).

19. Palipal case of a multiple nouns and options for the expirations of a multiple parget.

I. The main end of the noun male genus - -s / (- EV) -Ev: mushrooms, cargo, directors, edges, museums, etc.
Part of the words has the ending - and residents, teachers, knives) and zero ending (shoes, citizens).
1. The end-of-one / (- eb) -Ev is characteristic of those nouns, the final sound of which in the only number (nominative case) is a solid consonant (except as well) or -j (on a letter - Letter y): mushroom - mushrooms, cucumber - cucumbers, edge - edge, museum - museums, etc.
2. The end is characteristic of the noun male genus, the ultimate sound of which in the singular is a soft consonant (except --j) or f, W: Pigeon - pigeons, acorn - acorn, executioner - executioner, knife knives, kid - kids.
This ending has a number of words on-and, -a male and common kind: Batya, Uncle, Tyatya, Raja, Chukchi, Youth; Mumen, Pleaspel, (not) Rove, Tikhonya, as well as men's unofficial names with the basis for a soft consonant or hissing: Volodya - Volodya, Seryozha - Seryozhey.
3. Zero ending inherent by nouns, which are the following names:
a) paired items: Botuins - Botunok, Beds - Bot, Wanniki - Wolanok, Eyes - Eyes, Kági - Krag, Mokasún - Mokasún, pursuing - Pau Also, there are e-mails, pleasures - pleasure.
Exceptions: Acselbánty - Acselbántov, Botfuws - Botfuchs, Mr. Fals - Gourfs, Pima - Pima, Rogá - Rogós (but in phraseology - horn: God's cheese cow does not give Horn).
Some words of this semantic group have variant stylistically equivalent endings: Kéda - Kédov and Ked; Noskú - lounge and noscow, unth - unts and ýnto
b) a number of nationalities, peoples, tribes (including the names of the disappeared peoples, as well as the names used before), mainly with the ultimate consonant-one or -r (in the singular): Anglicha - Anglican, Armenian - Army N, Bashkús - Bashkúre, Balkáry - Balkár, Bolgáry - Bulgarian, loads - loads, Imenetu - Imeretún, Temples - Lesgún, Magyary - Madiaur, Moldavian - Moldavian, Osset - Osset, Romanian - Ruman , Tatthers - Tatran, Tyrki - Tino, Hazáry - Hazár, Gygáne - Tsygian.
Some words of this group have variant stylistically equivalent endings: Avára - Avar and Avárs, storms - storm and storms, Caréli - Karél and Carélov, Sarmaty - Sarmát and Sarmát, Turkmany - Turkmount and Turkmounts, Uigýry - Uigýr and Uigýrov.
BUT: Icers, Arábov, Berbéers, Bushminov, Vengrov, Kazákhov, Mongols, Négrov and Nek. Dr.;
c) people at the place of residence on -anin /-Yananin (who have this suffix is \u200b\u200breplaced in the plural of suffix -an / -yan): citizens - citizens, aliensnin - aliens, Kievnin - Kiev, Sil Nin - Sellow, Southman - South and etc.;
d) a young, unfortunate creatures with a suffix -Oncock / -Enok (changing in the plural on suffix -am -am): Volchonok - Volchat, kitten - kittens, chicken - chickens and so on. Cf. and jargon salace - Salazhts; On the same sample there are also maslim - oil, fees - Way,
Note Piode Padge from Babes, Chert - Bagless, Tentyt.

e) people for belonging to some kind of troops, to military union, to some political parties: Partizan, soldier, cadet.
A number of names for belonging to the family of troops (including still), they have variant of stylistically equivalent forms: Goshari - Grenadér and Grenades, Grenadéra - Grenadér and Grenades, Dragýn - Dragýn and Dragýnov, Kirasters - Kiragian and Kirasers, Ulan - Ulan Both Ulannov, Gardemarians - Gardenarjun and Cardemarians. Wed., for example: "On November 22, Seslavin sent me to clear the left side of the Vilen Road with a hundred Sumy Gusar, the platoon of the Dragun of the Tver Regiment yes a doznida of Donets" (A. Marlinsky); "... the Frenchman in Blue Sineli was filmed with a bayonet from Gusarov" (L.T.); "In the evening of the same day, the king sent the shelves of the Guardsmen and Dragun to the pursuit of the shelves" (Buganov V.I. Peter the Great and his time);
e) some units of measurement: amp, watt (kilowatt and other with -vatt), volt, x-ray (and complex words with -rentgen). For example, "... Natural radiation background It is usually 15-20 microentergen per hour ... "(KOMS. Ave. 1990. May 12).
In texts, there are no strictly official zero ending (very common in living oral speech, in the author's speech of fiction) can have nouns of hectares, grams, kilograms. In the texts, there is no strictly official literary standards for the zero ending and in words denoting some vegetables, fruits: (kilo) apricot, orange, eggplant, mandarin, tomato.
II. 1. For nouns of the middle kind, the main end is the outer end: bucket - Verida, Démo - Affairs, housing - housing, healthy - healthy, window - boncakes, rifle - dent (words such as building, gun, i.e. words with the basis on - j, belong to those nouns that in front of the zero ending in the parental case of the plural appears a quick vowel: and if the emphasis does not fall to the end, and -e- if the end is shock).
2. Part of the nouns of the middle kind in the Parental case, the end-of-one. These include:
a) noun, in the forms of the plural number of which before the end appears --j-: bottom → Draw, dwellers, link → Zeven, Zehniev, Wing → Wings *, Wings; POLENED → Paul, half; b) Nouns on -ko (except for army, ushko **, yblokok, yblokko) ***: Dronvko - Dronvkov, Kolivesyko - Kolovikov, Blako - Clouds, Ozerkó - Ozerków, Point - Point, Pléchiko - Pléchikov; c) some nouns with the basis of on -j (in the only and multiple number); Verkhovye - Verkhovyev, Low-Low Low (and Snowdow), Topping - Topiev, Dresses - Dresses, Divorce - Divorce, Ustyev, as well as the Word of the Swamp (swamp).

Part of the words on-Tow has variable endings, one of which is usually more common compared to the second (more common below is given first): Tsevnya → Teres and Terent, Kolénzez → Koléntev and Kolénets, Vertejenz → Vertejentev and Verpets, Welders → Vedes and a bucket, Deltsi → Deltsev and dealers, Taurus → Taurus and Taurus, Fiber → Fibers and fibers, KORTITSE → BORTERS AND BORATERS, DRAKEL → Handsometers and Hards, Flute → Polestees and Fleets, Tentacle → Tentillars and Safflats, Kopytz → Kopytsev and hoofs, lacy → lacy and lace, Schedule → Slabs and sealers. Cf., for example; "[Meresyev] allowed himself to eat only ten spoons and several white, soft chicken meat fibers" (Field B.N. Tale of a true person) and: "With a decrease in the twist, the connection of individual elementary fiber" (Anuchin S.A. and Dr. device and maintenance of twisted machines); "The main mass of the trees sold with us is obtained at the expense of the barbaric extermination of the already scanty forests" (lit. Gas. 1966. 31 Dec.) And: "... When the crowns of individual trees are somewhat in a common closet and the village will begin to test the mutual side Defense, then there is a struggle due to light "(Morozov, the Doctrine of Health), etc.
III. For nouns female The 2nd declination is the main ending: (c) roofs, pines, apple trees, (without) kocherge, sisters, weddings, etc.
A small number of nouns of the female genus on -Ya has the ending. It is received by words that, in which there is a group of consonants before the end, -, -L-: (No) kegles, books, sacks, rookles, as well as the words of Dialy → Decey, Péring → Péney, Candle → Candle (but In the phraseologist - the candle: the game is not worth a candle).
The slight number of words has variables: barge - barge and barges, doodle - doodles and doodle, song - songs and songs *, horsepower - hassle and hassled, sheets - simple and beddown, pussy - rapid and cheered, shutter Staven, Aunt - aunt and aim.
The end is also characteristic of the nouns of the female kind on the soft consonant and hissing (3rd decline): the role is Role, the fabric is a pork, night - night. Only the word sagen has two forms: saplex and seeded.
As for the nouns used only in the form of a plural, then the difficulty with the choice of the correct form of the PAID case is mainly own names. Therefore, the nominal nouns of this type are not considered here, and those interested in the forms of the parent case of their own names can be sent to "the vullar of accents for radio workers and television" F.L. Ageenko and M.V. Walled

20. Declination of names and surnames. Declination of toponyms.

A. Declination of names and surnames
I. Russian surnames and names, surnames and the names of the inhabitants of Slavic countries, as well as the names and names of peoples living in the territory former USSRIn principle, inclined: "Films of Eldar Ryazanov", "Andrei White Poems"
At the same time, from this general rule there is a number of exceptions, and the names and the names of some morphological types require additional comments.
Not inclined, according to the modern literary norm:
a) Surnames on -o, -e, - and, ", for example:" Film studios of the name A.P. Dovzhenko "," Tale about A.I. Marnesco "
b) Women's family names for consonants: "To visit the famous artist N. Uzhvius," "L.N. Tolstoy was familiar with the senior daughter A.S. Pushkin Maria Gardung";
c) The first part of the double surname, if it does not have the appearance of a traditional Russian surname or belongs to the morphological type of surnames that are not inclined: "Sculptures of Demoust-Malinovsky", "Sukhovo-Kobylin's plays", "Miklukho-Maklay" Street.
Surnames that coincide with the sound with nominal nouns can be inclined, and may not be inclined (although more preferable is the case)
Men's surnames of Eastern Slavic exercise to -Ok, -ek, -ets, -Yatz, -En, -el (Omonial nominal noun or having final combinations, similar to those who have a nominal noun, which, when declining, have a runaway vowel) inclined both with loss and loss and Without loss of vowels: "Romance S. Rakhmaninova performed by the People's Artist of the USSR Y. Mazuroka" (Mosk. Pr. 1982. 16 Apr.); "Perhaps the most remarkable in the new play, supplied by V. Polekom ..." (Vene. M. 1973. Jan 31);
Polish, Czech and Slovak surnames and names are on-Thai, - he also, it is also advisable to decline without losing the vowel, which makes it possible to preserve the continued foundation, to unmistakably bring the forms of all cases of one of the available.

As for the surnames on -ets, they are used mainly with a loss of vowels. Wed., for example, in the translation of the novel "The adventure of the brave soldier Schweika" Y. Gashek: "Schweik applied to the paul", "Schweikk said the paul", etc. The Martinets of the famous Czech hockey player was also given in the press and surname: "Punch Martin", "Goal, clogged with Martin", etc. Cf. and: "Only a second wins Vladislav Nelyubin in power of the Molevka" (Ave. 1972. 16 Oct.).
Note. Without loss of the vowel, the surnames and names of the names and the names are inclined, -O. -Ez, who, existential in non-Slavic countries: "The concerts that were organized by the famous American antrenaerer Solom Jouron."
The name of love is inclined without losing a vowel oh, like a noun 3nd decline (love, love, etc.). By sample of this type of declination, a number of borrowed female long-mastered names are changed to the soft consonant (mostly biblical origin), among the persons inhabiting the territory of the former USSR: "He lived with her sister Aleksandrovna" (Trifonov Yu.A. Decklings of the fire) ; "The works of Esphyri CHECs have planned ways to create a new type of films" (Sadul J. History of cinema / lane. M.K. Levina) (about female names for soft consonants, see also below).
II. 1. Initious men's names and names for consonants are inclined: "Opera" Porgi and Bass "George Gershvin", "Romans Henry Böll", "Mastery of Gerard Philippe."
2. Male and female (foreign-speaking) surnames and names ending with and unast without preceding vowels and on-formations are inclined: "... turning the morning breakfast in the scene from Comedy Lope de Vega" (Kav.); "There is a movie de Siki and Kick Kick, Kurosava and Renele Clera" (A. Kapler);
Not inclined: a) Male and women's surnames and names ending on -o, -e, and also, -You, and also on -a (with preceding vowel) and on -á, for example: " Jean Cocteau's play, "Jubilee Jawaharlala Nehru", "Andre Morua" novels, "Roman stories" Alberto Mravia "," Antonioni Movies ";

b) Women's surnames and names ending with firm consonants, as well as surnames ending on a soft consonant: "Visit Margaret Thatcher", "Song Edith Piaf", "Speech by Nicole Courses."
As for female names, the consonant is soft, then the case is more difficult. As mentioned above, inclined women's names Biblical origin - Agar, Rachel, Ruth, Famar, Judith. Stable tradition to inclined the name of the heroine of the ballet Adana "Giselle": "Chovir - an expressive, subtle dancer, famous for the heartfelt performance of the role of Giselle" (ballet of the national opera House. Paris. M., 1958); "Giselle Party was her long-standing dream" (Theater. 1972. No. 11); "Ten years ago, immortalov and Lavrovsky made their debut in" Giselle "(Very. M. 1973. March 15).
And one more feature of the decline in foreign language surnames should be paid attention to: Men's surnames ending on-and -in, have an end in the appropriate case (in contrast to the Russian names on-and -in, having the ending-one): " The roles played by Max von Zydov "," paintings, filmed by Charlie Chaplin "(but:" Surgeon Vasily Chaplin "). Cf. Also: "I was led to the committee desire to talk with his chairman Peter Florin" (Ave. 1990. May 10).

B. Declination Toponimov
Single Toponyms - Names settlements, rivers, lakes, etc. - inclined, like the words are nominal. Cf., for example, toponyms in the names literary works: "Travel from St. Petersburg to Moscow" (Radish.), "House in Kolomna" (P.)
Toponyms are inclined to -On / -Eno, -Ino / -Yo. As they "behaved", and in folk speech, they were "behaved", and in works of fiction: "History of the village of Guliukhina" (P.); "He was from the poor house in Cheszynke ... She is of the same in Shatilov" (Bun.); "I live in Aksenov, I drink Kumy, and I added 8 pounds.

on -ovo / --Eno, -yino / -Yo, not always inclined, which contradicts the norms of the Russian language: "It was not only thought of Yenakiyevo's boys" (Av. and Kosm. 1968. No. 11); "Events in Kosovo" (KOMS. Ave. 1981.7 Apr.); "In 1982, I met in Sheremetyevo-2 national team Soviet Union By volleyball ... "(KOMS. Ave. 1990. June 5). By the way, the same toponyms are often found in the same newspaper in the right, inclined form:" Events in Kosovo "(KOMS. Ave. 1988 . 23 Nov.); "Not from Sheremetyeva-2 was flying abroad" (KOMS. Ave. 1990. June 12). The unlock forms of Tyonyms penetrate, unfortunately, and in the names of children's films, teaching children to incorrect handling words of Russian . Wed, for example: "Winter in Prostokvashino".
According to the literary norm, those single-catch toponyms are not inclined, which ends on the vowels - and (if this toponym is not perceived as a form of a plural), -e, -o (except for toponyms on -OP / -Eno, -Ino / -Yo). "Inhabitants of Sochi (Tokyo, Tuapse, Tbilisi)", "Medeo Competitions", "Traveling on Gobi", "Water Aragvi".
As for non-empty toponyms, they are inclined differently depending on whether they are common to Russian syntactic combinations or not. First, all words are inclined, more precisely, all words that can be declined in accordance with this syntactic design: "In Vyshny Volochka (in New Orleans)", "under the Lower Tagil", " Far East"," in Frankfurt am Main ", etc. Secondly, i.e. in those inxulnial names that are perceived as syntactically indecompusable, only the last element is inclined (if it is declining):" In Port Said (in New York) "," Along Sierra Nevada "," Floor Copset-Dag "," In Kamenets-Podolsky "
And one more feature of the leaning of toponyms should be paid attention. In the appropriate case of toponyms on -i (o) / eva (o), -in (o) / - YN (o) have the ending-one: (under) Pskov, (for) Kamyshin, (above) grandchildren, Sheremetyev. Cf. Also: "The battle under the dull - the success for the Swedes is small, but he contributed to the further blinding of the king" (Buganov).

For most nouns of the male genus of the 1st decline in the nominative case of a plural characteristic, the main ending is characterized by - and. This ending have:

1) Nouns containing more than one syllable, of which the shock is the last (in the nominative case of the singular): Argumland, Boxer, Vernishazh, Veterian, Head, Debutánt, Defús, Kurgany, Motél, Older, Extrace, etc. The exceptions are two words: the hands - the sleeve and the overshadh - wagon;

2) a considerable number of single single nouns with constant stress in case of case (single): Ball - Balls, bass - bass, battle - Bozh, goal - Goals, Fat - Fats, Clubs - clubs (smoke), Garden - Gardens, Soup - Soup Soups, cheese cheese; Gene - Géna, grams - gramma, cargo - grines, probe - Zódda, Club - Club (people's association); Lacques, lias, elevator - elevators, warehouse - Sklda, syllable - Lepring, reviews - for fun, cake - tons, toast - toast, pound - FLATS, Chef - Shéfy and Nek. Dr.

Note. An error and quite common is the formation of MOPMÁ form.

The ending is also the overwhelming majority of borrowed words to -tor, -Su (type vector, compressor, lecturer). The exceptions are the existence director, the doctor, professor, forming the nominative case of a multiple Number: Director, Dr.á, Professor. A few words - an animated inspector, instructor, conductor (about man), corrector, editor, inanimate spotlight, sector, tractor (the rest inanimate to -tor, -Sour have the ending - they have variant, stylistically equal forms: instructors and instructor, projcotors and spotlights, etc.

At the same time, a significant part of the nouns is characterized by the form on them as standard, i.e. The only possible possible from the point of view of the literary norm. Forms on -A / -E (drum) possess:

1) many single nouns: side (but in phraseologism: hands in Boki), eyelids (but in phraseologiza: live an awards of eyelids, forever, forever, in the eyelids, in the same century), top (top in the value `lifting folding The roof of the crew`), eye, house, food, edge, forest, log, meadow, fur (in the value `isolated skins` Or` products of them`), horn, genus (in the value `View, type of troops or weapons`) , Height, snow, account (in the values \u200b\u200bof `cash document`,` The discharge of a financial operation`), current (in the values \u200b\u200bof the "place of the throat`,` shocking place`), tone (in the value `color, color shade`), bread ( In the value `Zlak`), Khlev, color (like coloring of something), silk (silk in the` Product `product).

Ending -Y (with the increment of suffix -J- or OUJ-) have a noun tooth, son-in-law, wedge, count, whom, cry (in the values \u200b\u200bof the weight for carrying weights`, `crash, placed on the pole`), Kum, husband ( In the meaning `married man in relation to his wife`);

2) Many nouns with the number of syllables are greater than one with a constant stress on the first syllable (in the sole form): iadres (as the designation of the residence), béreg, blesses (as part of the chimney), bin, Berfer, Véer, Véksel, Vénzel, Vértel, Vencher, Gulf, Drug, Deeger, Wheel, Zhamchug (as products), Harry, Zhakrom, Katter, Kúver, cléver (like `crops of this culture`), Klokol, kórtov (in all values, except` torso` and `typographic font`), копол, кечене, lumber (in all values, except` socio-political grouping`), Lémes, Máster, Nóll, ourselves (in the value `icon`), Own, Outline, Overland (as a reward) , Rerder (in the value `Document`), Русский, отпуск, Паруру, Posset, Penpal, Parus, plowing, pouring, phouse, pour, progress, prost (in the value` Document`), Schahar (sugar - in special consumption `Varieties of this substance`), Térem, Téters, Tóxt, Tórbas, Tsen, Hlasa (Coldland in the value of` Cold weather period`), Hisitor, Chösp, Schofer, Cholepol, Juncker (in the values \u200b\u200b`the pupil of the military school in pre-revolutionary Russia` And` Oblastifying Unter-Officer` in the Russian Army), anchor and some. Dr.

Note. The literary norms found in the written and oral speech form on the following words are not met in writing and oral speech: in place, inly, the choice, grazing, exit, dawn, go, Ládskan, Lécloter, Mésyts, Property, Snuper, Récloter, Tran Sport, Trinner, Tsynkul.

The ending -I (with the increment of suffix -j-) have noun spikes, rim, occasion (`belt to control the horse`).

Several dozen nouns have variant forms of na /-and -á /-'. Some of these nouns are commonwood words, variant forms of which are regulated and stylistically equivalent. These include: Bunker, Heap, Vympel, Glisser, Jumper, Harry, Inspector, Instructor, Kittel, Corrector, Cruiser, Pretzel (in the phraseology, only a form is used: to write a pretzel), block, flap, lighter, nemody , outer, warrant (as the term architecture), baker, clerk, pole, cruiser (form of prudes preferable), baptizing, handwriting, spotlight, poodle, report (form Рапоптодительторти), editor, mouthpiece, sweater, sector, scooter, mechanic Sable (in the value `fur, products made of fur` only Sablets), Sauce, Stapel, Tabel, Tenor, Tokar, Tractor, Truman, Trefel, Onter, Feldsher, Feldgerer, Flegene, Flywer, Shipper, Schnitzel, Stamp , plug, storm, shoeler, hawk.

The significant group consists of words (commonly consolidated for one or another terminology), in which the variant forms on-/ -th characterize professional speech (mechanics, technicians, sailors, etc.). Such forms are actively used from nouns, which are the names of the mechanisms (and their parts), of various kinds of devices, tools, equipment, etc. (valve - valve, grader - grader, throttle - choke, dowel - dowel, tanker - tanker, etc.), names of professions, specialties, posts (pilots - Lotsmann, navigator - navigator, etc.).

A slight number of words whose variant forms are peculiar to poetic, elevated speech. Such variant forms include snow, wind, thunder, sheets (plants), men, sons, popols. Wed, for example: "According to these bikes, the winds of the wind walk" (R.Kaz.); "I love you, my swam winds" (A. Prokofiev); "As if with a quiet sky, a cloud starts up. Lightning. Thunder. On the field of spruce with its umbrella Green, behind the field - somewhere far away - at home" (A. Reshetov); "You ask those soldiers that under the birch are lying, and let them say their sons, whether Russian wars want" (EVT); "And whistles, and mutters spring. The knee flooded tops. Awaken male from sleep, so that, like butterflies, the leaves shook" (Zab.).

Note. Forms on -Y / -Sh / - are not stylistic options, if you relate to homonyms or to different values \u200b\u200bof the word. For example: a teeth (at a saw) and teeth (in humans, animal); Roots (`roots and leaves used in lush") and roots (part of the plant; mathematical term); husband (`Men in relation to wives`) and men (` state figures`), etc.

Rakhmanova L.I., Suzdaltseva V.N. Modern Russian. - M, 1997.

It should be remembered that some nouns do not form the shapes of the singular and are used only in the form of a plural. These are nounsday, freezing, pasta, memoirs, supplies, searches, finance, troubles and some others. There are also two groups of nouns, forming a single number, but more often used in the form of a plural:

• 1) some nouns, calling people by the nature of activity or characteristic quality (Favorites - elected present - present, workers - working);
• 2) nouns, calling a pair or a set of persons or subjects (Gemini - twin, shoes - shoes, troops - army, croutons - croutin, crouton, initials - initial, quotation - quotes, Skates - Konk, Skiing - Skiing, Vegetables - Vegetable, Slippers - slipper).

Most important questionassociated with the formation of the form of a multiple of the nomination case - this is a question about the variation end

-and I)-s (and).Classic, traditional russian end - ending -s,however, the ending ended in the tongue -butin recent decades, becomes more and more common and huses -s.In some cases, the use of endings -butunacceptable and is a violation grammatical norm, speech error.

From this point of view, the nouns are divided into three groups:

• 1) nouns, the form of the plural number of which is formed only by the end - (and),such as the accountant, age, goalkeeper, reprimand, edition, coat of arms, hospital, courtyard, dispatcher, contract, engineer, container, cream, lecturer, painter, broker, month, officer, queue, polis, handwriting, syllable, joiner, turner, cake, Front, chauffe-,
• 2) nouns, the form of a plural number of which is formed only by end -and I),such as the address, shore, fan, director, doctor, boat, food, dome, master, room, cloud, Order, Outland, vacation, variety, watchman, passport, cook, professor, Topol-,
• 3) nouns, the shape of the plural number of which is formed by variatives, i.e. and by end - (and),and by end -and I),such as the heap, year, bunch, uncle, Shurin, inspector, instructor, cruiser, plinth, spotlight, poodle, pole, sector, locksmith, poplar, flibel, shop, stack, stamp, storm, anchor.

Special attention should be paid for words, when forming a multiple number of which errors are very often allowed:

In modern Russian there is a tendency to expand the use of ending -and I),therefore, in case of any doubt it is better to cope in the dictionary. However, if there is no such possibility, choose the end of the end based on the fact that the incorrect version with the end - (and)it will sound a few archaic-intelligent and incorrect version with the end -and I)gives speech the features of the surprise.

Various shape of a nouns of the multiple nouns may be related to different values the words. For example, the teeth of the beast - the teeth of saws, warring LGERS - youth camps, strange images - image in the Church, Life Teachers - school teachers, breads in the furnace - bread in the field, the great men of antiquity - the husband of this woman, knees in the water - the knee (generation) Israel - knees bamboo.

Different forms of the nominative case of multiple numbers are also formed by Omonimov: for example, sheet (tree) - leaves and sheet (paper) - sheets, fur (Soboliy) - fur and fur (blacksmith) - bemes (vintage) - roda and rank (troops) - kind

The form of a set of multiple number can be formed using non-standard endings, but usually such cases do not cause difficulties for those for whom the Russian native language. These are such forms as chicken - chickens, ants - ants, spikes - ears, wings - wings, citizen - citizens, sky - heaven.

Do not form the molds of the plural number of identity cases such nouns like baggage, Fighting, faith, air, east, heroism, friendship, breath, painting, climate, cosmos, love, shoes, defense, depreciation, midnight, repair, realism, homeland, fame, justice, happiness, cottage cheese, technology, study, honor, echo, humor other.

In some nouns, the form of a plural number of nominative case is formed, but differs from the form of a single number of lexical meaning. Such forms are formed in three cases:

• 1) noun in multiple number means mass, volume, power of manifestation (Pain, Sands, Snow, Cold and etc.);
• 2) noun in the plural calls the types and types of substances denoted by real nouns in the singular (water, sausages, salt, coals, teas and etc.);
• 3) noun in a plural calls the qualities and properties denoted by distracted nouns in the singular (depths, beauty, tenderness, sadness, joy, noisesand etc.).

In some nouns, the plural form of the nomination case is formed only in some sustainable combinations, such as of the two angry choose the smaller.