Afrikaans language. Afrikaans Language (Borsky). Differences from the literary Dutch

Afrikaans ( afrikaans) - West German, which speaks South Africa and Namibia. In the literature, it is described as a partially creation language or as a deviant type of Dutch (Netherlands) language.

Although Afrikaans have borrowings from Malay, Portuguese, Bantia and Koisansky languages, 90-95% of his vocabulary - Dutch origin. Its main difference from the Netherlands is more systematized morphology, grammar and spelling.

In South Africa, Afrikaans is a native language of 6 million people, or 13.3% of the population. According to the 2001 census, 79.5% of the so-called "Color Community", 59.1% of the White Population, 1.7% of the Indian population and 0.7% of the Negro population, were freely owned by the 2001 census. In addition, Afrikaans uses the main part of the English and a bow of languages \u200b\u200bas a second language.

According to the 1996 Constitution, Afrikaans is one of the official languages \u200b\u200bof South Africa, along with English and 9 other languages.

In the neighboring Namibia, Afrikaans is widely used as Lingua Franca; Here he is a native language for 11% of the population - mainly in the capital of Windhuke, as well as in the southern provinces of Hardap and Karas.

The total number of carriers of the burdens (drills, or Africanners) is not known, but it is estimated from 15 to 23 million people.

The history of the burial language begins in 1652, when the first settlement of Europeans (Dutch) appeared in South Africa. The migrants themselves for a long time called him Kombuistaal ("Kitchen Language"). Afrikaans was considered a dialect of the Netherlands until the end of the 19th century, when he was recognized as an independent language.

Linguists believe that at first Afrikaans existed in the form of three dialects: North, Western and East. Traces of these dialects are stored in a modern standardized language. A separate place is occupied by the prison Argo Somobla - it is based on Afrikaans, but experienced the strong influence of the Zulus language. This dialect was used in prisons as a secret language, which was taught only dedicated.

Linguist Paul Robert considers the first texts on the "real Africans" the verses of an unknown author, written in 1795, and a dialogue recorded by the Dutch traveler in 1825. The first printed books on Afrikaans began to appear only in the middle of the 19th century, when the language was still considered as a combination of regional dialects.

The alphabet of Afrikaans consists of 26 letters of the Latin alphabet, to which added diacritical signs For vowels: Á, é, è, ê, ë, í, î, ï, ó, ô, ú, û, ý. Short words can begin with apostrophe, which reflects the feature of Afrikaans - wide use in colloquial speech reduced vocabulary, for example: 'K' T Dit Gesê instead of Ek Het Dit Gesê ("I said it"), 'T Jy Dit GEET? instead of Het Jy Dit Geëet? ("Did you eat it?").

In 1861 L.H. Moran published his book Zamenspraak Tusschen Klaas Waarzegger en Jan Jan Twyfelaar ("Conversation between Klaus Tvyddolubets and Jan Doubt"), which a number of researchers consider the first authoritative text at the burial language. The first grammar and Dictionaries of Afrikaans were published by the Charitable Organization "Society of True Afrikaner" in Cape Town in 1875.

After the first and second bucket wars, the position of Afrikaans considerably strengthened. Prior to this, the official languages \u200b\u200bof the South African Union were English and Dutch, and in 1925, Afrikaans joined them, which was recognized by the Netherlands dialect. The main dictionary of the brief language is Woordeboek Van Die Afrikaanse Taal ("Vocabulary of Afrikaans"), the compilation of which has not yet been completed due to the scale of the project (only the first volume is published).

An important milestone in the development of the language was the first official full translation of the Bible to Afrikaans, made in 1933. Thanks to this transfer, Afrikaans fixed as a "clean and right language" of religious texts, especially numerous Calvinist communities, which before that with a large skepticism treated attempts to transfer the Holy Scriptures to the Borsky language. In 1933, to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the first translation, a new translation was made.

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The meaning of the word Afrikaans

afrikaans in the Crosswordist Dictionary

Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998

afrikaans

Afrikaans (Borsky) The language of Afrikaner (boots) refers to the Indo-European family of languages \u200b\u200b(German Group). One of the two official languages \u200b\u200bof South Africa. Originated in the integration and mixing process of the Netherlands dialects with German and English, as well as with some local languages. Writing based on the Latin alphabet.

Afrikaans

bursky, one of the state languages \u200b\u200b(along with the English language) of the Republic of South Africa; Refers to the group of West German languages. It says sv. 3.5 million people (1967). A. Disabled at a significant territory of South Africa, but mainly in Transvaal and in an orange free state. A. appeared in 17 century. In the process of integrating and mixing various Dutch (mainly Dutch) dialects with nearby languages \u200b\u200b(German and English), as well as with the languages \u200b\u200bof the local native population (Gottentotot, Bushmen, Bantia) and the Creole Malay-Portuguese language of sailors, merchants and slaves. Specific features A. The end of the 17th century. Back in the Cape Province. A characteristic feature is the absence of territorial dialects. During the 18th and 1st half of the 19th centuries. A. functioned only as an oral conversational language. The first attempt to consolidate the written norm was undertaken in 1875 "society of true Afrikaner." Written monuments on A. appeared only in the 70s. 19th century With the formation of UAS (1910) A. not yet becomes the official language of the country and only in 1925 is fixed as official language UAS.

The phonetic system A. is close to the Netherlands. Specific traits ≈ The nasalization of vowels in certain positions and stunning ringing slop agrees at the beginning of the word. The spelling is built mainly in the phonetic principle. Vocabulary retains the Netherlands basis; Borrowing from local African languages \u200b\u200bare insignificant. A. ≈ The language of the analytical system is characterized by weak morphoric decoration. The intensive decay process of flexia leads to full destruction SYSTEM SYSTEM SYSTEMS AND SYSTEMS OF THE GUBLING SYSTEM (loss of personal endings). For the expression of the syntactic relations, official words are used (prepositions and auxiliary verbs, acting in the frozen form) and receiving the adjoining, and therefore the order of words in the proposal and phrase acquires grammatical significance.

Lit.: Mironov S. A., Language Afrikaans, M., 1969; Botha M. S., Vurger J. F., Maskew Miller Se Afrikaanse Grammatika, 5 Druk, Kaapstad, 1923; Bouman A. C. en Pienaar E. C., Afrikaanse Spraakkuns, Stellenbosch; 1924; Kloeke G. G., Herkornst en Groei Van Het Africaans, Leiden, 1950; Villiers M. D E, Afrikaanse Klankleer, Kaapstad ≈ Amsterdam, 1958; Bosman D. B., Merwe J. W. Van Den, Tweetalige Wooreboek, Afrikaans-Engels, Engels-Afrikaans, Kaapstad, 1962.

S. A. Mironov.

Wikipedia

Afrikaans

Afrikaans (Afrikaans.previously also known as afrikaans) - German language (until the beginning of the 20th century, the Dutch dialect), one of 11 official languages \u200b\u200bof the Republic of South Africa, is also common in Namibia. In addition, small communities of Afrikaans live in other countries of South Africa: Botswana, Lesotho, Swaziland, Zimbabwe, Zambia. Many emigrants from South Africa talking to Afrikaans, downtown in the UK, Australia, the Netherlands, New Zealand.

Examples of the use of the word Afrikaans in the literature.

But knowing afrikaansI understood some words in German, the aliens spoke another language.

She said something on afrikaans In the handset, they were immediately introduced into the Cabinet Mr. Benson - a friendly and rosy man in a beige suit.

Vulzogen, who spoke to him on afrikaans, covered the handset with hand and whispered: - He says that he was in the elastic 344.

Therefore, in turn - English and Netherlands, in school - intersem, and also Portuguese, Tagalog, Bengal, Swedish, afrikaansFinnish.

Zell Na afrikaans His friend who rushed feverishly in his pockets, looking for a syringe with a drug.

Cyper on afrikaanswhen the playground appeared on the right screen, where the tape V.

I understood a little by afrikaans And, having listened to their conversation, I realized that Bushman was represented by Device as a resident of Johannesburg.

Cautos family did not bother himself talking on afrikaans And I started a conversation with counter-bubbling in the throat, and Daphne was stealing, understanding only his scraps.

Afrikaans (outdated burdens), the language of Africanners (drills) and so-called color - methives, descendants of slaves mixed origin And Koy-Coin (Gottentots). One of the official languages \u200b\u200bof South Africa; In six of the nine of its provinces is one of the three languages \u200b\u200bof official documents and proceedings. It is also common as a language of inter-ethnic communication in Namibia (with the exception of the northern regions), as a language of consumer communication in Zimbabwe, Botswana, Malawi and Zambia. The main language of teaching in four universities South Africa, the language of three Calvinist churches in southern Africa. The total number of Afrikaans speaking as in the native, second and third language is about 10 million people (the beginning of the 21st century, assessment).

Afrikaans is one of the German languages \u200b\u200b(West German Group). Its main features were in 17-18 centuries on the Kapskoy Peninsula, in the colony of European settlers on the basis of various dialects of the Netherlands, on which they were told both from the Netherlands, and those who took their colonists from others european countries, representatives of the local population (KOO-Coin) and imported to the colony from different countries Slaves. Until the mid-19th century, only as orally spoken language functioned; wherein in writing The drills remained literary Netherlands.

The feature of Africaans is the lack of dialects in the traditional understanding. 3 options for Afrikaans, which have developed in different ethnic groups are highlighted: in the rigs - Africaans of the Eastern Border (Central and North South Africa), in the slave environment - Kapsky Afrikaans (Kapsky Peninsula), in Wednesday Ko-Coin - Afrikaans Orange River (South West South Africa and Namibia). Africaans eastern border Loefully basically literary language, Two other options are used by certain ethnic groups on the household level.

Typologically, Afrikaans is extremely close to the Netherlands. Characteristic differences in phonetics: Diffantongization of semi-felling [E], [about.] And long [E:], [O:], bringing them apart accordingly with, and ,; Nasalization of vowels in position before "[n] + slit"; lengthening vowels when fragments of consonants [x] and [d] in the intervocal position; Apokop [T] after consonants [F], [x], [s], [k], [p] at the end of the word; Detention of vowels [y], [Ø] and [?].

Afrikaans stand out among Germanic languages high degree Analytian, which is expressed in the extremely weak morphological design of nouns, adjectives, pronoun and verbs. Categories of the genus and case in the system name and face and numbers in the verb system are absent. The form of the present time of the verb is regularly used in the meaning of a simple past. Unlike related Germanic languages, there is only one regular form of the past time in Afrikaans - Perfect. Specific and typical africaans design - a combination of transient verb with a VIR pretext and a direct addition, expressed by the name by own or personal pronoun (the average Jan Slaan Vir Piet 'Yang Beats Piet'); It is a regular means to express the value of the battery.

The characteristic feature of Afrikaans is the proper function of some nouting and verb bases, which gives the neoplasm [used often instead of the communion I (sacrament of the imperfect species) in the circumstances function i. Emphatic or itality]. The emergence of this innovation is probably one of the few traces of the African or Malay substrate.

The feature of the Afrikaans syntax is the doubling of negation (NIE ... NIE).

The Afrikaans Lexic Foundation for 99.75% preserved the original Netherlands vocabulary, detects stability and resistance to the penetration of foreign language (especially English) borrowing. 0.25% falls on borrowing from African languages \u200b\u200b(mainly the name of animals, plants, toponyms), from German, French and english, from the Malay-Portuguese Koine servants and slaves. Neologisms are noted, not consuming in Dutch, changing the original meaning of words.

The formation of the literary language of Afrikaans began from the basis of the Society of True Afrikaner in 1875 (aims to fight for the recognition of Afrikaans as a national literary language of African); Approved the term "Afrikaans". The South African Academy of Language, Literature and Art began to work in 1909 to work on the normalization and standardization of Afrikaans. Since 1914, he became tongue school EducationIn 1925 acquired the status of the official language. In 1933, a full translation of the Bible on Afrikaans appeared.

The first attempts to create writing for Afrikaans were undertaken in the 1860s - in the Kapskaya Muslim community, transfers of the Koran fragments and other Muslim sacred books on Kapsky Afrikaans recorded by Arab graphics were made. Since the 1870s, thanks to the activities of the Society of True Afrikaners, an alphabet on a Latin graphic is used for Afrikaans.

Lit.: Mironov S. A. On the analytical and semi-analytical forms of the word // Analytical structures in the languages \u200b\u200bof various types. M.; L., 1965; He is Africaans language. M., 1969; Schoor J.L. Van. Die Grammatika Van Standaard-Afrikaans. Kaapstad, 1983; CONRADIE S.J. Taalgeskiedenis. Pretoria, 1986; Ignatenko A. K. Textbook of the Language of Africaans. Starting course. M., 2000.

Dictionaries: Woordeboek Van Die Afrikaanse Taal / Ed. R. Schoonees. Pretoria, 1951-2000-. Vol. 1-11; Tweetalige Woordboek / Ed. D. V. Bosnian. 8th Ed. Kaapstad, 1984; Verklarende Handwoordeboek Van Die Afrikaanse Taal. 3 ED. Perskor, 1994; Stadler L. G. DE. GROOT TESOURUS VAN AFRIKAANS. Halfweghuis, 1994.

AFRIKAANS(burial language), the language, nearby the Netherlands, which speaks Afrikaner living in the South African Republic, or borants (people of the White race, the descendants of the Dutch colonists, landed at 17 century. at Cape of Good Hope), as well as "Colored", T .. People of mixed Borso-Negro origin. Afrikaans is one of the two official languages \u200b\u200bof South Africa (along with English), but it is understood from South Africa, many Africans, English-speaking white and Asians.

The first discrepancies between the Netherlands and the language of the colonists began to be discovered after 1685. At the beginning of the 19th century. The language of the Dutch colonists called the "African-Netherlands" or "Cape-Netherlands". The first texts in the language of Afrikaans are dating 1795. At the end of the 19th - early 20 century. It was believed that the Language of Afrikaans arose as a result of the mixing of various dialects of the Netherlands of the 17th century., where the first colonists were spoken, as well as the influence of Gottentoti languages, the Creole Malaysco-Portuguese and the Netherlad language, which was spoken by foreigners in the Cape Province, first of all the Germans and French people. Currently, in the question of the origin of the language of Afrikaans, linguists tend to the point of view that the influence of other languages \u200b\u200bplayed a secondary role here, and its formation was determined by its own tendencies of the Netherlands dialects of 17 V. to the simplification of the grammatical system (which is characteristic sign Language Afrikaans).

Between the Netherlands and Afrikaans there are significant differences in pronunciation. For consonantism, Afrikaans language is characterized by the elimination of the final consonant, following fricatable (Netherl. kreeft., Afrikaans kreef.) And loss d., g. and other consonants in the position between the shock and unstressed syllable (Notele. zadel., AFR. saal). Changes in vocalism: Netherlane oo. often corresponds to Afrikaans eU (ö ) Netherlands a. and aA. – e. (Notele. darm, AFR. derm). Another important difference is that there are vowels in Afrikaans. Articulation of sounds in Afrikaans as a whole is the same as in Dutch; The effect of various phonetic appearance occurs due to discrepancies in intonation and in the nature of the stress.

In the language of Afrikaans, the grammatical system is extremely simplified. This trend is characteristic of all German languages, but here it is brought to its logical completion. The verb in Afrikaans does not change any persons or numbers. The time value is expressed with auxiliary verbs or shorter; The amount of strong ("incorrect") verbs is small. The past time is almost always formed by the addition of prefix gE.-. Morphology named in the language of Africaans is close to the Netherlands - in particular, in the formation of a certain. The numbers, the use of diminutive suffixes and indicators of the genus. From the point of view of its morphological system, Afrikaans is the most analytical of German languages \u200b\u200b(and in general of all modern Indo-European languages).

The most significant difference in the language of Afrikaans from the Netherlands in the field of syntax consists of double denial: Hy Wil Dit nIE doen nIE ("He does not want to do this"). Other distinctive features - Repetition of prepositions and modal dialects, properness and use of the pretext vir. Before direct addition. There are also discrepancies in the order of words. The rest of the Syntax of the Afrikaans language is similar to the Netherlands. The Dutch initially experience some difficulties when understanding the language of Afrikaans, but usually they are quite soon overcome and learned to perceive both oral and written speech - which is due to the immediate genetic proximity of Afrikaans to the Netherlands, on the one hand, and maintaining the Netherlands tradition in South Africa. with another.

Despite the obvious close kinship of the Language of Afrikaans to the Netherlands, in its lexical composition, these two languages \u200b\u200bdiffer sharply from each other. Some words sounding as archaisms in modern Dutch are quite common in Afrikaans; The modern Netherlands folded in cities, while Afrikaans goes rooted in rural dialects of the 17th century; Some Netherlands have acquired new values \u200b\u200bin the Cape Province; In addition, in the new conditions in the new country, new words were required. Many such words came from the language of sailors. The lexical composition of the Afrikaans language was also replenished at the expense of borrowing from other languages \u200b\u200bcommon in South Africa: English, Malaysian-Portuguese, Gottentotian and some African languages. However, the main thing is that the language of Afrikaans is distinguished from the Netherlands, this is his "African Spirit."

School studies and worship in the language of Afrikaans are carried out since 1914. There are several reasons: the initial lack of national identity, the status of the Netherlands as the language of the Church, as well as the desire of Great Britain to english drills. In 1918, the use of the Afrikaans language in universities was allowed, and in 1925 it was finally recognized as official. Flooring of poetry in the language of Afrikaans falls for a while after the release of the collection of poems E. MARE Winter night. The poetry of the authors such as E. Mare, K. Leitpoldt, Tethius (Y.D. Du Tua), I. Sellyers, T. Van der Heever, and others, constitute literature that reaches a world-class. The poems of the "color" poets S.Pethersena, P. Filand, A.Smolla are devoted to the problems of their ethnic groups and, in particular, their relationship with the white population. Prose in the language of Afrikaans was initially a local meaning, but the movement of the upgrade of the 1960s, headed by E. Lurub, K. Barnard, A.brinkom and D. Suman, contributed to its exit to the international arena.

The first discrepancies between the Netherlands and the language of the colonists began to be discovered after 1685. At the beginning of the 19th century. The language of the Dutch colonists called the "African-Netherlands" or "Cape-Netherlands". The first texts in the language of Afrikaans are dating 1795. At the end of the 19th - early 20 century. It was believed that the Language of Afrikaans arose as a result of the mixing of various dialects of the Netherlands of the 17th century., where the first colonists were spoken, as well as the influence of Gottentoti languages, the Creole Malaysco-Portuguese and the Netherlad language, which was spoken by foreigners in the Cape Province, first of all the Germans and French people. Currently, in the question of the origin of the language of Afrikaans, linguists tend to the point of view that the influence of other languages \u200b\u200bplayed a secondary role here, and its formation was determined by its own tendencies of the Netherlands dialects of 17 V. To the simplification of the grammatical system (which is a characteristic sign of the Afrikaans language).

Between the Netherlands and Afrikaans there are significant differences in pronunciation. For consonantism, Afrikaans language is characterized by the elimination of the final consonant, following fricatable (Netherl. kreeft., Afrikaans kreef.) And loss d., g. and other consonants in the position between the shock and unstressed syllable syllable (Netherl. zadel., AFR. saal). Changes in vocalism: Netherlane oo. often corresponds to Afrikaans eU (ö ) Netherlands a. and aA. – e. (Notele. darm, AFR. derm). Another important difference is that there are vowels in Afrikaans. Articulation of sounds in Afrikaans as a whole is the same as in Dutch; The effect of various phonetic appearance occurs due to discrepancies in intonation and in the nature of the stress.

In the language of Afrikaans, the grammatical system is extremely simplified. This trend is characteristic of all German languages, but here it is brought to its logical completion. The verb in Afrikaans does not change any persons or numbers. The time value is expressed using auxiliary verbs or adverbs; The amount of strong ("incorrect") verbs is small. The past time is almost always formed by the addition of prefix gE.-. Morphology named in the language of Africaans is close to the Netherlands - in particular, in the formation of a certain. The numbers, the use of diminutive suffixes and indicators of the genus. From the point of view of its morphological system, Afrikaans is the most analytical of German languages \u200b\u200b(and in general of all modern Indo-European languages).