Ozone O3 (from Greek. Ozon-smelling) is an oxygen allotropic modification that can exist in all three aggregate states. Ozone is an unstable compound, and even at room temperature slowly decomposes on molecular oxygen, but ozone is not a radical.

Physical properties

Molecular weight \u003d 47, 9982 g / mol. Gaseous ozone has a density of 2.144 10-3 g / cm3 at a pressure of 1 atm and 29 ° C.

Ozone - a special substance. It is extremely unstable and with an increase in concentration easily disproportifiates according to the general scheme: 2O3 -\u003e 3O2. In the gaseous form of ozone, there is a bluish tint, noticeable with 15-20% of ozone in the air.

Ozone under normal conditions - gas with a sharp smell. At very low concentrations, the smell of ozone is felt like a pleasant freshness, but with an increase in concentration becomes unpleasant. The smell of frozen linen is the smell of ozone. It is easy to get used to it.

Its main amount is concentrated in the so-called "ozone belt" at an altitude of 15-30 km. At the surface of the Earth, the concentration of ozone is significantly less and absolutely safe for living beings; There is even the opinion that its complete absence also adversely affects the human performance.

At concentrations of about 10 MPC, ozone feels very good, but after a few minutes the sensation disappears almost completely. This must be borne in mind when working with it.

However, ozone provides both the preservation of life on earth, because The ozone layer delays the most destructive for living organisms and plants part of the UV radiation with a wavelength of less than 300 nm, along with CO2 absorbs the IR radiation of the Earth, preventing it in cooling.

Ozone is stronger than oxygen soluble in water. In water, ozone decomposes much faster than in the gas phase, and the presence of impurities, especially the ions of metals has an exceptionally large influence on the decomposition rate.

Rice1. Ozone decomposition in various types of water at a temperature of 20 ° C (1 - bidistile; 2 - distillate; 3 - water "from under the tap"; 4 - filtered lake water)

Ozone is well adsorbed by silica gel and aluminum. With partial pressure of ozone, for example, 20 mm Hg. Art., and at 0 ° C silica gel absorbs about 0.19% ozone by weight. At low temperatures, adsorption is noticeably weakened. In adsorbed state, ozone is very stable. The ozone ionization potential is 12.8 eV.

Chemical properties of ozone

They differ in two main features - infelosity and oxidizing ability. Its added to air in low concentrations, it decomposes relatively slowly, but with an increase in temperature, the decomposition accelerates it and at a temperature of more than 100 ° C becomes very fast.

The presence in the air NO2, CL, as well as the catalytic effect of metal oxides - silver, copper, iron, manganese - accelerate the decomposition of ozone. Ozone has such strong oxidative properties, since one of the oxygen atoms is very easily cleaved from its molecule. Easily goes into oxygen.

Oxygen oxidizes at normal temperatures most metals. The acidic aqueous solutions of ozone is rather stable, in alkaline solutions, ozone is rapidly destroyed. Metals of valence variable (MN, CO, FE, etc.), many oxides, peroxide and hydroxide effectively destroy ozone. Most metal surfaces are covered with oxide film in the top valence condition of the metal (for example, PBO2, AGO or AG2O3, HGO).

Ozone oxidizes all metals, with the exception of gold and metals of the platinum group, reacts with most of the other elements, decomposes the halogen breeds (except HF), translates the lower oxides to the higher and so on.

It does not oxidize gold, platinum, iridium, alloy 75% FE + 25% CR. PBS black sulfur sulfur lead in white sulphate PBSO4, arsenic anhydride AS2O3 - in arsenic as2O5, etc.

Ozone reaction with valence variable metal ions (Mn, CR and CO) last years Finds practical application for the synthesis of semi-products for dyes, vitamin PP (isonicotic acid) and other mixtures of manganese salts and chromium in an acidic solution containing an oxidized compound (for example, methylpyridine), ozone oxidized. At the same time, the ions of the CR3 + are transferred to the CR6 + and oxidize methylpyridines only by metallic groups. In the absence of metal salts, predominantly aromatic kernel is destroyed.

Ozone reacts with many gases that are present in the atmosphere. H2S hydrogen sulfide when connecting to ozone highlights free sulfur, sulfurian anhydride SO2 turns into a sulfur SO3; Nitrogen N2O - in oxide NO, nitrogen oxide NO is quickly oxidized to NO2, in turn NO2 also reacts with ozone, and ultimately N2O5 is formed; Ammonia NH3 - in nitrogenamiamatic salt NH4NO3.

One of the most important reactions of ozone with not organic substances - decomposition of Iodish potassium. This reaction is widely used to quantify ozone.

Ozone reacts in some cases with solid substances, forming ozonidis. Ozonides of alkali metal, alkaline earth metals are isolated: strontium, barium, and the temperature of their stabilization increases in the specified row; Ca (O3) 2 is stable at 238 K, VA (O3) 2 at 273 K. Ozonidis decompose with the formation of NaOPeksi, for example NaO3 -\u003e NaO2 + 1 / 2O2. Various ozonides are also formed with ozone reactions with organic compounds.

Ozone oxidizes numerous organic substances, saturated, unsaturated and cyclic hydrocarbons. Published a lot of research on the formulation of ozone reaction products with various aromatic hydrocarbons: benzene, xylenes, naphthalene, phenantrene, anthracene, benzanttracene, diphenylamin, chinoline, acrylic acid, etc. He discolor indigo and many other organic dyes, thanks to which they enjoy even to bleach tissues.

The rate of reaction of ozone with a double bond with C \u003d C is 100,000 times higher than the rate of reaction of ozone with a single bond with C-s. Therefore, the ozone will first of all suffer rubers and rubber. Ozone reacts with a double bond with the formation of an intermediate complex:

This reaction goes quite quickly at temperatures below 0 ° C. In the case of limiting compound, ozone is the initiator of the usual oxidation reaction:

Interesting the interaction of ozone with some organic dyes, which are highly fluoressed in the presence of ozone in the air. Such, for example, eichrozine, riboflavin and luminol (triaminofal hydrazide), and especially, Rhodamine-B and, similar to him, Rhodamine-s.

High oxidizing properties of ozone, destroying organic substances and oxidizing metals (especially iron) to an insoluble form, the ability to decompose gaseous compounds soluble in water, saturate with aqueous solutions with oxygen, low ozone resistance in water and self-destruction of it dangerous properties - all this in aggregate Makes ozone the most attractive substance for the preparation of housekeeping water and processing various drains.

Synthesis of ozone

Ozone is formed in a gas medium containing oxygen if conditions occur at which oxygen dissociates to atoms. This is possible in all forms of electrical discharge: smoldering, arc, spark, crown, surface, barrier, electrodeless, etc. The main cause of dissociation is the collision of molecular oxygen with electrons, accelerated in an electric field.

In addition to the discharge, the oxygen dissociation is caused by UV radiation with a dire wave of less than 240 nm and various particles of high energy: alpha, beta, gamma - particles, x-rays, and the like. Ozone is also obtained with water electrolysis.

In almost all sources of ozone formation, there is a group of reactions, as a result of which ozone decomposes. They interfere with the formation of ozone, but really exist, and they must be taken into account. This includes thermal decomposition in the volume and on the walls of the reactor, its reaction with radicals and excited particles, reactions with additives and impurities that can be in contact with oxygen and ozone.

A complete mechanism consists of a significant number of reactions. Real installations, for what principle, they work, show high energy costs of ozone production. The Ozone Generator efficiency depends on which one is complete or active - power calculates the unit of mass of the ozone formed.

Barrier discharge

Under the barrier discharge, the discharge arising between two dielectrics or dielectric and metal is understood. Due to the fact that the electrical chain is torn by a dielectric, the power is carried out only by alternating current. For the first time, the ozonizer close to modern was proposed in 1897 by Siemens.

With small capacity, the ozonizer can not be cooled, since the highlighting heat is carried away with the flow of oxygen and ozone. In industrial production, ozone is also synthesized in arc ozonocators (plasma torches), in ozone generators of glowing (lasers) and superficial discharge.

Photochemical method

The main share of ozone produced on earth in nature is formed by a photochemical way. IN practical activity Human synthesis photochemical methods play a smaller role than synthesis in a barrier discharge. The main area of \u200b\u200btheir use is to obtain medium and small concentrations of ozone. Such ozone concentrations are required, for example, when testing rubber products for cracking resistance under the action of atmospheric ozone. In practice, mercury and excimer xenon lamps are used for the production of ozone.

Electrolytic synthesis method

The first mention of the formation of ozone in electrolytic processes is refers to 1907. However, to date, the mechanism of its education remains unclear.

Usually, hydraulic solutions of chlorine or sulfuric acid are used as an electrolyte, the electrodes are made of platinum. The use of acids labeled O18 showed that they do not give their oxygen when forming ozone. Therefore, the gross scheme should take into account only the decomposition of water:

H2O + O2 -\u003e O3 + 2N + + E-

with possible intermediate formation of ions or radicals.

Ozone formation under action ionizing radiation

Ozone is formed in a number of processes accompanied by the excitation of the oxygen molecule or light or electric field. When the oxygen is irradiated with ionizing radiation, excited molecules may also occur, and the formation of ozone is observed. The formation of ozone under the action of ionizing radiation to the present was not used to synthesize ozone.

Ozone formation in the microwave field

When the oxygen jet passes through the microwave field, the formation of ozone was observed. This process has little studied, although the generators based on this phenomenon are often used in laboratory practice.

Application of ozone in everyday life and the influence of his person

Ozonating water, air and other substances

Ozonized water does not contain toxic halogenmetans - typical impurities of water sterilization with chlorine. The ozonization process is carried out in bubble baths or mixers in which water purified from weighing is mixed with ozonized air or oxygen. The lack of the process is the rapid destruction of O3 in water (half-life of 15-30 minutes).

Ozonation is also used in the food industry for sterilization of refrigerators, warehouses, eliminating unpleasant odor; in medical practice - To disinfect open wounds and the treatment of some chronic diseases (trophic ulcers, fungal diseases), ozonizing venous blood, physiological solutions.

Modern ozonizers in which ozone is obtained by electric discharge in air or oxygen, consist of ozone generators and power sources and are part of Ozonor installations, including, except ozonizers, auxiliary devices.

Currently, ozone is gas used in so-called ozone technologies: cleaning and preparation drinking water, wastewater treatment (household and industrial drain), gases, etc.

Depending on the technology of using ozone, the productivity of the ozonator can be from the fraction of grams to tens kilograms of ozone per hour. Special ozonizers are used for gas sterilization of medical tools and small equipment. Sterilization is carried out in an artificially moistened ozone-oxygen medium filling the sterilization chamber. The sterilization cycle consists of a stage of air replacement in the sterilization chamber with an ozone ozone-oxygen mixture, the stage of sterilization shutter speed and the stage of replacing the ozone-oxygen mixture in the chamber with microbiologically purified air.

Ozonizers used in medicine for ozone therapy have a wide range of concentration concentration of ozone-oxygen mixture. The guaranteed accuracy of the concentration of ozone oxo-oxygen mixture is controlled by the system of automation of ozonator and is automatically supported.

Biological effect of ozone

The biological effect of ozone depends on the method of its use, dose and concentration. Many of its effects in different concentration ranges are manifested to varying degrees. The basis of therapeutic effect of ozone therapy is the use of ozone-oxygen mixtures. The high oxidation-reducing ozone potential causes its systematic (restoration of oxygen homeostasis) and a local (pronounced disinfectant) therapeutic effect.

For the first time, ozone as an antiseptic agent was used by A. Wolff in 1915 for the treatment of infected wounds. In recent years, ozone therapy has been successfully used in almost all areas of medicine: in emergency and purulent surgery, general and infectious therapy, gynecology, urology, gastroenterology, dermatology, cosmetology, etc. The use of ozone is due to its unique spectrum of impact on the body, incl. immunomodulating, anti-inflammatory, bactericidal, antiviral, fungicidal, etc.

However, it is impossible to deny that the methods of using ozone in medicine, despite explicit advantages in many biological indicators, have not yet been widely used. According to literary data, high ozone concentrations are absolutely bactericidal for almost all strains of microorganisms. Therefore, ozone is used in clinical practice As a universal antiseptic with a rehabilitation of infectious inflammatory foci of various etiology and localization.

In the literature there are data on the increased efficiency of antiseptic drugs after their ozonation in the treatment of acute purulent surgical diseases.

Conclusions regarding the domestic use of ozone

First of all, it is necessary to unconditionally confirm the fact of the use of ozone in the practice of healing in many areas of medicine, as a therapeutic and disinfecting agent, but it is not yet necessary to talk about its use.

Ozone is perceived by a person with the smallest side allergic manifestations. And even if in the literature you can find a mention of individual intolerance O3, then these cases cannot be comparable, for example, with chlorine-containing and other halogen-producing antibacterial drugs.

Ozone - Tratomic oxygen and most environmentally friendly. Who does not know his smell of "freshness" - in summer hot days after a thunderstorm?! The constant presence of it in the earth's atmosphere is experiencing any living organism.

The review is based on the materials of the Internet.

Highly above our heads, in the stratosphere, at an altitude of 19-48 km of the planet surrounded by ozone. This is a type of oxygen. If the oxygen molecule in the air consists of two oxygen atoms connected together - O2, then the molecule that has three atoms is indicated by the ozone formula - O3. It creates sunlight. When the ultraviolet rays from the Sun pass through the atmosphere, they destroy the usual dioment molecules of oxygen. Each released atom joins the next O2. So forces chemical formula Ozone - O3.

What is ozone?

Opened this gas for the first time the French physicists of Fabry and Bewisson. They in 1913 it was determined that the solar rays with a wavelength from 200 to 300 nm are actively absorbed by the atmosphere of the Earth. The term "ozone" translated from Greek means "fragrant", "fragrant". Everyone knows the characteristic smell of this gas arising after a thunderstorm. Oxygen is present in the atmosphere in three allotropic forms: O2 - molecular, o - atomic and o3 - ozone formula, which is obtained by chemical compound of the first two.

Gas properties

The ozone layer is quite thin, almost imperceptible. If all the molecules of this gas, which occupy 29 km of space, were combined into a single solid ball, its thickness would only take the third part of the centimeter. Some ozone is in the air above the ground. When automobile exhaust gases are ejected into air, sunlight, entering into a reaction with chemical elements of emissions, forming ozone. It is especially felt on a hot day, in the air filled with the air, because it reaches the health-threatening level. The formula of the ozone substance is physically inconsistent, and at a concentration of it in the air, more than 9% of the gas explodes, so its storage is possible only at low temperatures. When cooling to -111.9 0, the gas turns into a liquid.

Excess ozone

A person cannot live in pure oxygen, it is useful for him a small amount of ozone in the atmosphere, but an excessive concentration of it can be deadly. Inhaling it is not necessary, because this form of oxygen can damage the lungs. Athletes that inhale a large amount of air saturated with ozone can complain about heaviness and pain when inhaling. Trees and plants growing along the highway, where the air is saturated with exhaust gases, they also suffer from an excess of ozone. Such a characteristic of this gas over the surface itself. Its natural content (one part of it is on tens of millions of other air parts) takes part in oxidative processes that occur at the cellular level in the human body. In the ozone formula, only one oxygen atom is acting as an oxidant, and the two remaining are isolated as free oxygen.

Beneficial features

When using fully purified indoor air, the researchers noticed the increase in the number of diseases of people in them. The reason turned out to be simple - the absence of ozone in the purified air led to disorders in the body. Regular minor gas doses are useful for preventing diseases.

What is the globe effect? Given the results of the experiments, scientists came to the conclusion that Ozone leads to the destruction of almost all viruses in nature, bacteria, simplest, as well as mold and yeast fungus. For a few minutes, a small portion (Ozone formula O3) in a liter of air neutralizes all the dangerous substances for a person. After all, ozonation is a natural process, the usual for the body. Even in the ozone room refreshes air, almost removes the risk of infection with diseases that is transferred to air-droplet, neutralizes smoke, dust and allergens, compounds of heavy metals and other harmful air components. Decaying water, oxygen and carbon dioxideThese compounds are deprived of toxicity, unpleasant odors are removed. Considering the formula of ozone in chemistry, his high ability Oxidation is increasingly used to disinfect air and water for drinking.

The layer at a distance of 20 kilometers above the surface of the Earth actually protects our health by the absorbs ultraviolet rays. It acts as a filter, protecting the Earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation. Without a protective layer, life on the planet would be impossible. It has been proven that the vegetable and animal world appeared on Earth only when a powerful shield formed, enclosing it from solar radiation. Ultraviolet helps the skin to buy a beautiful tan, but at the same time, he acts as the main culprit of sunburn and the cause of skin cancer.

The ozone hole

In the 70s, scientists studying the ozone layer over the planet found out that chemicals used in refrigerators, air conditioners and aerosols can destroy ozone. Gases enter the air every time the repair of these devices or by spraying various aerosols. According to scientists, harmful gases, in the end, achieve solar radiation exempts chlorine hydrocarbons, which destroys the structural formula of ozone, turning it into ordinary oxygen. Thus, the protective layer is destroyed. After another 15 years, British scientists made a stunning discovery: a huge hole in the ozone layer is located above Antarctic. This hole appears each in spring and reaches the size of the territory of the United States. When the wind direction changes in connection with the change of seasons, the hole is again filled with ozone molecules. In this case, a number of molecules fills the hole, and in other parts layer of gas it becomes thinner.

What threatens to reduce the protective layer?

In the winter of 1992, the ozone layer over Europe and Canada became thinner by 20%. In areas where this layer is not sufficiently dense and is not capable of filtering strong radiation, the number of skin cancer increases very noticeably. Above the Antarctician scientists recorded the extremely high level of single-shine chlorine, which is formed as a result of the destruction of the chlorine of ozone. The researchers estimated that the loss of only 1% of the protective layer leads to an increase in the entrance to the Earth of ultraviolet radiation by 2%, and at the same time the number of skin cancer increases by 3-6%. Ultraviolet radiation also destroys the immunity of the body, making a person more defenseless before infections. Ultraviolet can damage the cells of all plants, from cereals to trees.

Since the ozone layer keeps heat, when it decreases, the air on this latitude is cooled, changing winds and weather in the world. It is difficult to predict what effect will have the depletion of the layer on the climate in the future, scientists predict the drying of natural zones, the loss of the vegetation, and the insufficient amount of food, if the problem of destroying this gas is not solved. Even under termination human activitySupplied by emissions of gases that destroy the protective layer, it would take for no less than 100 years to return to the previous level.

Ozone is gas. In contrast to many others, it is not transparent, but has a characteristic color and even the smell. It is present in our atmosphere and is one of its most important components. What is the density of ozone, his mass and other properties? What is his role in the life of the planet?

Blue Gas.

In ozone chemistry does not have a separate place in the Mendeleev table. All because it is not an element. Ozone is an allotropic modification or variation of oxygen. As in O2, its molecule consists only of oxygen atoms, but not two, but three. Therefore, his chemical formula looks like O3.

Ozone is a blue gas gas. It has a well-noticeable sharp smell resembling chlorine if the concentration is too big. Do you remember the smell of freshness during the rain? This is ozone. Thanks to this property, he received his name, because from the ancient Greek language "Ozone" is "smell".

Polyarna gas molecule, atoms in it are connected at an angle of 116.78 °. Ozone is formed when a free oxygen atom is connected to the O2 molecule. It happens during different reactions, for example, oxidation of phosphorus, electric discharge or decomposition of peroxide, during which oxygen atoms are released.

Properties of ozone

Under normal conditions, ozone exists in with a molecular weight of almost 48 g / mol. It is a diamagnetic, that is, it is not capable of attracting to the magnet, just like silver, gold or nitrogen. The ozone density is 2.1445 g / dm³.

In a solid state, ozone acquires Iscin-black color, in a liquid - an indigo color close to purple. The boiling point at the same time is 111.8 degrees Celsius. At a temperature of zero degrees, it dissolves in water (only in clean) ten times better than oxygen. It is perfectly mixed with nitrogen, fluorine, argon, and under certain conditions and with oxygen.

Under the action of a series of catalysts is easily oxidized, selecting free oxygen atoms. Connecting with him, immediately flammed. The substance can oxidize almost all metals. Do not give in place only platinum and gold. It destroys various organic and aromatic compounds. When contacting an ammonia forms ammonium nitrite, destroys double carbon ties.

Posted in the atmosphere at large concentrations, ozone spontaneously decomposes. This highlights the heat and the O2 molecule is formed. The higher its concentration, the stronger the heat dissipation reaction. With the content of ozone, more than 10% is accompanied by an explosion. With increasing temperature and reduce pressure or in contact with organic substances, the decomposition of O3 is faster.

History opening

In the ozone chemistry was not known until the XVIII century. It was discovered in 1785 due to the smell, which physicist Wang Marum heard next to the working electrostatic machine. Another 50 years after nothing appeared in scientific experiments and research.

Christian Schönbain's scientist in 1840 studied the oxidation of White Phosphorus. During the experiments, he managed to allocate an unknown substance that he called "Ozone". Chemist came to studying its properties and described how to obtain newly open gas.

Soon other scientists were connected to the substance research. The famous physicist Nikola Tesla even built the first industrial use of O3 in history. late XIX. century with the advent of the first installations for feeding drinking water at home. The substance was used for disinfection.

Ozone in the atmosphere

Our land is surrounded by an invisible envelope from the air - the atmosphere. Without her life on the planet would be impossible. Atmospheric air components: oxygen, ozone, nitrogen, hydrogen, methane and other gases.

Ozone itself does not exist and arises only as a result chemical reactions. It is formed close to the surface of the Earth due to the electrical discharges of the zipper during the thunderstorm. Unnaturally, it appears thanks to emissions of exhaust gases of cars, plants, gasoline evaporation, the action of thermal power plants.

Ozone of the lower layers of the atmosphere are called the surface or tropospheric. There is also stratospheric. It occurs under the action of ultraviolet radiation, coming from the sun. It is formed at a distance of 19-20 kilometers above the surface of the planet and stretches to a height of 25-30 kilometers.

Stratospheric O3 forms the ozone layer of the planet, which protects it from powerful solar radiation. It absorbs about 98% of ultraviolet radiation with a wavelength sufficient for the occurrence of cancer and burns.

Application of matter

Ozone is an excellent oxidizing agent and destroyer. Such a property has long been used to purify drinking water. The substance is destructive effect on dangerous bacteria and viruses, and in oxidation itself turns into harmless oxygen.

It is able to kill even resistant to chlorine organisms. In addition, it is used to purify wastewater from destroying for ambient petroleum products, sulphides, phenols, etc. Such practices are distributed mainly in the United States and some European countries.

Ozone is used in medicine to disinfect tools, in industry with its help whiten paper, clean oils, get various substances. The use of O3 for cleaning air, water and premises is called ozonation.

Ozone and man

Despite all his beneficial featuresOzone may be dangerous for a person. If the gas in the air will be greater than the person can move, poisoning cannot be avoided. In Russia, its permissible rate is 0.1 μg / l.

Upon exceeding this norm, typical signs of chemical poisoning appear, such as headache, irritation of mucous, dizziness. Ozone reduces the body resistance to infections transmitted through the respiratory tract, and also reduces blood pressure. When the gas concentration is above 8-9 μg / l, edema and even death is possible.

At the same time, recognize ozone in the air is quite easy. The smell of "freshness", chlorine or "cancer" (as said Mendeleev) is clearly heard with a minor content of the substance.

Have you ever noticed, how nice breathing after the rain? This refreshing air provides ozone in the atmosphere, which appears after the rain. What is this substance, what are his functions, formula, and is it really useful for the human body? Let's figure it out.

What is ozone?

Everyone who studied in high school is known that the oxygen molecule consists of two atoms of the chemical element of oxygen. However, this element is capable of forming one more chemical compound - Ozone. This name is a substance, as a rule, occurring in the form of gas (although it can remain in all three aggregate states).

Molecule this substance It is quite similar to oxygen (o 2), but it consists not of two, and from three atoms - about 3.

The opening history of ozone

A person who first synthesized ozone is the Netherlands physicist Martin Van Marum.

It was he who in 1785 conducted an experience, passing an electric discharge through the air. The resulting gas not only acquired a specific smell, but also a bluish shade. In addition, the new substance turned out to be a stronger oxidizing agent than ordinary oxygen. So, having considered his influence on mercury, Van Marum discovered that the metal slightly changed his physical propertiesWhat happened to him under the influence of oxygen.

Despite its discovery, the Netherlands physicist considered that ozone is a special substance. Only 50 years after the opening of Van Maruma Ozone seriously became interested in German scientist Christian Friedrich Shenbaine. It was thanks to him that this substance received his name - ozone (in honor of the Greek word meaning "smelling"), and was also more closely studied and described.

Ozone: physical properties

This substance has a number of properties. The first of them is the ability of ozone, like water, to stay in three aggregate states.

The normal state in which ozone is - gas is bluish color (it is he paints heaven in azure color) with a tangible metal aroma. The density of this gas is 2.1445 g / dm³.

With a decrease in the temperature of the ozone molecule form a blue-purple liquid with a density of 1.59 g / cm³ (at temperatures -188 ° C). Bills liquid about 3 at -111.8 ° C.

Staying in a solid state, ozon darkens, becoming almost black with a distinct purple-blue reflections. Its density is 1.73 g / cm 3 (at -195,7 ° C). The temperature at which solid ozone begins to melt is -197.2 ° C.

Molecular weight about 3 - 48 daltones.

At a temperature of 0 ° C, ozone is perfectly soluble in water, and ten times faster than oxygen. The presence of impurities in water is able to further accelerate this reaction.

In addition to the ozone water dissolves in Freon, which facilitates its transportation.

Among other substances in which it is easy to dissolve about 3 (in liquid aggregate state) - argon, nitrogen, fluorine, methane, carbon dioxide, tetrachlorouparrode.

It is also well mixed with liquid oxygen (at a temperature of from 93 K).

Chemical properties of ozone

The molecule about 3 is rather unstable. For this reason, in normal condition, it exists 10-40 minutes, after which it decomposes, forming a small amount of heat and oxygen about 2. This reaction can occur and much faster if an increase in ambient temperature or a decrease in atmospheric pressure will appear as catalysts. It also contributes to the decomposition of ozone and its contact with metals (except for gold, platinum and iridium), oxides or substances of organic origin.

Interaction with nitric acid stops decomposition of 3. It also contributes to storage of a substance at a temperature of -78 ° C.

The main chemical property of ozone is its oxidation. One of the oxidation products is always oxygen.

Under different conditions, it is capable of interacting with almost all substances and chemical elements, reducing their toxicity by turning them into less dangerous. For example, cyanides are oxidized to them to cyanates, which are much safer for biological organisms.

How to mining?

Most often to produce O 3 on oxygen electric shock. To divide the resulting mixture of oxygen and ozone, use the property of the latter better to live than 2.

In chemical laboratories, sometimes O 3 is produced using a cooled sulfuric acid concentrate reaction with barium peroxide.

In medical facilities using o 3 for the recovery of patients, this substance is obtained by irradiating O2 ultraviolet (by the way, this substance is formed in the Earth's atmosphere under the action of sunlight).

Usage of O3 in medicine and industry

A simple construct of ozone, the availability of the starting material for its extraction contributes to the active use of this substance in the industry.

Being a strong oxidizing agent, it is able to disinfect significantly better chlorine, formaldehyde or ethylene oxide, while being not so toxic. Therefore, 3 is often used to sterilize medical instruments, equipment, forms, as well as many drugs.

In industry, this substance is most often used for cleaning or producing many chemicals.

Another branch of use is whitening paper, fabrics, mineral oils.

In the chemical industry, 3 not only helps to sterilize equipment, tools and containers, but also used to disinfect the products themselves (eggs, grains, meat, milk) and increase their storage period. In fact, it is considered one of the best preservatives for products, since non-toxic and non-carcinogenic, and also perfectly kills the disputes of mold and other fungi and bacteria.

The ozone bakeries are used to accelerate the fermentation process of yeast.

Also, with the help of 3 artificially stabbing brandy, refining oily oils.

How does ozone affect the human body?

Because of such a similarity with oxygen, there is a misconception that ozone is a substance useful for the human body. However, this is not the case, because about 3 is one of the strongest oxidants who can destroy the lungs and kill everyone who overly breathes this gas. No wonder state environmental organizations in each country are strictly followed by the concentration of ozone in the atmosphere.

If ozone is so harmful, then why after the rain always it becomes easier to breathe?

The fact is that one of the properties of 3 is its ability to kill bacteria and purify substances from harmful impurities. During the rain, ozone begins to form in the thunderstorm. This gas affects the toxic substances contained in the air, splitting them, and purifies oxygen from these impurities. It is for this reason that the air after the rain is so fresh and pleasant, and the sky takes on a beautiful azure color.

These chemical properties of ozone, allowing it to purify the air, recently is actively used to treat people suffering from various respiratory diseases, as well as for cleaning air, water, various cosmetic procedures.

Pretty actively, household ozonizers, cleaning air in the house with this gas, are advertised. Although this technique seems to be very effective, so far, scientists have not sufficiently studied the effect of a large amount of air purified by ozone. For this reason, it is not necessary to be overly carried by ozonation.

Molecular formula of ozone in chemistry about 3. Its relative molecular weight is 48. The compound has three O. atoms as the formula of oxygen and ozone includes the same chemical element, they are called allotropic modifications in chemistry.

Physical properties

Under normal conditions, the ozone chemical formula is a gaseous substance with a specific smell having a light blue color. In nature, this chemical compound can be felt during a walk after a thunderstorm on a pine forest. Since ozone formula O 3, it is heavier than oxygen 1.5 times. In comparison with O 2, ozone solubility is significantly higher. At zero temperature 49 of its volumes, it is easily dissolved in 100 volumes of water. In minor concentrations, the substance does not have the property of toxicity, the ozone poison is only in significant amounts. The maximum permissible concentration consider 5% of the amount in the air about 3. In the case of strong cooling, it is easily liquefied, and when the temperature indicator decreases to -192 degrees becomes a solid.

In nature

The ozone molecule, the formula of which was presented above, is formed in nature with a thunderstorm discharge from oxygen. In addition, o 3 is formed when oxidizing the resin of coniferous rocks, it destroys harmful microorganisms, is considered useful for a person.

Getting in the laboratory

How can I get ozone? The substance whose formula O 3 is formed by passing through dry oxygen of the electrical discharge. The process is carried out in a special instrument - ozonitor. It is based on two glass tubes that are inserted one to another. Inside there is a metal rod, outside the helix. After connecting to the high voltage coil between the outer and the inner tube, a discharge occurs, and oxygen turns into ozone. An element whose formula is represented as a compound with a covalent polar bond, confirms the oxygen altropy.

The process of transformation into oxygen ozone is an endothermic reaction involving substantial energy costs. Due to the reaise of such a transformation, the decomposition of ozone is observed, which is accompanied by a decrease in the energy of the system.

Chemical properties

The formula of ozone explains its oxidative ability. He is able to interact with different substances, Losing an oxygen atom. For example, in the reaction with potassium iodide in the aqueous medium, oxygen is released, the formation of free iodine.

The molecular formula of ozone explains its ability to react with almost all metals. The exception is gold and platinum. For example, after passing through ozone, metallic silver is observed its blaracing (oxide is formed). Under the action of this strong oxidant, the destruction of rubber is observed.

In the stratosphere, ozone is formed due to the action of UV irradiation of the Sun, forming a layer of ozone. This shell protects the surface of the planet from the negative effects of solar radiation.

Biological effect on the body

Increased oxidative capacity of this gaseous substanceThe formation of free radicals of oxygen indicate its danger to the human body. What harm is able to put ozone a man? It damages and annoys the tissue of the respiratory organs.

Ozone acts on cholesterol contained in the blood, causing atherosclerosis. With continuous finding of a person in a medium that contains an increased concentration of ozone, men's infertility develops.

In our country, this oxidizer refers to the first (dangerous) class of harmful substances. Its average daily MPC should not exceed 0.03 mg per cubic meter.

Ozone toxicity, the possibility of its use for the destruction of bacteria and mold, is actively used for disinfection. The stratospheric ozone is an excellent protective screen of earthly life from ultraviolet radiation.

About the benefits and dangers of ozone

This substance is in two layers of the earth's atmosphere. Tropospheric ozone is dangerous for living beings, negatively acts on agricultural crops, trees, is a component of the city smog. The stratospheric ozone brings a person a certain benefit. The decay in the aqueous solution depends on the pH, temperature, the quality of the medium. In medical practice, ozonized water of various concentrations are used. Ozone therapy implies direct contact of this substance with the human body. For the first time, such a technique was applied in the nineteenth century. American researchers analyzed ozone ability to oxidizing harmful microorganisms, recommended to doctors to use this substance in the treatment of colds.

In our country, ozone therapy began to be applied only at the end of the last century. For therapeutic purposes, this oxidizing agent shows the characteristics of a strong bioregulator, which is capable of increasing the effectiveness of traditional techniques, as well as to express itself as an effective independent means. After the development of ozone therapy technology, physicians have the opportunity to effectively deal with many diseases. In neurology, dentistry, gynecology, therapy, specialists with the help of this substance are struggling with a variety of infections. Ozone therapy is characterized by the simplicity of the method, its effectiveness, excellent tolerance, absence side Effects, insignificant costs.

Conclusion

Ozone is a strong oxidizing agent, able to fight harmful microbes. This property is widely used in modern medicine. In domestic therapy, ozone is used as an anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antiviral, bactericidal, anti-stress, cytostatic agent. Thanks to its ability to restore oxygen exchange disorders, gives it excellent opportunities for medical and preventive medicine.

Among innovative techniques based on the oxidative ability of this compound, select intramuscular, intravenous, subcutaneous administration of this substance. For example, the treatment of leggings, fungal lesions of the skin, burns, a mixture of oxygen and ozone is recognized as an effective technique.

In high concentrations, ozone can be used as a hemostatic agent. At low concentrations, it contributes to reparation, healing, epithelialization. This substance dissolved in a physiological solution is an excellent means of rehanging the jaw. In modern European medicine, small and large autohemotherapy received widespread. Both methods are associated with the introduction into the organism of ozone, using its oxidative ability.

In the case of large autohemotherapy, the ozone solution is introduced by a given concentration into the patient's vein. Small autohemotherapy is characterized by intramuscular administration of ozonized blood. In addition to medicine, this strong oxidizing agent is in demand in chemical production.