A few years ago, the most ancient method of practical psychology in human history and one of the youngest methods in modern scientific practice was revived. - fairy tale therapy. This work considers the concept of fairy tale therapy, explains what is the subject of fairy tale therapy, defines its tasks, talks about the directions of fairy tale therapy, forms of working with fairy tales, gives practical recommendations for use.

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Have you noticed how attentively a child listens to fairy tales? And why? Because the fairy tale, without teaching and without demanding anything, conducts a mysterious conversation with the child, through which it conveys models of behavior in different situations, models of choice, makes it possible to experience fear, and gives hope that good will definitely win. It helps the child to look at the world through someone else's eyes - through the eyes of a hero, teaching empathy, sympathy.

Meanwhile, having been born in ancient times, earlier than many other genres of oral and written literature, having absorbed all the wisdom of the people and the dream of a harmonious, creative life, the fairy tale gives the child more valuable experience than ordinary conversation or admonition of an adult. Thanks to her, the child learns that life is like a journey full of unexpected discoveries and adventures; that at any moment the world can speak, because it is alive, and therefore it is important to treat everything around with care and sensitivity. Thanks to the fairy tale, the child understands that the path of life is difficult, that it is not simple and smooth; that each trial helps to become stronger; that the most valuable is earned by labor, and that which is easily and gratuitously acquired can disappear just as quickly. The tale hints that a loving heart, and not a prudent mind, helps to make the right choice. And he suggests that good always wins, and justice is more effective than brute force. A fairy tale teaches a child to learn, to know himself and the world around him. Meeting with a fairy tale for children is the greatest necessity and source of joy. It is no coincidence, probably, that the most ancient method of practical psychology in human history and one of the youngest methods in modern scientific practice was revived a few years ago.- fairy tale therapy . This word causes a smile in some, surprise in others. Some consider it an auxiliary tool in the work of psychologists, others perceive it as a naive system and only, but, having learned closer, they discover for themselves the endless possibilities of fairy tale therapy, treating the soul with fairy tales. The fact is that vivid images of fairy tales fill the unconscious of a person, becoming a kind of repository of all kinds of life situations, ways of communicating with other people, solving life problems and implementing plans. But the child will not be able to use these treasures if no one discussed fairy tales with him, but only read or told. In order for the knowledge about the world that a fairy tale gives to come to life, an adult must find an opportunity to discuss what he has read with the child, compare fairy tales with life stories. Until the 17th-18th centuries, fairy tales and stories were told not only to children, but also to adults - in winter it was almost the main entertainment for villagers. Then fairy tales were taken seriously and reverently. Listening to fairy tales was a spiritual need.

Zinkevich Tatiana- Doctor of Psychology, Director of the St. Petersburg Institute of Fairy Tale Therapy. Graduated from the Faculty of Psychology of the Leningrad State University. Author of the method of Complex Fairytale Therapy. Author of a number of monographs on fairy tale therapy. (The book on fairy tale therapy was written in 1998. He considers fairy tale therapy to be an effective form of work).

fairy tale therapy - an educational system consistent with the spiritual nature of man. This is a method that uses a fairy-tale form, a halo of magic to integrate the personality, develop creative abilities, develop adaptive skills, improve ways of interacting with the outside world, as well as learning, diagnosing and correcting.

The age range covered by fairy tale therapy has no limits, although many consider it an exclusively childish method. Fairy tale therapy can be called a children's method only because it is addressed to the pure and receptive childish beginning of each person.

The subject of fairy tale therapyis the process of education, development of the soul, raising the level of awareness of events, acquiring knowledge about the laws of life and ways of social manifestation of creative creative power.

Tasks of fairy tale therapy:

1. To form in a person the ability for learning, self-development, to awaken his dormant creative power and direct it to the knowledge of the inner and surrounding world.

2. Develop the ability to see the other side of the problem.

3. Awakening Faith in one's own strength. It is important not to confuse faith with hope. Oddly enough, but it is hope that often turns out to be an obstacle to personal development. While a person hopes that everything will work out, he does not do what he could do.

Story therapy includes:

writing fairy tales

o interpretation (interpretation, explanation, clarification),

o rewriting fairy tales,

o appending,

o writing new fairy tales and stories.

Staging fairy tales

o fairy tales in the sand,

o theatrical games,

o puppet shows.

Telling a tale

o group: inventing in a circle,

o telling a well-known fairy tale in a circle;

o individual: from the 1st person, from the 3rd person.

puppet therapy

o finger,

o shadow puppets,

o puppets.

fairy tale drawing

o psychodiagnostic drawing, (requires special knowledge and training)

o Spontaneous magical drawing.

Analysis of fairy tales

o solving open fairy-tale problems,

o study of images.

Fairy-tale image therapy.

What material can be used? Fairy-tale forms are very diverse.

Variety of fabulous forms. Types of fairy tales

Metaphors - a word or expression used in a figurative sense, an indirect message in the form of a story or a figurative expression using a comparison. People use metaphors in speech all the time without even noticing. Any metaphor in speech will have an impact on how you yourself or your interlocutor perceives the conversation or situation.

Types of metaphors.

Proverbs and sayings

Stories - a bright, lively image of some really happened events in order to comprehend their meaning.

Stories can be told in the first person, telling about the events of the narrator's personal life, or in the third (reception of "quotes"),

For instance. “Once, I don’t know why I remembered this story, I was in a certain city and was just as worried as you are probably worried now. I had a meeting with a person unknown to me. and the outcome of our meeting could affect my whole future life ... "Or:" One of my acquaintances once turned out to be ... "

Parables. Relatively short, aphoristic stories of the didacto-allegorical genre, distinguished by their inclination to the deep wisdom of a religious or moralistic order. The specificity of the poetics of parables is the lack of descriptiveness. The main characters, locked into the framework of certain combinations of spiritual traits, appear not as objects of artistic observation, but as subjects of ethical choice. Parables are a universal phenomenon of world folklore and literary creativity (Old Testament, Syrian Teachings of Ahiqar).

legends - oral stories, which are based on a miracle, a fantastic image or representation, presented as reliable. Unlike legends, legends are always fantastic in content; they are distinguished from parables by an abundance of details. In modern everyday meanings, legends are often called, regardless of genre, works that are distinguished by poetry and “supernatural” fiction and at the same time claim to be authentic in the past.

Poetry - poetic works, unlike prose, specially organized with the help of rhyme and rhythm. They represent the quintessence of a certain facet of life experience in a metaphorical embodiment, thanks to which they can overcome both cultural-historical and temporal restrictions. Almost perfectly fit into any picture of the world.

Fairy tales They differ from other types of artistic epic in that they are initially perceived as fiction, a play of fantasy. However, under these colorful clothes there is always a certain truth hidden, in bringing it to the minds of those who listen is the purpose of the fairy tale.

types of fairy tales.

Artistic tales- these include fairy tales created by the centuries-old wisdom of the people, and author's stories. In artistic fairy tales, there is both didactic, and psycho-correctional, and psychotherapeutic.

Folk tales . The most ancient folk tales in literature are called myths. The oldest basis of myths and fairy tales is the unity of man and nature. This contains extremelyimportant ideas for psychological and pedagogical practice:

1. The world around us is alive. This idea is important for the formation of a careful and meaningful attitude to what surrounds us.

2. Animated objects of the surrounding world are able to act independently and have the right to their own life. This idea is important for the formation of readiness to accept the other.

3. Separation of good and evil, victory of good. This idea is important for the formation of optimism, the development of striving for the best.

4. The most valuable thing comes through trials, and what is given for nothing can easily go away. This idea is important for the formation of the mechanism of goal-setting and patience.

5. There are many helpers around us, but they only come to the rescue if we cannot cope with the situation on our own. This idea is important for the formation of a sense of independence, as well as trust in the world around.

Animal Talesabout the relationship between humans and animals. The most accessible for understanding by young children, best of all convey life experience, since children under the age of five identify themselves with animals.

Household fairy tales they talk about the vicissitudes of family life, show ways to resolve conflict situations, form a position of common sense and a healthy sense of humor in relation to adversity, talk about little family tricks. Household fairy tales are appropriate when working with teenagers, aimed at forming the image of family relationships.

Scary tales about evil spirits - witches, ghoulsetc. In today's children's subculture, there are fairy tales-horror stories, with the help of which children gain the experience of self-therapy: by repeatedly modeling and living an alarming situation in a fairy tale, children are freed from tension and acquire new ways of responding.

Fairy talesmost exciting for children 6-7 years old. Thanks to fairy tales, the "quintessence" (the most important) of life wisdom and information about the spiritual development of a person enters the unconscious of a person.

Author's artistic talesmore reverent, figurative than folk. They contain knowledge about the uniqueness of the view of the world of an individual, talk about the private aspects of life, which is important for understanding the world.

Didactic tales- The content of their plot is educational in nature.

Psychocorrective fairy talesdesigned to gently influence the behavior of the child. Correction here means replacing an ineffective style of behavior with a more productive one, as well as explaining to the child the meaning of what is happening.

Psychotherapy talesreveal the deeper meaning of the events.

Meditative talesdesigned to accumulate positive figurative experience, relieve psycho-emotional stress, create the best models of relationships, develop a personal resource.

Directions of fairy tale therapy, forms of work with fairy tales.

Analysis of fairy tales . If a fairy tale is not analyzed, many of its meanings and lessons remain unconscious. The analysis of the fairy tale will help to realize and bring the most important information into life practice, to build a harmonious system of values.

The meaning of the analysis of a fairy tale in fairy tale therapy is to understand and interpret the essence of fairy tale situations, images, plot constructions. This line of work with fairy tales is based on the idea that each fairy tale situation carries a huge hidden meaning, the experience of solving complex life problems by our ancestors, information about this is encrypted in fairy tale images.

Analysis of fairy tales with children. The choice of a fairy tale for analysis with children can be carried out for a number of reasons:

The presence of a certain problem, then fairy tales are selected that correspond to the problem (create a data bank);

The child's interest in a particular fairy tale;

Spontaneous choice.

Solving fabulous problems

The fairy-tale task offered to the child must meet the following requirements:

1. The task is set by a fairy-tale creature (host or puppet).

2. Fairy-tale tasks serve as tests (the situation of choosing a road, etc.)

3. The situation should not have the correct answer, which is known only to the facilitator.

4. Images, heroes and events should intrigue the child, be close to him.

5. The situation may contain an actual problem for the child: overcoming obstacles (especially if the child has a problem of indecision, fear of expressing himself); mutual assistance and interaction (if the child is characterized by undeveloped egocentrism); self-organization and prediction of their actions (if the child is not attentive and organized enough), etc.

6. It is better to build and formulate the situation and the question in such a way as to encourage the child to independently propose and trace cause-and-effect relationships.

The process of group decision and discussion significantly enriches the child's life experience.: the more options he has for responding and behaving in a given situation, the more he will be adapted to life. In this way,Working with children within the framework of the analytical direction of fairy tale therapy contributes to:

1. Development of the child's creative thinking.

2. Improvement of verbal language (the child learns to intelligibly and correctly formulate his thoughts).

3. Development of fantasy and imagination.

4. Development of the ability for deep imaginative thinking, establishing cause-and-effect relationships.

5. The development of empathy (understanding the emotional state of another person through empathy) and the ability to listen.

Telling fairy tales allows you to solve psychodiagnostic and psychocorrective tasks:

1. Identification of the actual problems of the child by analyzing the emotional state when telling, reservations, intonational accents and the meaning of the presentation.

2. Development of fantasy and imagination.

3. Development of the ability to express one's thoughts.

4. Development of the ability to listen to another.

5. Development of the ability to take the place of another.

Writing fairy tales. When writing fairy tales, you need to pay attention to the following points:

1. Main theme.

What is this tale about. Moreover, our answer may differ from the opinion of the author. Answering this question, we come to what a person is concerned about at this stage of development, what topic is relevant for him, what he thinks about, what he is looking for.

What does a fairy tale teach? Answers to this question concretize the main theme, point to the ways of development of the author of the fairy tale, tell about his value orientations, about his views on the world.

2. The line of the main character.

We highlight a number of points:

The attitude of the protagonist to himself;

The motives of the hero's actions;

Ways to overcome difficulties by the hero;

Perception of the surrounding world and attitude towards it;

Ways to achieve the goal as an individual path to success.

It is important to establish with which person the author identifies himself. The interests, desires, potentials, and abilities that the hero possesses may reflect those qualities that the author himself possesses. An important point in the analysis of the main character's line is the adequacy of his behavior to what is happening: events, other characters. In this case, we can talk about the adequacy of the behavior of the author himself and the strength of his I. Epithets, adjectives, metaphors describe the emotional attitude of the author to himself. The motives of the hero's actions can reflect the author's own motivation, both real and potential or hidden. The hero's ways of overcoming difficulties reflect the author's behavior style in difficult situations.

fairy puppet therapy. Thanks to puppet therapy, a special environment is created that stimulates the development of the child's personality, which allows you to achieve the following results: speech development; development of emotional and motor adequacy; development of communication skills.

Image therapy allows a person to really change, to try himself in unexpected roles, to reveal his potentials.

Fairytale drawing is divided into two groups of methods.:

1. Projective diagnostic drawing;

2. Spontaneous drawing.

Projective diagnostic drawingwith the help of thematic drawings, they explore the inner world of a person, the system of his relations to himself and others, his individuality.

Spontaneous drawinginvolves the manufacture of special "volumetric" paints and drawing them. In the process of systematic use of the technique of spontaneous drawing, the child has the opportunity to realize the hidden creative power and find ways to apply it in life practice; or discover destructive tendencies and think about how best to use their potentials.

The structure of the correctional and developmental fairy tale therapy lesson

Stage	Purpose
1. The ritual of "entrance"	Create a spirit of collaboration	collective exercise.
2. Repetition	Remember what you did last time, what conclusions you made, what experience you gained, what you learned.	Leading questions; what happened in the last lesson, did they use the new experience, how did what they learned in the previous lessons help in life situations.
3. Expansion	Expand your child's understanding of something	The host tells a new story.
4. Fixing	Gain new experience, consolidate new qualities of the child's personality	Games that allow you to gain new experiences, symbolic journeys and performances.
5. Integration	Link new experiences to real life	Discussion and analysis of life situations in which you can use the experience gained in the lesson
6. Summary	Summarize the experience gained, connect it with the existing one	The facilitator sums up the lesson. He clearly pronounces the sequence of what happened in the lesson, emphasizes the importance of the experience gained, marks the children for their merits, etc.
7. The ritual of "exit" from the fairy tale	Consolidate new experience, prepare the child for interaction in the familiar social environment	Repetition of the ritual of "entry" into the lesson with additions. Leading: "We take with us everything important that was with us today, everything that we have learned."

Fairy tale therapy can be used in full by educators in extracurricular activities, class teachers in class hours, but this does not mean that the elements of fairy tale therapy cannot be used in the classroom. Reading textbooks contain a variety of fairy tales. Working with them involves various activities. Including analysis, reading by roles, different types of retelling, etc.

In writing lessons, I use grammatical fairy tales, the purpose of which is to draw attention to the material being studied, to make it accessible, understandable, to evoke certain emotions, because. psychologists have proven that knowledge acquired without interest, not colored by one's own positive attitude, emotions, does not become useful - this is a dead weight.

Grade 5 Topic: “Hard and soft consonants. The designation of the softness of consonants with vowels and, e, e, u, i.

The well-known magician Soft Sign lives in the country of Grammar. As soon as he approaches a word, it becomes completely unrecognizable. The verb ate turned into the noun spruce, and the tin can became a warm bath. The Soft Sign boasted: I, they say, the most magical. But some residents of the Grammar country began to laugh: "We can show tricks even without you." Look: there was a bow - the hatch became, it was small - it became crumpled. Who put the braggart in its place? Why did the consonants become soft even without it?

7th grade. Subject: Appeal.

Learn a fairy tale

In a fairy tale the sky is blue, in a fairy tale the birds are scary.

Rechenka, cover me!

Cookie save me!

The task is given to name a fairy tale, what it teaches, educational material is monitored.

Elements of image therapy. Wizards. I invite the children to imagine that they are wizards, the student working at the blackboard is the main wizard. Let's change the words. N .: nouns must be turned into adjectives (winter - winter, etc.)

One of the most popular methods for solving our problems in modern practical psychology (and psychotherapy) is the method of fairy tale therapy.

Since ancient times (before psychotherapy), people have been telling each other tales around the fire or at the hearth, so that each member of this community (especially the young) can successfully survive and not die ahead of time. Storytelling was the oldest psychotherapy, the oldest practical psychology.

But with the development of civilization, the true role of fairy tales was forgotten.

Psychotherapy, Fairy tale therapy and other animals...

But now the second half of the twentieth century has come ... And since the 20th century (its second half) is the era of the revival of everything firmly forgotten in previous centuries - the century of the triumph of narrowly understood rationalism and narrowly understood "science" - then the turn of fairy tales has come, their turn has come remind people why they exist. (Understand in both senses - "why people exist" or "why fairy tales exist").

Fairy tale therapy began with the fact that the young science of psychology (or rather, its younger sister, psychotherapy) turned to the fairy tale heritage collected by romantic writers of the 19th century and tried to see in the well-known children's fairy tales answers to their serious "non-childish" questions.

Since then, one of the respected directions in fairy tale therapy has been thoughtful work with already existing, "literary" fairy tales.

This direction of fairy tale therapy is mainly supported by Jungian psychology, although fairy tale therapy in its entirety is closely connected with Jungianism.

After all, it is in fairy tales that all the main Life Roles that we, people, pass on to each other from generation to generation, are collected and preserved. It is in fairy tales that one can meet all the masks of our personality and get acquainted with all aspects of our soul, with all its possibilities.

In life, we play only one or two roles at most ... But our soul is capable of playing the entire repertoire of the world "theater"! If you do not release it on stage in different roles, she will become sick and start to get sick. But how to find out what roles our soul can claim in general? Who can we feel? Who can we be? The answers to these questions are contained in fairy tales... And fairy tale therapy only sums up experience and also offers “practical exercises”. And this is much more interesting, isn't it?!

The psychology of Jungianism (and the fairy tale therapy based on it) analyze each fairy tale in the most detailed way. After all, any fairy tale is a map of the inner world of every person, this very psychology of Jungianism believes.

Fairy tale therapy as art therapy

But there is another way to work with fairy tales in fairy tale therapy. This is the writing of their own uncomplicated fairy tale stories.

This lesson, this method of fairy tale therapy has two goals:

1. diagnostic
2. therapeutic.

On the one hand, your own fairy tale, written by you, helps (if you know the method) to see what is wrong with you, from the point of view of psychology.

On the other hand, each fairy tale you write brings you one step closer to self-healing. A sure sign of progress in fairy tale therapy is the experience of a state of psychotherapeutic insight, which in psychotherapy is also called in a different way: “Aha-effect!”. This is the moment when the light turns on in a dark room and you finally see what you were looking for.

And it is precisely when writing our own fairy tales, in the process of fairy tale therapy, that we are most often visited by such “aha-effects”.

Fairy tale therapy reveals incorrect (non-working) life scenarios, which for some reason we persistently follow. The method of fairy tale therapy allows you to quickly overcome stress, remove the consequences of frustration. Fairy tale therapy heals old grievances that prevent us from moving on - in all practical psychology there is no method that would better cope with this task.

On our site there are many materials that are devoted to fairy tale therapy.

"Fairytale therapy for children" is reading to children real fairy tales unadapted in the Victorian era.

After all, look what happens. The famous Victorian era (which gave rise to an epidemic of neurosis and female hysteria in Europe) has long been condemned as a time that enslaved man to the maximum, not allowing him anything human. The entire twentieth century is a kind of "Nuremberg trial" over the crimes of Victorianism. Quiet crimes and often committed "in white gloves."

Attitude towards a woman, towards childhood - we have long revised. Attitudes towards sex - and even more so replaced from the Victorian, to a more modern approach. The "questions" of education have long since found their new, by no means Victorian "answers".

What about fairy tales? We forgot about fairy tales ... But they also need modernization and “restyling”. Having dramatically changed our whole life, having buried Victorianism with its suffocating atmosphere, we ... still use Victorian fairy tales, or rather their Victorian adaptations!

Shakespeare for the Virgins was published in England. It was believed that the unadapted texts of Shakespeare are not allowed to be read to decent girls from decent families - they are too rude and obscene.

This problem (only on the material of Russian fairy tales) is covered by the material on our website, which is called "The Modest Charm of Unadapted Fairy Tales".

It explains why children need fairy tales, stories about death, violence and other "Unchildish Horrors" and what happens to children who are artificially protected from this ...

In the article “What is the “Image of Success”? (Fairytale Therapy for Parents and Educators)”, you will learn how, while reading a psychotherapeutic fairy tale, you can isolate unique information about a person’s value system, about the Image of his Goal, in order not to interfere with his development in his own direction, not to act as an additional stress factor for person. This is fairy tale therapy for children and fairy tale therapy for adults.

In the article “Fairytale Therapy” (the main article of this cycle) you will learn more about this method of practical psychology and learn how to connect fairytale therapy with psychodrama. You will learn how fairy tale therapy and art therapy are related.

The article "Games with fairy tales: how to develop a child's imagination with the help of fairy tale therapy" discusses fairy tale therapy for children. This article also provides four (4) wonderful exercises from the piggy bank of practical fairy tale therapy for both individual lessons and group lessons.

Starting work with fairy tales, you not only work with your own psychology, turning it from the psychology of a neurotic into the psychology of a healthy person. You also develop the Author in yourself, awaken dormant abilities for creativity. You awaken your Inner Child, who is the only one capable of experiencing this strange feeling of being that we call "happiness."

It turns out that with the help of a fairy tale, you can heal people. This is how fairy tale therapy arose, which is suitable for both children and adults.

Do you love fairy tales as much as I do?

I am convinced that any fairy tale cannot be considered as a fictional story for unintelligent children.

In any even the shortest text, a code is encrypted that helps to fight fears, find your dream, learn how to prevent difficult life circumstances, find answers to questions of interest.

Psychologists have long understood that people can be treated with the help of a fairy tale, and this is how the method arose. fairy tale therapy, which is suitable for both small patients and those who have matured a long time ago.

What is fairy tale therapy?

If I were asked which of the most ancient, most harmless and most pleasant methods of psychotherapy, I would answer without hesitation: “Fairy tale therapy, that is, behavior correction or full-fledged treatment with the help of a fairy tale.”

Indeed, many, many centuries ago, our ancestors told their children stories that shaped their worldview, helped them get rid of phobias, understand what is good and what is bad.

I am sure that among my readers there are those who have experienced the full effectiveness of fairy tale therapy.

My mother, for example, used this method with might and main.

When I was little, I did a bad deed, I was not punished by traditional methods (shouts, a belt, a corner), I was told a fairy tale.

Mom took an existing fairy tale or adapted a ready-made story to suit my situation, or even invented her own fairy tale and told it to me, explaining, for the sake of completeness, why the main character acted badly.

Such methods worked much better than swearing or physical punishment.

Unfortunately, modern parents rarely use .

And in vain!

After all, children, choosing their favorite fairy tale, which they constantly ask you to read, hint at their problems or dreams, help you better understand them.

If the favorite fairy tale has changed, then the child himself has changed, he has grown up.

You need to pay attention to this in order to properly educate your baby.

4 ways to use fairy tale therapy

Fairy tale therapy was once studied by world-famous scientists such as E. Fromm, E. Gardner, T. Zinkevich-Evstigneeva, I. Vachkov and others.

They identified 4 ways to use fairy tale therapy, insisting that they should be distinguished from each other.

So, a fairy tale can be used as:

A tool for raising a child.

Telling fairy tales, you teach the kid to live in society, introduce him to the rules and norms of behavior that are accepted in modern society, instill in him moral imperatives.

A developmental tool that is applicable to both children and adults.

With the help of a fairy tale, you can teach to take responsibility for your actions, make important life decisions, learn to resist circumstances.

Remember for yourself: in fairy tales, good always defeated evil, but the heroes had to work hard and overcome many obstacles in order to triumph.

The fact that evil heroes have always been defeated and deservedly punished teaches children (and adults too) to choose the right side.

Narrative ("narrative").

A child or an adult does not just listen to a story about someone else's life, with its help he forms his own model of behavior and the scenario of his life.

Psychotherapy.

This method is used by specialists (psychologists, psychiatrists, teachers, coaches).

Group or individual fairy tale therapy helps the client solve life problems, get rid of phobias, make the right decision, etc.

Functions performed by fairy tale therapy

Fairy tale therapy is a universal method, because it can perform many functions at the same time, or it can be aimed at solving a specific problem.

So, a fairy tale can help:

• the listener/reader.
• Get rid of an obsessive phobia: fear of the dark, heights and others.
• Understand life values.
• Make a difficult but correct decision.
• Build character.
• Settle in this society.
• Learn to appreciate love, friendship, loved ones.
• Understand how this world works and according to what laws it functions.
• Get rid of shortcomings (aggressiveness, greed, craving for lies, etc.).
• Form positive character traits (justice, compassion, responsibility, etc.).
• Build relationships with the opposite sex, friends, parents.
• Forgive those who did wrong to you and move on with your life, etc.

How to apply fairy tale therapy?

Fairy tale therapy is used in different ways, depending on who the work is being done with (with a child or an adult).

For example, a fairy tale for a child should be easy to understand and not too long, while for adult psychotherapy, stories with a deeper meaning, containing complex symbols and metaphors, can be used.

The most common ways to use fairy tale therapy are:

Working with already prepared history.

The tale is read and then analyzed: why the characters acted this way and not otherwise, what are the consequences of their actions, etc.

1. Writing by a specialist of the author's narrative for an adult or a child, adapted to a specific problem of a person.

Creation by the client of his own fairy tale, in which he could describe his problem and find ways to solve it.

This method is used in psychotherapy for older children or adults.

2. Staging a story (ancient or author's), for example, with the help of a puppet theater.

Training.

The client must recognize their problems, rethink them and calm down before starting to write a fairy tale.

1. Writing a story (if a person is having difficulty, then a specialist should help him).
2. Reading and analysis.

On the features of the use of fairy tale therapy for a child

see in the video:

An example of the use of fairy tale therapy

I will not delve into fairy tale therapy as a method of psychiatry, this is too complicated and long topic, let's leave it for specialists to study.

I'd rather tell you how you can educate children with the help of a fairy tale.

Let's say your child is lying all the time.

Explanations as to why it is bad to do so do not work on him.

Try to fix the problem by writing an author's story.

The algorithm of your actions:

1. Come up with a character (or use your child's favorite character), introduce the baby to him.
2. Create a conflict situation: the hero constantly lied to everyone, and this led to a number of problems in his life.
3. Emphasize that the hero realized that he himself created problems for himself due to the fact that he constantly lied.
4. Bring the hero to the climax: he copes with all the difficulties due to the fact that he rethought his behavior.
5. Think of a happy ending.

Discuss the story with your child.

The kid must understand that the difficult situation that the main character got into arose only because of his tendency to lie, and if he had not changed, then there would have been no happy ending.

fairy tale therapy- an effective method of psychotherapy, which is used by psychologists, psychiatrists, teachers, educators in kindergartens to solve their professional problems.

Parents should also become more familiar with this method in order to apply it to the education of their children.

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Introduction

Chapter 1. Theoretical aspects of the concept of "fairy tale" in psychology

Chapter 2. Fairy tale therapy as a method in psychology

Conclusion

Bibliography

INTRODUCTION

The relevance of the work. Over the past twenty years, the priorities of life values ​​have changed significantly in our country. Hence, a separate young parental generation strives to develop "fighting" qualities of character in their kids, "forgetting" to instill kindness, mutual assistance, and care.

Now many preschoolers can turn on the TV and play "shooters" on the computer. Uncontrolled passion for "strange" games brings up aggression, permissiveness, selfishness in children's fragile souls. By the age of 5-6, parents notice their problems in upbringing and begin to run around psychologists with their children. Fortunately, now in psychology many methods of treating the psyche of children have been developed.

One of the modern methods of "Fairytale Therapy". A significant contribution to its development was made by domestic psychologists and teachers: M.V. Osorina, E.N. Lisina, E.A. Petrova, A.N. Azovtsev, I.V. Vachkov, T.D. Zinkevich-Evstegneeva, A.I. Konstantinova, T.M. Grabenko, D.V. Sokolov, A.V. Gnezdilov, as well as foreign psychotherapists: E. Fromm, E. Bern, B. Bettelheim, R. Gardner, A. Menechetti. Their "developments" are offered various options for the fairy tale therapy process of working with children.

Today, the word "fairy tale therapy" no longer causes puzzled looks and clarifying questions from practical psychologists. The word is familiar, often used in everyday life. Fairy tale therapists can be found in educational institutions and psychological centers, hospices and hospitals.

However, until now this enchanting word “fairy tale therapy” is understood by psychologists in very different ways, and the meanings that are invested in it sometimes differ no less than, say, everyday fairy tales and fairy tales.

One of the reasons for this is, apparently, the literal interpretation of the word "fairy tale therapy" - "treatment with fairy tales." In general, concepts that have the word “therapy” in their composition (Gestalt therapy, body therapy, and the like) have not received full legitimacy in the education system (including preschool). After all, psychotherapeutic procedures are not provided for in the functional duties of a child psychologist. Moreover, doctors periodically remind psychologists of the ban on "infiltrating foreign territory." Psychotherapy, in their opinion, is a purely medical field. True, they are unaware that psychologists do not pretend to treat anyone. And psychotherapeutic methods (slyly calling them psychocorrectional) are used not to work with psychopathologies, but - most often - for developmental purposes. That is why, in order to somehow justify and explain the use of psychotherapeutic methods by psychologists, in recent years there has been more and more talk about the psychological model of psychotherapy. However, in preschool education, the use of even such a model has not yet been recognized.

Psychology in our country is turning from an "overseas curiosity" into a necessary science and everyday service. Especially psychological assistance is directed to children in kindergartens and schools, competent specialists work individually with the children. Therefore, my topic is relevant as a future psychologist. Then I will try to put all the methods into practice, read fairy tales to children, thereby educating "good and eternal."

The main means of psychological influence in fairy tale therapy is metaphor as the core of any fairy tale. It is the depth and accuracy of the metaphor that determine the effectiveness of fairy tale therapy techniques in working with children and adults.

Thus, we can give the following definition: fairy tale therapy is a direction of practical psychology that, using the metaphorical resources of a fairy tale, allows people to develop self-awareness and build special levels of interaction with each other, which creates conditions for the formation of their subjectivity.

The purpose of the course work: to define fairy tale therapy as a method of psychological impact on the upbringing of a child.

The object of study is experimental developments with children of senior preschool age using the method of using fairy tale therapy.

The subject of the work is the study of fairy tale therapy as a method in psychology.

Work tasks:

To study the theoretical aspects of the concept of "fairy tale" in psychology.

Consider the historical aspect of the development of fairy tale therapy.

To reveal the essence of fairy tale therapy as a method in psychology.

Analyze the psychological prerequisites for fairy tale therapy.

Research methods: analysis of psychological and pedagogical literature, synthesis, generalization, abstraction.

The theoretical basis of the study was the work of such researchers as M.V. Osorina, E.N. Lisina, E.A. Petrova, A.N. Azovtsev, I.V. Vachkov, T.D. Zinkevich-Evstegneeva, A.I. Konstantinova, T.M. Grabenko, D.V. Sokolov, A.V. Gnezdilov, as well as foreign psychotherapists: E. Fromm, E. Bern, B. Bettelheim, R. Gardner, A. Menechetti and others.

Work structure. The work consists of an introduction, two chapters, including paragraphs, conclusions and a list of references.

CHAPTER 1. THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF THE CONCEPT "FAIRY TALE" IN PSYCHOLOGY

The unique monuments of folk pedagogy are fairy tales, which capture the national culture and wisdom of previous generations.

The great Russian teacher K. D. Ushinsky said that "the first educator is the people, and fairy tales are the first and brilliant attempts to create folk pedagogy."

Folk pedagogy is our origins, it is the desire to use life with its working days, holidays, nature, the living world, songs, fairy tales, epics, legends.

Traditions, legends, passed down from generation to generation, highlight the history of the people, their way of life, moral customs, and the nature of figurative thinking. It is folklore that is the main means for educating the younger generation in the spirit of the best folk traditions. One cannot but agree with the words of A. I. Shorov, who believes that “tales, tales, sayings, proverbs, legends and songs are outstanding monuments of folk culture.”

The child receives life experience on the example of fairy-tale characters. Fairy tales are an important educational tool developed over the centuries by proven people. According to G. N. Volkov, "children and a fairy tale are inseparable, they are created for each other, and therefore acquaintance with the fairy tales of one's people must necessarily be included in the course of education and upbringing of each people."

The creators and keepers of fairy tales and other genres of oral folk art are the people. The main material for folk tales was the life of the people. They reflect the best features of the people - diligence, devotion to the Motherland, courage, kindness. That is why G. N. Volkov believes that "tales reflect the life of the people, their best features, cultivate these features in the younger generation, nationality turns out to be one of the most important characteristics of fairy tales."

The older generation has always sought to pass on its life experience to children, to educate them in the spirit of folk ideals and concepts of good and evil, to instill in them moral qualities that make up a code of norms and rules of conduct. In the vast majority of fairy tales, the moral features inherent in the people are embodied: love for the Motherland and its defense, boundless courage in the fight against evil, diligence and skill, justice, loyalty in friendship.

Today, we are increasingly turning to the experience of our ancestors, in particular, their ideas and concepts of moral and immoral, to the norms of morality recognized in the civilized world today. Relevant is the education of the younger generation in the spirit of humane relations between people. Moral norms and the experience of moral education of children formed the basis of numerous folk tales. These tales contain a peculiar program of moral education. In a form accessible to children's understanding, they tell about heroism and courage, truthfulness, honesty, affirm the ideas of the victory of good over evil. Exceptional is the power of peacemaking, the goodness of fairy tales.

Great teacher-humanist of the XX century. V. A. Sukhomlinsky in his book “I give my heart to children” wrote: “A fairy tale for young children is not just a story about fantastic events. This is a whole world in which a child lives, fights, opposes evil with his good will. Children find deep satisfaction in the fact that their thought lives in the world of fabulous images. Five, ten times a child can retell the same fairy tale, and each time he discovers something new in it. The child knows perfectly well that in the world there is neither Baba Yaga, nor the Frog Princess, nor Kashchei the Immortal, but he embodies good and evil in these images and each time, telling the same tale, expresses his personal attitude to good and bad ".

A fairy tale is inseparable from beauty, it contributes to the development of aesthetic feelings, without which nobility of the soul, heartfelt sensitivity to human misfortune, grief, compassion is unthinkable; that thanks to a fairy tale, a child learns the world not only with his mind, but also with his heart; and that he not only cognizes, but responds to the events and phenomena of the surrounding world, expresses his attitude towards good and evil.

A fairy tale is a story containing events and phenomena that are impossible and improbable from the point of view of the reader. A fairy tale cannot be explained with the help of scientific and technological progress, and often even worldly common sense. The authors of fairy tales often designate the plot at the end of the story as a hero's dream. From time immemorial, myths have come down to us, one of the varieties of fairy tales, where it is difficult to distinguish fiction and reality.

Realistic history can sometimes seem like a fairy tale to people with different cultural perceptions. For certain readers, fairy tales are real events.

The fairy tale has ancient roots in human history and culture. In her plots, all the wisdom and experience of a particular people usually gathered; in myths or parables one can see not only the fixation of a problem, but also its solution. The very word "fairy tale", "miracle", "magic" have a special meaning for people and push the boundaries of reality. The fairy tale, as a reflection of the deep psyche of a person, was studied by such psychologists as Fromm, Bern, Bettelhein, Jung, etc. This direction was developed by domestic teachers and child psychologists Vygotsky L.S., Elkonin D.B., Osorina M.V., Propp V.Ya., Gnezdilov A.V. and others. Recently, fairy tale therapy programs have appeared that are successfully used in preschool educational institutions, schools, rehabilitation centers, in work with problem children, difficult adolescents, and cancer patients.

The relevance of the use and novelty of complex fairy tale therapy lies in combining many methodological, pedagogical, linguistic, psychotherapeutic techniques into a single fairy tale context and adapting them to the psyche of children to form a self-sufficient personality, that is, a personality that is self-confident, relies on its own strength and is not dependent on others in their judgments and decision making.

In the ethnographic essay “The Person”, the founder of Ossetian literature K. Khetagurov wrote: “Fairy tales are the property of both sexes and all ages, they are numerous, diverse and artistic: they have always served as one of the most enjoyable pastimes.”

Why does a fairy tale have such a powerful psychotherapeutic effect? In a fairy tale plot, most of the main problems and life situations that every person experiences are encrypted. A person often closes on some problem of his own and is not able to go beyond its limits, to comprehend the situation from a different, more general angle.

A fairy tale, by virtue of its centuries-old wisdom, penetrates deeply into the unconscious of a person and activates the potential parts of our personality, which help to find our own way out of a problematic state; the fairy tale allows not directive, but gently, to approach the assessment of the situation, providing an educational and therapeutic effect, both at the behavioral and at the deep moral and value level.

Within the framework of the common values ​​inherent in the culture where a person lives, only he himself makes the choice of one or another value. He constantly makes and remakes himself, that is, he determines his actions, changing or concretizing his system of value orientations. A person is free in relation to the world, the choice of values.

Fairy-tale environment (uncertainty of the place of action, names of characters, collection of images), on the one hand, leads away from a specific, dead-end problem at this stage, expressed by physical and psychological dependence and self-doubt. Lack of self-confidence leads to a feeling of underestimation and is accompanied by a state of emptiness and loneliness. Self-confidence is a necessary component of a self-sufficient personality, and it is the fairy-tale environment that enhances a person’s potential in overcoming what at this stage hinders his development, for example, fear, defenselessness, weakness and predisposition to illness.

Man is not born independent, autonomous or responsible, just as he is not born as a person. He becomes a personality in the process of growth and development in society, or, as psychologists say, "psychological birth in the full sense occurs much later than biological birth."

Growth and development is a natural movement from dependence to independence, independence, responsibility, and this movement consists of several stages. The use of a fairy tale by an educator, teacher and psychologist at a certain stage should be built in such a way that the child can avoid a stressful situation, disappointment.

For a child, a fairy tale is a guide to "adult" life with its sometimes harsh moral laws; fairy-tale events become the first "school of life", and the actions of the heroes - a measure of good and evil and a guiding thread leading to independent decision-making. In these complex processes of personality formation, the form of metaphor in which fairy tales are created is the most accessible to the perception of the child.

A fairy tale teaches a child not only to understand the situation, but also to act in a certain way, thanks to the solution of fairy-tale situations, the child receives intuitive selection criteria and freedom of action. Sooner or later, children still face various kinds of problems, and the sooner they learn about difficulties, learn to resist, fight them and find a way out, the easier and more productive they will be to solve social and personal problems in adulthood.

The symbolic language of fairy tales is constantly studied by psychoanalysts. Fairy tales are closely connected with shamanic and witchcraft medicine. The psychoanalyst K. Levi-Strauss closely connected psychoanalysis with the tales of the Indian sorcerer, who, with his stories, helped the patients recover, the perception of a tale can initiate the appearance of memories, becomes psychoanalysis.

The personal problems of the child influence the preference for fairy tales. The Italian communist storyteller Gianni Rodari in his book "Grammar of Fantasy" told how fairy tales should be used in theoretical and practical psychology.

Composing new or reconstructing old fairy tales helps to develop the child's inner world. Fairy tales develop in the character the ability to resist confrontation, reconciliation. In working with fairy tales, psychologists have identified several psychotherapeutic areas: behavioral psychotherapy, existential humanistic psychology, psychodynamic psychology.

Currently, there are several classifications of fairy tales.

In accordance with the classification of T.D. Zinkevich - Evstigneeva's fairy tales are divided into artistic, didactic, meditative, psychotherapeutic, psycho-corrective.

I.V. Vachkov classifies fairy tales depending on the purpose of the influence of the fairy tale and singles out folklore and author's fairy tales, while in both types of fairy tales one can distinguish artistic, didactic, psycho-corrective, psychotherapeutic, psychological (psycho-tale, for example, fairy tales by D.Yu. Sokolov, A.V. Gnezdilov ). It is the considered new type of fairy tale (psycho-tale), according to I.V. Vachkova, is called upon to reveal to the child the depths of his own inner world, to develop his self-awareness, to help him on the path of becoming his personality.

Also, fairy tales are divided into the following types:

Living world: animals, plants, birds, things that are spoken in fairy tales. Such fairy tales form the careful care of the surrounding world.

What is good and evil. In fairy tales, good triumphs over evil; such fairy tales bring up optimism.

All values ​​must be acquired through labor and trials. Success can only be achieved through effort and patience, as the folk tale teaches.

Belief in magic enhances the development of security and independence.

There are also didactic fairy tales for teaching a child. After all, many of us in childhood learned to read on cubes, which depict fairy-tale characters.

Psychologists use therapeutic and psycho-corrective fairy tales.

Types of age-related tales are distinguished. Children under the age of five love fairy tales about the relationship between people and animals. These are, for example, such fairy tales as "The Fox and the Crane", "Teremok", "Goat-Dereza".

For young children, the fairy tale should be short, with repetitions (“rolling, rolling bun, “pulling - pulling - they cannot pull it out”).

For teenagers, everyday fairy tales are useful. They talk about peaceful coexistence in the family. These are, for example, such fairy tales as ("Goldfish", "Pockmarked Hen", "Crooked Duck").

First graders often borrow fairy tales from the library (“Sleeping Beauty”, “Cinderella”, “Puss in Boots”). In the middle classes, the guys are fond of fairy tales-horror stories ("Blue beard", "Viy"). But they are also useful, helping to overcome real fears.

The fairy tale teaches children how to behave in extreme conditions. On the example of the fairy tale "A boy with a finger", the hero saves the brothers with the help of cunning. Russian heroes are constantly fighting the serpent Gorynych and winning, having strength and courage.

Fairy tales help restore mental strength, relive emotions. It is necessary to read fairy tales to the child before going to bed, so he is relaxed and suggestible, but they must be positive.

On a fabulous example, the simpleton Emelya becomes handsome, and Thumbelina turns from a toy Barbie into an adult girl.

You need to discuss the read fairy tale with the child. Here is a sample list of questions to use when discussing fairy tales with children: What is the fairy tale about? Who are the main characters in the story? What actions are they doing? What do they bring to people? What is the moral of the tale? etc.

A fairy tale is the language of childhood, as well as the surest and shortest way to a child's mind and heart. As the famous teacher V.A. Sukhomlinsky: "The spiritual life of a child is full only when he lives in the world of fairy tales, music, fantasy, creativity."

The story develops the child's imagination. Unlike realistic stories, it is full of more colorful, fantastic images. In fairy tales, children find characters they want to be like. The fairy tale gives a clearly expressed idea of ​​good and evil, accessible to children's perception. She teaches courage, ingenuity, kindness and love.

The strength of a fairy tale is that it is the quintessence of worldly wisdom, folk experience. The short story shows many ways to deal with difficult situations.

Children are very fond of being told something interesting, exciting, where there are all kinds of miracles. And what could be more exciting than a fairy tale, especially before bed. After all, a bedtime story is an evening ritual of bedtime, the moment of the greatest trust and closeness of the child and his parents. In addition, children really like it when their parents themselves come up with fairy tales for them.

A fairy tale is a journey to the border of this and another world - magical, in which goodness and clear thoughts always win. The fairy tale inspires hope and faith in the good, kind, bright, it makes you fantasize and dream. Childhood without a fairy tale is impossible.

CHAPTER 2

1 The historical aspect of the development of fairy tale therapy

Fairy tale therapy is the process of searching for meaning, deciphering knowledge about the world and the system of relationships in it, transferring fairy tale meanings to reality; the process of objectifying problem situations, activating the potential of the individual, comprehensive education and upbringing;

therapy with an environment, a special fairy-tale setting in which potential parts of the personality can appear, something unrealized, a dream can materialize, and most importantly, a sense of security and the aroma of mystery appear in it.

People have always been engaged in fairy tale therapy. True, they called it differently. There are 4 stages in the development of fairy tale therapy. It is noteworthy that none of the identified stages ends, giving way to a new one. Therefore, each stage marked the beginning of a certain process.

The first stage of fairy tale therapy is oral folk art. Its beginning is lost in the mists of time, but the process of oral (and later written) creativity continues to this day. It is difficult to imagine the date of creation of the first fairy tale. Of course, oral folk art, as the first stage of fairy tale therapy, has no time limits. It is created from the Stone Age to the present day.

The second stage is the collection and study of myths and fairy tales. The study of myths and fairy tales in a psychological, deep aspect is associated with the names of K. Yu. Jung, B. Bettelheim, V. Propp and others.

The third stage is psychotechnical. Probably, there is not a single pedagogical, psychological and psychotherapeutic technology in which the “compose a fairy tale” technique is not used. Modern practical approaches apply the fairy tale as a technique. As an occasion for psychodiagnostics, correction and personality development.

The fourth stage is integrative. This stage is associated with the understanding of fairy tale therapy as an educational system that is natural, organic to human perception, tested by many generations of our ancestors.

Grandmothers told fairy tales to peasant children who were quiet on the river, girls shared their stories with their friends at needlework, they were collected by storytellers and passed from mouth to mouth. In fairy tales, worldly experience and a margin of safety were passed on from generation to generation. And today, telling children fairy tales, we repeat this historical process. And we are also mistaken if we think that the study of fairy tales is the lot of the smallest. Wisdom comes from people of all ages.

2 The essence of fairy tale therapy as a method in psychology

The term "fairy tale therapy" itself appeared relatively recently. The founder of the method of complex fairy tale therapy - T.D. Zinkevich-Evstigneeva. She defines fairy tale therapy as a set of ways to transfer knowledge about the spiritual path of the soul and the social realization of a person, as an educational system consistent with the spiritual nature of a person.

In the framework of fairy tale therapy, the following classification is mainly used.

Artistic fairy tales include those created by the centuries-old wisdom of the people, and author's stories. Their fairy tales have both didactic, and psycho-corrective, and psychotherapeutic, and even meditative aspects.

folk tales. The most ancient in literary criticism are called myths. It is this principle that is used today in the creation of new fairy tales;

Didactic fairy tales are created by teachers to present educational material. Didactic tales can reveal the meaning and importance of certain knowledge.

Psychocorrectional fairy tales are created to gently influence the child's behavior. Correction here means replacing an ineffective style of behavior with a more productive one, as well as explaining to the child the meaning of what is happening.

Psychotherapeutic fairy tales are fairy tales aimed at “providing psychological support and getting rid of suffering and negative experiences.

Meditative fairy tales are created mainly to relieve psycho-emotional stress, create positive models of relationships, and develop a personal resource.

Folk, fairy tales are the basis of the method of fairy tale therapy. They play experiences and conflicts between characters. The whole plot of the tale is built on this.

A child and an adult must, according to the methodology, compose a fairy tale on a given topic separately. The adult must take the lead. He leads the plot of a fairy tale, sets the intonation. Moreover, here the adult also acts as a listener to the story composed by the child. The child-narrator must pick up the intonation of the narrator.

Thus, he joins the national culture. By composing a fairy tale, a parent develops his artistic communication skills, introducing him to traditions with the help of intonation.

In dialogue, an adult and a child should be equal. It is necessary that the baby learn the dialectic of the relationship between the author and the addressee. At the initiative of the parent, he will visit all possible communicative positions that carry a pedagogical and therapeutic load. These are the psychological preconditions for fairy tale therapy.

With the help of fairy tale therapy, the needs for violation of prohibitions and rules are realized. The fairy tale becomes an intermediary between the inner and outer worlds of the child. It is a powerful tool for the development of the inner world of man. Hence the heightened interest of psychologists in fairy tales. But only in the coming years, fairy tale therapy is called independently.

Only fairy-tale language opens up the world of human relations in understanding the mental characteristics of preschoolers. Fairy tales develop children's imagination. It teaches them to see not only positive, but also negative character traits of people.

Man is the subject of self-development. Gradually, he raises the level of development of self-consciousness, learns to control his Self.

The child realizes that it is necessary to overcome his spontaneous activity to develop creatively as a person. And here the fairy tale becomes a developing and psychotherapeutic tool due to metaphor. Through the plot of the fairy tale, the kid lives through his own mental processes and delves into their meaning.

Through fairy tales, people draw everyday experience. We read from Pushkin: "A fairy tale is a lie, but there is a hint in it, A lesson for good fellows."

But not every story is instructive. Therapeutically valuable is the story, which allows you to ask a question that leads to reflection on the meaning of life, on the conclusion made. This is fairy tale therapy.

The language of a fairy tale brings adults and children closer together. The fairy tale awakens creativity in the therapist, who develops intuition, archetypes based on first impressions. It brings freedom in which transformation takes place. It is here that a small and weak child turns into a self-sufficient strong man.

Now the term "Fairytale Therapy" often roams in special editions. What does psychology interpret under the definition of "Fairytale Therapy"? Well, first of all, not only direct treatment with fairy tales.

Fairy tale therapy is a combination of the following processes:

search for meaning, deciphering knowledge about the world and the system of relationships in it;

the formation of a connection between the plot and reality and the transfer of the conclusions of the fairy tale to the outside world;

objective problem;

activation of personal potential;

education of high intelligence.

A fairy tale is magic and transformation. Hence, fairy tale therapy improves the inner world and nature. She treats with a special fabulous environment that awakens the potential of the individual. With its help, a dream can materialize, a feeling of security and mystery will appear ...

Metaphors in fairy tales are studied by psychology, philosophy, and pedagogy. The first fables were written by Aesop; I. A. Krylov and La Fontaine were his successors.

Thanks to the use of metaphors, the text of a fairy tale is not unambiguous and limited to a certain set of meanings for the child. On the contrary, any meaning of any fairy-tale content is immediately comprehended by the child, enriched with personal meanings, interiorized.

For example, magical abilities are presented in the form of objects or creatures (a goldfish, a self-assembled tablecloth), conflicts and disputes are resolved in specific actions, most often competitive (who can handle the Serpent, who will shoot the arrow further).

Thus, the bodily and concrete language of fairy tales opens the way for children to visually-figurative and visually-effective comprehension of the world.

On the one hand, metaphorical images make the narrative more vivid, help the child better imagine what is happening. On the other hand, metaphor has such a property as universality. The presence of "standard" speech turns ("Once upon a time", "In a certain kingdom") allows the child to "think out" the content of the story, to fill the images with new content.

The variable nature of the tale encourages the personality of the listener to his own, individual interpretations of the plot, images, characteristics of the characters, their assessments, i.e. turns the listener of their object of influence and the subject of interaction into a co-author of a fairy tale. This is expressed in the individual visualization of the text, the emotional experience of the plot. fairy tale therapy psychological impact child

Listening to a fairy tale, the child imagines fairy-tale characters - how they look, what they do, how they interact with each other; imagines different fairy tale lands, princes and princesses, dragons and knights defeating them. A fairy tale can simply charm a child, inspire him to create his own magical stories.

An anecdote is also a parable or a fable, only in a short form, built on absurdity.

The creation of jokes is also the creativity of thinking. Heroic content tells about real historical events in legends, epics, sagas, epics. These genres bring up patriotism.

In the process of using fairy tale therapy in the work of a psychologist, the following psychological mechanisms of the influence of fairy tales should be taken into account.

Firstly, fairy tales are a symbolic reflection of ancient rituals, the most important of which for fairy tales was initiation. Overcoming various difficulties, the hero gets the opportunity to change - to move to a different qualitative level.

Secondly, fairy tales describe the deep experience of living through emotional crises that are characteristic of a developing person. This may be a direct bodily experience associated with the passage of psychophysiological crises. Influencing at the unconscious level, fairy tales include adequate mechanisms for protecting the Self, in particular, adaptive mechanisms that help to overcome the crisis.

Thirdly, by reproducing critical life situations, a fairy tale teaches a child to productively experience fear and deal with fear, directing it, projecting it into specific fairy-tale images.

Fourthly, the images of the fairy tale are not only projected onto the real life situation of the listener and reproduce in a metaphorical form the moral norms and principles of relationships between people, but also include the deep mechanisms of the unconscious due to archetypal elements unusual for the mind.

Fifth, a fairy tale affects a person only when there is a similarity between the semantic space of his soul and the semantic space of a fairy tale.

And, finally, sixth, when assessing the impact of a fairy tale on the listener, one should not forget about its aesthetic, artistic side. This is especially true of author's fairy tales (folk tales, despite the apparent scarcity of the aesthetic means used, are amazingly polished by centuries of use).

It remains unclear: how, in what way, in the process of working with a fairy tale, is the process of building boundaries between the worlds - internal and external, real and fictional? After all, it is unlikely that the process of identifying oneself with the main character acts as the only psychological mechanism for changes in relations with oneself and one's life situation.

To resolve this issue, it turned out to be productive to use the concept of semantic space, which is understood as a system of functionally justified connections between semantic elements (meanings and meanings) that are significant for a certain circle of people. The semantic space of the human spiritual world contains many subspaces - those fragments of the inner world that correspond to certain fragments of the external world and the life experience of human interaction with them.

Everyday life of a person, according to E.L. Dotsenko, can be considered as a continuous journey (transitions) from one semantic space to another - as a person relates (identifies) himself to a particular community of people with similar semantic characteristics: needs, interests, knowledge, habits, attitudes and etc.

In fact, when a fairy tale is created, the content of which corresponds to the peculiarities of a person's life situation at this particular moment, two semantic spaces - the psychologist-storyteller and the client - should be mutually displayed. That is, a certain content of one of these two semantic spaces is associated with some content of the other, so that the language of each of them can be used allegorically (metaphorically) to describe the content of the other. As a rule, an unambiguous isomorphic mapping does not occur in most cases, because a psychologist offering a fairy tale cannot know absolutely everything about a person.

One should pay attention to a very important point pointed out by E. L. Dotsenko: the task is not to learn something about the facts of a person’s life, but to understand what this life is like in his ideas. The created fairy tale allows (even with a lack of information) to outline the general outline of the problem, to cover the key circle of really working metaphors, to indicate the possible balance of the client's resources, to reveal meaningful and dynamic moments, typical difficulties and habitual interaction strategies, ways to solve emerging problems.

With regard to psychological fairy tales, we note that their impact on the self-consciousness of the child is carried out, apparently, in accordance with the psychological mechanism indicated above.

In psychological fairy tales, of course, there is no direct analogy between the life of a child and a fairy-tale hero due to the greater generalization of the plot - after all, psychological fairy tales are usually aimed not at one specific child, but at a wide group of children of the same age with similar psychological characteristics.

At the same time, the beauty of fairy tales lies in the fact that in the same fairy-tale space different people find meanings and meanings that are close and understandable to them. This happens not only due to the filling of fairy tales with archetypal images, but also because the typical turns of speech of fairy tales set conditional situations in a special space of a fairy tale, in which events take place that are available in one form or another in the experience of almost any person. The fact that a child interacts with a fairy tale immediately and inevitably sets a semantic space for him, saturated with metaphors. The text of a fairy tale, therefore, is not unambiguous and limited to a certain set of meanings for him.

On the contrary, any meaning of any fairy-tale content is immediately comprehended by the child, enriched with personal meanings, interiorized. The response in the soul of the listener occurs when the fairy tale is constructed in such a way that, being a concrete, interesting, fascinating, vivid work of art, it remains an “open possibility” for various interpretations and that a mutual reflection arises between its semantic space and the semantic space of the child’s soul.

And how is the similarity between the semantic spaces of the tale and the listener established? The result of the discovery of this similarity by E.L. Dotsenko suggests calling it semantic resonance. The moment of its occurrence is experienced by a person as recognition, intelligibility, similarity. In fact, we are talking about the completion of the search for a correspondence between the current situation and fragments of life experience, and the mechanism of this search is semantic resonance. If it happened, the listener is captured by special experiences, there are feelings of the significance of the material of the fairy tale. As a result, it becomes possible to change the way of seeing the world and oneself in this world and the relationship to oneself and to the world.

The following important features of the use of fairy tale therapy can be identified.

Firstly, a fairy tale has always, in all generations, served as a means of meeting its listener or reader (usually a child) with himself, because the metaphor underlying the fairy tale acted not only as a “magic mirror” of the real world, but - first of all - his own, hidden, not yet realized inner world. K.G. wrote a lot about this. Jung and his followers.

Secondly, all individual functions of fairy tale therapy (and not only fairy tale therapy, by the way, but also other psychological methods) are ultimately aimed at one goal - to help a person develop in the most optimal and natural way for him, realizing his abilities. And the basic condition for such development is an increase in the level of self-awareness - one must have an idea of ​​what and how to develop in oneself.

Thirdly, the focus of fairy tale therapy on the development of human self-awareness, determined by the essence of fairy tales, provides both contact with oneself and contact with others. The social nature of man is the system of his interactions with people. A fairy tale metaphor, due to its inherent special properties, turns out to be a way of building mutual understanding between people.

Fourth, since one of the most important tasks of the practical psychology of education is currently considered to be the creation of optimal conditions for the natural mental development of children, one should remember the importance of the child's social interactions. This means that in building effective interaction between the subjects of the educational environment - something that a child psychologist has to work on - fairy tale therapy can provide invaluable assistance.

3 Psychological prerequisites for fairy tale therapy

The method of fairy tale therapy as a joint literary work is based on the folk fairy tale genre. The psychotherapeutic effect is achieved by playing (playing out) experiences and conflicts with the help of substitutes - characters and through plot construction.

The most important place in the organization of the jointly divided activity of a child and an adult in composing a fairy tale should be given to the actual communicative, dialogic component (questions of an adult listener).

An adult leads a fairy tale, sets the tone (acting at the same time as a benevolent, wise carrier of standards, an interested listener of history, but at the same time, outwardly, sometimes a tricky or rustic character). The child-narrator picks up, reproduces the intonation of the narrator.

Thus, the fairy tale provides an opportunity to introduce the child into the world of centuries-old national culture. An adult introduces the child into the flow of artistic and communicative activity, introducing him to the canons not only through the structure of the artistic text, but also with the help of a special intonation.

In a dialogue with an adult, the child should feel that he is in an equal partnership position - not declared, but psychologically real. The child learns the dialectics of the relationship between the Author and the Addressee, having been at the initiative of an adult in all possible communicative positions (besides carrying a pedagogical and therapeutic load). These are the psychological prerequisites for fairy tale therapy.

The psychological mechanisms of influence of fairy tales lie in the fact that, perceiving and assimilating a fairy tale, our needs are satisfied to a certain extent.

After analyzing the content of fairy tales, P.I. Yanichev identified a triad of trends or needs:

1 - the need for autonomy (independence);

2 - the need for competence (strength, omnipotence);

3 - the need for activity;

And also the needs to violate prohibitions and rules, the need for absurdity are realized, thanks to which the fairy tale becomes an intermediary between the inner world of the child and the external, objective world.

CONCLUSION

So, listening to a fairy tale, the child receives information - “dry”, not concretized, the images of heroes and fairy-tale events are clearly “not drawn”. The fairy tale resembles a children's coloring book, containing only the contours of the image, where each element can be painted in any color - it all depends on the imagination. There is only one drawing, but the options are endless. For example, if a group of children is asked to draw some kind of fairy-tale character, then all the drawings as a result will turn out to be different, not similar to one another. This suggests that everyone focuses on their details, endows the hero in his imagination with different features.

Consequently, imagination is the function that is actively "involved" in the process of fairy tale therapy, it is this function that is the main one during classes.

The use of metaphors is possible due to the function of the imagination, otherwise the child would not be able to understand the meaning of the metaphors contained in the narrative.

As the main psychological mechanism that ensures the establishment and maintenance of contact between the inner world of the child and the fairy tale world, most authors name the process of identifying the child with the main character of the fairy tale, which is facilitated by a number of specific features inherent in the fairy tale plot, the characteristics of the characters, and the arrangement of the fairy tale world in in general.

Through the mechanism of identification, the child learns the meaning of the fairy tale and the main lessons contained in it. A positive hero is most often active, despite all the difficulties and obstacles encountered on his way, remains true to himself, acts in accordance with his life values. Shows endurance and ingenuity, does not get lost in situations of danger, finds non-standard ways to solve all problems.

Fairy tales often emphasize the difference between the actions of the main character and the actions of other characters, who use simple, stereotypical actions to achieve the goal, while the main character, performing unexpected actions that initially seem strange and even funny to others, ends up being the winner. Thus, identification with the main character can contribute to the fact that those qualities (the ability to think creatively, find non-standard ways to solve difficult situations, resourcefulness, purposefulness) that characterize the personality of the main character, as a result, become the personal qualities of a child who strives to be similar in everything. to your favorite fairy tale character.

Fairy tale therapy introduces the child to the world of those heroes that he meets in fairy tales. Children worry about the characters, enter into their role, get used to the images of the characters.

In the act of experience, the child becomes a co-author of a fairy tale story, actively participating in the process of co-creation, creating in his imagination a special “magical” reality in which the laws of natural and social reality do not operate, destroying the prevailing stereotypes of meanings and norms. A fairy tale includes the child in the process of meaning creation, while remaining open to an infinite number of interpretations. A fairy tale plot unfolds as an activity that requires personal efforts and decisions from the reader. The fairy tale takes the child beyond the framework of everyday life and helps to overcome the distance between worldly and life's meanings. This internal transition is possible only when the content of the tale has passed through empathy with another person. In the process of this experience, a mechanism of emotional anticipation is formed, which helps not only to imagine, but also to experience the long-term consequences of human actions.

Creativity partly depends on innate qualities, however, the development of creative thinking in a person is mainly determined by the environment in which a person developed, how much this environment stimulated creativity, supported and developed a person’s individuality. Creativity can be developed.

Particularly effective are special classes with young children who have not yet developed the habit of stereotyped decisions and the search for the correct answer approved by adults. One of the ways to develop creativity is fairy tale therapy. Any fairy tale is focused on the socio-pedagogical effect, it teaches, warns, educates, encourages activity. The potential of a fairy tale is much richer than its artistic and figurative significance. A fairy tale is one of the most important socio-pedagogical means of personality formation. The use of fairy tales in psychotherapy is associated with the use of the creative abilities of the individual, the process of fairy tale therapy itself is based on writing fairy tales, inventing new characters, storylines.

Creating fairy tales, the psychologist has a certain impact. Due to the fact that it is dressed in "fabulous clothes", children do not have a feeling of pressure. Children just listen, compose, tell fairy tales.

Fairy tales are wonderfully memorable and have a strong positive impact. At preschool age, creativity can be fixed in the personality structure as a stable characteristic, consciously realized in the process of creativity.

Therefore, the purposeful development of creativity through various methods of training and education, including fairy tale therapy, is a necessary condition for the development of a healthy, self-actualizing personality.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Kuibyshev branch "Novosibirsk State Pedagogical University"

ESSAY

on the topic of: Fairy tale therapy. Its capabilities and methods of working with children

Listener: Groshkova Natalya Evgenievna

Content

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..3

CHAPTER 1. BASIC CONCEPTS OF FAIRY TALE THERAPY……………

1. The essence of fairy tale therapy………………..…………………………….5

1. 2 Variety of fabulous forms. ………………………………………………………………………8

1.3 The role of fairy tales in the upbringing of children…………………..………………10

CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………….13

REFERENCES………………………………………………………14

Introduction

Fairy tale therapy is a method of personality development that combines various forms and methods of development and learning into a single "fairy tale" form. The forms of working with fairy tales are as diverse as life itself. Everything that surrounds us can be described in a fairy-tale form. Each person, a specialist, can use a fairy tale in the quality and perspective that corresponds to his inner structure and helps to use the power of the Magic Source of creativity. Many well-known psychologists and psychotherapists turned to fairy tales: E. Fromm, E. Berne, B. Bettelheim, R. Gardner, A. Meneghetti. Currently, domestic psychologists and teachers: M. Osorina, E. Lisina, E. Petrova, G. Azovtsev, I. Vachkov, T. D. Zinkevich - Evstegneeva, A. I. Konstantinova, T. M. Grabenko, D. Sokolov, A. Gnezdilov. Many of them themselves “develop” fairy tales for the fairy tale therapy process and offer options for work. Fitball - gymnastics - one of the non-traditional forms of working with children and the area of ​​​​effective, productive use ofRelevance. The question of the significance of the perception and experience of a fairy tale for the mental development of a child, his formation as a person, the disclosure of creative potential remains one of the most relevant and discussed in the psychological and pedagogical literature. This is due to the discovery of new opportunities for working with a fairy tale, which opens up for children and researchers not only as a cultural phenomenon, but also as a psychological phenomenon, as a form of spiritual experience of mankind.

These provisions were reflected in the modern methodological direction of work with fairy tales, which was called fairy tale therapy. In modern pedagogy and psychology, a fairy tale is increasingly viewed as a source of personal development that is diverse in its manifestations.

Particular attention should be paid to the fact that the fairy tale is closely connected with the game. Fabulous images contribute to the activation of the function of the imagination (recreative and creative). Imagination is closely connected with emotions and all mental functions: perception, attention, memory, speech, thinking, thereby influencing the formation of the personality as a whole.

Imagination is a fantasy, it opens up a new unusual view of the world, enriches life experience, nourishes creativity. It is necessary to develop the imagination and creativity of a younger student: play with a fairy tale, draw it, stage it, compose it. The relevance of this work is due to the fact that today the most effective and proven methods and means of raising children have become undeservedly forgotten. Fairy tales are one of the most ancient means of moral and ethical education, and also form behavioral stereotypes of future members of an adult society. In this regard, the rejection of this method of raising children seems, if not a mistake, then a noticeable omission on the part of The object of the study is fairy tale therapy as such.

As a subject - fairy tale therapy in the context of the education of preschool children.

The goal is to consider the use of fairy tales in the process of educating preschool children..

Tasks:

Analysis of psychological, pedagogical and folklore literature on the problem.

Identification of the role of fairy tale therapy in the educational process of children;

CHAPTER 1. BASIC CONCEPTS OF FAIRY TALE THERAPY

1.1 The essence of fairy tale therapy

Fairy tale therapy is the most ancient psychological and pedagogical method. From time immemorial, knowledge about the world, about the philosophy of life, was passed from mouth to mouth and rewritten, each generation reread and absorbed them. Today, the term "fairy tale therapy" is understood as a way of transferring knowledge about the spiritual path of the soul and the social realization of a person. That is why fairy tale therapy is called an educational system, consistent with the spiritual nature of man. Many believe that fairy tale therapy is addressed only to children, and preschool age. However, the age range covered by fairy tale therapy has no boundaries.

Tasks of fairy tale therapy:

1. Learn how to teach;

2. Invent a teaching method for those who wish to learn only what is interesting and not what is necessary;

3. Invent a method of harmonization for those who are accustomed to internal disharmony and for whom chaos is a way of adaptation;

4. Awakening Faith. It is faith that is able to activate the resources of the individual and impart additional strength to actions. It is the inner faith that forms the spiritual goal. Sincere faith in success leads to results. From time immemorial, faith has been awakened gradually, using wonderful stories, legends, myths and fairy tales for this. It is no coincidence that Good wins in fairy tales, because this awakens inner Faith and inner creative power. First, they manifest themselves at the level of unconscious sensation, awe. And gradually turn into conscious abilities.

Fairy tale therapy involves work on the value level. It is the appeal to the fairy tale that will allow us to remember the simple and deep truths, to rediscover them. It is the appeal to the fairy tale that will make it possible to nourish the soul with goodness, creating a resource of opposition to evil and chaos.

Fairy tale therapy is not just a direction, but a synthesis of many achievements of psychology, pedagogy, psychotherapy and philosophy of different cultures. Fairy tale therapy is a living, creative process, which is enriched by children's findings and insights. The word fairy tale lives in the children's mind. The child's heart stops when he listens or pronounces words that create a fantastic picture. In the process of various fairy tale therapy classes, pupils draw a lot of knowledge: the first ideas about time and space, about the relationship of man with nature, with the objective world; Thanks to a fairy tale, a child learns the world not only with his mind, but also with his heart. And not only learns, but responds to the events and phenomena of the surrounding world, expresses his attitude to good and evil, thus, there is a correction of the personality, an expansion of emotional and behavioral reactions. In the fairy tale, the first ideas about justice and injustice are drawn. Fairy tales allow the child to experience courage and resilience for the first time. The process of fairy tale therapy gives the child an alternative concept, which he can either accept or reject.

A fairy tale is a fertile and irreplaceable source of education of love for the Motherland. The fairy tale is the most serious means of moral education. It makes the souls of the guys softer, more responsive, kinder. A fairy tale is in some way the poetry of life and the fantasy of the future. These are the spiritual riches of folk culture, knowing which the child knows his native people with his heart. This is a method of integrating the personality, developing creative abilities, expanding consciousness and improving interaction with the outside world.

Currently, there are the following problems:

1. There are many cruel tales that contain violence, suppression of the personality and other negative aspects in their very content.

2. Fairy tales are not presented to preschoolers in a variety of ways, mainly reading, storytelling, at best retelling in faces or dramatization, watching theatrical performances, cartoons.

3. Fairy tales are far from being fully used to develop children's imagination, thinking, and active education of good feelings.

4. With the development of mass television, reading to children has become much less. The child often sits at the TV than with a book.

But now non-traditional directions of work with fairy tales are being actively developed. Unconventional means that it is unusual not only to perceive the content in its own way, but also to creatively transform the course of the story. It is impossible to predict the whole range of reactions that arise in fairy-tale situations, actions that are unusual for a child. It is also impossible to describe all the reasons that give rise to a particular situation. Therefore, only life and professional experience, intuition will allow organizing the process of fairy tale therapy. However, one should adhere to the basic principle - do not argue, do not convince, do not pressure, do not forcibly include the child in the lesson scenario. After all, a fairy tale is a place free from conventions.

Recently, the term "fairy tale therapy" is increasingly visited by special publications. When they say that fairy tale therapy is a treatment with fairy tales, they mean the discovery, together with the client, of the knowledge that lives in the soul and is currently psychotherapeutic.

Fairy tale therapy is also therapy with an environment, a special fairy tale environment in which potential parts of the personality can appear, something unrealized, a dream can materialize, and most importantly, a sense of security and the aroma of mystery appear in it.

In the fairy tale therapy process, 5 types of fairy tales are currently used (classification by T.D. Zinkevich - Evstegneeva):

1) artistic

2) didactic

3) meditative

4) psychotherapeutic

5) psycho-corrective, which are designed in accordance with the current situation and are presented in different ways: analysis, image therapy, drawing, puppet therapy, staging fairy tales in the sandbox, staging, etc.

I.V. Vachkov classifies fairy tales depending on the purpose of the influence of a fairy tale and distinguishes two types:

1) folklore

2) author's, while in both types of fairy tales one can distinguish artistic, didactic, psycho-corrective, psychotherapeutic, psychological (psycho-tale, for example, fairy tales by D.Yu. Sokolov, A.V. Gnezdilov). It is the considered new kind of fairy tale (psycho-tale), according to I.V. Vachkov, that is intended to reveal to the child the depths of his own inner world, to develop his self-awareness, to help him on the path of becoming his personality.

1.2 . Variety of fabulous shapes

The fairy tale carries the culture, as well as the worldview of its people. African fairy tales are not like Russian or French ones, Eastern fairy tales are different from European fairy tales. Through the fairy tales of different nations, the child has the opportunity to learn about life and view of the World in different parts of the Earth. Moreover, in fairy tales, the most intimate and characteristic of the nation is usually conveyed. Therefore, a child can penetrate into the inner world of a person living in another part of the world. This, in turn, can help the child learn to understand people living in other countries.

Fairy tales of other peoples are a wonderful means for a child to comprehend the inner world and way of thinking of a person from another country. All fairy tales are divided into collective (folk tales) and individual (author's tales).

Children 3-5 years old are most understandable and close to fairy tales about animals and fairy tales about the interaction of people and animals. At this age, children often identify themselves with animals, easily transform into them, copying their behavior.

Starting from the age of 5, the child identifies himself mainly with human characters: Princes, Princesses, Soldiers, etc. The older the child becomes, the more he enjoys reading stories and fairy tales about people, because these stories contain a story about how a person knows the world. From about 5-6 years old, the child prefers fairy tales. In adolescence, fairy tales, parables and everyday tales may be interesting. Currently, the psychologist M. Osorina is engaged in the study of fairy tales-horror stories and children's subculture. Fairy tales, horror stories and "tales about evil spirits" can be useful when working on children's fears.

There are certain patterns in the development of the fairy tale plot of a fairy tale. You can find seven stages in the development of a fairy tale plot, which echo the stages in the formation of a person's personality.

The first stage is the stage of development in the father's house. It is passed not only by a fairy-tale hero (prince, soldier, peasant, merchant), but also by every person. During this period of his life, a person adopts, "absorbs", learns parental experience and forms a worldview; it accumulates information about the phenomena of the World; accumulates in himself the energy of parental love, which in his independent life will serve as his support. This period lasts from birth to about 11-14 years. This is a period of accumulation of trust in the world and faith in one's own strength.

In every fairy tale, the main character leaves the parental home sooner or later. The task of the second stage is the definition from the parental home, the selection of oneself as a separate independent person. In the period from about 11 to 18 years old, it is very important for a person to psychologically separate from his parents, to develop his own view of the World. Teenagers often create a lot of problems for their parents, and this is not surprising - after all, the process of separating yourself from the family is very painful. However, separating does not mean breaking with parents, devaluing their life experience and method of education. Separating means accepting your parents for who they are and finding your own place in life. The fairy tale teaches us that the process of psychological separation of the child from his parents is natural and necessary. Separating from his parents, losing their support, the fairy-tale hero, like a person, can only rely on himself.

At the previous stage, the hero made the first important decision in his life - to act independently. Now, when he is alone, he faces an even more difficult and deep task - which path to choose (the third stage). Often in a fairy tale, the main character chooses the most difficult (at first glance) path, but it is he who leads the hero to success. Here there is a test for strength of mind and temptation.

The hero goes along the road, and here he meets various creatures that need his help. These situations are a test of "good heart". Every good deed done from a pure heart brings the hero new friends and helpers. The fairy tale teaches - how you relate to the World, so he treats you. The hero gets out of a situation of uncertainty, chooses his own path and acquires faithful helpers. They appear at the most necessary moment - when the hero cannot cope with the situation himself.

In a person's life, this is the stage of understanding the meaning of existence and the search for one's place in life. Usually this period begins before the end of school. After leaving school, his environment changes. In technical schools, institutes, at work, new friends and plans appear. His lifestyle is changing. Three important psychological tasks are associated with this period of life, which a young person consciously or unconsciously solves for himself:

1. Acceptance of oneself - "I am who I am."

2. Acceptance of my path - "I make my own path, which I have chosen for myself."

3. Taking responsibility for my choices and actions - "I am responsible for my actions and what happens to me."

At this stage in the development of a person's personality, the question arises of trusting oneself, trusting what a person considers right for himself - the question of Conscience, that core, inner voice, an indicator that allows you to do or not to do certain actions.

Struggle and victory is the climax of the tale. The hero reaches the goal of his path and enters into a fight with personified evil (Koschei the Immortal, Baba Yaga, the Sorceress, Raven Voronovich, etc.). It happens that the hero does not defeat the enemy the first time; sometimes he resorts to cunning or to the help of other characters in the tale. One way or another, the fairy-tale hero defeats evil. The hero, defeating evil, changes internally, acquires new opportunities and experience. The "fight against evil" can be found in the real life of a person (fourth stage). The fight against evil can also be external. Often a person has to confront situations where he finds himself in the position of a fairy-tale hero fighting a dragon. By conquering physically or spiritually, a person becomes stronger and wiser.

It turns out that victory over evil does not mean complete victory and the end of trials. At the fifth stage, the hero is faced with tasks that he must solve from the standpoint of new experience. The tale teaches: be vigilant - the main evil is not open, but hidden; it appears when you are relaxed and least expect it. The wisdom of the tale lies in the fact that, using the example of the protagonist, we are given to understand that the goal achieved, the result is not the end of the road, but only an indication that we are moving in the right direction. The main task is not a victory over evil, not new knowledge and experience, but the ability to apply all this correctly and in time in a life that has changed for a person.

And now, finally, all the difficulties are behind (the sixth stage), the father's house appeared on the hillock. The hero has been waiting for this moment for so long. However, much has changed at home: the hero, on the slander of the brothers, is considered a scoundrel or dead; the hero's bride is going to marry another. But the hero has already encountered hidden evil in the previous stage, now he is wise and careful. He, using all the experience of the traveled path, passes the necessary tests and restores justice. This is how one asserts himself as a mature independent person in his own home, where he was previously considered small or incapable of anything. And the most important thing at this stage is the timely application of the acquired capabilities.

Often in a person's life there are situations when he is forced to prove to his family and friends his right to an independent life and decisions. A person has had his own family for a long time, and his parents still consider him small and incapable of independent action. And in this situation, a person has to put a lot of mental strength in order to prove his maturity to himself and his family.

The seventh stage is the stage when that spark, the "royal beginning" of the hero, receives an objective embodiment: he becomes a "king". Similarly, a person, realizing himself, becomes a step higher in his development. Often the fairy tale ends with a wedding. A wedding can be considered as a symbol of the completion of any process, reunion, restoration of integrity. However, the fairy tale has its end, but life does not. Therefore, a person repeatedly has to go through these stages during his life.

1.3 The role of fairy tales in the upbringing of children

The development of a child's personality can be more effective if he not only imagines a fairy tale, but also directly comes into contact with it. He can travel along fabulous roads, experience amazing adventures and transformations, meet fabulous creatures. Getting into a fairy tale, a child easily perceives "fairy laws" - norms and rules of behavior, which are sometimes hard to instill in children by parents and teachers. The "fabulous life" itself encourages the child to act in accordance with universal norms of behavior. Traveling through the Fairyland, the child feels that if he does not listen to his friends, if he quarrels with someone, causes destruction around him, the fairy tale will disappear, and with it the good, beloved fairy-tale creatures living in it may die. . Therefore, the realization of responsibility for one's actions comes to the child directly from the fairy-tale situation, and not from the mouth and at the will of an adult.

The stage of getting to know the characters that the children have become is very important. Usually children reincarnate in those characters whose character and behavior is most significant for them at the moment. A child, cognizing the World, tries on many models of behavior. The more behavior patterns a child “masters”, loses, the more flexible and diverse his relationships with others will subsequently be. Many children each new lesson come up with different characters to transform. It is important to learn from the child the character and preferences of his hero. Because sometimes children choose to transform such characters, the image of which for adults can be ambiguous. The image that the child chooses to transform will tell us what internal issues the child is solving for himself at the moment. If a child chooses the same image for transformation from lesson to lesson, it means that for some reason it is very significant for the child. Maybe in this way the child trains an important behavior for him, or maybe with the help of this image the child unconsciously signals to a wise adult about some problem. Children encounter some problems, come to adults, but most often the methods that offer adults are not suitable for them. Then they come to the conclusion that their parents cannot help them. And what to do with the accumulated sadness, irritation, anger or joy that is already overwhelming the child? And here fairy tale therapy can come to the rescue. These are the same fairy tales, only focused on some problem. This is a story about certain situations that a child often finds himself in, it also describes the feelings that arise in a child, which can be associated with completely different life events.

The work with the fairy tale is built as follows:

1) reading or telling the tale itself; her discussion. Moreover, in the discussion, the child must be sure that he can express any of his opinions, i.e. whatever he says should not be condemned.

2) a drawing of the most significant passage for the child;

3) dramatization, i.e. playing a fairy tale in roles. The child intuitively chooses a "healing" role for himself. And here it is necessary to give the role of the screenwriter to the child himself, then the problematic moments will definitely be lost.

Each stage is discussed, because. the feelings of the child are important.

The lesson lasts about an hour. Chaotic, not amenable to rational expression of feelings, the fairy tale transforms with triple metaphors. For example, a little boy's feelings for his father. This is love when the father is affectionate with him; hatred when the father is angry with him; jealousy when mom hugs dad. So who is his father? A good and just ruler? Or a villain? Or a mother kidnapper? In the fairy tale there is a king-father to love him, and Kashchei the Deathless to be afraid of him, and this is a hint to the child: a father can be a good king, and then he can be loved, or maybe Kashchei, who kidnapped his mother, and then he can be afraid and hate.

Being aware of your negative feelings is the first step to managing them. The second step is playing them, and a fairy tale can help here too. Playing a fairy-tale hero or a fairy-tale villain is the control of one's aggression. In addition, playing the villain, that is, the opportunity to be bad "pretend" and then become good again, shows the child that after he makes a mistake or does something bad, he can become good again, that he will not remain bad forever.

As Zhelbi B. notes, the child, listening, repeating or inventing stories and fairy tales, gives vent to his feelings, pours out a dose of natural aggressiveness. Some stories cause him fear, but it is fear mixed with pleasure and excitement. It is wrong to assume that the child is protected from such emotions. On the contrary, the desire to occasionally recall gloomy and exciting situations is a sign of good psychological health. Only excesses should be alarming. Or, conversely, a persistent refusal to listen to stories containing elements of anxiety and anxiety may be a sign of violations. Avoiding difficult situations in life is always a sign of uncertainty and fear, and if fear is not the result of a real threat, then here we can talk about a certain violation in the state of mind of the child.

The fairy tale is close to the child in terms of attitude, because he has an emotional and sensory perception of the world. He still does not understand the logic of adult reasoning. A fairy tale does not teach directly. There are only magical images in it, which the child enjoys, determining his sympathies.

There is always a clear boundary in a fairy tale: this is Good, and this is Evil, this character is bad, and this one is good. And the kid will know that Kashchei will definitely be defeated and good will win. This streamlines the complex feelings of the child, and a happy ending allows you to believe that in the future he will do something good.

Fairy tales allow the child to get away from the boredom of everyday life, to feel the unknown, to experience an emotional shake-up.

Conclusion

In communication and work with people there is a huge scope for creativity. The most unique and multifaceted creation on Earth is Man. Fairy tale therapy is a method that uses a fairy tale form to integrate a person, to expand and improve interaction with the outside world. The main principle of this method is the spiritual, holistic development of the child's personality, care for his Soul. Caring for the Soul (translated from Greek) is therapy. Since we use a simple and understandable form of a Fairy Tale for a child, this method is called Fairytale Therapy.

Children, like adults, are all different. Everyone needs to pick up their own key. The child's ability to be surprised and learn, the ability to find a solution in non-standard situations - this is a focus on discovering something new and the ability to deeply understand one's experience (E. Fromm). One child is more inclined to compose and tell, the other cannot sit still, and it is necessary to constantly move with him. The third loves to make things with his own hands; the fourth loves to draw... The way a person draws, tells, composes is the key to understanding his inner world.

By combining various techniques of fairy tale therapy, it is possible to help each child to live through many situations, the analogues of which he will encounter in adulthood. And significantly expand his worldview and ways of interacting with the world and other people.

Bibliography

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3. Novikov L.A. The art of the word. - M., 1991.

4.Novlyanskaya 3.N. Why do children fantasize? - M: "Knowledge", 1987

5. Propp V.Ya. The historical roots of fairy tales. L.: LGU, 1986.

6. Propp V.Ya. Morphology of a fairy tale. 2nd of. - M., Nauka, 1969.