Signs of society as an integral dynamically developing system?

Society - this is not any mechanical set of people, but such a combination of them, within the framework of which there is a more or less constant, stable and rather close mutual influence and interaction of these people.

Society is heterogeneous and has its own internal structure and a composition that includes a large the number of different orders and social phenomena and processes.

The constituent elements of society are people, social connections and actions, social interactions and relationships, social institutions and organizations, social groups, communities, social norms and values, and others. Each of them is in a more or less close relationship with others, occupies a specific place and plays a peculiar role in society. The task of sociology in this regard is primarily to determine the structure of society, to give a scientific classification of its most important elements, to find out their relationship and interaction, place and role in society as a social system.

It is due to its structure that society qualitatively differs both from an arbitrary, chaotic congestion of people and from other social phenomena that have their own ordered structure and, consequently, a different qualitative certainty. The social structure largely determines the stability and stability of the whole society as a system. And since, as already noted, society is not a simple sum of individuals, their connections and actions, interactions and relations, but an integral system, insofar as such a union gives rise to a new, integral, systemic quality, not reducible to the qualitative characteristics of individuals or their sum. Society as a social system is a social organism that functions and develops according to its own laws.

some of the most essential for sociological analysis systemic signs of society :

·integrity (this internal quality coincides with social production);

Sustainability (relatively constant reproduction of the rhythm and mode of social interactions);

·dynamism (change of generations, change of social substratum, continuity, slowdown, acceleration);

Openness (the social system preserves itself due to the exchange of substances with nature, it is possible only under the condition of equilibrium with the environment and receiving a sufficient amount of matter and energy from the external environment);

·self-development (its source is within society, it is production, distribution, consumption based on the interests and incentives of social communities);

Spatio-temporal forms and methods of social life (masses of people are spatially connected by joint activities, goals, needs, norms of life; but the running of time is inexorable, generations change, and each new one catches already established forms of life, reproduces and changes them).

Thus, society as a social system in sociology is understood as a large ordered set of social phenomena and processes, more or less closely interconnected and interacting with each other and forming a single social whole.

In sociology itself, the structure of society is viewed from various angles. So, in the case when a deterministic (causal relationship) of social phenomena and processes, their subordination is revealed, society is usually considered (for example, in Marxist sociology) as an integral system that includes four main spheres - economic, social, political and spiritual ( ideological). In relation to society as a whole, each of these spheres of social life acts as its subsystem, although in a different connection it itself can be considered as a special system. Moreover, each previous of these systems has a decisive influence on the subsequent ones, which, in turn, have a reverse effect on the previous ones.

In a different context, when the nature, type of social ties is brought to the fore, society as a social system includes the following subsystems: social communities (groups), social institutions and organizations, social roles, norms and values. Each of them here is a rather complex social system that has its own subsystems.

According to the level of generalization of the material, the sociological study of society as a social system includes three interrelated aspects:

a) the study of "society in general", those. the allocation of universal universal properties, connections and conditions of society (in the closest connection with social philosophy and with its leading role);

b) study of specific historical types of societies, stages of civilization development;

v) study of individual specific societies, those. societies of really existing countries and peoples.

In general, the consideration of society from the point of view of a certain social system is largely determined by the tasks that are posed to the corresponding sociological research.

Society

3) humanity as a whole;

4) all definitions are correct.

1) culture; 3) society;

2) biosphere; 4) civilization.

1) part of the material world;

2) system;

3) forms of uniting people;

4) natural environment.

1) natural conditions;

2) no changes;

3) public relations;

1) the army; 3) politics;

2) nation; 4) school.

1) natural soils;

2) climate;

3) productive forces;

4) environment.

2) man and technology;

3) nature and society;

1) the stability of the elements;

3) isolation from nature;

3) self-development;

Society and nature

1) society is a part of nature;

2) nature is a part of society;

1) society and nature;

2) techniques and technologies;

3) civilization and culture;

2) the presence of signs of the system;

3) conscious activity;

4) urban growth.

1) nature is a part of society;

3) remained a part of nature;

1) presidential elections;

1) the action of elemental forces;

2) the presence of signs of the system;

3) the existence of laws;

4) change, development.

Society and culture

1) society; 3) biosphere;

2) civilization; 4) culture.

1) production; 3) culture;

2) civilization; 4) reform.

1) buildings;

2) knowledge;

3) symbols;

1) knowledge; 3) transport;

2) cultivation of the soil;

3) rules of conduct in society;

4) creation of works of art.

1) all elements of material and spiritual culture are inextricably linked;

2) all elements of material and spiritual culture exist independently of each other;

3) culture represents the measure of the human in a person;

4) each generation accumulates and preserves cultural traditions and values.

7. Cultural universals are called:

1) a set of norms of behavior;

2) features national culture;

3) a body of knowledge about society;

4) some common features or forms inherent in all cultures.

8. Which of the following is true:

1) society is a part of culture;

2) society and culture are inextricably linked;

3) society and culture exist independently of each other;

4) society can exist outside of culture.

9. Cultural universals do not include:

1) the presence of a language;

2) the institution of marriage and family;

3) religious rituals;

4) features of the national culture.

10. Material culture includes:

1) vehicles;

2) value system;

3) worldview;

4) scientific theories.

The relationship of the economic, social, political and spiritual spheres of society

1. Demographic changes in the state reflect, first of all, the manifestation of the sphere of social life:

1) economic; 3) political and legal;

2) social; 4) spiritual.

2. Economy, politics, social relations and spiritual life of society are:

1) independently developing spheres of society;

2) interrelated spheres of society;

3) stages of social life;

4) elements of social life.

3. The social sphere of the life of society includes:

1) power, state;

2) production of material goods;

3) classes, nations;

4) science, religion.

4. Relationships in the process of material production can be attributed to:

1) the economic sphere;

2) the political sphere;

3) the social sphere;

4) the spiritual realm.

5. Production costs, labor market, competition characterize the sphere of society:

2) social; 4) spiritual.

6. The electoral system, the procedure for adopting laws characterize the sphere of society:

1) economic; 3) political;

2) social; 4) spiritual.

7. The political sphere of public life includes:

1) relationships between classes;

2) relations in the process of material production;

3) relations arising from state power;

4) the relationship of morality and ethics.

8. Relationships between representatives of different confessions are characterized by:

1) the economic sphere;

2) the political sphere;

3) the social sphere;

4) the spiritual sphere.

9. What sphere of public life are scientific discoveries, writing novels:

1) the economic sphere;

2) the political sphere;

3) the social sphere;

4) the spiritual realm.

10. Choose the correct judgment:

1) all spheres of public life are interconnected;

2) all spheres of social life develop independently of each other;

3) the political sphere of public life cannot influence the economy;

4) between the phenomena of economic and social life there is no relationship.

Human

Man as a product of biological, social and cultural evolution

1. Are the judgments about the generic traits of a person correct? A person is distinguished from animals by the ability:

A. Create a socio-cultural environment.

B. Work together.

1) only A is true; 3) both judgments are correct;

2) only B is true; 4) both judgments are wrong.

2. A person from any animal is distinguished by the ability to:

1) the exchange of information with their own kind;

2) imitation (assimilation of the forms and behavior of others);

3) cooperation (joint production of tools);

4) transmission and mutual assimilation of various emotional states.

3. An important difference between humans and animals is:

1) self-awareness; 3) reflexes;

2) instincts; 4) needs.

4. Both man and animal are characterized by:

1) labor activity;

2) taking care of offspring;

3) cognitive activity;

4) self-realization.

5. The main factors of anthroposociogenesis (human origin) include:

1) natural selection and 1) 2,3,4,5;

struggle for existence; 2) 2.3;

2) labor; 3) 2.4.5;

3) religion; 4) 1,2,4,5;

5) thinking;

6) the custom of burying the dead.

Human being

1) consciousness; 3) abstraction;

2) being; 4) movement.

2. The concept of "person" includes:

1) a single concrete person considered as a biopsychosocial being;

3. The concept "individual" means:

1) anyone who belongs to the human race, since he possesses the properties and qualities inherent in all people;

2) a single concrete person considered as a biosocial being;

3) a subject of conscious activity with a set of socially significant traits, properties and qualities that a person as a subject realizes in public life;

4) social individuality, uniqueness, which is formed in the process of upbringing and human activity under the influence of a specific socio-cultural environment.

4. The concept of "personality" means:

1) a single concrete person considered as a biosocial being;

2) anyone who belongs to the human race, since he possesses the properties and qualities inherent in all people;

3) a subject of conscious activity, possessing a set of socially significant traits, properties and qualities that a person as a subject realizes in public life;

4) a person who has reached the age of majority, possessing all the full rights and freedoms determined by citizenship.

5. Individuality is:

1) specific features inherent in humans as a biological organism;

2) a person's temperament, his character;

3) the unique originality of both natural and social in a person;

4) a set of human needs and abilities.

6. A single representative of the human race is called:

1) an individual; 3) personality;

2) individuality; 4) the creator.

7. By what criterion are sanguine, choleric, melancholic and phlegmatic people distinguished:

1) character; 3) personality type;

2) temperament; 4) individuality.

Activities and creativity

1. Creativity, in a broad sense, is:

1) activity that generates something new;

2) inventive activity;

3) rationalization activity;

4) an activity that generates something new, socially significant.

2. Knowledge, the conditions for obtaining which are not realized:

1) creativity; 3) activities;

2) intuition; 4) imagination.

3. Required component creative activity a person who is expressed in the construction of an image or a visual model its results, in cases where information about the conditions and means of achieving the goal is insufficient:

1) intuition;

2) fantasy;

3) deduction;

4) induction.

The purpose and meaning of human life

Self-realization

1. Self-realization is:

1) self-actualization;

2) the realization of their capabilities and abilities;

3) I am a concept;

4) the results of life.

Human inner world

1. Rules of conduct that act as requirements of the highest, unconditional wisdom, which do not need explanation and proof, are the norms:

1) religious;

2) traditions and customs;

3) morality;

4) political.

2. The concept that defines the spiritual attitudes and values ​​inherent in an individual or a social group in a particular historical era:

1) ideology;

2) social Psychology;

3) mentality;

4) intuition.

3. A means of introducing a person to the way of life and the way of action of society, that is, to its culture, is:

1) worldview;

3) ideology;

4) education.

4. A type of worldview, a distinctive feature of which is the development of a theoretically and actually grounded picture of the world:

1) ordinary;

2) scientific;

3) religious;

4) humanistic.

5. The type of worldview, a distinctive feature of which is that it is to a decisive extent formed under the influence of life circumstances, is based on personal experience and common sense:

1) ordinary;

2) scientific;

3) religious;

4) humanistic.

Consciousness and unconsciousness

1. Indicate the correct combination of mental manifestations of a person. Mental manifestations of a person related to the sphere of the conscious:

A. Noble intention.

B. Panic actions.

D. Accurate understanding.

1) ABC; 3) ABG;

2) BVG; 4) all of the above.

2. The sphere of the conscious includes:

1) the instinct of self-preservation; 3) noble intention;

2) creative inspiration; 4) panic mood.

3. The sphere of the conscious does not include:

1) strong conviction;

2) purposeful recall;

3) creative inspiration;

4) accurate understanding.

4. Indicate the correct combination of mental manifestations of a person. Mental manifestation of a person, related to the sphere of the unconscious:

A. Self-preservation instinct.

B. Panic actions.

D. Creative insight.

4) all of the above.

Self-knowledge

1. A person's comprehension of his mental activity, words, actions:

1) reflection;

2) self-actualization;

3) self-realization;

4) cognition.

2. Awareness and assessment of their actions, feelings, thoughts, motives of behavior, interests, their position in the world is the basis of:

1) self-preservation;

2) self-realization;

3) self-education;

4) self-awareness.

3. The process of cognition, where a person makes himself the subject of study, is called:

1) self-education;

2) self-knowledge;

3) self-realization;

4) self-control.

Behavior

1. Indicate the correct combination of characteristics of human behavior. Traits that unite the behavior of humans and other living beings:

A. Collaboration (joint production of tools).

Cognition

Knowledge of the world

1. The English philosopher F. Bacon believed that:

2) knowledge is power;

3) knowledge is the result of knowledge;

4) knowledge is given by God;

5) the truth is concrete.

2. Knowledge is subject, and can contain both knowledge about objects, their properties and functions, and:

A. Involuntary.

A. Rational cognition.

B. Sensual cognition.

1) only A is true;

2) only B is true;

3) both judgments are correct;

4) both judgments are wrong.

6. Rational knowledge as opposed to sensory:

1) inherent only to educated people;

2) forms the concept of the subject;

3) is the criterion of truth;

4) leads to useful results.

7. Name the first three positions representing the forms of sensory cognition, the next three forms - rational cognition:

1) judgment; 4) concept;

2) perception; 5) presentation;

3) sensation; 6) inference.

Arrange the numbers in ascending order. Answer:

8. From the listed forms, select the forms of rational knowledge:

1) concept;

2) judgment;

3) observation;

4) analysis;

5) perception.

9. "Some metals are liquids" are:

1) concept; 3) inference;

2) judgment; 4) observation.

10. Philosophers F. Bacon and D. Locke are:

1) empiricists; 3) dualists;

2) rationalists; 4) agnostics.

11. True knowledge as opposed to false:

1) is mined during cognitive activities;

2) corresponds to the very subject of knowledge;

3) requires effort to understand;

4) is presented using scientific terms.

Truth and its criteria

1. Truth from the point of view modern science- this is:

1) the correspondence of one thought to another;

2) "thing in itself";

3) the correspondence of thought to the subject;

4) the result of cognition.

2. Select correct judgments about the views of empiricists and rationalists:

A. Scientific knowledge.

B. Parascientific knowledge.

1) only A is true;

2) only B is true;

3) both judgments are correct;

4) both judgments are wrong.

12. Name the social form of knowledge of the world: Social forms of knowledge of the world

Scientific knowledge

1. Feature scientific knowledge is an:

1) striving for objectivity;

2) progressiveness;

3) using the experiment;

4) there is no right answer.

2. What are the levels of scientific knowledge:

3. Laws, principles, concepts, theoretical schemes, logical consequences form:

1) scientific facts;

2) scientific theory;

3) scientific school;

4) scientific dogma.

A. Research A. Einstein, M. Planck and other outstanding scientists radically changed the concept of space, time, matter.

Spiritual life of society

Culture and spiritual life

1. All types of transformative activities of a person and society, as well as its results, are:

1) culture; 3) spiritual culture;

2) civilization; 4) material culture.

2. Which of the following is a tradition:

1) celebration of Maslenitsa;

2) invention of the telephone;

3) holding a civil forum;

4) works of poets of antiquity.

3. Which of the following characterizes innovation in culture:

1) celebration of the New Year;

2) religious norms;

3) invention of radio;

4) the rule of etiquette to let women go ahead.

4. Elements of social and cultural heritage that persist for a long time, over the life of many generations, are:

1) cultural traditions;

2) cultural universals;

3) innovation;

4) civilization cycle.

5. What position characterizes the phenomenon of innovation in culture:

1) the creation of a new one, the increment of cultural wealth in the process of inventions;

2) the transfer of cultural values ​​from generation to generation;

3) the accumulation and transfer of works of art, scientific discoveries;

4) elements of cultural heritage that have developed over many generations.

6. Which of the statements is incorrect:

1) culture represents the measure of the human in a person;

2) traditions and innovation - ways of cultural development;

3) each generation accumulates and preserves cultural traditions and values;

4) each generation creates its own samples of culture, not relying on the experience of previous generations.

7. Culture in a broad sense means:

1) the level of development of science and technology;

2) the totality of all human achievements;

3) the level of education of the population;

4) all genres of art.

8. The element of spiritual life is:

1) holding a film festival;

3) construction of a new theater building;

4) increasing the political activity of the population.

9. The works of innovative creators are, as a rule, elements of:

1) mass culture;

2) elite culture;

3) folk culture;

4) screen culture.

The science

1. The field of activity, the function of which is the development and theoretical systematization of objective data, is:

2) public consciousness;

3) education;

4) art.

2. Feature scientific knowledge is an:

1) theoretical character;

2) the formation of an aesthetic attitude;

3) subjective nature;

4) emotional and artistic reflection of reality.

3. It is not typical for science as a form of culture:

1) creation of material assets;

2) connection with mental work;

3) the presence of a goal;

4) the creation of spiritual values.

4. Which of the judgments about the essence of science is incorrect:

1) science is the result of the activities of scientists aimed at understanding the surrounding world;

2) science is thinking in concepts, and art - in artistic images;

3) the immediate goals of science - description, explanation and prediction of processes and phenomena of reality;

4) scientific picture the world is its emotional-figurative model.

5.What is the function of science associated with the solution of issues related to the structure of matter, the structure of the Universe, the emergence and essence of life:

1) cultural and ideological;

2) predictive;

3) production;

4) social.

6. In the creation of a scientific and technical basis for the development of the productive forces of society, the function of science is manifested:

1) cultural and ideological;

2) social;

3) production;

4) predictive.

7. In the decision global problems modernity, the most important function of science is:

1) social;

2) production;

3) cultural and ideological;

4) predictive.

8. Which of the following does not apply to the ethical norms of science:

1) social responsibility of scientists;

2) obtaining commercial profits from research;

3) disinterested search and upholding of truth;

9. Development genetic engineering, biotechnology makes the most relevant ethical standards such as:

1) the social responsibility of scientists for the consequences of their discoveries;

2) disinterested search;

3) making commercial profits;

4) striving for knowledge of the truth.

10. Which of the signs does not characterize science as a form of culture:

1) logical proof;

2) imagery;

3) consistency;

4) complex descriptions of the object.

4.6. Education and self-education

1. What is the manifestation of the process of humanitarization of education:

1) in increasing attention to humanitarian and social disciplines;

2) in the maximum convergence of national educational systems;

3) rejection of the ideologization of education;

4) in increasing attention to the individual, her interests, needs.

2. According to the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education", education is:

1) a purposeful process of education and training in the interests of a person;

2) a purposeful process of education and development in the interests of society;

3) a purposeful process of education, training and development in the interests of a person, society and the state;

4) a purposeful learning process in the interests of the state, society, and individuals.

3. In accordance with the Constitution in the Russian Federation, it is mandatory:

1) higher education;

2) initial professional education;

3) complete secondary education;

4) basic general education.

4. One of the principles of education, in which special attention is paid to the individual, his interests and needs, is:

1) humanization;

2) humanitarization;

3) internationalism;

4) standardization.

5. The process of familiarizing with culture, values ​​of human society, knowledge about the world, accumulated by previous generations, is called:

1) science; 3) education;

2) art; 4) creativity.

6. Which of the following does not apply to the basic guarantees of the right to education?

1) basic general education is compulsory;

2) the general availability and free of charge of the main general education;

3) free receipt higher education on a competition basis;

4) complete secondary education is compulsory.

7. Education in modern world distinguishes:

1) exclusively secular in nature;

2) general availability;

3) a variety of ways to obtain;

4) exclusively state in nature.

8. Which of the following does not characterize the principle of humanization in education:

1) special attention is paid to moral education human;

2) introduction of distance learning forms;

3) attention to the individual, her interests;

4) introduction of new humanities in teaching.

9. Which of the statements about the nature of self-education is incorrect:

1) a form of self-education is distance learning;

2) self-education contributes to an increase in the individual level of culture;

3) self-education is not an end in itself, it is dictated by the objective needs of society;

4) self-education is characteristic of a person during the period of initial socialization.

10. Secondary vocational education can be obtained in:

1) college; 3) gymnasiums;

2) high school; 4) university.

1. The set of norms that determine human behavior in society and based on public opinion is:

1) morality; 3) law;

2) ethics; 4) cult.

2. Science, the subject of which is the norms of morality, the rules of decent behavior, is:

1) ethics; 3) cultural studies;

2) aesthetics; 4) philosophy.

3. The ideas of political moralism, that is, the inextricable link between politics and morality, were first formulated:

1) Aristotle; 3) Machiavelli;

2) Marx; 4) Lenin.

4. Special form public consciousness, regulating the action of people in society with the help of norms, is called:

1) culture; 3) morality;

2) right; 4) religion.

5. The difference between moral norms and legal norms is that they:

1) are generally binding;

2) based on public opinion;

3) are supported by the power of the state;

4) are formally defined.

6. Which of the statements about moral and legal norms is incorrect:

1) morality and law contribute to social harmony, harmonization of relations between people;

2) morality and law regulate the activities of people with the help of norms;

3) the majority of legal norms are based on moral norms;

4) moral and legal norms are always formally defined.

7. The form of the normative-evaluative orientation of the individual, communities in behavior and spiritual life, mutual perception and self-perception of people are:

2) morality;

3) culture;

1) legal; 3) moral;

2) professional; 4) religious.

1) I. Kant; 3) K. Marx;

2) O. Spengler; 4) Plato.

10. An unconditional, compulsory requirement that does not allow objections, mandatory for all people, regardless of their origin, position, circumstances, are called:

2) a legal norm;

4) corporate rule.

Society

1.1. 1.3; 2.4; 3.3; 4.4; 5.3; 6.3; 7.3; 8.4; 9.4; 10.3

1.2. 1.3; 2.1; 3.2; 4.2; 5.1; 6.4; 7.3; 8.1; 9.3; 10.1

1.3. 1.4; 2.3; 3.1; 4.1; 5.2; 6.2; 7.4; 8.2; 9.4; 10.1

1.4. 1.2; 2.2; 3.3; 4.1; 5.1; 6.3; 7.3; 8.4; 9.4; 10.1

1.5. 1.1; 2.3; 3.4; 4.1; 5.4; 6.4; 7.1; 8.3; 9.3; 10.3

1.6. 1.1; 2.2; 3.2; 4.2; 5.2; 6.3; 7.1; 8.3; 9.4; 10.4

1.7. 1.2; 2.4; 3.4; 4.1; 5.2; 6.4; 7.1; 8.2; 9.1; 10.2

1.8. 1.1; 2.3; 3.1; 4.3; 5.4; 6.3; 7.3; 8.2; 9.3; 10.3

1.9. 1.3; 2.1; 3.4; 4.1; 5.1; 6.2; 7.4; 8.2; 9.1; 10.2

Human

2.1. 1.3; 2.3; 3.1; 4.2; 5.4

2.2. 1.2; 2.1; 3.1; 4.3; 5.3; 6.1; 7.2

2.3. 1.3; 2.3; 3.4; 4.2; 5.2; 6.1

2.4. 1.1; 2.2; 3.2; 4.3; 5.2; 6.4; 7.2; 8.4; 9.1; 10.4; 11.2; 12.2; 13.2

2.5. 1.1; 2.2; 3.2; 4.3

2.6. 1.1; 2.3; 3.1; 4.1

2.7. 1.2; 2.3

2.8. 1.4; 2.4; 3.2; 4.1; 5.2; 6.3; 7.1

2.9. 1.3; 2.3; 3.4; 4.2; 5.1

2.10. 1.3; 2.3; 3.3; 4.3

2.11. 1.1; 2.4; 3.2; 4.2; 5.3

2.12. 1.3; 2.2; 3.3; 4.3; 5.2; 6.humanistic

2.13. 1.4; 2.1; 3.1; 4.4

Cognition

3.1. 1.1; 2.3; 3.3; 4. subject; 5.3; 6.2; 7.2; 8.3; 9.3; 10.3

3.2. 1.1; 2.2; 3.2; 4. performance; 5.1, 6.2, 7.235146; 8.1.2; 9.2; 10.1; 11.2

3.3. 1.3; 2.3; 3.4; 4.1; 5.1-B; 2-A; 3-B

3.4. 1.4; 2.4; 3. scientific revolutions; 4.4; 5.2; 6.3; 7.1; 8.1; 9.3; 10.2; 11.2; 12.art

3.5. 1.1, 2. theoretical; 3.2, 4.1, 5. observation; 6. hypothesis; 7.1, 8.1

3.6. 1.4; 2.2; 3.2; 4.2; 5.2; 6.3; 7.3; 8.4; 9.3; 10.2; 11. self-esteem; 12.3

3.7. 1.1; 2.3; 3.1; 4. opinions, judgments; 5.3; 6.2; 7.2

Spiritual life of society

4.1. 1.1; 2.1; 3.3; 4.1; 5.1; 6.4; 7.2; 8.1; 9.2

4.2. 1.2; 2.1; 3.4; 4.1; 5.1; 6.1; 7.3; 8.2; 9.3; 10.4

4.3. 1.3; 2.2; 3.2; 4.2; 5.4; 6.3; 7.3; 8.2; 9.3; 10.1

4.4. 1.3; 2.2; 3.1; 4.3; 5.4; 6.2; 7.1; 8.2; 9.3; 10.4

4.5. 1.1; 2.1; 3.1; 4.4; 5.1; 6.3; 7.1; 8.2; 9.1; 10.2

4.6. 1.1; 2.3; 3.4; 4.1; 5.3; 6.4; 7.3; 8.4; 9.4; 10.1

4.7. 1.3; 2.2; 3.4; 4.1; 5.2; 6.3; 7.2; 8.4; 9.2; 10.3

4.8. 1.1; 2.1; 3.1; 4.3; 5.2; 6.4; 7.2; 8.3; 9.1; 10.1

4.9. 1.3; 2.3; 3.4; 4.1; 5.4; 6.3

Society

Society as a dynamic system

1. The concept of "dynamic system" refers to:

1) only to society; 3) to both nature and society;

2) only to nature; 4) neither to nature nor to society.

2. Complete the definition of "Society is ...":

1) a certain stage historical development humanity;

2) a certain group of people united for joint activities;

3) humanity as a whole;

4) all definitions are correct.

3. What concept does the definition refer to: "A part of the material world that is isolated from nature, closely related to it, which includes ways of interaction between people":

1) culture; 3) society;

2) biosphere; 4) civilization.

4. The concept of "society" does not include the provision:

1) part of the material world;

2) system;

3) forms of uniting people;

4) natural environment.

5. The main features of society as a system include:

1) natural conditions;

2) no changes;

3) public relations;

4) the stage of historical development.

6. The main subsystems of society include:

1) the army; 3) politics;

2) nation; 4) school.

7. The elements of society include:

1) natural soils;

2) climate;

3) productive forces;

4) environment.

8. Public relations include ties between:

1) climatic conditions and agriculture;

2) man and technology;

3) nature and society;

4) by various social groups.

9. What characterizes society as a dynamic system:

1) the stability of the elements;

2) immutability social groups;

3) isolation from nature;

4) renewal of social forms.

10. What characterizes society as a dynamic system:

1) availability public relations;

2) connections between subsystems of society;

3) self-development;

4) ways of interaction between people.

Society and nature

1. Which of the judgments more accurately reflects the relationship between nature and society:

1) society is a part of nature;

2) nature is a part of society;

3) society and nature interconnected form the real world;

4) society has lost touch with nature.

2. Ecological problems serve as an example of the relationship:

1) society and nature;

2) techniques and technologies;

3) civilization and culture;

4) property relations and social structure.

3. The common feature of society and nature is:

1) acting as a creator of culture;

2) the presence of signs of the system;

3) conscious activity;

4) the ability to exist independently of each other.

4. Which example illustrates the influence of nature on the development of society:

1) adoption of a new Labor Code;

2) the influence of rivers on the economic life of the Slavs;

3) the establishment of a living wage;

4) providing benefits to war veterans.

5. An example of the interaction between nature and society is:

1) global warming climate;

2) changes in the demographic situation;

3) development of the sphere of production;

4) urban growth.

6. Problems generated by the interaction of society and nature are called:

1) scientific and technical; 3) cultural;

2) social; 4) environmental.

7. The relationship between nature and society is manifested in the fact that:

1) nature is a part of society;

2) nature determines the development of society;

3) nature has an impact on society;

4) nature does not depend on society.

8. In the process of development, society:

1) separated from nature, but is closely related to it;

2) has become isolated from nature and does not depend on it;

3) remained a part of nature;

4) has ceased to influence nature.

9. Which example illustrates the interaction of nature and society:

1) presidential elections;

2) increasing the marginalization of society;

3) adoption of environmental legislation;

4) a concert of symphonic music.

10. What distinguishes nature from society:

1) the action of elemental forces;

2) the presence of signs of the system;

3) the existence of laws;

4) change, development.

Society and culture

1. The concept of "second nature" characterizes:

1) society; 3) biosphere;

2) civilization; 4) culture.

2. All types of transformative human activity, aimed not only at the external environment, but also at himself - these are:

1) production; 3) culture;

2) civilization; 4) reform.

3. Material culture includes:

1) buildings;

2) knowledge;

3) symbols;

4. Spiritual culture includes:

1) knowledge; 3) transport;

2) household items; 4) equipment.

5. The original meaning of the word "culture" is:

1) the creation of artificial materials;

2) cultivation of the soil;

As an independent science, scientists have always tried to understand society as an organized whole, highlighting its constituent elements. Such a universal analytical approach for all sciences should be acceptable for the positive science of society. The attempts described above to present society as an organism, as a self-developing whole, with the ability to self-organize and maintain balance, were essentially an anticipation of systems approach... The full discussion of the systemic understanding of society can be conducted after the creation of L. von Bertalanffy of the general theory of systems.

Social system - it is an ordered whole, which is a collection of individual social elements - individuals, groups, organizations, institutions.

These elements are interconnected by stable ties and, as a whole, form a social structure. Society can itself be regarded as a system consisting of many subsystems, and each subsystem is a system at its own level and has its own subsystems. Thus, from the point of view of a systems approach, society is something like a nesting doll, inside which there are many smaller and smaller nesting dolls, therefore, there is a hierarchy of social systems. According to general principle theory of systems, a system is something much more than just the sum of its elements, and as a whole, thanks to its holistic organization, it possesses qualities that all elements, taken separately, did not have.

Any system, including a social one, can be described from two points of view: first, from the point of view of the functional relationships of its elements, i.e. in terms of structure; secondly, from the point of view of the relationship between the system and the outside world around it - the environment.

Relationships between system elements are supported by themselves, no one or anything is directed from the outside. The system is autonomous and does not depend on the will of the individuals included in it. Therefore, a systemic understanding of society is always associated with the need to solve a big problem: how to combine the free action of the individual and the functioning of the system that existed before him and by its very existence determines his decisions and actions. If we follow the logic of the systemic approach, then, strictly speaking, there is no individual freedom at all, since society as a whole exceeds the sum of its parts, i.e. is a reality immeasurably more high order than the individual measures himself with historical terms and scales, incomparable with the chronological scale of the individual perspective. What can an individual know about the long-term consequences of his actions, which may turn out to be opposite to his expectations? It simply turns into a "wheel and cog for the common cause", into the smallest element reduced to the volume of a mathematical point. Then, it is not the individual himself that falls into the perspective of sociological consideration, but his function, which ensures, in unity with other functions, the balanced existence of the whole.

Relationship of the system with the environment serve as a criterion for its strength and vitality. For the system, what comes from the outside is dangerous: after all, everything inside works to preserve it. Environment potentially hostile to the system, since it affects it as a whole, i.e. makes changes to it that may upset its functioning. The system is saved by the fact that it has the ability to spontaneously restore and establish a state of balance between itself and the external environment. This means that the system is inherently harmonious: it gravitates towards internal balance, and its temporary violations are just random failures in the work of a well-coordinated machine. Society is like a good orchestra, where harmony and harmony are the norm, and discord and musical cacophony are the occasional and annoying exception.

The system is able to reproduce itself without the conscious participation of the individuals included in it. If it functions normally, the next generations calmly and without conflict fit into its life, begin to act according to the rules dictated by the system, and in turn pass on these rules and skills to the next generations. The social qualities of individuals are also reproduced within the framework of the system. For example, in the system of a class society, representatives of the upper classes reproduce their educational and cultural level, raising their children accordingly, while representatives of the lower classes, against their will, reproduce their lack of education and their work skills in their children.

The characteristics of the system also include the ability to integrate new social education... It subordinates to its logic and makes the newly emerging elements - new classes and social strata, new institutions and ideologies, etc., work according to its own rules for the good of the whole. For example, the nascent bourgeoisie functioned normally as a class within the "third estate" for a long time, and only when the system estate society could no longer maintain an internal balance, broke out of it, which meant the death of the entire system.

Systemic characteristics of society

Society can be represented as a multi-level system... The first level is social roles that define the structure of social interactions. Social roles organized into various and which constitute the second level of society. Each institution and community can be represented as a complex, stable and self-reproducing systemic organization. Differences in the functions performed by social groups, the opposition of their goals require a systemic level of organization that would support a single normative order in society. It is realized in the system of culture and political power. Culture sets patterns human activity, supports and reproduces the norms approved by the experience of many generations, and politic system legislative and legal acts regulates and strengthens connections between social systems.

The social system can be considered in four aspects:

• as the interaction of individuals;
• as a group interaction;
• as a hierarchy of social statuses (institutional roles);
• as a set of social norms and values ​​that determine the behavior of individuals.

A description of the system in its static state would be incomplete.

Society - dynamic system , i.e. is in constant motion, development, changes its features, signs, conditions. The state of the system gives an idea of ​​it at a particular moment in time. The change of states is caused both by the influences of the external environment and by the needs of the development of the system itself.

Dynamical systems can be linear and non-linear. Changes in linear systems easily calculated and predicted, since they occur relative to the same stationary state. This is, for example, free wobble pendulum.

Society is a non-linear system. This means that the processes occurring in it at different times under the influence of different reasons are determined and described by different laws. They cannot be put into one explanatory scheme, because there will certainly be such changes that will not correspond to this scheme. That is why social change always contains a measure of unpredictability. In addition, if the pendulum returns to its previous state with 100% probability, society never returns back to any point in its development.

Society - open system ... This means that it reacts to the slightest influence from the outside, to any accident. The reaction manifests itself in the appearance of fluctuations - unpredictable deviations from the stationary state and bifurcations - branching of the development trajectory. Bifurcations are always unpredictable; the logic of the previous state of the system is inapplicable to them, since they themselves constitute a violation of this logic. These are, as it were, crisis moments of a break, when the usual threads of cause-and-effect relationships are lost and chaos ensues. It is at the bifurcation points that innovations arise, revolutionary changes take place.

A nonlinear system is capable of generating attractors - special structures that turn into a kind of "goals" towards which the processes of social change are directed. These are new complexes of social roles that did not exist before and which are organized into a new social order. This is how new preferences of mass consciousness arise: new political leaders, sharply gaining national popularity, new political parties, groups, unexpected coalitions and alliances, there is a redistribution of forces in the struggle for power. For example, during the period of dual power in Russia in 1917, unpredictable rapid social changes over several months led to the Bolshevization of the soviets, an unheard-of increase in the popularity of new leaders and, ultimately, to a complete change of the entire political system in the country.

Understanding society as a system passed a long evolution from the classical sociology of the era of E. Durkheim and K. Marx to modern works on the theory of complex systems. Already Durkheim associates the development of social order with the complication of society. The work of T. Parsons "The Social System" (1951) played a special role in understanding systems. He reduces the problem of the system and the individual to the relationship between systems, since he considers not only society, but also the individual as a system. Between these two systems, according to Parsons, there is interpenetration: it is impossible to imagine a system of personality that would not be included in the system of society. Social action and its components are also part of the system. Despite the fact that the action itself is made up of elements, outwardly it acts as an integral system, the qualities of which are activated in the system of social interaction. In turn, the interaction system is a subsystem of action, since every single act consists of elements of the culture system, the personality system and the social system. Thus, society is a complex interweaving of systems and their interactions.

According to the German sociologist N. Luhmann, society is an autopoietic system - self-discriminating and self-renewing. The social system has the ability to distinguish “itself” from “others”. She herself reproduces and defines her own boundaries that separate her from the external environment. In addition, according to Luhmann, a social system, unlike natural systems, is built on the basis of meaning, i.e. in it, its various elements (action, time, event) acquire a semantic coordination.

Modern researchers of complex social systems focus their attention not only on purely macrosociological problems, but also on questions of how systemic changes are implemented at the living standards of individuals, individual groups and communities, regions and countries. They come to the conclusion that all changes occur at different levels and are interconnected in the sense that the “higher” arise from the “lower” and return to the lower again, influencing them. For example, social inequality arises from differences in income and wealth. This is not just an ideal measure of the distribution of income, but a real factor that produces certain social parameters and influences the lives of individuals. Thus, the American researcher R. Wilkinson showed that in cases where the degree of social inequality exceeds a certain level, it affects the health of individuals in and of itself, regardless of actual welfare and income.

Society has a self-organizing potential, which allows us to consider the mechanism of its development, especially in a situation of transformation, from the standpoint of a synergistic approach. Self-organization is understood as the processes of spontaneous ordering (transition from chaos to order), formation and evolution of structures in open nonlinear media.

Synergetics - a new interdisciplinary direction of scientific research, within the framework of which the processes of transition from chaos to order and vice versa (processes of self-organization and self-disorganization) in open nonlinear environments of a very different nature are studied. This transition is called the phase of formation, which is associated with the concept of bifurcation or catastrophe - an abrupt change in quality. At the decisive moment of the transition, the system must make a critical choice through the dynamics of fluctuations, and this choice takes place in the bifurcation zone. After a critical choice, stabilization occurs and the system develops further in accordance with the choice made. This is how, according to the laws of synergetics, fundamental relations are fixed between the case and external constraint, between fluctuation (randomness) and irreversibility (necessity), between freedom of choice and determinism.

Synergetics as a scientific trend emerged in the second half of the 20th century. v natural sciences, however, gradually the principles of synergetics spread to humanities, having become so popular and in demand that at the moment synergetic principles are at the center of scientific discourse in the system of social and humanitarian knowledge.

Society as a social system

From the point of view of the systems approach, it can be considered as a system consisting of many subsystems, and each subsystem, in turn, is itself a system at its own level and has its own subsystems. Thus, society is something like a set of nesting dolls, when inside a large nesting doll there is a smaller nesting doll, and inside it there is an even smaller nesting doll, etc. Thus, there is a hierarchy of social systems.

The general principle of systems theory is that a system is understood as something much more than just the sum of its elements - as a whole, thanks to its holistic organization, possessing qualities that its elements, taken separately, do not have.

The relations between the elements of the system are such that they are supported by themselves, they are not directed by anyone or anything from the outside. The system is autonomous and does not depend on the will of the individuals included in it. Therefore, a systemic understanding of society is always associated with a big problem - how to combine the free action of the individual and the functioning of the system that existed before him and determines by its very existence his decisions and actions. What can an individual know about the long-term consequences of his actions, which may turn out to be opposite to his expectations? It simply turns into a "wheel and cog in the common cause", into the smallest element, and not the individual himself is subjected to sociological consideration, but his function, which ensures, in unity with other functions, the balanced existence of the whole.

The relationship of the system with the environment serves as a criterion for its strength and viability. For the system, what comes from the outside is dangerous, since everything inside the system works to preserve it. The environment is potentially hostile to the system because it affects it as a whole, making changes to it that can upset its functioning. The system is preserved, since it has the ability to spontaneously restore and establish a state of balance between itself and the external environment. This means that the system tends to the internal balance and its temporary violations are just random failures in the work of a well-coordinated machine.

The system can reproduce itself. This happens without the conscious participation of the individuals included in it. If it functions normally, the next generations calmly and without conflict fit into its life, begin to act according to the rules dictated by the system, and in turn pass on these rules and skills to their children. The social qualities of individuals are also reproduced within the framework of the system. For example, in a class society, representatives of the upper classes reproduce their educational and cultural level, raising their children accordingly, while representatives of the lower classes, against their will, reproduce in their children a lack of education and their work skills.

The characteristics of the system also include the ability to integrate new social formations. It subordinates to its logic and forces to act according to its own rules for the good of the whole newly emerging elements - new classes, social strata, etc. For example, for a long time the emerging bourgeoisie functioned normally as part of the "third estate" (the first estate was the nobility, the second was the clergy), but when the system of the estate society could not maintain an internal balance, it "broke" out of it, which meant the death of the entire system.

So, society can be represented as a multilevel system. The first level is social roles that define the structure of social interactions. Social roles are organized into institutions and communities that make up the second level of society. Each institution and community can be represented as a complex systemic organization, stable and self-reproducing. Differences in the functions performed, the opposition of the goals of social groups can lead to the death of society, if there is no such systemic level of organization that would support a unified normative order in society. It is realized in the system of culture and political power. Culture sets the models of human activity, supports and reproduces the norms tested by the experience of many generations, and the political system regulates and strengthens the ties between social systems by legislative and legal acts.

The term "society" has several definitions.

In the broadest sense of the word, society

- these are forms of organization and methods of interaction between people and social groups that have separated from nature, but are closely related to it, and are part of the material world.

The concept of society

in the narrow sense, it is presented in several variations:
1. Society as a set of people, united by a certain common feature, interests (society of book lovers).
2. Society as a characteristic of a certain historical stage in the development of mankind (medieval society).
3. Society as distinctive features of the life of a particular country (Russian society).
4. Society as the entire population of the Earth as a whole (human race).

Signs of society:

a) integrity - means that society consists of interconnected components (elements of society);
b) openness - society is open to the emergence of something new;
c) sustainability - society strives for self-preservation
d) dynamism - society is in constant motion; the static nature of society is not characteristic.

Society functions:

→ reproductive - reproduction of the genus.
→ production - production of material and spiritual benefits.
→ regulatory - the establishment of rules for the behavior of people in society.
→ socializing - familiarizing a person with the achievements of civilization.

Society and nature are closely interconnected with each other.

The entire material world (planet Earth) consists of two parts: society and nature.
Their interaction can be both constructive and deconstructive.
An example of constructive interaction between society and nature: the first settlements along the rivers, agricultural production.
An example of deconstructive interaction: drainage of water bodies, deforestation, environmental pollution.
Just as society can influence nature, so nature can influence society.
An example of the impact of society on nature → changes in the river bed.
An example of the influence of nature on society → natural disaster (hurricane, earthquake, tsunami).

Culture - all transformative human activity.

Under the influence of which the society develops:
1. Idealists believe that - society changes under the influence of human ideas.
2. Materialists believe that - society is changing under the influence of a person's desire to live in comfort.
3. Naturalistic approach - society is changing under the influence of the forces of nature.
4. Most scientists agree that - society is changing not under the influence of any one approach, but under the influence of several.

Society is a dynamic system.

Dynamic - because it is in constant motion, static is not characteristic of society.
The system is because it consists of interconnected elements, subsystems of society.
Spheres of society (subsystems / elements):
a) society
b) politics
c) economics
d) the spiritual world

Social process - a spatio-temporal concept that includes the life milestones of various generations of people.

Social process trends:
- progress (movement from lower forms to complex)
- regression (on the contrary, degradation).

Social progress criteria:
progressive development of production
degree of development of science
standards of living
the level of protection of the honor and dignity of the individual
level of morality

Forms of social change:
1. Evolution
2. Revolution
3. Reform
4. Modernization