The living shell of the Earth is a serious damage, violating the ecological balance that has developed over the time of the planet's existence. Environmental pollution in our minds is associated primarily with the poisoning of water, air, earth, which can directly affect human health and well-being. However, chemical pollution is fraught with indirect effects. For example, large carbon dioxide emissions affect the climate, which in turn affects food production; a change in the concentration of nutrients (nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, kshshya, etc.) leads to the death of some populations and the rapid reproduction of others.

Chemical pollution of the environment is caused by the following factors:
1) an increase in the concentration of nutrients due to sewage discharges and runoff from fertilizer fields, causing the rapid development of algae and imbalance in existing ecosystems;
2) poisoning of water, soil and air with wastes of chemical industries;
3) the impact on water and soil of fuel combustion products that reduce air quality and cause acid rain;
4) potential contamination of air, water and soil with radioactive waste generated during the production of nuclear weapons and atomic energy;
5 (emissions of carbon dioxide and ozone-depleting chemicals, which could lead to climate change or ozone holes.

Mineral contamination:
1) metal compounds (highly toxic - lead, mercury, rare earth - cadmium, selenium, lithium, etc.), as a result of which, when the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) is exceeded, the organs of hearing, vision, the nervous system are affected, cases of paralysis and birth are possible children with various physical and mental abnormalities;

2) mineral fertilizers, as a result of which they enter the water bodies, eutrophication is observed, that is, the immoderate growth of aquatic vegetation (you have obviously seen a body of water with a fetid green slurry more than once).

Pollution with organic substances of industrial origin, which are part of the effluents of the chemical, petrochemical, pulp and paper and other industries. Among such substances are phenol, dioxin, CMC.

Pollution by oil and its derivatives. One ton of oil, spreading over the water surface, can occupy an area of ​​12 km2, and 1 liter of oil can make 1 million liters of water unusable, that is, as much of it as would be enough for a family of 4 people for 20 years. The oil film is a barrier to gas exchange between water and the atmosphere. It prevents the absorption of oxygen and carbon dioxide by water, causing the death of plankton. This film poses a great danger to seabirds and animals. Plumage of birds, smeared with oil, loses its waterproof properties, which leads to their death.

Organic substances of biological origin are contained in household and livestock waste. Once in water bodies, these drains make the water unsuitable for drinking, cause fish death, and cause eutrophication.

Pesticides. like heavy metals, moving along the trophic chain: phytoplankton - zooplankton - small fish - large fish, reach such a concentration in the body of the latter that can be fatal to humans.

A cardinal solution to the problem of combating pollution of the aquatic environment (hydrosphere) would be a complete transition to safe technologies, which would exclude the discharge of any effluents, as well as the development of technologies with minimal water consumption. But the development and implementation of low-waste technologies is expensive and complex, therefore, the process of wastewater treatment is of prime importance, including:

1) cleaning and disinfection of household and livestock waste:
2) cleaning of effluents from the consequences of servicing vehicles and agricultural machinery:
3) purification of effluents containing oil products.

Methods for purifying water from oil products using microorganisms and plants are promising. Known microorganisms capable of feeding on hydrocarbons. Experiments with Candido UpoUtica have shown that small bodies of water can be cleared of oil in 5 days.

Protection of land resources
The role of soil - a thin film covering part of the land, the thickness of which ranges from 1.5-2 cm to 2 m, is described in detail in the paragraph "Chemistry and Agriculture". Here we will consider the factors that reduce soil fertility, and the factors that cause land pollution.
Erosion (from Lat. Erodere - erosion) lowers soil fertility. This is a phenomenon that has brought and continues to bring terrible troubles to humanity. It takes thousands of years to form a fertile elephant of the soil, it can be destroyed in 15-20 years, and in case of strong hurricanes and downpours - in a few days or hours. There are two main types of erosion - water and wind. Fighting them includes set of activities:

Afforestation;
agrotechnical methods, for example, the creation of long-term cultivated pastures, snow retention, the introduction of organic (but not mineral) fertilizers;

Soil-protective system of agriculture, which consists in non-moldboard plowing and leaving stubble on the soil surface;
the creation and introduction of soil-protective agriculture, which prevents technical erosion, which occurs as a result of the direct destruction of the soil layer by technical means, mainly by the wheels and caterpillars of machines;
prevention of soil contamination with the remains of building parts (panels, blocks, bricks, ash, slag), oil and oil products, substances that enter the air from the atmosphere (compounds 1 m 1 of lead, arsenic, mercury, copper, etc.);
correct application of fertilizers and pesticides. About 20%, and sometimes all 50% of fertilizers are not assimilated by plants and remain in the soil as a heavy burden for its biocenosis. Pesticides can get into the soil and disrupt the trophic links that have developed in it.

Chemical pollution of the environment and protection from chemical pollution

Contents Introduction Sources of chemical pollution. Sources of chemical pollution. Environmental Impact of Chemicals. The impact of chemicals on the environment. Measures taken to minimize the risk of using chemical products. Measures taken to minimize the risk of using chemical products. Bibliography. Bibliography.

Introduction The development of modern industry and services, the use of the biosphere and its resources, leads to an increasing human intervention in the material processes taking place on the planet. The human habitat is filled with synthetic, dangerous to organisms. Cosmetics, medicines, foodstuffs contain harmful chemical components. And transport and the chemical industry pollute the atmosphere. Thus, we pollute the environment, which then has a harmful effect on all living organisms. Therefore, it is necessary to do everything necessary to reduce environmental pollution.

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Transport as a source of chemical pollution. Transport, especially automobile transport, is in second place in terms of environmental pollution. Combustion of fuel by vehicles increases the concentration of CO2, hydrocarbons, heavy metals, and particulate matter in the atmosphere. Cars account for 25% of the fuel burned. Transport, especially automobile transport, is in second place in terms of environmental pollution. Combustion of fuel by vehicles increases the concentration of CO2, hydrocarbons, heavy metals, and particulate matter in the atmosphere. Cars account for 25% of the fuel burned. Imagine that during an exploitation time equal to 6 years, a car emits into the atmosphere: 9 tons of CO2, 0.9 tons. CO, 0.25t. NO and 80kg. hydrocarbons. Imagine that during an exploitation time equal to 6 years, a car emits into the atmosphere: 9 tons of CO2, 0.9 tons. CO, 0.25t. NO and 80kg. hydrocarbons.

Energy facilities The largest amount of waste is associated with the production of energy, on the consumption of which all economic activities are based. Due to the burning of fossil fuels in order to obtain energy, a powerful stream of emissions is released into the atmosphere. Now in the atmosphere there are gases that were previously absent in it - chlorofluorocarbons. The consequences of the accumulation of pollutants in the atmosphere are: greenhouse effect, destruction of the ozone layer, acid precipitation.

Chemical industry as a source of pollution. Most organic products used or produced in chemical industries are derived from basic petrochemicals. The processing of crude oil or natural gas produces both gaseous and water-dissolved waste and discharged into the sewage system, including waste that cannot be further processed. Gaseous emissions from distillation and cracking units during oil refining mainly contain hydrocarbons, ammonia, nitrogen oxides.

Some of the wastes are burned in flares before being released into the atmosphere, resulting in combustion products. There are also uncontrolled emissions caused by leaks, process disturbances, accidents and evaporation of gaseous substances from the technological water supply system and from wastewater. Of all types of chemical production, the greatest pollution is given by those where varnishes and paints are made or used. They are made on the basis of alkyd materials and contain a solvent. 350 thousand tons of substances are emitted per year, which include varnishes and paints.

Effects on individuals and populations Chemical substances, depending on their properties and structure, affect organisms in different ways. Chemicals, depending on their properties and structure, affect organisms in different ways. 1 Molecular biological effects. 1 Molecular biological effects. 2 Metabolic disorders. 2 Metabolic disorders. 3 Mutagenic and carcinogenic effects. 3 Mutagenic and carcinogenic effects. 4 Impact on the behavior of organisms. 4 Impact on the behavior of organisms.

Industrial Emissions Prevention Measures 1 Design of production with minimal emissions. 1 Design of production with minimal emissions. 2 Compliance with the technological mode of production. 2 Compliance with the technological mode of production. 3 Sealing equipment when working with chemical compounds. 3 Sealing equipment when working with chemical compounds. 4 Providing measures to prevent accidents. 4 Providing measures to prevent accidents. 5 Coping with shipping losses. 5 Coping with shipping losses. 6 Recycling, waste disposal. 6 Recycling, waste disposal. 7 Wastewater treatment. 7 Wastewater treatment.

Used literature 1 Environmental chemistry: Per. with him. / Edited by F. Corte (1996) 2 Environmental problems: what is happening, who is to blame and what to do? Textbook / Ed. Prof. V.I.Danilov. 3 Environmental Science / Nebel B. 4 Our Habitat / Revel P., Revel Ch ..

The main sources of chemical pollution of the environment are traditionally considered to be industry (chemical, metallurgical, etc.), transport, energy (TPP) and agriculture. Environmental pollution with chemicals occurs both at the stage of their production and use, and in the course of waste management. Therefore, legal regulation of environmental protection is carried out at all stages of the use of chemical and other environmentally hazardous substances.

As Art. 47 of the Law on Environmental Protection, the production and circulation of potentially hazardous chemical substances, including radioactive, other substances and microorganisms, are allowed on the territory of the Russian Federation after the necessary toxicological, hygienic and toxicological studies of these substances, establishing the procedure for handling them, environmental standards and state registration these substances in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

These requirements are specified, first of all, by sanitary legislation, including sanitary rules.

The significance of the latter is explained by the fact that it is they who establish the criteria for the safety and (or) harmlessness to humans of atmospheric air in urban and rural settlements, in the territories of industrial organizations, air in places of permanent or temporary residence of a person, including maximum permissible concentrations (levels) chemical, biological substances and microorganisms in the air. Moreover, the MPE standards for chemical and other substances and microorganisms in the air, SPZ projects are approved only if there is a sanitary and epidemiological conclusion on the compliance of these standards and projects with sanitary rules.

Chemical and biological substances potentially hazardous to humans and certain types of products are allowed for production, transportation, purchase, storage, sale and use (use) after their state registration.

State registration is required for the first time introduced into production and previously unused chemical substances and preparations manufactured on their basis potentially dangerous to humans, certain types of products that pose a potential danger to humans, as well as certain types of products, including food products imported to the territory for the first time. RF. State registration of these substances and certain types of products is carried out on the basis of an assessment of their danger to humans and the environment; establishment of hygienic and other standards for the content of substances, individual components of products in the environment, as well as the development of protective measures, including conditions for the disposal and destruction of substances and certain types of products, to prevent their harmful effects on humans and the environment.

Along with the mandatory registration of chemical and other substances, sanitary legislation provides for the need for sanitary and epidemiological examinations, investigations, examinations, studies, tests of toxicological, hygienic and other types of assessments that are carried out by the Ministry of Health of Russia, organizations accredited in the prescribed manner, experts using approved methods, techniques for performing measurements and types of measuring instruments. The purpose of such measures is to establish and prevent the harmful effects of environmental factors on a person, to establish the causes of the occurrence and spread of infectious diseases and mass non-infectious diseases (poisoning), as well as to establish the compliance (non-compliance) of objects of economic and other activities, products, works, services with the requirements of sanitary legislation.

Based on the results of sanitary and epidemiological examinations, investigations, examinations, studies, tests and toxicological, hygienic and other types of assessments, drawn up in the prescribed manner, the chief state sanitary doctors issue sanitary and epidemiological conclusions.

More specific requirements and regulations apply to the production, handling and disposal of certain chemicals and their compounds (including waste).

The most typical example of their establishment is the requirements and rules in the field of handling pesticides and agrochemicals. Thus, the examination of the results of registration tests of pesticides and agrochemicals includes the state ecological examination of pesticides and agrochemicals; toxicological and hygienic examination and examination of regulations for the use of pesticides and agrochemicals.

A citizen or a legal entity, by decision of a specially authorized federal executive body that organizes registration tests and state registration of pesticides and agrochemicals, is issued a registration certificate for state registration of a pesticide and (or) an agrochemical. A pesticide or agrochemical is entered into the State Catalog of Pesticides and Agrochemicals Permitted for Use on the Territory of the Russian Federation, which is maintained by a specially authorized federal executive body that organizes registration tests and state registration of pesticides and agrochemicals.

Additional requirements for the use of chemicals are contained in the natural resource legislation in order to reduce their harmful effects on the state of natural objects.

For example, according to Art. 65 VK it is prohibited to place chemical and other toxic and poisonous substances in water protection zones.

In certain cases, the legislation provides for special requirements for the production and handling of chemicals and other substances.

An example is the requirements for the operation of a hazardous production facility, a type of which is an enterprise that produces or uses chemical and other environmentally hazardous substances in the course of production activities.

Environmental protection and rational use of natural resources is one of the most important problems facing humanity. It is closely connected with all economic activities of people, which have a deep, often destructive effect on the biosphere, its geochemical, ecological and other functions of progressive development, preservation of an equilibrium natural state, etc. The formation of an environment often occurs that is not conducive to the normal life of humans, plants and animals.

Environmental pollution is understood as any introduction into an ecological system of living or nonliving components that are not characteristic of it, physical or structural changes that interrupt or disrupt the processes of circulation and metabolism, the flow of energy with a decrease in productivity or disruption of this ecosystem.

Indicators of the company's impact on the environment:

1) Impact on air resources.

2) Impact on water resources.

3) Impact on land resources.

4) Impact on material resources and production waste.

5) Environmental friendliness of products.

Air pollution.

The main causes of air pollution are the combustion of fossil fuels and metallurgical production. If in the 19th century the products of combustion of coal and liquid fuel entering the environment were almost completely assimilated by the vegetation of the Earth, then at present the content of harmful combustion products is steadily increasing. A number of pollutants are released into the air from stoves, fireboxes, and car exhaust pipes. Among them, sulfurous anhydride, a poisonous gas, readily soluble in water, stands out. The concentration of sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere is especially high in the vicinity of copper smelters. It causes the destruction of chlorophyll, underdevelopment of pollen grains, drying, falling of leaves of needles. Part of SO2 is oxidized to sulfuric anhydride. Solutions of sulfurous and sulfuric acids, falling with rains on the Earth's surface, cause harm to living organisms, destroy buildings. The soil acquires an acidic reaction, humus (humus) is washed out of it - an organic substance containing components necessary for the development of plants. In addition, the amount of calcium, magnesium, and potassium salts is reduced in it. In acidic soils, the number of animal species living in it decreases, and the rate of decomposition is slowed down. All this creates unfavorable conditions for plant growth. Billions of tons of CO2 are released into the atmosphere each year as a result of fuel combustion. Half of the carbon dioxide from the combustion of fossil fuels is absorbed by the ocean and green plants, and half remains in the air. The CO2 content in the atmosphere is gradually increasing and has increased by more than 10% over the past 100 years. CO2 prevents thermal radiation into outer space, creating the so-called "greenhouse effect". Changes in atmospheric CO2 have a significant impact on the Earth's climate. Industrial enterprises and cars cause many toxic compounds to enter the atmosphere - nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide, lead compounds (each car emits 1 kg of lead per year), various hydrocarbons - acetylene, ethylene, methane, propane, etc. Together with water droplets they form a poisonous fog - smog, which has a harmful effect on the human body, on the vegetation of cities. Liquid and solid particles (dust) suspended in the air reduce the amount of solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. So, in big cities, solar radiation decreases by 15%, ultraviolet radiation - by 30% (and in the winter months it can completely disappear).

Measures to prevent air pollution.

Air purification and protection are of great importance. An effective way to reduce harmful emissions into the atmosphere is the introduction of waste-free and low-waste production processes, an increase in the efficiency of existing air purification plants, the introduction of closed air cycles with partial air recirculation. Industrial units, especially newly commissioned ones, must be equipped with dust and gas trapping means. In general, the protection of atmospheric air from pollution should be carried out not only on a regional or local scale, but primarily globally, since the air knows no boundaries and is in perpetual motion.

Water resources: rational use and protection.

The main source of pollution is industrial and municipal sewage, the washout from the fields of a part of the soil containing various agrochemicals, drainage water of irrigation systems, sewage from livestock farms that enter the water with precipitation and storm runoff of aerogenic pollution. Among the pollutants, the most dangerous are phenols, oil and oil products, salts of heavy metals, radionuclides, pesticides and other organic poisons, organics saturated with bacteria, mineral fertilizers, etc. The total mass of the main anthropogenic pollutants in the hydrosphere has reached 15 billion. tons per year. Most of these pollutants are found in rivers, where their average concentration has reached 400 mg / l. Discharge of sewage, especially untreated or insufficiently treated, has a negative effect on the cycle of organic matter in the reservoir, threatens the danger of infectious diseases, primarily humans.

Water protection measures:

Creation of waste-free technological processes;

Do not allow soil washout, the flow of agrochemicals into rivers and lakes;

The use of high agricultural technology, the correct conduct of plowing and, in general, tillage;

Organization of watering for pets, disposal of manure;

Combating losses of petroleum products during transportation;

Control over MPC;

Scientific substantiation and long-term forecasting of the water economy of the city, region, region, and related changes in the natural environment, optimal planning and consistent implementation of reasonable water management, systematization of the approach to solving the issue of monitoring, forecasting.

Land resources: rational use and protection.

Processes and phenomena that reduce soil fertility, destroy the country's land resources, reduce the area of ​​agricultural land, with some convention can be divided into 4 groups:

1) natural processes, the adverse impact of which on the soil cover cannot be prevented (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, karsts, soil washout on slopes, etc.).

2) natural processes that a person can sometimes prevent to some extent or reduce their adverse effect on the soil;

3) natural processes, the intensive manifestation of which is largely due to the unreasonable economic activity of man (intensive washout and erosion of the soil by the surface runoff of temporary water flows, waterlogging of soils, blowing out);

4) phenomena that are entirely related to human economic activity (soil pollution by toxic emissions, during the operation of industrial enterprises and transport). Destruction as a result of excessive soil cultivation, from improper use of fertilizers and pesticides, in the development of mineral deposits, radioactive contamination of the soil, unjustified alienation of valuable agricultural land for use in other sectors of the national economy.

Acid atmospheric attacks on land. One of the most acute global problems of our time and the foreseeable future is the problem of the increasing acidity of atmospheric precipitation and soil cover. Areas of acidic soils do not experience droughts, but their natural fertility is low and unstable; they are quickly depleted and yields are low. Acid rains cause not only acidification of surface waters and upper soil horizons. Acidity with downdrafts of water spreads over the entire soil profile and causes significant acidification of groundwater. Acid rain occurs as a result of human economic activity, accompanied by the emission of colossal amounts of oxides of sulfur, nitrogen, carbon. These oxides, entering the atmosphere, are transported over long distances, interact with water and turn into solutions of a mixture of sulfurous, sulfuric, nitrous, nitric and carbonic acids, which fall in the form of "acid rains" on land, interacting with plants, soils, and waters. The main sources in the atmosphere are the burning of shale, oil, coal, gas in industry, agriculture, and in everyday life. Human economic activity has almost doubled the release of sulfur oxides, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide and carbon monoxide into the atmosphere. Naturally, this affected an increase in the acidity of atmospheric precipitation, ground and ground waters. To solve this problem, it is necessary to increase the volume of systematic representative measurements of compounds of air pollutants over large areas.

Soil protection measures:

1) protection of soils from erosion by sowing annual and perennial grasses;

2) - methods of soil protection treatment of grasses (deep plowing, loosening, rolling);

Techniques that reduce the rate of water runoff (hole diving, embankment, furrowing);

Techniques that reduce the strength of the wind in the surface layer (flat-cut processing, sowing on stubble);

3) snow retention, regulation of snow melting;

4) agrotechnical techniques that increase soil fertility (fertilization);

5) agrophysical methods that increase the anti-erosion resistance of soils (introduction of various preparations)

6) forest reclamation soil protection measures (planting forest belts and tracts).

With an abstract approach, all environmental problems can be reduced to a person, to say that any negative impact on the environment comes from a person - as a subject of economic activity, a producer, a consumer, a carrier of technological progress, and simply an inhabitant of the planet. In this regard, it is necessary to analyze some aspects of human activity that have a particularly harmful effect on the environment. Among them are production, transport, consumption, the use of modern technology, urbanization, etc., as the main sources of pollution and environmental degradation. This approach makes it possible to identify those areas of human activity that harm or pose a threat to the environment, to outline ways to correct or prevent them.

Measures to improve the quality of the environment

1) Technological:

development of new technologies;

treatment facilities;

electrification of production, everyday life, transport.

2) Legal:

creation of legislative acts to maintain the quality of the environment

3) Architectural planning

zoning of the territory of the settlement;

landscaping of populated areas;

organization of sanitary protection zones;

rational planning of enterprises and residential areas.

4) Engineering and organizational

Approaches and technologies in the waste minimization strategy include the following positions:

1) Material accounting system (management) and improvement of existing operations.

Accounting and tracking of material flows;

Purchase of low-toxic and non-toxic materials;

Improvement of storage methods for raw materials and materials;

Strict adherence to the schedules of routine maintenance and preliminary repair of equipment;

Implementation of staff training programs and feedback.

2) Improvement of equipment.

Introduction of waste-free equipment or equipment that produces a minimum amount of waste;

Conversion of existing production facilities to produce products with less waste generated;

Improving the efficiency of existing equipment;

Equipment modifications to enhance existing or newly created capabilities for the recovery or recycling of raw materials;

Elimination of sources of losses and leaks of raw materials.

3) Modification of production processes.

Optimization of the use of raw materials;

Replacement of toxic materials with non-toxic ones;

Reorientation of final products to the minimum content of toxic substances or their complete absence;

Changing the conditions of the processes in the direction of reducing waste generation.

4) Recycling and secondary use of raw materials.

Introduction of recirculating systems for direct recirculation ;

Recycling on production equipment for the secondary use of raw materials and materials;

Recirculation outside the workshop for subsequent use;

Separation of waste by types, taking into account the possibilities of their regeneration;

Separation of toxic waste from non-toxic;

Participation in waste exchange (use another company's waste as an alternative raw material).

Environmental policies can help optimize resource management, build public trust and develop market opportunities. Many new clean and low-waste technologies not only reduce pollution, but also save raw materials and energy to the point where cost savings can more than offset the higher initial investment costs and thus lower unit costs. Ample opportunities are hidden in the use of genetic engineering and biotechnology for agriculture, food industry, chemistry and pharmaceuticals, cleaning the environment and obtaining new materials and energy sources.

In addressing the issue of environmental protection, international cooperation is required. It is the need of the era, the condition for the existence and progress of mankind. The World Health Organization (WHO) is working on solving problems of health and the environment, drinking water supply and sanitation, and safe chemicals. Interaction with the IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency) included an examination of the safety level of nuclear power plants, radioactive waste management.

International non-governmental organizations play an important role in solving environmental problems: the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), the World Conservation Fund (WWF), the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU), the International Youth Federation (IMF) and many others.

The time of spontaneous, reckless use of natural resources has already passed. Nature management should be carried out only on a scientific basis, taking into account all those complex processes that occur in the environment, both without and with the participation of humans.

Topic: "Environmental pollution, sources and measures to combat and protect the natural environment"

INTRODUCTION

Relevance of the research topic lies in the fact that at present anthropogenic pollution of the natural environment has become enormous. This has led to serious environmental, economic, social consequences for society, which is manifested in the deterioration of the state of the natural environment, the need for significant financial investments for its restoration, a sharp decrease in the life expectancy of people in comparison with developed countries.

The relevance of the research topic is also caused by the need to develop organizational and legal measures to ensure the protection of the environment from pollution: environmental control, observation, economic measures.

Purpose of the study : to study the problems of environmental pollution, as well as to consider the sources of its pollution, measures to combat and protect the natural environment.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

1. Define the concept of "environmental pollution" and its main types;

2. Consider the main sources of environmental pollution;

3. Analyze measures to combat environmental pollution and methods of protecting the natural environment.

1. The concept of "environmental pollution" and its main types

Environmental pollution is the introduction into the environment or the emergence in it of new (uncharacteristic for it) physical, chemical or biological agents, or the excess of the natural average long-term concentration level of the same agents in the period under consideration. Distinguish between natural and anthropogenic pollution.

Under environmental pollution author V.V. Snakin understands "changes in the properties of the environment (chemical, mechanical, physical, biological and related information), occurring as a result of natural or artificial processes and leading to a deterioration in the functions of the environment in relation to any biological or technological object" 1.

Using various elements of the environment in his activities, a person changes its quality. Often these changes are expressed in an unfavorable form of pollution 2.

Environmental pollution is the intake of harmful substances into it that can harm human health, inorganic nature, flora and fauna, or become an obstacle in one or another human activity. Of course, pollution caused by human activities (they are called anthropogenic) must be distinguished from natural pollution. Usually, speaking of pollution, they mean exactly anthropogenic pollution and evaluate it by comparing the power of natural and anthropogenic sources of pollution 3.

Due to the large amounts of human waste entering the environment, the ability of the environment to self-purify is at its limit. A significant part of these wastes are alien to the natural environment: they are either toxic to microorganisms that destroy complex organic substances and turn them into simple inorganic compounds, or they are not destroyed at all and therefore accumulate in various parts of the environment. Even those substances that are familiar to the environment, entering it in too large quantities, can change its quality and affect ecological systems.

Environmental pollution is the introduction of new, uncharacteristic physical, chemical and biological agents or exceeding their natural level.

Let's consider the main types of pollution:

Physical (thermal, noise, electromagnetic, light, radioactive);

Chemical (heavy metals, pesticides, plastics and other chemicals);

Biological (biogenic, microbiological, genetic);

Informational (informational noise, false information, disturbance factors 1.

Any chemical contamination is the appearance of a chemical in a place not intended for it. Pollution arising in the course of human activity is the main factor of its harmful effects on the natural environment.

Chemical pollutants can cause acute poisoning, chronic diseases, as well as carcinogenic and mutagenic effects. For example, heavy metals can accumulate in plant and animal tissues, causing toxic effects. In addition to heavy metals, chlordioxins are especially dangerous pollutants, which are formed from chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons used in the production of herbicides. Sources of environmental pollution with dioxins are also by-products of the pulp and paper industry, waste from the metallurgical industry, and exhaust gases from internal combustion engines. These substances are very toxic to humans and animals even at low concentrations and cause damage to the liver, kidneys, and the immune system 1.

Along with the pollution of the environment with synthetic substances new to it, great damage to nature and human health can be caused by interference in the natural cycles of substances due to active industrial and agricultural activities, as well as the formation of household waste.

2. Sources of environmental pollution

The atmosphere (air), hydrosphere (aquatic environment) and lithosphere (solid surface) of the Earth are subject to pollution. Consider the types of sources of environmental pollution, taking into account the place of pollution.

Table 1. Sources of environmental pollution 1

The source of environmental pollution is human economic activity (industry, agriculture, transport). In cities, the largest share of pollution is provided by transport (70-80%). Among industrial enterprises, metallurgical enterprises are considered the most "dirty" - 93.4%. They are followed by energy enterprises - primarily thermal power plants - 27%, 9% - fall to the chemical industry, 12% - oil and 7% of the gas industry.

Although the chemical industry is not the main supplier of pollution (Fig. 1), it is characterized by emissions that are the most dangerous for the environment, humans, animals and plants (Fig. 2) 2.

Rice. 1. Air pollution by various industries

Fig. 2. Environmental pollution with hazardous waste. The bulk of hazardous waste is generated by the chemical industry.

The term "hazardous waste" is applied to any kind of waste that may harm health or the environment during storage, transportation, processing or dumping. These include toxic substances, flammable waste, corrosive waste and other chemically active substances 1.

Natural waters can be contaminated with pesticides and dioxins, as well as oil. The decomposition products of oil are toxic, and the oil film, which isolates water from air, leads to the death of living organisms (primarily plankton) in the water. The strongest environmental pollutants are industrial waste and household waste. More than 20 tons of waste falls on one inhabitant of the Earth annually. Dioxins are considered to be especially dangerous. A federal target program for dioxins was adopted by a Government decree of November 5, 1995. It includes the following set of questions: development of standards for the content of dioxins in emissions and discharges of industrial enterprises and waste incineration plants; development of standards for the content of dioxins in soil, drinking water, in the air; assessment of the scale and degree of dioxin pollution in open regions of Russia; development of technologies and methods for neutralization of dioxins and others, which to some extent should lead to a decrease in environmental pollution with this toxicant.

During the period of economic reforms, the organizational and legal forms of agriculture were transformed. However, due to the lack of financial resources, agricultural enterprises of various forms of ownership do not carry out environmental protection measures on livestock farms, uncontrollably use mineral fertilizers and agrochemicals, which initially accumulate in the soil, and then, together with rainfall flows, enter rivers, polluting agricultural products and the environment. ... In our opinion, it is necessary to strengthen control over the activities of rural producers, to more actively apply measures of administrative, criminal, civil liability to legal entities and individuals who do not carry out environmental protection measures.

Motor transport is a strong environmental pollutant. Emissions from cars are a mixture of very harmful substances. However, today there is no single body involved in the development and implementation of comprehensive programs on environmental safety in relation to the field of road transport, there is no methodology for organizing traffic, developed taking into account environmental requirements. During the period of market reforms in Russia, the number of non-state enterprises increased, which, in pursuit of obtaining large incomes, do not pay attention to measures to protect the natural environment. There is no single package of normative legal acts regulating environmental relations, which should provide for liability for environmental offenses in the field of road transport.

In addition to the accumulation of toxic and harmful substances in the soil as a result of human activities, damage to land is caused by burial and dumps of industrial and domestic waste 1.

Organic waste is also water pollutant. An additional amount of oxygen is consumed for their oxidation. If the oxygen content is too low, normal life for most aquatic organisms becomes impossible. Aerobic bacteria, which need oxygen, also die, and bacteria develop in their place, using sulfur compounds for their vital activity. A sign of the appearance of such bacteria is the smell of hydrogen sulfide - one of the products of their vital activity.

As a result, we can say that one of the main environmental pollutants is agricultural production. Significant masses of nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus in the form of mineral fertilizers are artificially introduced into the system of circulation of chemical elements. Their excess, not assimilated by plants, is actively involved in water migration. The accumulation of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds in natural water bodies causes increased growth of aquatic vegetation, overgrowth of water bodies and their pollution with dead plant residues and decomposition products. In addition, the abnormally high content of soluble nitrogen compounds in the soil entails an increase in the concentration of this element in agricultural food and drinking water. This can cause serious illness in people.

3. Measures to combat environmental pollution and methods of protecting the natural environment

The main measures to combat air pollution are strict control of emissions of harmful substances. Toxic starting products are being replaced by non-toxic ones, a transition to closed cycles is practiced, gas cleaning and dust collection methods are being improved. Of great importance is the optimization of the location of enterprises to reduce transport emissions, as well as the competent application of economic sanctions.

International cooperation plays an important role in protecting the environment from chemical pollution. For example, in the 1970s, a decrease in the concentration of O3 was found in the ozone layer that protects our planet from the dangerous action of ultraviolet radiation from the Sun. In 1974 it was established that ozone is destroyed by the action of atomic chlorine. One of the main sources of chlorine entering the atmosphere are chlorofluorinated hydrocarbons (freons, freons) used in aerosol cans, refrigerators and air conditioners. The destruction of the ozone layer is probably not only caused by these substances. However, steps have been taken to reduce their production and use. In 1985, many countries agreed to protect the ozone layer. Information exchange and joint research on changes in atmospheric ozone concentration are ongoing 1.

The implementation of measures to prevent the ingress of pollutants into water bodies includes the establishment of coastal protective zones and water protection zones, the rejection of toxic chlorine-containing pesticides, and the reduction of discharges from industrial enterprises through the use of closed cycles. Reducing the risk of oil pollution is possible by increasing the reliability of tankers 1.

To prevent pollution of the Earth's surface, preventive measures are needed - to prevent soil contamination with industrial and domestic wastewater, solid household and industrial waste, sanitary cleaning of the soil and the territory of populated areas where such violations were identified.

The most effective solution to the problem of environmental pollution would be waste-free production without waste water, gas emissions and solid waste. However, waste-free production today and in the foreseeable future is fundamentally impossible, for its implementation it is necessary to create a cyclic system of matter and energy flows that is uniform for the entire planet. If the loss of matter, at least theoretically, can still be prevented, then the environmental problems of the energy sector will still remain. Thermal pollution cannot be avoided in principle, and so-called clean energy sources, such as wind farms, still damage the environment 2.

Today, the only way to significantly reduce environmental pollution is low-waste technologies. Currently, low-waste production facilities are being created in which emissions of harmful substances do not exceed the maximum permissible concentrations (MPC), and waste does not lead to irreversible changes in nature. Complex processing of raw materials is used, combination of several industries, the use of solid waste for the manufacture of building materials 3.

There are the following main ways to reduce environmental pollution: waste-free production, low-waste production, complex processing of raw materials, new technologies and materials. New technologies and materials, environmentally friendly fuels, new energy sources are being created that reduce environmental pollution 1.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, I would like to say that environmental pollution has almost the same long history as the history of mankind itself. For a long time, primitive man was not much different from other animal species and, in an ecological sense, was in equilibrium with the environment. Moreover, the number of humanity was small.

Over time, as a result of the development of the biological organization of people, their mental abilities, the human race stood out among other species: the first type of living creatures arose, the impact of which on all living things poses a potential threat to the balance in nature.

At all stages of his development, man was closely connected with the world around him. But since the emergence of a highly industrial society, dangerous human intervention in nature has increased dramatically, the scope of this intervention has expanded, it began to express various manifestations and now threatens to become a global threat to humanity. Man has to interfere more and more in the economy of the biosphere - that part of our planet in which life exists. The biosphere of the Earth is currently undergoing increasing anthropogenic impact.

In conclusion, it should be noted that in the context of the expected growth in production volumes, constantly increasing vehicle emissions, without effective environmental protection measures, the negative trend in the levels of environmental pollution may become even more aggravated.

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