England National Park and Preserve. National parks of great britain. Environmental organizations in Britain

National parks in Great Britain differ significantly from similar places in other countries. Their originality lies in the fact that the territories are not some kind of abandoned areas, remote from large cities. They are landscaped areas in the suburbs, where everything is aimed at preserving natural values and reuniting people with them. Most of the national parks in the country are very reminiscent of botanical gardens or huge city parks.

This park was opened in 1992 and since then has been one of the most popular holiday destinations in Manchester. This green corner Great Britain is divided into several territories, which have separate purposes. In it you can not only walk under the shady trees, but also go in for sports. The special area is equipped with tennis and basketball courts, and there is also a football field. Not only local youth, but also families with children of all ages have an equally good time here.

Perhaps the most romantic place in the park can be considered an artificial lake located in the center. Couples in love often gather next to it to admire the landscape. Water lilies, water lilies, lotuses grow on the lake, and during their flowering the air is filled with an amazing aroma. Perhaps, the shores of the lake in Platt Fields Park see more than one hundred confessions every day.

The western part of the park area is designed for the most active visitors. From all over Manchester, and sometimes from the UK, fans of BMX skateboards and bicycles come here. For them, a lot of springboards of various difficulty levels are equipped, for both experienced and novice athletes. They come here to extreme people and just take a look. In addition, the park is a great place for picnics: there are many picturesque places where you can retire and playgrounds to keep children busy.

Dartmoor

As many as 650 kilometers of virtually untouched nature. The area is hilly, swampy in places, rich in rocks and valleys, a huge variety of representatives of the local flora and fauna. Here you can be alone with yourself, wander through the deserted spaces. Darmur is a site where archaeological excavations are often carried out. Druidic stones and ancient burial mounds dating back to 2000-500 BC have been found.

A whole third of the park is occupied by swamps. They are covered with a peat layer. By the way, the events of the novel "The Hound of the Baskervilles" about Sherlock Holmes take place here. Walking here you can meet animals - cows, sheep and wild ponies. The local is no less rich vegetable world: marsh grasses, mosses, heather, reeds surprise.

Since 1897 this place has been the home arena of the Aston Villa club, known far beyond the borders of Great Britain. During this time, this stadium has hosted 16 international matches with the England national team. By the way, this is the only stadium in the country where international football matches have been held for the third century. This arena was awarded the fourth highest UEFA qualification.

Villa Park was not always like this: initially it was not planned to hold football matches here, but circuit races. But already in 1914, the running surface was removed, and the stadium acquired its modern appearance. It consists of four tribunes:

Holt End;
Trinity Road Stand;
"Nord Stand";
Doug Ellis Stand.

It is interesting that it was here that the last final of the Cup Winners' Cup (1998) was held.

You should definitely visit this place if you want to know what a classic park is in the UK. Prior Park is located in the city of Bath. A poet named Alexander Pole was the ideological inspiration for the creation of this place, while the gardener Brown performed it. The park was funded by Ralph Allen, who was an entrepreneur and philanthropist at the same time. From 1734 he began to invest his own funds in the arrangement of Prior Park, continuing this until his death (1764).

In just the first three years (by 1937), more than 55 thousand trees (mainly elms and pines) were planted in the valley. The lower part of the park has changed a lot: new artificial ponds with fish were dug here. A bridge was built across one of the lakes, based on the project of Andrea Palladio (in general, there are only four such bridges around the world). In the 1740s, the architect John Wood created a mansion here in the best traditions of the classical style (today it belongs to Prior Park College).

Historians from all over Great Britain love to come here, as in the park you can contemplate the remains of an Iron Age settlement, an old Roman settlement, Mrs. Allen's grotto and a Gothic cathedral. On the territory you can always find volunteer guides who will willingly turn a walk into an educational journey. You will have to come to the park by public transport, since the car park here is designed only for people with special needs.

This is a wonderful amusement park in the UK, located in the resort town of Breen. Its total area is about 4 hectares, all of them are filled with attractions, cafes, restaurants, entertainment centers. It is not just there where to take a walk: the park will allow everyone to return to childhood and get an unforgettable experience. There is a good concert venue nearby where famous artists perform.

In Brean Leisure Park (Great Britain), some fragments of the film "Accident" were filmed.

It was founded back in 1946, immediately after the end of the Second World War. Once upon a time, there was a Unity Farm in its place. Over time, in 1970, a golf course was established, and after another 20 years - a swimming pool, bowling and a bar. 2006 was a decisive year for the park: many modern attractions were installed here. Their total cost was £ 1.2 million at the time.

This place is perfect for a family holiday. Here you can take a walk through the Terror Castle or test yourself at the XFactory karting. But lovers of zest will find the highest attraction in the park, Xtreme. New colors and heightened feelings are expected from this place, and expectations are more than justified.

UNITED KINGDOM

Kew Botanical Garden

The garden in Kew, Kew Gardens, or The Royal Botanic Gardens (area of 120 hectares) is very famous in England and beyond. It houses one of the largest botanical centers.

This garden was founded in 1670 by the herbalist and botanist William Turner (circa 1510 - 1568). After his death, the garden passed to Lord Capel, who began to grow in it fruit plants brought from France.

The garden united two royal possessions: the eastern part of it occupied the lands of Kew House (founded in the middle of the 17th century, here for the first time in England oranges were grown), and the western part - the lands of Richmond Gardens. Kew was separated from Richmond by the so-called path of love.

The Richmond Garden was created under the close tutelage of Queen Carolina. Bridgeman, the most fashionable landscape architect, took into account the natural features of the area when planning the garden.

Frederick, Prince of Wales, leased the land in 1730. Frederick's wife, Princess Augusta, decided to give the garden a botanical character. William Kent and then William Ayton were brought in to work in the garden. Ayton sent scientific expeditions to foreign countries for plants of interest to botany. In 1789 Ayton published a book listing 5,500 plant species grown at Kew.

George III (1760-1820) - the new owner of the garden - decided to re-plan it. For this work, he invited Brown, and later - Sir Joseph Banks, keen on botany. Joseph Banks sailed with Captain Cook, sent pickers to India, China, Chile and other countries. On his recommendation, about 7,000 new plant species were brought to England. Banks grew rare specimens in Kew for a year, and then shared them with other specialists. After the death of George III and Banks, the garden fell into disrepair.

The architect William Chambers (1723-1796) played an important role in the planning of the garden. A landscape park was created according to his project.

The initiator of the creation of the landscape park was the Palladian architect William Kent. In the 1730s, he laid out a landscape park at the Roseham estate in Oxfordshire.

The English landscape, or landscape, park is something completely opposite to the French regular park. Art critic M. Sokolova writes: “It is not the imperious subordination of natural forms to the laws of reason, but the skillfully created illusion of 'naturalness' that becomes the main creative task of the new generation of English gardeners. And this is not accidental: after all, the fact that a new type of park enters life is preceded and promoted by a very definite mentality in English society at the beginning of the 18th century. "

In its purest form, this type of park is presented in the work of Lancelot Brown (1715–1785), nicknamed Capability Brown because he, talking with customers, kept repeating: "Your site has great potential"(in English " capabilities“).

W. Chambers found Brown's style too boring: “In an English garden, the viewer often does not know whether he is wandering through an ordinary meadow or an amusement garden, the imitation of nature is so accurate. There is so little variety and such a lack of judgment in the choice of objects, such a poverty of imagination that the visitor is mortally bored, curses the beautiful lines, until finally, overcome by fatigue, burned by the sun due to lack of shade and half dead due to lack of entertainment, decides on nothing don't look anymore. A vain intention. There is only one path, along which he must drag to the end, or go through the same tiresome road along which he walked, in reverse direction... And in order to achieve this, a lot of beautiful gardens must be cut down. Often, within one day, the ax cut down centuries-old groves. '

Chambers develops the principles of the oriental, namely the Chinese, garden. It offers a type of so-called surprise park: miniature temples, gazebos, bridges. Among the surprises that still exist in Kew, the most famous is the 50-meter-high (ten stories) Chinese pagoda, which faithfully reproduces the proportions and details of real pagodas. This building was built by Chambers in 1762, which is very symbolic - then in England there was an increased interest in the art of overseas countries. There were also temples of the Sun, Bellona, Pan, Zola, a mosque, the ruins of a Gothic church, etc.

The authors of the book "Art of the 18th century" write: “The expansion of ties with the East stimulated in England, as well as in other European countries, the emergence in the 40s of the 18th century of the fashion for the so-called“ Chinese ”, which was, in essence, a superficial and relatively short-term passion for oriental exoticism, which found especially widespread in applied arts. As for Chambers, his approach to the art of the East was deeper than that of many of his contemporaries. In oriental art, Chambers saw the same embodiment of the laws of natural beauty and naturalness that his contemporaries saw in ancient art. His enthusiasm for the East, therefore, did not prevent him from developing the principles of Palladio, which he applied in his architectural practice. "

Chambers was born in Gothenburg, the son of a Scottish merchant. After completing his commercial education, he joined a Swedish-Indian company. At the age of twenty, William visited India and China, where he constantly made sketches of Indian and Chinese buildings. Soon he decided to devote himself to architecture and went to study in Paris.

For the first time Chambers applied the new "Chinese style" in the park of Roxton Castle in Oxfordshire. And then the architect gained access to the Prince of Wales' estate in Kew. From that moment (1758-1759), he took up the planning of the famous gardens.

This new form of English park art has influenced the whole of Europe. On the continent, the Chamber's style was called "Anglo-Chinese", or the style of "parks with surprises." In 1763, Chambers published a description of Kew. And in 1772, when the taste for Chinese began to wane, he published a treatise on oriental gardening.

Kew Garden was converted to National in 1841 Botanical Garden, William Hooker was appointed its director.

Later, Hooker was replaced by his son, Joseph Dalton (he traveled around India and brought new species of rhododendron to England). In 1882, Miss Marianne North donated to the garden a collection of 850 paintings depicting plants and flowers.

Many exotic plants were grown in the Kew Botanical Gardens, which later found distribution in Europe (tea, coffee, cocoa, rubber plants, pineapple, banana, cinchona). At the beginning of the 18th century, yellow beetroot, Chinese carnation, Chinese aster, Veronica longifolia, Chinese saxifrage, dahlia, and sage were brought to England. V early XIX calendrinia, phlox, fragrant musk, ornamental currants appeared here for centuries. Tea merchant Reeves brought Chinese peonies, camellias and azaleas to Kew. German Philip von Siebold brought here many Japanese plants. In the second half of the 19th century, a greenhouse was built in the garden for huge water lilies, and then for alpine plants. There is a large collection of Himalayan rhododendrons in the garden.

In the late 19th - early 20th centuries, gladioli were brought from Africa to the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew (it is on this continent that the largest number of species of these flowers). The gladiolus gene pool collected at Kew later became the property of other botanical gardens in Europe and North America.

The interest in these plants was so great that in 1926 the British Gladiolus Society was created under the Royal Horticultural Society, the first in Europe and the world, whose president was George Church.

Cyon House is also one of the oldest and most famous gardens in Great Britain. Behind the house of the owner of the garden, the first Duke of Northumberland, there is a reservoir where wild ducks and herons live, and in front of the house there is a huge park. In this park grow Himalayan cedar, an ancient specimen of styrax, marsh cypress, many oaks. Flowering annual plants are collected in the garden's greenhouse. Here in 1855, for the first time in England, the mangosteen formed fruits. The garden pavilion sold everything needed for gardening enthusiasts (planting material, garden tools, books).

Bodnant Garden in North Wales, next to Mount Snowdon, is famous for terraced plantings and lawns. Here grow roses of a wide variety of varieties, garden lilies, primroses. The garden contains a collection of rhododendrons and magnolias, amazingly beautiful snow-white Chinese eucripias and scarlet embotriums grow.

Nymans Handcross Garden is famous for its collection of rhododendrons, flowering shrubs, conifers and a collection of hybrid lilies.

In the Grange Garden in Kent, a large collection of Japanese cherries (200 species) is collected, rhododendrons and azaleas also grow here.

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The UK National Park System is designed to preserve the unique landscapes and ecosystems of England, Scotland and Wales. The system currently includes 15 parks, of which 10 are located in England, 2 in Scotland and 3 in Wales. UK parks are managed by the National Park Authority. Northern Ireland, which is not part of the UK but is part of the United Kingdom, currently has no national parks. National parks of the United Kingdom of Great Britain occupy about 7% of the entire territory.

National parks of England.

1. Dartmoor

Dartmoor National Park covers 956 square kilometers of rolling marshland that is rich in rocks, valleys, wilderness, and a variety of plants and animals. About a third of the park's territory is covered with peat bogs. Dartmoor is rich in a variety of plants, for example, various mosses, marsh grasses, reeds, heather. There are also animals such as sheep, cows and wild ponies.

Dartmoor is also a place of archaeological excavations, where traces of human activity in the period from 2000 to 500 BC were found - various stone circles, burial mounds and stones of the Druids. Dartmoor was granted national park status in 1951.

Received the status of a national park in 1988. Area: 303 square kilometers.

The Broads includes Britain's largest protected wetland and the longest inland waterway, with six rivers 200 kilometers (125 mi) across lakes and marshes. The swamps - a swampy peat bog rich in reeds and reeds - is home to over 250 plant species, including the rare swamp orchid, as well as waterfowl and wading birds.

Various events are constantly held in Brods. For wildlife lovers, the best time to visit is during the spring and summer months, but for many species of animals, Broads is home all year round.

3. Yorkshire Dales

The Yorkshire Dales National Park, located in the north of England in the vicinity of the Pennine Mountains, is renowned for its breathtaking landscapes that are unlikely to be found in Britain. 1,769 square kilometers of hills and plains, the richest history and varied.

Dales are valleys cut through the rock by riverbeds. There are 20 such valleys in the Yorkshire Dales National Park, each with its own unique character and atmosphere. Other points of interest include the extraordinary natural sandstone pavement at Malham Cove, created by nature during the last ice age; the magnificent Hardraw Force, Aysgarth Falls and Cautley Spout; as well as a unique collection of natural sculptures Brimham Rocks (Brimham Rocks). The Yorkshire Dales received national park status in 1954.

4. North York Moors

North York Moors National Park on the north-east coast of England is famous for its magical landscapes - some of the best in Britain. Stretching 26 miles along the scenic coastline North Sea The park covers an area of 1,436 square kilometers and received the status of a national park in 1952.

There are many hiking trails and two national hiking trails running through the park. Mountain bike enthusiasts of all levels come here - from family groups to world-class craftsmen. You can also go horseback riding through the park.

5. Northumberland

The hills and valleys of the reserve are located in the very north of England, next to Scotland. The National Park is home to rare red squirrels that coexist alongside traditional lifestyles with a thriving culture. There is a unique landscape, ancient settlements and clean rivers. In the center of the Upper Valley are the picturesque villages of Harbottle and Holistone. The southern part of the park adjoins the legendary Hadrian's Wall, left from the time of Roman rule in England. The park covers an area of 1049 square kilometers and received the status of a national park in 1959.

6. New Forest

New Forest National Park is located in the south of England. Most of it is located in Hampshire, a small part in Wiltshire. Initially, the entire territory of the present New Forest was covered with forests, however, they were largely by the era bronze age were cut down. However, the land here proved to be infertile, and the New Forest area gradually turned into a landscape of forests, meadows and wastelands.

Approximately 90% of the territory included in the New Forest belongs to the British crown. At the same time, about 50% of all land holdings royal family in Great Britain it is concentrated in New Forest. On the territory of the park is the village of Bully with the noble estate of the same name and the museum of racing cars.

In 1999, it was decided to create a national park on the territory of the New Forest. In June 2004, its boundaries were determined. On April 1, 2005, the park was officially opened. Its territory covers an area of 571 square kilometers. About 38 thousand people live here.

Various types of deer live in the park: fallow deer, red deer, sika deer, Chinese muntjak. Here is the birthplace of a special kind of pony - New Forest Pony. Among other species of animals, the abundance of reptiles should be noted. The park is inhabited by an ordinary copperhead, an ordinary snake, an ordinary viper, a quick lizard, etc.

Among the rare plants growing in the park, it is worth mentioning the sundew, pulmonary gentian, some species of lymphoids, ulex.

7. Lake District

Wildlife Sanctuary in North West England, County Cumbria. The territory of the park almost coincides with the Cumberland Mountains. Founded in 1951. The lake region is famous for its picturesque mountain and lake landscapes. Steep mountains, low green valleys, mysterious lakes have inspired many poets and artists, including Wordsworth and Beatrice Potter who lived here. The Lake District is one of the most visited national parks in Great Britain.

V late XVIII century, the territory of the Lake District has become popular among tourists. This is partly the result of the wars in mainland Europe, which reduce the ability to travel there. In 1778, Father Thomas West published the Guide to the Lakes, marking the beginning of the modern era of tourism for the area.

8. South Downs

The South Downs is the youngest national park in Britain (received national park status in 2010). Stretching from ancient Winchester in Hampshire to the spectacular chalk cliffs of Beachy Head in the Eastbourne area of Sussex, this park covers an immense area of 1,641 square kilometers.

The park is known for its outstanding natural beauty. On the territory of the brand there is a Cape Beachy Head (Beachy Head) - a sheer cliff, stretching along the coast, from which stunning views of Eastbourne and the English Channel (English Channel) open; the Devil's Dyke Valley - the longest, deepest and widest in Britain; and the Seven Sisters Nature Reserve, named for its seven majestic white chalk cliffs lining the coastal strip.

After admiring the beauty of nature, history buffs can visit the archaeological site and local historical sites. Remains of prehistoric fortifications and burial sites at the Cissbury Ring and Petersfield Heath Barrows, an Iron Age settlement at St Catherine's Hill, Old Winchester Hill and medieval castles including the picturesque ruins of Bramber Castle.

South Downs Park organizes hiking, cycling, horse riding, paragliding and hang gliding, golf, zorbing (downhill in a transparent ball) and a variety of water sports. A section of the 100-mile National Trail runs through the park, which can be used for multi-day hikes or short walks.

9. Peak District

An upland area in central and northern England, predominantly located in northern Derbyshire. Most of the territory belongs to the Peak District National Park, formed in 1951 and becoming the first national park in the British Isles. The territory of the park is conditionally subdivided into northern (Dark Peak) and southern (White Peak) parts. The geological base of the former is formed by coarse-grained sandstones or gravelstones, and it is mainly occupied by heather wastelands. The second is composed mainly of limestones; most of the population of the region is concentrated here. The proximity to major cities such as Manchester and Sheffield, as well as the counties of Lancashire, Greater Manchester, Cheshire, Staffordshire, South and West Yorkshire, combined with convenient road and rail links, has boosted the popularity of the park, which is visited by about 22 million people a year. Area: 1438 square kilometers.

12% of the park's territory belongs to the National Trust, which is engaged in the protection of areas of interest to history or unique in beauty. The National Parks Administration owns about 5% of the territory. Other land owners include several water companies.

10. Exmoor

Exmoor became a national park in 1954 by the 1949 law. The territory of the national park is a highland with several remote villages and villages. Exmoor used to be a royal forest and hunting ground, but in 1818 the latter were sold out. Several areas of Exmoor have become sites of special scientific importance for their flora and fauna. In 1993, Exmoor was declared an ecologically sensitive area.

Exmoor has 208 monuments of national importance and 16 nature reserves. About 1.4 million people visit it annually. Landmarks are usually located near small towns and villages or in river valleys.

National parks of Scotland

1. Loch Lomond and Trossahz

Founded in 2002, it covers an area of 1865 square kilometers.

The reserve is divided into four main parts: this is Loch Lomond itself, which gave the name to the park, the Argyll forest, the complex of lakes between Callander and Aberfoyle called Trossachs and Bridalban - the country of giants, the most beautiful peaks of Scotland.

Lake Lomond is the largest in Scotland in area and the second in volume after the famous Loch Ness. The length of this reservoir is as much as 37 square kilometers. Loch Lomond is very popular with windsurfing enthusiasts and has excellent conditions for this sport. In addition, tourists are offered to go water skiing, go sailing or learn to ride a canoe. Picturesque boats and small motor ships bring everyone to the beautiful islands.

Argyll Forest is a huge forest area, indented with many hiking and riding trails. On its territory there are mountains, lakes, plains - this is a wonderful land with clean air. Argill is located very close to Glasgow, so it is popular with locals and tourists.

Trossahz is a picturesque area between mountain ranges, dotted with many large and small lakes. On its territory there are hundreds of kilometers of pedestrian and bicycle paths. Various types of mountain sports and fishing are well developed in the Trossahza reservoirs.

There are several hundred species of birds here, and rare plant species can be found in the forests. In addition, the reserve is famous for its cultural attractions. Several thousand years ago, people lived here who left behind stone dwellings.

On the territory of the park there are several tourist centers that provide information for tourists, offer rental boats, bicycles and other transport, sell maps.

2. Cairngorms

Received the status of a national park in 2003. Area: 4528 square kilometers.

Cairngorms National Park is one of the most important natural attractions in Scotland. More than 150 types of entertainment are presented here, including skiing and snowboarding in winter, mountain bike and canoe rental in summer, golf, gun shooting, horseback riding and much more. The Cairngorms are popular for hiking, mountaineering, winter sports, hunting and fishing. It is home to 3 of the 5 ski resorts in Scotland, which are famous for the stability of climatic conditions and snow cover. For the convenience of outdoor enthusiasts, a funicular was opened in 2001, connecting the base station, located at an altitude of 637 meters, with the ski center, which is located at an altitude of 1097 meters.

The Cairngorms National Park is home to many endangered species of animals and birds. Here tourists can see many of them, as well as walk through the beautiful forests, plains, see picturesque mountain rivers and waterfalls.

National parks of Wales.

1. Brecon-Bacons

It is located on the territory of four mountain ranges and is located in the south of Wales. Within the limits of the nature conservation area, rather large areas are occupied by sheep pastures. A separate part of the park is its western region, called Forrest Favre, which was awarded the status of a Geopark by UNESCO in 2005. The cultural object within the reserve is also noteworthy - the most beautiful trading city of Brecon. It is the third of three Welsh parks after Snowdonia, opened in 1951, and the Pembrokeshire coast, opened in 1952.

Brecon Beacons National Park was created in 1957 in the southern part of Wales on an area of about 1345 sq. km. (520 square miles). In February 2013, Brecon Beacons Park was awarded Gold status as a Dark Sky Reserve. Dark Sky Reserves are considered the best places to see stargazing, and their gold status means they are protected from future light pollution. Brecon Beacons is the second such location in the UK, after Exmoor National Park in Devon.

Brecon Beacons National Park includes small towns, ancient villages, ruined Welsh castles, ancient Celtic menhirs and relics from the Neolithic and Bronze Age, the Vale of Neath Falls and the Dan Ir Ogof Caves - the most famous cave complex in Western Europe (underground waterfalls, underground lakes, huge galleries, stalactites and stalagmites, skeletons of people and animals, rock paintings). There are several paths for hiking, horseback riding and cycling in the park.

The Fforest Fawr Forest, a Geopark, is home to lush vegetation and wonderful waterfalls. A significant part of tourists' attention is attracted by local waterfalls, of which there are a great many on the territory of the reserve. The most popular is the local waterfall Genrgid with a height of 27 meters.

2. Pembrokeshire Coast

National Park in West Wales. Created in 1952. The national park includes the most diverse landscape: rocky cliffs, sandy beaches, wooded estuaries and grassy hills, with a total area of 629 km². It consists of four different parts in a clockwise direction - the south of the Pembrokeshire coast with the Caldee Islands, the Cleddough estuary, St. Brides Bay with coastal islands and the Minit Preselli Hills. However, the park does not only consist of beaches - there are even forests and swamps on its outskirts.

The geology of these areas is of particular interest due to the many years of impact on the coasts, manifested in the presence of various types of rocks and structural features such as natural arches, kekuras, folds and sea caves. Among the kekurs, one can note the Elegug rocks, which consist of two large freestanding limestone steles. The National Park includes many sites and areas of their own national or international conservation value, including 7 special conservation areas, marine reserves, 6 national reserves and 75 sites of special scientific importance. In particular, off the coast are Iron Age settlements and Paleolithic burial complexes, as well as the RSPB Nature Reserve of Ramsey Island.

The coast is administered by the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park Administration. The objectives of the body are to preserve the national park, to encourage the public to enjoy and understand it, and to promote the social and economic well-being of communities within its borders. Staff use electric bicycles to patrol the park.

3. Snowdonia

Snowdonia National Park was established in 1951 in North Wales and became the third national park in England and Wales. Its area is 2142 km², and the length of the sea coast is 60 km.

The reserve is managed jointly by local and central Welsh government officials. Unlike reserves in other countries, Snowdonia, like other national parks in England and Wales, includes both public and private lands, the use of which is planned by the management of the reserve. (See Appendix 2). About 6 million people visit the park every year, making it the third most visited nature reserve in England and Wales. While much of the park's landscape is wasteland and mountains, there is agriculture in Snowdonia as well.

In the center of the park is a piece of land outside the park around the town of Blaenau Festiniog, which was a major oil shale mining center. This was done in order not to interfere with the development of light industry in Blaenau-Festiniog, which the city needed after the shale quarries fell into complete decline.

Conclusion

As a result of the study, the following conclusions were made.

1. Despite its relatively small area (240,842 sq. Km), Great Britain has a fairly profitable geographical position, and its composition in a special way affects the ethnic and cultural diversity of the country.

2. The population of Great Britain is quite high (63 181 775 people), the bulk of the country's population (53 012 456 people) lives in England.

Great Britain has a rich ethnic composition of the population due to its geographical composition. The largest population group in Great Britain is the British. Most of the population speaks English. Currently, the country is characterized by low population growth.

Great Britain is one of the countries where they keep and honor their traditions and customs. British traditional customs are closely associated with centuries of history and cover all segments of the population.

3. Great Britain has made the greatest contribution among countries to science, music, art.

In the 60s and 80s of the last century, the country experienced an economic recession, as a result of which the country's foreign and domestic policy changed significantly. Nowadays, the UK builds its economy, for the most part, on the service sector - tourism, financial, educational, consulting and banking services.

4. The landscape of the country is quite varied. Most of the settlements are located at a distance of no more than 120 kilometers from the sea, so frequent tides and floods of rivers pose a risk of flooding.

According to the features of the relief, the territory of the United Kingdom can be divided into two main areas. High Britain (including Northern Ireland), located in the north and west of the country, is mostly highly dissected highlands and much less common lowlands. In the south and east lies Low Britain, characterized by hilly terrain, low elevations and several mountainous regions.

Great Britain has a total of 224 national nature reserves, with a total area of 94,400 hectares. Natural England plays an important role in the management of protected areas.

The climate of Great Britain, thanks to the influence of the Gulf Stream, is temperate oceanic, humid, with mild winters and cool summers, strong winds and fogs.

Great Britain is famous for its mineral healing springs. Today, health resorts have been built on the basis of healing water in the areas of Weston-Super-Mer, Cheltenham and Bath.

The current UNESCO World Heritage List includes 28 sites in the United Kingdom. Among them, 5 objects are included in the list by natural criteria.

5. Great Britain - historical, ancient country, a number of interesting cities and localities have been preserved here, which attract tourists from all over the world. These include both individual monuments of history and culture, and entire cities and areas.

Among the 28 UNESCO sites in the United Kingdom, 23 are culturally listed, 11 of which are recognized as masterpieces of human genius. They also affect the development of excursion and educational tourism in the country.

The UK is ranked 8th in the list of countries with the best systems for 2015 higher education... Here are the most famous universities such as Oxford and Cambridge, which for many years have occupied high positions in the list of the best universities in the world.

6. The transport system of Great Britain is one of the best and most developed in the world. Transport networks are located so that even the most remote corners of the country are in excellent transport accessibility.

There are three types of stars for UK hotels: black, red and gold. Also in the hotels in the UK, a rating system has been preserved, where hotels are assigned not stars, but crowns. In addition, the UK has a variety of restaurants to suit all tastes. All this speaks about the good development, diversity and accessibility of the hospitality industry.

There are many tourist centers and resorts in the country where you can spend time with health benefits and expanding your horizons. Almost all of them are located far from megacities, which allows people to take a break from the hustle and bustle and spend time in the fresh air.

7. All types of tourism are well developed in all regions of the country. Mountaineering is developed only in Scotland, because this is the only mountainous area.

8. In the UK, the Ministry of Culture, Funds mass media and sports, which is subject to the British Tourist Authority (BTA), which oversees tourism, and the British Tourist Authority (VisitBritain), which coordinates the promotion of domestic and inbound tourism.

9. Great Britain has a developed tourism industry. Its share in world tourism is 3.4%. According to this indicator, it is in 7th place in the world. The largest number of visitors from the USA, France, Germany, the Republic of Ireland, the Netherlands.

The country has many remarkable monuments of history and architecture, dating back to different eras and memorable historical sites, many museums. All this provides great opportunities for educational tourism.

10. Over the past decades, the state the environment in the UK has deteriorated significantly. Many governmental and non-governmental organizations are involved in environmental protection. Environmental protection in Britain is increasingly being influenced by EEC environmental initiatives.

There are currently 15 national natural parks in the country, of which 10 are located in England, 2 in Scotland and 3 in Wales. UK parks are managed by the National Parks Agency. National parks of the United Kingdom of Great Britain occupy about 7% of the entire territory. This indicates that the government pays great attention to preserving unique ecological zones and improving the state of the environment in general.

There are 15 national parks in the UK. Each of them offers exciting hiking, cycling and horse riding trails. And also there are excellent conditions for adventure tourism and outdoor activities. And all this is surrounded by endless valleys, picturesque green hills, sparkling lakes and rocky mountain ranges.

Add to this 15 national tourist routes and about 50 areas of outstanding natural beauty - and the question of where to spend your next vacation will disappear by itself.

England

Do you want to see with your own eyes the places of the former royal hunting grounds? Or plunge into the mysterious foggy swamps that Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson roamed? Then you should definitely go to the counties of Dartmoor and Exmoor.

Be careful - as soon as you find yourself in these places, modern world will completely dissolve in the atmosphere of endless moorlands, silent swamps and green valleys ... It seems that time here goes infinitely slowly. Or it stopped altogether ... But believe me, the ghostly reality of Dartmoor will be a great place for your rest. Go for a walk or rent a pair of horses. Be sure to check out the cozy Dartmoor Zoo, the real story of which formed the basis for the movie We Bought a Zoo. Enjoy your return to civilization with a sumptuous dinner at the Michelin-starred Gidleigh Park Restaurant.

In Exmoor National Park, there is the so-called Dark Sky Sanctuary. It has been found to be the darkest sky in Britain. This makes the park an ideal place to explore the stars and constellations. The tallest tree in England also grows in Exmoor.

South East: New Forest | South Downs

New Forest National Park received a special status of a protected area since the reign of William the Conqueror almost 1000 years ago. Walking through the picturesque expanses of this unique wilderness area, you can easily spot ponies and deer walking slowly.

The territory of the park is conventionally divided into several thematic zones. One of them houses the New Forest Reptile Center. In Bolderwood there is a deer sanctuary (Bolderwood Deer Sanctuary). And in Exbury Gardens, you can stroll among exotic British trees and flowers, such as azaleas, rhododendrons and camellias.

New Forest is home to the National Motor Museum. It presents a luxurious collection of cars from the legendary Bond and the no less famous Jeremy Clarkson (Top Gear).

To the east of New Forest are the South Hills, or South Downs, stretching from ancient Winchester to the chalky cliffs of Beachy Head. Undoubtedly, the main attraction of the park is the mesmerizing white cliffs of Beachy Head and Devil's Dyke. Endless sea spaces and panoramic views of the picturesque surroundings of the park - what better way to escape from the hustle and bustle of life in a modern city?

The endless plains of East Anglia, cut by many rivers and lakes, are one of the most famous water reserves in Europe.

Be sure to embark on an exciting boat trip through these magical locations. You have 125 miles of water at your disposal. Along the way, you will get acquainted with the enchanting natural beauty of the park, historic cathedrals, cozy towns and, of course, distinctive local pubs.

Heart of England: Peak District

This national park, the first in Great Britain and the most visited in Europe, is spread over the territory of several counties.

Endless picturesque fields and meadows, rocky mountain landscapes, peat bogs and moorlands - the enchanting beauty and natural charm of the park have become a source of inspiration for numerous writers and poets, including the famous Jane Austen.

The park is also a center for mountain tourism. Whether you descend into the Speedwell Cavern and the famous Bottomless Pit or climb to the top of the Kinder Scout, you have an invigorating adrenaline rush.

Northwest: Lake District

The pacifying surface of 16 picturesque lakes, the highest mountains of England, fabulous valleys, rocky shores and endless seascapes ... Cumbria and the Lake District have captivated several generations of ordinary tourists and a dozen famous writers, including William Wordsworth and Beatrice Potter.

The region has a rich historical heritage, a vibrant and modern cultural life. And also, thanks to its excellent food and drinks, it is becoming more and more popular with lovers of gastronomic tourism. For example, the Sharrow Bay Hotel in Ulswater has a Michelin-starred restaurant. And at The Old Crown Pub, you can sample unique ales from a local brewery.

North East: Northumberland | North York Moors | Yorkshire Dales

Listen to the singing of mountain birds, take a leisurely stroll through picturesque villages, build sand castles or simply contemplate the beauty of the surrounding world ... You will be surrounded by shadows of the past everywhere - historical abbeys, as if ready for defense castles, churches and barely visible old paths.

Northumberland National Park stretches from Hadrian's Wall to the very border of Scotland. Here is the world famous UNESCO World Heritage Site - Hadrian's Wall. Walking the hiking trail along this 73-mile gigantic defensive structure, you can see with your own eyes the echoes of Roman history and the remains of Roman fortresses and temples.

And fans of Harry Potter should go to Alnwick Castle, near the walls of which Harry made his first flight on a broomstick.

North York Moors Park is located west of the east coast of Yorkshire. It is a Mecca for mountain bikers and fans of scenic hiking trails. And the coastal town of Whitby is probably familiar to fans of Bram Stoker's Dracula.

The Third Yorkshire Dales Park covers the central Penines Highlands in North Yorkshire and Cumbria. And it is a favorite destination for hikers, cyclists and horse riding enthusiasts. After enjoying a stroll in the park, do not forget to drop by the highest pub in Britain, the Tan Hill Inn.

Scotland

Central Highlands: Cairngorms

Discover one of Europe's last truly wilderness spots. Cairngorms is a land of red deer, predatory ospreys and proud golden eagles. The combination of majestic mountains, narrow winding valleys and shimmering lakes in the park is considered to be the example of the Scottish landscape.

Cairngorms is especially popular with sports fans. It is home to 3 of 5 Scottish ski resorts, 2 water sports centers and 12 golf courses.

You can relax after an active holiday while tasting real Scotch whiskey at one of the park's many distilleries.

Central Scotland: Loch Lomond and the Trossachs

The park is located just one hour from Glasgow. Here you can ride a boat, go water skiing, conquer the summit of Mount Ben Lomond or visit the grave of "Scottish Robin Hood" Rob Roy. And, of course, few can resist tasting local whiskey at the Lomond Distillery distillery.

The special, unlike anything else atmosphere of the Scottish Highlands is forever immortalized in the old song The Bonnie Bankso "Loch Lomond.

Wales

The iconic Welsh Upland is renowned for its vibrant, romantic landscapes filled with gray coastal cliffs, purple moorlands and vibrant green of picturesque valleys.

The park's attractions include the famous steam railways and some of the UK's most imposing castles. Thus, the medieval castles-fortresses of Harlech and Cairnarvon were built in the era of King Edward I. And the legendary Caernarfon Castle is the property and pearl of world medieval architecture.

The magnificent expanses of the Brecon Beacons National Park are comfortably located on an area of 1400 sq. km in the south of Wales. And four majestic mountain ranges - the Black Mountains (9the Black Mountains), Central Beacons (Central Beacons), the Great Forest (Forest Fawr) and Black Mountain (Mynydd Du) - stretch from Hay-on-Wye (Hay-on- Wye in the east to Llandeilo in the west.

In addition to breathtaking landscapes, the park offers its guests a fascinating journey through the history of Great Britain. Unique historical monuments of several eras have been preserved here - from ancient ritual stones to burial mounds of the Bronze Age, from Iron Age settlements to buildings of the Roman Empire and, of course, architectural creations of the great masters of the Middle Ages.

And in the Black Mountains are the charming villages of Crickhowell and Abergavenny, famous for their food festivals that bring together the world's culinary stars.

The only coastal national park in Britain, Pembrokeshire is an endless charm of seascapes, combining crystal waters and coastal cliffs, sandy beaches, wooded estuaries and islands that have become a protected habitat of many rare animals.

The park has an unusually developed infrastructure for water sports. You can choose between surfing, coastering, windsurfing, kayaking or sea safari to Ramsey Island, in the vicinity of which you can often see dolphins and whales. For those who are fond of diving, it will be interesting to go to the Skomer Marine Nature Reserve or the Smalls Islands.

The 300 km Pembrokeshire Coastal Trail will enchant you with some of Britain's finest seascapes.

This national park is also home to the UK's smallest city, charming St David's, with a population of just 1,800.

15 National Trekking Trails in England and Wales combine some 4,000 km of scenic trails for hiking, cycling and horse riding.

They have been created by linking separately existing paths and trails to provide tourists with maximum access to the enchanting natural landscapes of England and Wales, the scenic landscapes of national parks and areas of outstanding natural beauty. There are 26 such destinations in Scotland, known as the Great Trails of Scotland.

Collected in a single network, these routes take everyone on a journey through the mesmerizing beauty of the United Kingdom.

Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty

The distinctive character and natural beauty of these outstanding landscape parks is so priceless that it is a matter of national interest to protect them.

Areas of outstanding natural beauty are a myriad of picturesque natural landscapes, from endless seashores to romantic floodplains, from rocky chalk mountains to moorlands and relict forests.

There are thirty-five such zones in England, four in Wales, one on the border between England and Wales and nine in Northern Ireland.

If the inspired beauty of nature is what captivates your heart, areas of outstanding natural beauty are the perfect choice for your trip.

In Britain, they are very careful about nature and are trying in every possible way to preserve the existing ecosystem. English reserves are not only tourist sites, but also entire scientific centers. Most of the modern natural areas in the country are complemented by separate tourist complexes, where you can relax with maximum comfort and even do active sports. So, in Snowdonia, hiking climbs to the top of the mountains are often carried out, and schools for windsurfing or sea fishing are organized in coastal reserves.

The Ben-Ey Reserve, which has been open since the mid-20th century, is a protected area of nature on the shores of Loch Marie. Juniper thickets and pine forests are home to many rare animals and plants. Here you can find not only martens, deer and roe deer, but also a large settlement of gray geese.

Another Scottish sanctuary called Kenigorm, which is also known for its pine forests, is home to the European forest cat, a variety of birds, including wood grouse and black grouse. Also on its territory live golden eagles, peregrine falcons, osprey and other predators, which have almost completely disappeared in other parts of the UK.

The Glen More Valley is a large tectonic rift that extends two hundred kilometers inland of Scotland. Along it is a chain of long lakes - Loch Lough, Loch Oikh and the famous Loch Ness along with Loch Linnhe Bay. Here you can also see the highest mountain in Great Britain - Ben Nevis. Coastal cliffs and a mysterious lake, as well as indescribable natural beauty, attract hundreds of tourists every year.

The world's largest seabird colony has settled in a nature reserve on Glof Island. It was discovered only two decades ago, but now there are more than fifty species of birds, including many rare species in this region.

The Peak District National Park in central Britain was founded in the middle of the last century and is intended to preserve the moorland and part of the forests surrounding the industrial areas of the country. This and science Center, and a resting place for residents of large metropolitan areas like Liverpool or Manchester. Interestingly, the park even has karst caves with colonies of bats.

In the nature reserve on Ram Island, you can see the heather-covered plains and wooded mountains, but its main value is the rocky coast, where seals and seabirds live.

Snowdonia National Park is not only a place to preserve deciduous forests and meadows on the slopes of the mountains, but also wonderful views with gorges and waterfalls. Also in the park is Mount Snowdon, which offers a magical panorama of half of Wales.