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Revolution of 1848 in France - Bourgeois-democratic revolution in France, one of the European revolutions 1848-1849. The tasks of the revolution was to establish civil rights and freedoms. It turned out on February 24 to renunciation from the throne of the once liberal king Louis-Philip I and the proclamation of the Second Republic. The presidents of the new state was elected in the future course of the revolution, after the suppression of the Social-revolutionary uprising in June 1848, Napoleon's nephew Bonaparte Bonaparte's nephew.

European context of the February Revolution

Events in France became a spark that ignited liberal uprisings in many European countries, especially in the Hermann Union countries, known as the revolution of 1848-1849 in Germany. All of them had a pan-European dimension and separated bourgeois liberal goals. To all these revolutions, including the revolution in France, you can apply the collective name of the revolution of 1848-1849, without omitting at the same time that in individual countries these events developed in different ways and had different consequences.

Prerequisites

Louis Philipp came to power in the year during the bourgeois-liberal July revolution, which overtook the reaction regime of Bourbon in the face of Karl X. The eighteen years of the Board of Louis Philippa (the so-called July monarchy) were characterized by a gradual departure from the ideas of liberalism, participating scandals and increasing corruption. Ultimately, Louis Philipp acceded to the Sacred Union of Monarchs Russia, Austria-Hungary and Prussia. The purpose of this founded at the Vienna Congress in the Union was the restoration of the order in Europe that existed to the French revolution 1789. This was primarily expressed in the updated domination of the nobility and the return of his privileges.

Start of revolution

The reason for the mass explosion of the perturbation was given by the authorities themselves. In those years in France, as in England, a movement for the election reform arose. In France it got a name reformist banquets. In order to promote reforms, and at the same time bypass the strict prohibitions of alliances and meetings, first in Paris, and then in large provincial cities, rich participants of the reformist movement organized public banquets. They were loudly talked about projects of reforms loudly, and sometimes the government was sharply criticized. From July to February, about 50 such banquets took place. The annoyed head of the GIZO government on February 21, 1848 banned another banquet appointed in the capital. At the same time, he warned the organizers in harsh tones that in the case of disobedience he applies strength. In response, unrest began in Paris, in the evening the revolution taking the scale.

Not wanting to tempt the fate, Louis-Philipp did that, before leaving, he was pre-littered from the throne in favor of his grandson of Heinrich, the count of Parisian. But it categorically not satisfied the rebels. As soon as on February 25, they became aware of the intention of the Chamber of Deputies to proclaim the King of Heinrich, the crowd of rebels broke right at the meeting of the Chamber. Under the dowl of guns, the deputies proclaimed France by the republic and formed a new radical-bourgeois government.

Shortly after the proclamation of the republic, universal eligible right was introduced for men who have reached 21 years. At that moment, such a wide range of votes was not in one country of the world, even in England, who considered himself the birthplace of democratic freedoms. Another important measure of the new government was the opening of national workshops for the unemployed, where they received a small - 2 franc per day - but the guaranteed fee. Although the workshops introduced only in several major cities, soon they worked more than 100 thousand people. The main tasks of the revolution were fulfilled. The population received broad political rights and civil liberties, the unemployed were occupied on road and earth work, landscaped houses and streets of cities. Radicals used a large cluster of the people in workshops to keep revolutionary propaganda there.

June uprising June 23-26, 1848

The content of national workshops, at first, by the government of 150 thousand francs per day, demanded more and more expenses, since the number of people working in them were constantly growing. I had to reduce payment to 1.5 franc per day, and then reduce the number of working days to two per week. For the remaining five days, workshop workers received on franc. But it was simply for the treasury, and the effectiveness of the workshops was becoming lower. In the end, on June 21, on the initiative of the government, the constituent assembly dissolved national workshops. During the age of 18-25, idle men were invited to join the army, the rest - to go for earthworks to the province. However, the unemployed did not want to leave the capital.

June 23-26, the riots began in Paris, grew into the uprising. To give it to the city, re-covered by barricades, I had to introduce troops. He led the military minister, General Louis-Egreg Cavenik. Cavenik tried to calm the rebels, convince them that radicals are "yours and our enemies." He called: "Come to us as repentable brothers, submissive law. The republic is always ready to take you into your arms!"

The June uprising has not had a specific goal, except for the requirements of re-opening national workshops, freeing the radicals arrested on May 15, to establish a "democratic and social republic". It was a meaningless riot crowd, caused by a number of reasons: the low standard of living workers, unemployment, the closure of workshops, etc. Most members of the future government were in prison, and the leadership of the armed struggle was carried out by "brigadiers" and "delegates" of national workshops, political club figures , Commanders of the National Guard detachments.

Nevertheless, the riots did not stop, and Cavenik gave an order to suppress the uprising. When taking workers, it is offended by St. Antoine and La Tampl - the supporting points of the rebels - several thousand people died.

Establishment of the Second Republic

As a result of the June explosion, bourgeois-democratic transformations started by the Provisional Government were suspended. The authorities were forced to close radical newspapers, clubs and societies. But the universal eligible law has been preserved, and this has made it possible to spend the nationwide elections in December 1848. It was expected that the main struggle would unfold between candidates of a large bourgeoisie Cavenyak and the shallow bourgeoisie ice-roll. But the unexpectedly overwhelming majority of voters voted for Napoleon's nephew, a forty-year-old Prince Louis Bonaparte. He was mainly supported by peasants, workers, city grounds and some of the petty bourgeoisie, since with his name Napoleon, they associated the former and future of the greatness of the country and hoped that the new president would show the same attention to the needs of ordinary French, as well as his famous uncle.

Germany Italian states: Neapolitan kingdom Papal Oblast Tuscany Piedmont and Duchy Poland Valahia and Moldova

Revolution of 1848 in France (Fr. Révolution Française DE 1848 ) - Bourgeois-democratic revolution in France, one of the European revolutions 1848-1849. The tasks of the revolution was to establish civil rights and freedoms. It turned out on February 24 to renunciation from the throne of the once liberal king Louis-Philip I and the proclamation of the Second Republic. The presidents of the new state was elected in the future course of the revolution, after the suppression of the Social-revolutionary uprising in June 1848, Napoleon's nephew Bonaparte Bonaparte's nephew.

European context of the February Revolution

Additional information: France in the long XIX century

Events in France became a spark that ignited liberal uprisings in many European countries, especially in the Hermann Union countries, known as the revolution of 1848-1849 in Germany. All of them had a pan-European dimension and separated bourgeois liberal goals. To all these revolutions, including the revolution in France, you can apply the collective name of the revolution of 1848-1849, without omitting at the same time that in individual countries these events developed in different ways and had different consequences.

Prerequisites

Louis-Philipp came to power in 1830 during the bourgeois-liberal July revolution, which overtook the reaction regime of Bourbon in the face of Karl X. The eighteen years of the Board of Louis Philippa (the so-called July monarchy) were characterized by a gradual departure from the ideas of liberalism, participating scandals and increasing corruption. Ultimately, Louis Philipp acceded to the Sacred Union of Monarchs of Russia, Austria-Hungary and Prussia. The purpose of this founded at the Vienna Congress in the Union was the restoration of the order in Europe that existed to the French revolution 1789. This was primarily expressed in the updated domination of the nobility and the return of his privileges.

Banquets of reformists

In those years in France, as in England, a movement for the election reform arose. In France it got a name reformist banquets. In order to promote reforms, and at the same time bypass the strict prohibitions of alliances and meetings, first in Paris, and then in large provincial cities, rich participants of the reformist movement organized public banquets. In the speeches uttered, the reform projects were loud, and sometimes the government was sharply criticized. From July to February, about 50 such banquets took place. The annoyed head of the GIZO government on February 21, 1848 banned another banquet appointed in the capital. At the same time, he warned the organizers in harsh tones that in the case of disobedience he applies strength. In response, unrest began in Paris, in the evening the revolution taking the scale.

Barricades

Not wanting to tempt the fate, Louis-Philippe did that, before leaving, he was pre-taking off the throne in favor of his grandson, the young Count Parisian. But it categorically not satisfied the rebels. As soon as on February 25, it became known about the intention of the Chamber of Deputies to proclaim the king of the count of Parisian, the crowd of the rebels broke right at the meeting of the Chamber. Under the dowl of guns, the deputies proclaimed France by the republic and formed a new radical-bourgeois government.

Universal Election Law for Men

Shortly after the proclamation of the republic, universal eligible right was introduced for men who have reached 21 years. At that moment, such a wide range of votes was not in one country of the world, even in England, who considered himself the birthplace of democratic freedoms.

Another important measure of the new government was the opening of national workshops for the unemployed, where they received a small - 2 franc per day - but the guaranteed fee. Although the workshops introduced only in several major cities, soon more than 100 thousand people worked in them.

The main tasks of the revolution were fulfilled. The population received broad political rights and civil liberties, the unemployed were occupied on road and earth work, landscaped houses and streets of cities. Radicals used a large cluster of the people in workshops to keep revolutionary propaganda there.

June uprising June 23-26, 1848

Notes

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IN last years July monarchy Played a leading role in the rule of France famous historian F. Gizo, the main principle of the in-social principle of which was to preserve the existing order. His policy was quite satisfied with Louis Philippe, who sought to strengthen the royal power. Taking control of the electoral process, the government created the deputies in the ward, most of the officials devoted to him. Liberal Gizo turned bribing deputies into the system, which encourages corruption and mass speculation.

In 1847, France shook the scandals associated with speculation in the royal environment, which contributed to the distance discredit of the July monarchy. The economic crisis that began in the same year led to numerous bankrupt-to you, money circulation disorder, mass unemployment, price increases. The opposition organized a "banquet campaign", during which the issue of "replacing an uncontrolled and irreversible system of personal control of such a regime, in which the country would have managed by its own forces." The opponents of the regime called for "reform to avoid revolution", and in case of reforms, the reforms were predetermined by the "revolution of the indignant public conscience and the revolution of contempt."

Start of revolution

Delivarius Louis Philipp

The prohibition of the next banquet appointed on February 22, 1848 was a reason for the beginning of an armed uprising in Paris. Two days later, Louis Philipped from the throne, and the Republicans signed the temporary government, which for the first time in Isa-Toria was included in the Socialists. The new government abolished the nobility titles, proclaimed universal eligible law for men, freedom of press and assembly.

The revolution led to an unprecedented activation of political life. The largest theoretics of socialism and communism - O. Blanca, E. Kaba, T. Deza, P. Kaba, were made with projects of practical incarnation. Proudhon and even R. Owen, specially arrived from England. The greatest activity showed a blank, which argued: "There is no freedom, if there is no bread. There is no equality if the abundance of the poverty is in the abundance of poverty. "

Decree on "right to work"

At the initiative of the Socialist L. Blanova, the Interim Government issued a decree on "right to work", under which his author meant the unemployment destroy and ensure the decent existence of workers by means of a fair payment of their work. The French Republic has made these obligations on themselves, based on the fact that the issue of labor is the issue of the greatest importance; that there is no question of a higher and more worthy concerns of the republican government. " In France, the organization of public works in the form of "national workshops" began, whose employees were paid guaranteed and equal to all wage.

Causes of the uprising

The February Revolution rushes a threat to the domination of the financial aristocracy, stockpenter began in the country, the financial Si-stem came to full disorder. In the hope of correcting the government, the government introduced an additional tax, which the most insightful revolutionaries regarded as a death sentence. The main severity of additional payments fell on the peasants, so the new tax gave rise to the village of non-hanging to the "Republic of 45 Santimov". The opponents of the republic were inspired to the peasants that they were charged with the money for the content of "Para-Riga idlers" in national workshops. Election in the Constituent Assembly, which brought defeat to supporters to continue social transformations. The new authorities closed the revolutionary clubs and national workshops, condemning tens of thousands of workers to poverty.

June 23-26, 1848

In June 1848, the Paris proletarians responded with a arrow-arms, which contemporaries perceived as the initial civil war. For four days in Paris, the auger-waste barricade battles went. The Constituent Assembly presented all the completeness of the power to the Military Minister L.-E. Cavenoyaku, glorifyingly, the cruel suppression of the uprising in Algeria. Using Arthil-Leria and without stopping before the destruction of whole quarters, the general as strongly suppressed the uprising in his own hundred face. Volunteers from the pro-wine came to the aid of the regular army, which organized a real trip to Paris to put an end to the "eternal uprisings of the Paris Workers." Material from site.

"The February Revolution of 1848 ... gave unexpected results for all results. Again, it turned out that the government, in the form of a durable, did not have any support and collapsed at the first on-line. Again, as in 1830, they won not those who were visible opposite, but a small group that became vigorously with a weapon in Rouques per minute of the overall confusion. But the winners could not capture power, because even in Paris they had little supporters, and the province was against them. "

Second Republic of France

On December 10, 1848, presidential elections were held, which ended with a sensational result. The Prince was elected the head of the French res- Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, Napoleon's nephew I. The main force, who provided his victory, became Creasta, who continued to believe in the legend of the "peasant imperto-re Napoleon". So the first experiment was completed with universal election law in Europe. Based on the support of peasants and the army, Louis Napoleon took a course on the restoration of the Empire. Boasting propaganda claimed: "This is

None historical event It is impossible to consider without referring to the context of the era. This is the revolution in France. 1848-1849 is inextricably linked with events that determined the mood of the XIX century.

Three of the XIX century

By the end of the XVIIII century, the country remained an absolute monarchy, whose symbol was the bourbon dynasty. However, the revolution in France 1789 was the reason for the fall of the usual state system and the King execution in 1792 the country was declared the country.

But the first democratic experience was unsuccessful. The fall of the monarchy forced the rest european countries Unite against the First Republic. The society consolidated around the charismatic figure of Napoleon Bonaparte, who announced himself with the emperor in 1804 his expansion in Europe ended with a failure. Defeats in Russia, as well as at Leipzig and Waterloo put a cross on this adventure. Bonaparte was exiled to and in his country began (1814-1830).

Governments and his attempts to return the old orders forced the bourgeois part of the society to rebel. In France, in 1830, overtook unpopular Karl X and led to the throne of his distant relative Louis Philippe. Bunty in Paris was given to the roar throughout Europe and led to unrest in Germany and Poland.

All listed events were the links of one chain and reflected the difficult evolution of the country's society. In this sense, the revolution in France is 1848 - no exception. She only continued that irreversible process that took place in the XIX century.

Touch of the bourgeoisie

All miscalculations of Louis-Philippe on the throne were similar. "King Bourgeois," who came to power on the wave of liberal sentiment in society, over time, became more and more from that policy that was waiting for him. This is the causes of the revolution in France.

The situation remained the situation with the election law, for which they fought since the time of the fall of Bastille. Despite the fact that the number of people with this privilege grew, their number did not exceed 1% of the country's total population. In addition, the values \u200b\u200bwas introduced, according to which the equivalence of votes was canceled. Now the importance of the voter was determined relative to its income and tax fees in the treasury. Such a procedure was extremely weakened by the position of the petty bourgeoisie, which was deprived of the opportunity to protect his interests in parliament, and deprived people of the hope that the July revolution in France brought.

One of the characteristic actions of the monarch in foreign Policy It became an accession to which Russia, Prussia and Austria-Hungary entered. All these states were absolute monarchies, and their alliance lobbied the interests of the nobility rushing into power.

Corruption of the July monarchy

The legislative body itself should have remained independent of the crown. However, in practice, this principle was constantly broken. Monarch promoted to deputies and ministers of his supporters. One of the bright characters of this spill was Francois Gizo. He became the minister of internal affairs, and later the head of the government and actively defended the interests of the king in the main authority.

Gizo announced out of the law of Republicans, who were considered the main threat of building. In addition, the Louis-Philippope was supported by entrepreneurs loyal to power, trusted them major state orders (for example, construction railways). The patronage of the authorities "its" and blatant corruption is the important reasons for the revolution in France.

Such a policy has negatively affected the lives of proletarians, actually devoid of opportunities to appeal to the head of state. The populism of the monarch, the first years dulled contradictions with the lower layers of the population, but by the end of the board he was no longer loved. In particular, the press gave him an unflattering nickname of the "King of Pears" (Ventrenosets over the years and more cracked).

Banquets of reformists

By his immediate principle, the revolution in France is obliged to decree Francois Gizo, who forbid the next opposition meeting. The meetings of the Volnodims of that time took the form of banquets that became one of the symbols of the era. Since the country had restrictions on freedom of meetings, proponents of election reform were collected at the festive tables. Such banquets of reformists took a massive character, and the ban of one of them stirred up all metropolitan society. The government's mistake has become and the threat to apply force in the event of disobedience.

On the day of the banned banquet (February 22, 1848), thousands of Parisians stood on the barricades, on the streets of the city. Attempting the GIZO to overclock the manifestations with the help of the National Guard failed: the troops refused to shoot people, and some officers were completely over the side of the protesters.

Resignation and renunciation

Such a turn of events made Louis Philip to accept the resignation of the government the next day, on February 23. It was decided that Gizo would bring new ministers from among the supporters of reforms. It seemed that a compromise was found between the authorities and society. However, the same evening there was a tragic incident. Karaul, guarding the building of the Ministry of the Interior, shot the crowd of the people.

The murders changed slogans. Now from Louis Philip demanded a renunciation. Not wanting to experience fate, on February 24, the monarch refused the throne. The last decree he declared his grandson's heir. The rebels did not want to see the next king on the throne and the next day they broke into the ward of deputies, where the decision was made on the continuity of power. Immediately it was decided to declare the country with the republic. The revolution in France won.

Reform

In the first days should have been allowed to resolve the conflict with society. The main demand of the rebels was the introduction of universal election law. The deputies decided to give the right to vote all the men's population of the country that has reached 21 years. This reform has become a present step into the future. No state in the world could not boast of such freedom.

At the same time, the proletariat required affordable and well-paid jobs. For this, national workshops were created in which everyone could get a vacancy. The initial payment in 2 francs a day was satisfied with the workers, but the costs of workshops turned out to be the government not by pocket. Already by the summer, subsidies were reduced, and later the innovation was generally canceled. Instead of the workshops, the unemployed was suggested to go to the army or raise the economy of the province.

Riots immediately began. Paris again covered with barricades. The government ceased to control the situation and decided to introduce troops to the capital. It became clear that the revolution in France was not over yet, and its recurrence would be very painful. Suppression of the working uprising, which General Cavenik was led, several thousand victims resulted. Blood forced the country's leadership for a while to stop reforms.

Elections of 1848.

Despite the summer events, the election of the president still had to take place. The vote was held on December 10, and according to his results, an unexpected victory with 75% of the support won Louis Napoleon.

The figure of the nephew of the legendary emperor enjoyed sympathy of society. Even during the reign of Louis Philippe, the former emigrant tried to seize power in the country. In 1840, he landed in Buloni; On his side turned out to be many garrison officers. However, the failed usurper was arrested by a local regiment and was betrayed.

Contrary to the undergoing strict attitude towards all sorts of revolutionaries Louis Napoleon received only a life sentence in prison. At the same time, it was not limited to rights: he wrote freely and issued articles, took visitors.

The position of the prisoner of the regime allowed him to enlist the support after the overthrow of the monarchy. Most of the votes given for it belonged by versions and workers, among which Napoleon's surname enjoyed universal respect and memories of the times of the Empire.

Impact on Europe

Europe could not stay away from those trends that brought another revolution in France. First of all, discontent spread to the Austro-Hungarian empire, where there was not only a crisis political systemBut also there existed tensions in relations between numerous nations combined in a large state.

The clashes occur immediately in several national provinces: Hungary, Lombardy, Venice. Requirements are similar: independence, the establishment of civil liberties, the destruction of the remnants of feudalism.

Also, the bourgeois revolution in France gave confidence to the dissatisfied segments of the population in Germanic states. A distinctive feature of the events in the Germans was the requirement of protesters to unite the disassembled country. The intermediate successes were the convening of a common parliament - the Frankfurt National Assembly, as well as the abolition of censorship.

Nevertheless, European protests were suppressed and no longer achieved, and without achieving tangible results. Bourgeois revolution in France once again turned out to be more successful unsuccessful experiences neighbors. In some states (for example, in the UK and Russia), there were no serious performances against the authorities at all, although objective reasons for displeasure socially unprotected segments were enough everywhere.

Results in France

Revolutions in France, the table of which covers several decades of the XIX century, did not create conditions for a stable political system. The presidency that came to power for several years managed to take a coup and declare himself with the emperor. The state made another loop in its development and returned for several decades ago. However, the century of the empires approached the end. The experience of 1848 allowed the nation after defeating in the war with Prussia again to return to the Republican.

Revolution of 1848.

In 1847, the economic crisis broke out in the country. Previous summer first drought, then heavy rains They wanted a significant part of the crop. On the next year Potatoes have suffered from the disease - the main food supply of many ordinary people. Most of the population spent money on a sharply rising bread, they did not remain for the purchase of industrial goods. Product prices grew also because they acted a ban on the import of grain from abroad.

And in the industry there were their problems. The railway boom gave rise to speculation, which resulted in the cost of transportation. It struck in many industries, especially metallurgical. As a result, the bankruptcy of enterprises, mass dismissars created conditions for the first systemic crisis of capitalism.

Universal discontent made a political situation more intense. In workers, student, intellectual circles, socialist ideas became increasingly: in all the troubles, the government accused and economic liberalism was accused. The bourgeoisie, everything has more handed over the expansion of electoral rights.

Since the rallies and meetings were prohibited, opposition activists were inserted into the tactics of banquets. Throughout France, crowded feasts were arranged in the bourgeois medium, during which political speeches and toasts sounded. The gathered demanded the provision of voting rights to all members of the National Guard and People with higher education, as well as exceptions from the Chamber of Government Services.

Day February 22, 1848 was a festive, and a large banquet was planned in Paris with the participation of many deputies and commander of the National Guard. However, the prime minister of GIZO, annoyed and incorrectly estimated the situation, on the eve forbade such events. And this turned out to be enough.

In the evening of February 22 in some quarters adjacent to the central, crowds of excited people began to be collected and several barricades were built. Outwar workers and students moved to the western, aristocratic part of the city, demanding the resignation of Gizo and his office. Among the protesters some were armed. The government tried to put into order with the help of national guardsmen, but those themselves, for the most part, dissatisfied bourgeois, acted reluctantly. Many joined manifestations.

Louis Philippe went to concessions. Gizo was removed. People did not diverge, but their mood began to change, perhaps it would end up the world - many kept sympathy for their good-natured and sociable king. But the incident occurred: the guardian of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs the infantrymen unexpectedly opened fire on demonstrators. Several people were killed. Who. Specifically shoot and remained unexplained.

This tragic case decided the fate of King Louis Philippe. The bodies of the dead began to carry on all the streets, they were accompanied by many angry people, cries and appeals "to weapons!". From the bell tower of the church Saint-Germain-o-pre-prepasm of Nabat. Barricades appeared everywhere.

Louis Philippe decided to act by force. But when in the morning of February 24, he began to travel around the system of his alleged defenders, the soldiers in response to the royal greeting silently silent, and the National Guardsmen shouted the same slogans as the rebels.

The sovereign fell by the Spirit returned to his apartments. The journalist Emil Girarden who was in him the first decided to offer to renounce. His words picked up other approximations. Louis-Filipp realized that there was no other way out. But, wanting to save the throne behind the Orleans, he renounced his grandson. Then I snapped into simple clothes, I sat down in a hired carriage and accompanied by a squadron of Kirassirov went to Saint-Cl.

When the text of the renunciation was taken to the ward of deputies, folk crowds have already broken there. Part of the meetings ran away. The remaining, among them Lamartin, declared themselves with supporters of the republic. The preservation of the monarchy could not be speech. Immediately a list of temporary government was compiled. He went to the building of the Town Hall, where the leaders of a national speech were. There was a more radical mood, therefore the composition of the Provisional Government was supplemented by the Socialist Louis by the Bloom and Democratic Roll-Roller Politician. Radical Republicans wanted to add other supporters of revolutionary changes, but they did not support them.

The king with his family was departing in England. There, the fee was assisted by a relative, belgian king Leopold I. He gave them his castle Claremont, where Louis Philipp and died in August 1850 at the age of 77.

Alphonse Lamartin, not only a political figure, but also a famous poet Romantic rose at the head of the government. He and his supporters occupied a moderate position: it was considered necessary to introduce universal eligible law (under the "all" understood, of course, adult men), but not affect the rights of property and relationships of labor and capital.

The left called themselves the "party of the social republic" and made their symbol a red banner. One of their leaders Ice-Rollin, who entered the government, dreamed of the revival of the Jacobin system with the authorized revolutionary commissars in the provinces. For someone, such a revolutionary romance could act, but I did not have a specific program of public reorganization. The Socialist Louis Blanc, on the contrary, at least now was ready to begin the "organization of labor", that is, to socialist reforms.

The country's management took on themselves still moderate. Universal eligible right was introduced. Lamartin appealed to all European governments with a sedative statement: France is not going to export their revolution anywhere. But soothing, do not calm down - dangerous fermentation covered many countries, and soon the All-Terpecific Fire was hammering (God has fallen - she was Nicholas I). Nevertheless, France really did not help anyone - the revolution was suppressed everywhere.

Workers who left the weapon just in case and organized their national guard, guaranteed the right to work - the state pledged to ensure each opportunity to earn money. The commission for workers led by Louis Bloom was created to solve their problems. Deputies from workers took part in her work. The Commission reduced the duration of the working day, proposed to introduce an arbitration court to solve disputes between hosts and employees.

But there were no two months, as the situation aggravated again. The radicals put forward all new requirements, moderate answered that the government and so went too far. When workers guardsmen were in the town hall to declare the need to "destroy the human exploitation by a person and the organization of labor organization in the form of associations" - they were met by "shaggy caps", as the members of the traditional bourgeois national guard gave them. They shouted their slogan: "Down with the Communists!" Before bloodshed, it did not reach the case, but the Minister of Internal Affairs Ice Rolllin, who recently dreamed of Jacobin orders, moved to the position of moderate bourgeoisie.

The government decided to organize the "national workshops" - that is, to occupy the unemployed unemployed in public works. In the context of the economic crisis, there were more days from the day, and in search of a piece of bread, they all arrived and arrived from the province to Paris.

No one was going to look for them work in the specialty, all the scope directed them to landwork on a Mars field - in essence, no one needed. When the poor has numbed 6 thousand, they paid 2 franc per day. But when the glass was 100 thousand people, the fee downgraded to 1 franc. However, there was not enough money for such a bunch of money, and it was forced to introduce the allowance of "National Workshops" to existing taxes.

The peasants who made up the majority of the population were perceived this measure not just with displeasure - they became hostile to the government and to the republic. Rural people managed to imbued with the fear of socialist ideas (of course, knowing about them only to the first-head or explanation of their cure), and feared that the peasant fields will "communicate." Therefore, when elections were held in the Constituent Assembly, there were many conservatives - supporters of two overthrown dynasties and clerics. Most of the ways were moderate Republicans.

Revolutionaries - a communist-utopian forms and the Socialist Barbes organized an attempt to invade the crowd of their supporters (a lot of political immigrants were added to them) to the meeting room to proclaim their temporary government, but the "shaggy caps" beat the attack.

The Constituent Assembly decided to close "National Workshops", offering the unemployed to enter the army or go to dig the land into the province. Workers, whose hands had a lot of weapons, answered the uprising. Transportary quarters of Paris were covered with barricades.

The meeting put at the head of the cash troops of General Ezhen Cavenyak and endowed it with extreme authority. The bourgeois National Guard joined the Army parts, the detachments of the bourgeoisie continually arrived from suburbs and neighboring cities. Four days (June 22-25, 1848) continued fierce battles, in which about 10 thousand people died on both sides.

Cavenyak, who leads the offensive on the working quarters in all rules of military art, achieved victory. Next - Russell over defeated in the worst traditions civil wars. The prisoners were shot, the captured leaders of the uprising were referred to Kaienn (French Guiana). Louis I managed to run abroad. All socialist newspapers were closed.

The Constitution of 1848, adopted by the Constituent Assembly, began in words: "In the face of God and in the name of the French people." Further stated about love for the Fatherland and fraternal mutual assistance. But this constitution has not guaranteed the right to work, its authors were limited to vague provisions on the help of the poor within the limits of possible. And the post of president was introduced, elected by universal voting. The president was endowed with the completeness of the executive. He was commander in chief, could appoint ministers according to his will. Under conditions, when power in the departments belonged not to local elected bodies, and officials, with a known circumstance, the president could well turn into a dictator.

In the presidential election, moderate Republicans nominated as their candidate General Cavenyak. But, contrary to expectations, not he won. With a huge advantage (5.5 million votes against 1.5 million), the president was the nephew of the Great Emperor - Louis Bonaparte.

His father was Brother Napoleon Louis, who occupied the position of the Dutch King, but abolished for the sabotage of the continental blockade. Mother Louis was Hortensia Bogarne, the emperor's stepper (the daughter of Josephine from the first marriage). In 1810, parents parted, and a two-year-old kid stayed with his mother.

With Bourbon, all Bonaparte emigrated or were sent to exile. Louis studied in Bavaria - first in the gymnasium, then in military School. Further fate is full of fascinating change. He was a member of the secret society of Carbonarians, who fought for the liberation of Northern Italy from the Austrian dominion, and barely escaped his arrest.

In 1832, the mother and son returned to France, where they were favorably adopted by the King Louis Philipp. In July of the same year, after the death of the Son of the Emperor ("Napoleon II"), the young man became the head of the Bonaparte House.

For some time he served in the rank of captain in Switzerland. And in 1836, with a small number of associates tried to raise the garrison of Strasbourg in the north of France. The conspirators were expected that the soldiers, barely envying the nephew of the Great Uncle, immediately move under his leadership to Paris - to plant a throne. Someone really imbued with enthusiasm, but the case ended with arrest. Louis-Filipp trembled to confusion good-naturedly, handed 15 thousand francs to him and sent to New York.

In America Louis Bonaparte stayed for a long time. He moved to England, where he led the lifestyle, like a gentleman, and became an avid hunter. But when in 1840, the body of Emperor Napoleon, at the request of the King Louis Philip, was delivered to France and was reburied in the cathedral of the house of persons with disabilities, when the Bonapartist sentiments in connection with this, the Bonapartist sentiment was intensified - the exile started a new adventure.

Locked in Buloni with a small detachment, he, in accuracy following the scenario of four years ago, appeared before the soldiers of the infantry regiment in all regals of the Napoleonic era. Someone began to greet him enthusiastically, someone tried to arrest. Louis shot out of the gun, but poured his own supporter. The conspirators were forced to be returned, and soon detained. This time the king truly angry: the head of the Bonaparte House was sentenced to life imprisonment in the fortress.

There he wrote brochures (pretty meaningful) on social and political topics and somehow became the father of two children. In 1846 he managed to escape. In the fortress they were repaired, and a notable prisoner, carefully examining the characteristic chassis of workers, once screamed the mustache and beard, changed clothes in blouse - and was such. Soon he was in Belgium, then again in England.

In France, he returned in 1848 - but again not without incident. First, after february Revolution, the temporary government refrused it. And only in September it was possible, finally, firmly to become a native land (according to rumors, when landing over Louis Bonaparte, a manual eagle parched).

On it, on native landThe situation has changed significantly by that time. In the moderate Republicans, the people were disappointed, whose needs were ceased to be interested in, and the bourgeoisie, which once again became a severe hand. What, as many remembered well, possessed uncle who returned Bonaparte. Louis, too, from some time preferred to be called additionally Napoleon, so that his full name was now Louis Napoleon Bonaparte.

At first, Louis Napoleon won the elections to the Constituent Assembly. And in October 1848 he entered the struggle for the presidential chair and, as we saw, with a crushing account he defeated General Cavenyak.

Having made the post, he immediately entered the conflict with the meeting, having formed the government from representatives of conservative parties - despite the fact that they were in the minority there. And in the summer of 1849, contrary to the will of the deputies, sent troops to Rome - to help dad in the fight against revolutionary (unlike uncle, Louis Bonaparte has always been a zealous Catholic). The head of the Republicans Ice-Rollin demanded the court over the president, his more radically configured colleagues turned to the people with a call to protect freedom. But the president introduced a siege and closed the newspaper of his opponents. So far, this is the case and limited to the sides of the word and began to coexist on.

But in the National Assembly, replacing the constituent, in most monarchists were. And then Louis Bonaparte, according to one of the newspapers, "directed the Roman expedition insight": Cleales (Catholic Party) achieved "freedom of teaching", that is, the transfer of schools into their hands. Radical socio-political ideas managed to catch up with fear of humane people. Even Democrat Tyer began to adhere to the opinion that "only Catechism can save from socialism." At the same time, the draft law on universal free education. With his discussion, the Minister of Education called non-worker school teachers "Officials of the Socialist Republic." Spiritual orders, including Jesuit, could now freely open their educational establishments. Soon in France there existed many Catholic schools, and girls' training almost completely passed on the management of women's monasteries.

Then it came to the revision of the electoral law. "It is impossible to give the decision of public affairs in the hands of a subtrack of the crowd" - another annoying statement of Thieres. According to the law of 1850, people who did not live in one place for three years lost the voting. And those were a lot of workers who were forced to constantly move around the country in search of work. Convicted for insulting by the authorities, for participation in secret societies, too, was also removed from the elections. In general, the number of voters decreased by 3 million.

Louis Napoleon purposefully conquered himself popularity in the army, held his supporters to the most important state posts. When he visited various departments of the country, purchase people The manifestations arranged, from the rows of which enthusiastic cries were distributed: "Long live the emperor!".

There was one difficulty: the Constitution did not allow the presidential post two deadlock. When the meeting was raised by the question of the cancellation of the restriction - it disagreed. Rather, there was no sufficient majority needed to make a change in the Constitution. Then Louis Napoleon took up his acquaintance already - began to prepare a coup. Only now it was not the previous guys.

Late in the evening on December 1, 1851, the gendarmes occupied the state typography. By the morning there was printed in a variety of copies, the proclamation was published, immediately common throughout Paris. Prior to the attention of the population was that the National Assembly was dissolved as a "nest of conspiracies", which, from now on before the elections, all citizens are allowed without any qualities and that the project of the new Constitution is being prepared. It was detained and expelled from the capital of 80 deputies who could have any active opposition to the coup - among them Tyer and Kavenik.

Yet several radical deputies, which were missed from the species, began to around the outlook, calling the people on the barricades. But the hunters found a little. "We should fight from your 25 francs!" - stated one worker deputy Bodenu (25 francs were deputy daily). Boden in a few hours died in a shootout: the faithful Louis Napoleon parts dispersed throughout the city, a little - they opened the fire of such a density that he did not match the impedance.

On the ground there were cases of performances under the red banners. It was rising rural poor, artisans, small officials - people who have already created secret societies, whose members feed chronic hostility to the authorities, large (and even everyone) owners, tax collectors. Although they took them for a weapon quite a little, in many departments a siege was introduced. Prefects All as one were on the side of the new Napoleon, and the movement was quickly suppressed.

In total, about 30 thousand people were arrested in the country. Of these, 3 thousand were convicted of imprisonment, 10 thousand were sent from the country, 250 most dangerous - exiled to Guiana. I had to move to the Island belonging to England near the Norman coast Viktor Hugo - he spent 20 years in exile. He was wing that he had the courage to declare, speaking in the ward: "Louis Napoleon Bonaparte violated the constitution on which he swore. He put himself out of law. "

By the end of the year managed to hold a referendum. 7.5 million Frenchmen expressed consent to ensure that their president remains at its post on time, against it was 10 times less.

January 14, 1852 was made public new Constitution. Louis Napoleon ended up with such powers, which in essence turned into a dictator. The place of the National Assembly occupied the legislative corps - the body, though elected, but, contrary to the name, which had the right to not offer laws, but only to discuss them. He was also endowed with very limited budget control powers. The Senate became a much more efficient governing body, but its composition directly or indirectly depended on the will of the president. One of its first decisions, the senators were appointed to the President of the annual content of 12 million francs, which was the rational news for the bankers' events described above.

Not only print, but the theater now lived in fear to be subjected to police persecution for disloys. Within the framework of the Ministry of Police, a wide network of agents followed by all suspicious and the mood of society in general. Filers scored most of the Corsicans, hung her nose into the most intimate sides of the life of people.

At the same time, Louis Napoleon tried to enlist the sympathies of workers. It was not a purely tactical political move: the brochures written in the young years contained, although in an unclear form, socialist ideas. Insurance office was established to support the elderly workers. Later, a similar cash desk appeared for families of the dead. And at the end of his reign, Louis Napoleon pondered the introduction of compulsory overall insurance of workers.

This text is a familiarization fragment.

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