Rhetoric is the essence of shaping people. Building used, is it foldable? Yakshcho, zychayno, know the topic, the same auditorium of the speech of the speaker. The problem is that people like to talk and not like to hear. First, the stench was brutal with respect to what was said, it is necessary to remember it. Grab your promotions.

History of the oratory

The mastery of rhetoric is one of those who found it. As only people have come to talk, as only a signal system has been formulated for a friend, so at once the demand is victorious, as it can be more beautifully and more efficiently. Adzhe oratorske mystery - tse not just speak beautifully.

At the same time and in the memory of perekonuvati, to persuade people to kill those that are needed by the orator, and not those who stink. Tse - vlada. In ancient Greece, oratorical mystery was introduced in a general order. Vzhavalusya, that the person is illumined is guilty of speaking - so it is, that he is guilty of writing. In Old Rome they respected that the head of the gentry was guilty of being a politician, or a warrior, or a lawyer. It’s impossible to do a job without cleverly speaking and loudly.

Who needs to speak beautifully?

Today, it is obvious that rhetoric should not be included in the list of obscure objects. Ale is a very rich professional, in which I will become a vidminnim. Tі, hto pratsyuє with people, guilty vіtіvіyuvati understandable and tsіkavo, perekonuvati and bring. Pedagogical rhetoric is a teacher's mystery to provide material, to concentrate respect of scientists on the necessary moments. The lecture was competently prompted not only to get lost in memory, it’s even simpler for the speaker himself. No need to shout, no need to be angry and nervous. And even auditorіya і so to catch the teacher's word for skin, і not to those who are afraid of punishment, but to those who are very cool. Pedagogical rhetoric, taught and taught in the world, to help both teachers and scholars.

Movi basis - plan

It is necessary to remember that rhetoric is not only smart to speak beautifully. It is a string of mystery that is logical, misleading.

Without a clever structure, without a clear plan, based on the last, sounding theses, it is impossible to speak overly and intelligently. Viviren is at the heart of whatever, the most emotional match, the concept is thought out. In general, the speaker is almost blindly repeating himself, taking in important facts and stuttering.

Still one moment, without being tied to the minds, not tied to the audience, is dictation. The guilty listeners concentrate on speech, and do not admit to the need to pick up a non-viral lecturer.

It seems, Demosthenes, to achieve the ideal vimov by training in the oratorical mystery, putting a drop of stones in his mouth. Sounding coolly, alrightly, non-repudiation is a way of verifying dictation - as well, viciously, there are no serious problems, which require additional help from fahivts. Well, і, zychayno, squash. Їх navіt dictator vikoristovoit for trenuvan.

Publika - tse zovsim is not scary

Rhetoric is a conversation, and not reading the text from one sheet of paper. Movu needs to read the memory, and it’s easy to read, and it’s easy and without sound. There is not much more folding, not the point of illusion of invisibility. The lightest grace of ballerinas is the result of a magnificent performance.

Trenuvatisya is necessary constantly. On old people, on friends, on loving dogs - you will surely hear from the tsikavistyu, you will be able to find out about a dozen times. If a phone call appears, speak easily and smoothly, do not get overwhelmed, it’s easier to play in public.

For the bagatooh, the problem itself is to stand in front of people, vistupati is a process of horror, nerves. Practice can be helpful here. You can try to show up at Batkiv's zbora, at the narade in front of the team, say a little prom at the corporate party. Nearly there will be none and not relatives, but all the same, you know, good-hearted people. In such minds, it will be simpler to say the least of the publication.

Orientation on hearing

The fundamentals of rhetoric allow for a clearer structure of modernization and education for auditorium. So you will need to write a plan and memorize the paragraphs in fragments of the text, which may not be of the essence.

Mova, rozrahovana on the mines - the call is not the same as the match, which will be immobilized on a number of directors. The first on the right is not because something is more beautiful or more beautiful. It’s just that these audiences have a lot of interesting and interesting tastes. The orator is guilty of the price of vrahovuvati; With the same basics, there are different types of applications, different stocks. The intellectual auditorium is unlikely to assess the expressiveness of the speaker, but from people who have sounded to express their sentiment, navpaki, will sympathize with the emotional speaker.

Zatsikaviti and zhopiti

The entry may be guilty but we will be scared. Navigate as the main topic does not allow fantasies to unfold, first phrases are guilty of asking for an audience, and respect for the spy. Additional oratorios can be victorious for the introduction of extravagant and risky ones - just for the sake of hearing rumors. And then, in the offensive part of the promotion, iron out the enemy. Pochatkіvtsyam, zvychayno, do not go into such radical visits. But all the same, you will need to try to break the ear of "chіplyat", yaskravim. As soon as the ear itself does not reach into the distance to win the respect of the listeners, all the work of writing is movable to appear as a marnim.

The strangleholds of those who enter are also an important moment. Lyudin can do without zusil fokusuvati respect only five-sheer khiliin. Yaksho mova is guilty of butti dovgoyu - lecture, lecture explanation, - also, it is necessary to distribute it on logical segments. I break the theory with tsikavimy for the public with butts, maybe navіdnymi, if you want humor - velmi histky soil. Those who are confused by one, who are very rude or vulgar. Rhetoric - the whole mystery is not just zatsikaviti, ale and utrimati respect to the public.

Dialogue with publication

So, do not come to guilt but not often, but not too often. The stench allows the auditorium to reread, the thoughts of the pidsumuvati are said and prepared to the onset of the part of the move, not so much alive and groveling.

If it’s important, if it’s nice to the hearers, the correct vibrational rate and tone, it’s necessary to know in the hall of people, wiklikku sympathy, and say "for the new one." Tsei priyom often vikoristovuyt actor-pochatkіvtsі, and the current rhetoric is very spiral with theatrical mystery. It’s easier, so it’s easier to forget about the halls and publications, as spostering behind the whistle. In a different way, spostering behind a specific human being, which leads to an illusion of dialogue. Win back emots, wiklikans with promos, let’s say, if people are willing and ready to start nudguvati, and if, navpaki, we’ll help us with thoughts.

Mova is guilty of being literate

Russian rhetoric is characteristic. Vona is vimogliva to move, more precisely - to the style of moving.

This is an important factor behind how to evaluate the orator's message of the promotion. Transmitting that the orator is guilty of the classic literary style, does not get used to slang, jargon, or mistechkovy dialect. Svychayno, є vinyatki - for example, in the hands of the higher education institution, or in front of a special viborts, if it is necessary to see "your own". Ale, most often, such a person is able to take off as a manifestation of unreasonableness, low culture. І todі dovіr until promotions go down.

It’s a pity, it’s a pity, you’ll be able to speak correctly. The best way is to read good literature and talk to smart people. Whenever an hour is reading, it is possible to add a copy of yak audio books, and rumors at the Vilna Khvilini. So if the name is formed, speak the correct literary language.

TOPIC 1 RHETORIC YAK SCIENCE I PRIMARY DISCIPLINE

1. Rhetoric yak science to success
   
2. Basic distribution of classical rhetoric
   
3. Law rhetoric
   

Rhetoric is the science of a moving science. There is no culture of spilkuvannya without knowledge of movi, that is why rhetoric is needed in the best galuzy of professional education, in the spheres of suspicious life. Mova gives you the power to realize yourself as a spiritual specialty. Vaughn modelє vchinka people.

Moving into the people of the country is psychologic in perfection, equitable, yes, in view of the prospect, spiritual support.

Moving can be visually yak stan rosumu at the melody hour, the result of the miss, litmus of the miss.

Rhetoric is like science to success.

Yak and skin science, the rhetoric of the need to read, it needs to be learned. The main methods of vivchennya in the old rhetoric boule repeat, recite views and write their promises for inspiration. Protest not going to be forgotten, but rhetoric, like a niyaka is a science, is essentially individual, special. Vona vikhovuє specialism, ale the need for basic training, tact, relish, care.

Rhetoric is the science of text-making, in the center of the law is the law of misdirection and translation, the mechanics of blowing through the written text.

Moreover, it was included in the subject of rhetoric of the hour of development, went to the subject of the first sciences. To this rhetoric is called a systematic science, it has systematized the fragments of everything, or synthetic, it has more subdued in itself, as it has developed in the other sciences.

Ancient people used the word for magic power, as everything grows up in the world. Maystri words, in the first place, practical oratorios, which thoroughly volodili with the secrets of redness, were hungry, mali poured into the suspensions, who reached their mark, played the right.

Ninі vinikla gostra is needed in people of a special type, as they are self-consciously misled, perekonuvati live by the word, sponuquati to dіy.

Oratory and tips are necessary in the numerical range of life.

A lawyer who pokliklivayutsya legitimacy and not verbally, that is, in a word, bring the correctness of his position, refer to the boundaries of the profession. In his hands is the share of the people who can be grabbed by the grave. I nevmile Volodinnya word means in the given situation impassivity and lack of professionalism.

A politician-orator, it’s not in the snake to light up the word masi, admonitions for failure. And the opinion of the lawyer is significantly greater, the lower the opinion of a lawyer: it is a policy to lay down a share of the support, a significant group of people.

At the middle of that big school of hearing, the auditorium is clearly audible. Here it is not possible to find the knowledge of one's own subject more blatantly from the essence of the scientific side: it is necessary to keep him in mind.

A business man who can only rely on the power of pennies, risky ruin the clientele of partners, who know his manager, who is a salesman who is more intelligent and perceptive. That and іnshі situations inform about the power of the word. It is often a lot in the bazaars to bathe at the one who praises their goods, creating an atmosphere of good-naturedness, generosity and courtesy.

Efforts for great religion to awaken on the authority of the word, to the Holy Letter, as the generations of the fathers of the religion have been seen in their heads, condensed the spiritual fruit of the fortune. The first religious preacher, who is not able to bring the fruit to the witness of the hearers, not to the word of the people, will automatically destroy the authority of the spiritual leader of his community.

The family, in which there is no reason for being clearer, has already quickly ceased to be the same and transformed into a gurtozhitok, in which the spirit and interests of people were chosen in a vague way. And every gurtozhitok є rich timchasova.

Nevminnya competently hangs out, the culture of spilkuvannya is low - a dance on an officer's uniform.

Hiba, it’s not acceptable just to feel it, to inflict words on ourselves, to fit into people's testimony?

Otozh, і in the professional activity of the people, and in the whole life of the world, we must use the power of the word.

On one side, redness is a tse mystestvo, rozkuta gra in a word, as you can make love, as show off with an artist's whistle. Hourly such a gift is manifested by itself, from nature. Water-hour rhetoric is a whole science about the ways of reconnecting the effective form to the audience with urahuvannya її features.

Rhetoric- the science of oratorical mystery, redness. Understanding "krasnostvo" ("mystestvo speak") means a Latin word eloguentia.

Classical sciences (philosophy, logic, rhetoric and rhetoric) were fundamental disciplines since the founding hours, and they served as a universal and harmoniously developed people - homo novus (nova lyudina, lat.).

Father of rhetoric, a prominent orator of Ancient Rome, Cicero, writing: "Brushing in the light of the meta is a good human being." To this, in the old days, the numerical schools of philosophy, rhetoric, oratorical mystery were dashed, and young people were delighted with the secrets of the classical sciences to the corny of this state.

The meta of the modern intellectual people is to comprehend the rhetorical skarbnya of the people and the native people of the most powerful possibilities, specifically the situation of spilkuvannya, virobit their original oratorical style.

Rhetoric, like іnshі science, has its own history, evil and fall.

Until the recent hour, the boules became more and less the world of ancient rhetoricians: Aristotle, Cicero, Demosthenes, Kvіntіlіana and іn.

Until the end of the last few years, it was clear that the invisible riches were taken from the manuscripts of the libraries in the great places of Ukraine and the great Union, in the midst of science and culture, even in the ХУІІ-ХУІІІ centuries. the rhetoric was a traditional school discipline.

Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, in the era of democratic development, have become the shrine of the rhetoric and oratorical mystery. According to the laws of Solon, the Kozhen from the Athenians is guilty of capturing his interest in the courts especially, for the fate of the representatives was allowed only in some cases, for example, on the right, the disagreeable women are too thin.

The rhetoric behind the hiring was promoted. The public appearance of the hulks at the People's Choice in the Court didn’t have much of the function of the apparatus of state power in the democratic polities of Old Greece.

Oratory mystery in Helladi was a great leader, that number of oratory schools and old days did not get empty.

First of all, the core is techne - for the quiet, which was published in public, obviously, belonged to the Sicilian rhetoricians Tysiy and Korak and gave recommendations, as I would like to propose on a part (enter, wiklade help, epilogy) It is a pity that the original orators' prats until our days did not work, except for the comedy of Aristophanes "Zhabi", de-censored by the super-line of Ehil and Euripida, as well as some fragments of promos from organizers of tales, orators, and

Gliboki roots of rhetoric in svitovy culture (myths about heroes, gods, devotion to the classic mystery of enchanting spirit, "solodkomovnost", oratorical mystery).

Donka of the mighty Zeus and Mnemosyne (the goddess of memory) Calliope was seen with her gifts among the best muses. Vona became the muse of the epic poetry of science. Sinami Kalliopi bouly beautiful spіvtsi Orpheus, tsar of faction Res. The beauty and wisdom of Calliope were vied with mitts at the sculptural image of the goddess with a wax tablet, or with a slate stick in her hands.

Tsikavo, one of the visual sculptures of the genial orator of the long-time anniversary Mark Tuliy Cicero, the image of Calliope, who was a great orator of the past and the people.

In the Greek mythology of lilacs - napivptahs, drinks, like the old man Akhelai to the wild spontaneity, and from the mother Melpomene (music of tragedy) - the divine voice. The stench lingered on the skeletons of a deserted island, full of cysts and lilacs of victims, like lilacs lured by magical, enchanting sleep. By the power of the beauty of the divine boules of overpowering magic, before the divine dream of which a man's good seafarers could not stand? (The legendary Odissey, propelling through the not safe islands, tying himself to the ship and flooding his comrades with wax.)

Orpheus is the most popular image of the walnut mythology in the sphere of volodinnya with the spell of verbal infusion on people, gods and nature (sin Kal-ta Apollo Bagra). In the works of Plato - a description of the orator's power: “I speak, that the super-stream has come to the Narodnoy; Whom you turn a likare for two, - on a lykar nichto and astonish not to fight, but to turn the one who is volodya in a word, - it’s worthless to bother you ”(“ About oratory; ”- Moscow; 1980.- p. 37).

Shidnoslovyanskaya mythology magnifies the image of Boyan's epic spokesman, which is denoted by the rice of a talented orator ("The Word about the Regiment of Igor").

One can see the orator's memorial - Svyatoslav's "Word to Gold," There are many patriots of the native land.

Vivchati rhetoric is possible in a pictorial way, but it is possible through the opanuvannaya of beauty and power of the mythological rhetorical decline: "Blessed is Lyudin, who knows wisdom!" (Biblia).

Rhetoric (reddishness), or oratorical mystery, vinikla in Ancient Greece. Yak і epos, drama, music, sculpture and architecture, won a lot of art, creativity, and was called "the queen of all arts".

In Ancient Greece, the rhetoric was bulky as a warehouse part of a suspicious life. In Homer's works, the heroes are respected by the one who does not only show valor, but who knows how to speak well. Vіyska, scho conquered Troy, having helped the old Nestor with his promises, I wish I could not take part in the battle.

In three ancient hours, rhetoric was subdivided into three galuzy: court rhetoric, political rhetoric, urochist rhetoric. Someone in Ancient Greece, having reprimanded their positions before the court, was guilty of being guilty of vigolosity promov, once he gave us a letter to advised fakhivtsy, who prepared promises for the ship's look. They didn’t just put together, but they broke up the theory of rhetoric. Great respect was given to the stench of the selection of proofs, refined phrases with the help of making them stronger.

Artistic rhetoric was formulated on the basis of practical rhetoric.

The first theory of rhetoric was set in the V Art. BC e. Sicilian Greeks in Syracuse. Nayvidatnіshim from them Buv Gorgіy, as having become familiar with the theory of oratorical mystery and learned about Afini with her.

The over-the-top style of yogo vitonenikh promov, defeating the Afinians, defeating Gorgiya, and praising it as a greedy teacher. Win zum re-translate the rhetoric into mystery, as with its beauty that power of learning from the train.

The school of sophistries continued the development of the theory of oratorical mystery. The oratorical majesty of the software was more priced, less the more promising.

Isocrates completing the power of the sophistication. Vin said this about the role of the orator's mystery: “The word didn’t only viviln us from the kaidans of the life of the life, the people who worked for us created the place, they set the laws and touched the mystery. The power of yogo is so, that without it you can’t blame anything reasonable. The word zapochatkovuє all vchinki and all namiri. "

Isocrates having patched the first school, in yaky scholars they were filled with rhetoric and writing, they got a home education. At the forefront of the sophistication of Isocrates, the traditional Greek morality has been adopted. Yogo became the basis of all theories of stylistics.

Socrates, an Athenian philosopher (469-399 bc. BC) - a master of academic conversations-dialogues, expanding his philosophical view of the middle of the Athenian youth in the form of dialogue. K. Marx called Socratic irony "dialectical pasta".

Plato (427-347 rr. BC. E.), The scientist of Socrates, rooting out the struggle between philosophy and rhetoric.

Demosthenes (384-322 rr. BC) - the best master of the oratory of Greece. Demosthenes lost the old man early, and if he became more, the temptations were judged by his opikuns, as they liberated his great part of the father’s decline. Tse sponukalo Yunak to go in to the orator's mystery. Rhetoric has become a yogic poklikannya, has become a reader of the orator's mystery, and moreover it has become a political and sovereign act. Up to us 60 th proms and sheets have gone. N aivi houses mi є three yogo promises, shou boules of vigolosheni against Philip, the Macedonian king, who are magical to amuse the Afinians of independence.

Yogo viklad buv clear, phrases in misses, as a rule, are short. Rivne metaphor was enforced by hostility from each other. Seemingly, on Demosthenes slips, not only the oratorios of the bagatokh generation at the Grecian, but the last one in Rome. Yogo promovy brav for the eye of the best Roman orator Cicero, cynuchi їh force.

In the republican Rome political court, the oratorical mystery is not as great as it is of practical importance, as in Greece. Urochist rhetoric was cultivated in the form of funeral laudatory promises. Even in the II century; BC that is, the conservative Romans defended the walnut speakers and philosophers

Rome. However, the walnut inflow has widened here. The first to see Roman orators went through the walnut school itself.

Cicero is a representative of the Roman oratory school. Naivazhlivy yogo tvir - the treatise "De oratore" ("About the orator"), devin viznacha five traditional parts of rhetoric. The work of the treatise is sent to the booth of the glorious orator L. Crassus. Heads of individuals: Crassus and Mark Antoniy (a prominent speaker of that hour).

I st. n. E. M. Fabius Kvіntіlіan - the best speaker of the era. The style has become zanadto lively and piece by piece. Latin, Greek schools of rhetoric fizzled out, ale ... oratorical mystery faded.

Tsikavo entered the oratory school. Vchitel, who sid_v on p_dvischenn_, having started from the nudity of those. Winning a little bit of delight in developing those and making it possible to get to the given plot. Keruyuchis such nastanov, scientists prepared themselves in a self-styled manner. Over the course of Cicero's hours, the listener himself ripped off the topic. It’s small enough to be seen before life and before the ship's view. Formerly, in the era of the emperors, those bully mens were bound from lives. Writing the end of the robot over the text in the text Then they prompted them to do it and they gave it to the teacher and colleagues.

In the era of Serednyovichya, after the fall of the Roman Empire, the oratorical mystery continued to appear, as there were already up to seven so-called great mystery plays. Ale ... dogmatism and scholasticism reigned. The feudal mood is based on the call, physical force, on the name, which is tied to Suvoro's meaning, immutable formulas

The revision of rhetoric in the system of education was aware of the involvement of the middle, with the attorneys of the trium and quadrum:

• trivium(grammar, poetry, rhetoric);
  

guadrium(arithmetic, geometriya, philosophy, music).


The stinks were included in the basic programs of the Kiev Brotherhood School, from the collegiate of the Academy, and behind the cordon: at the Cambridge University, Krakivsky, Vidensky, Zalyuysky, Poznansky.


G liboka root of vichiznya rhetoric


"Velesova" is a collection of sermons of the spiritual leaders of the pre-Ukrainian tribes in the pre-Christian era. The rhetorical majesty of the cich preachers is found in the lofty verbal and spiritual culture of our ancestors.


Writing the christening of Russia, memorials of writing are actively developing, art, architecture, literature, culture of words, zokrem is rhetorical. "The Word of the Regiment of Igor" brought to our days the "Word of Gold" by Svyatoslav, "the word from the sleepy", who was the eye of the high rhetorical culture of that hour. Nybilsh, presented by the speakers of Kiev Rus, Bully Ilarion and Kirilo Turovsky.


The national redness of the words is based on the classic rhetorical decline of the old days, as well as on the reach of the western European network of literary thought. Russia, the artistic rhetorical word, was at all important in the struggle against the words of the peoples of the people for visvolence, against spiritual slavery, against Catholicism, polonization. The beautiful artistic creations of the prominent maystriv words became folk, national ones. Deyakі create Ukrainian Aristotle G.S. Skovorodi ("Every city has a temper") became folk songs.


Beautiful ideas of the Slovenian rhetoric were developed by: Bishop Makariy, Simeon Polotsky (one of the forebears of the Slovenian-Greek-Latin Academy), beautiful humanities-educators - M.V. Lomonosov, Feofan Prokopovich, Petro Mogila and other associates.


Folklore is a thousand years of gold, created by peoples (prisliv'ya, prikazki). Yogo was taken with love and handed over to V.I. Dahl, B.D. Grinchenko.


XVII-XVIII centuries - the period of the formation and development of literature and school courses in the theory of poetry and oratory.


1620 p. - Persha Russian "Rhetoric" by an unknown author. Bula popular with Moscow, Novgorod, Yaroslavl, Nilov wasteland, Solovetsky Monastery. Tse transfer from Latin rhetoric. "Rhetoric" of two books: "About vinaydennya spravo" and "About embellishment of words", written in the form of the dialogue of the teacher and the teacher, which was typical for children of old Russia.


The order of the first Russian "Rhetoric": "I am the rhetoric of a good-natured and clairvoyant rosum, I am a grammarist and a dialectic to be embellished ... I am starting to wisdom of life and I instruct, how to clearly put together good promises."


Rhetoric of the Kiev-Mohyla Academy


The Kyiv-Mohyla Academy is a trivial hour of Bula, the only one in the culture of education in Ukraine, Russia, a significant world in Bylorus and the new words of the country, a small European glorious foundation, and glory


The academy is small, very nationally straightforward, using the system and methods of creating the best western European universities and academies, and giving a bright and bright education. Among them - a lot of politicians, sovereign and educational children, students-philosophers, physicians, historians, artists, composers, who successfully worked in Ukraine and beyond the borders of Ukraine (G.S. Prokonosov, M.V.


At the XVII-XVIII centuries. in the academy there are many classes, and the course is now 12 years old.


The key to vishchi x znan bula latin mova. Spudei vyvchali Ukrainian books, walnuts, Polish, words and European Movies. They used to speak only in Latin language, but the people, who did not volodya in Latin, took part in unrevealed.


Vivchali "Sem of Vilnyh Sciences", which were transformed into trivium (grammatics, psychology, rhetoric) and quadrium (arithmetic, geometry, philosophy, music).


Writing grammatical classes spuds uprodovzh eight rocky vivchali poetics (1 rock), rhetoric (1 rock), philosophy (2 rock) and divine (4 rock).


Poetics is a mystery of the folding of verses - overwhelming rhetoric.


Until now, there have been inventories of 183 handbooks of rhetoric. Tse buli original courses of rhetoric (127 of them were collected in the academy in 16351817).


In the course of rhetoric, such progressive ones, such as F. Prokopovich, Ioanikiy Galyatovskiy, went to young people who truly felt patrioticism on the butts of the butts, panegyrics to children - Peter Mohyla, koshovim.


Rhetoric in the academy was the most popular subject and was not very practical: students used oratorical promises, orats, and boules as participants in the bagatokh urochist huge and church podіy.


Method of teaching rhetoric: students were taught how to promote and praise the singing (court, panegyric), write leaves: vital, good, good, bad, goodbye.


Church redness came only from the bazhayuchi, more students of rhetoric were respected by the saintly people. Smells actively vivchali create Roman, Greek classics of rhetoric.


Pidruchniks in the academy will be handwritten, author's, more leathery wikladachy to put together their original course of lectures.


The first handler of rhetoric in the academy of the bureau is the assistant of Professor Ioanikiy Galyatovsky "Science, or a Method of Malicious Kazannya" (Kiev, 1659; Lviv, 1663. - "The Key of Reason").


From the 60s of the XVIII century. The Academy will be transformed into a spiritual pledge, and for the completion of the education, call to go to Moscow, St. Petersburg. Krasnomovstvo and rhetoric at that hour were vicious in church schools and colleges.


The rhetoric of the day is like a science perekonannya zasob move and go far beyond the public promises. There is a wider stasis in the growing situations of the world as a suspension, as well as in the context of the movement.


Traditionally, the rhetoric is spoken like the science of redness. Alle the same rhetoric of the generic social spirit in the society, there is the prospect of a wide stash in the bitter Ukrainian suspension.


The rhetoric is based on what you say and to whom, the rhetoric is based on nutrition: how to speak? for what i de?


Basic distribution of classical rhetoric


Invenciya (lat. Inventio - vinakhid, vygadka) is the most thorough dissemination of classical rhetoric, in which the hypothesis of the maybutt is broken up. Mainly in the іntentsії - in the distance, pre-verbally vibrations, the subject of change, and in order to present it so that it’s okay to think about it.


Disposition (lat. Dispositio - roztashovuyu, razmіschuyu) - a whole other distribution of rhetoric, in which the basic understanding of the subject is formulated and the rules of the understanding by the understanding begin.


The main feature of the disposition is to propose a set of positions and in such a way, but the stench was not overpowered by one, but specifically moved from one part to one part right up to the time.


Elokuts_ya (lat. Eloguor - I’m freezing, Viklady) is the third part of classical rhetoric, in which the laws of the main twist of the subject are revealed. At the stage of development, the idea of ​​styles has evolved. This is what he called the rhetoric the most beautiful and the most defective. The very thing is to bring the movie to the point.


Elokventsіya - pіdrozdіl elokutsії, in which you can hear figuri words (tropi) and fіguri dumki (rhetorical fіguri). Otzhe, qiu part can be called the heart of rhetoric. I just call it red.


Memoria (lat. Memoria - memory, riddle). Appreciating a particular section of rhetoric - help the speaker to remember the promises so that it is not just the factual information that is lost, but the imagery, the details.


Yogo can be named trenuvannyam memory. Mnemotechnics is a system of "secrets", taking over the storage of material, a quick vision. In a bit of a funky way, you can name the bags and in the order “bank of danikh”.


Aktsiya (Latin action - dia, dialed) - the definitions of the rhetoric, the signs of which the speaker is called and internally up to the point. At the end of the stage, the whole stage of preparation of the robot can be realized and brought to the point of being cleaned up.


The orator is kindly viglyadati, to celebrate the enemy not only with a zealous prominence, but with a dictation, by the power of the sounding voice, in the mind of a trim, a pause, with a mimic, gestures, kinetics.

Rhetoric is the art of talking to people. It would seem, what's so difficult? If, of course, the topic is familiar, and the audience understands the speaker's language. The problem is that people like to talk and don't like to listen. And in order for them to pay attention to what has been said, you need to be able to interest. Captivate with your speech.

History of public speaking

The art of rhetoric is one of the oldest. As soon as people learned to speak, as soon as the second signaling system was formed, the need arose to use it as best and efficiently as possible. After all, oratory is not just the ability to speak beautifully.

It is also the ability to persuade, persuade people to do what the speaker needs, and not what they were going to do. This is power. V ancient greece oratory was taught without fail. It was believed that an educated person should be able to speak - just as he should be able to write. In ancient Rome, it was believed that a man of noble birth should be either a politician, or a warrior, or a lawyer. None of these things are complete without the ability to speak brightly and captivatingly.

Who needs the ability to speak beautifully?

Today, of course, rhetoric is not included in the list of compulsory subjects. But there are many professions in which she will be a great help. Those who work with people should be able to explain in an accessible and interesting way, convince and prove. Pedagogical rhetoric - the art of a teacher is captivating to present material, to focus the attention of students on the right moments. A well-structured lecture will not only be better remembered, it is also easier to perform for the speaker himself. No need to shout, straining your ligaments, no need to be angry and nervous. After all, the audience already catches every word of the teacher, and not because it is afraid of punishment, but because it is interesting. Pedagogical rhetoric, mastered and practiced to the fullest, will help both teachers and students.

The basis of speech is a plan

It must be remembered that rhetoric is not only the ability to speak beautifully. It is also the art of harmonious, logical thinking.

Without the ability to structure speech, without a clear plan based on consistent, coherent theses, one cannot speak convincingly and reasonably. At the heart of any speech, the most emotional, is a well-thought-out concept. Otherwise, the speaker will start repeating senselessly, missing important facts and stuttering.

Another point that is not directly related to the ability to communicate with the audience is diction. Listeners should concentrate on the speech, and not be distracted by the need to understand the slurred pronunciation of the lecturer.

They say that Demosthenes, in order to achieve perfect pronunciation, trained in oratory by putting a few pebbles in his mouth. It sounds funny, but this is really a good way to align the diction - unless, of course, there are serious problems that require the help of a specialist. And, of course, tongue twisters. Even announcers use them for training.

The audience is not scary at all

Rhetoric is a conversation, not a reading of a text from a sheet of paper. Speech must be taught by memory, and practiced until it sounds like free improvisation - that is, easily and effortlessly. There is nothing more difficult than creating the illusion of ease. The lightest grace of ballerinas is the result of tremendous work.

You need to train constantly. On relatives, on friends, on a beloved dog - she will definitely listen with interest, even if she tells the same thing a dozen times. When you get into the habit of speaking easily and smoothly, without straining, speaking in public will become much easier.

For many, the problem is precisely that to stand in front of people, to speak is a scary, unnerving process. Practice will help here too. You can try to speak at a parent meeting, at a meeting in front of the team, say a short speech at a corporate party. Albeit not relatives, there will be acquaintances, friendly people around. In such conditions, it will be much easier to get used to the attention of the public.

Listener orientation

The basics of rhetoric involve the ability to structure speech and tailor it to the audience. That is, you need to learn how to write a plan and fill in paragraphs with fragments of text that have a specific purpose.

A speech for miners is not at all the same as a speech for a board of directors. And the point is not at all that someone is better or worse. It's just that these audiences have different interests, different tastes. The speaker should take this into account when compiling a speech outline. On the same basis, such performances require different means of expression, different examples... An intelligent audience is unlikely to appreciate the excessive expressiveness of the speaker, but people who are accustomed to openly expressing their feelings, on the contrary, will sympathize with the emotional speaker.

To interest and captivate

The introduction should also be bright. Even if the main topic of the speech does not allow fantasy to unfold, the first phrases should captivate the audience, rivet attention to the speaker. Experienced speakers can use extravagant and risky topics for introductions - just to get them started. And then, in the next part of the speech, smooth out the harsh impression. Beginners, of course, should not resort to such drastic measures. But you still need to try to make the beginning "catchy", bright. If from the very beginning it was not possible to win the attention of the audience, all the work of writing a speech will be useless.

Seeming deviations from the topic are also a very important point. A person can focus their attention effortlessly for only five to six minutes. If the speech is to be long - a lecture, a detailed explanation - then you need to divide it into logical segments. And to break the theory with interesting examples for the public, maybe even funny, although humor is very shaky ground. What is funny to one, the other will consider rude or vulgar. Rhetoric is an art not only to interest, but also to keep the attention of the public.

Dialogue with the public

Such retreats should not be too frequent, but also not infrequent. They allow the audience to rest, mentally summarize what has been said and prepare for the next part of the speech, which is not so lively and exciting.

To determine whether the audience is interested, whether the tempo and intonation are chosen correctly, you need to find a person in the audience who arouses sympathy and say “for him”. This technique is often used by aspiring actors, and modern rhetoric has a lot in common with theatrical art. First, it makes it easier to forget about the audience and the audience watching the performance. Secondly, observing a specific person, the speaker creates the illusion of dialogue. He sees the emotions caused by speech, notices when a person is distracted and begins to get bored, and when, on the contrary, sympathizes with the thoughts expressed.

Speech must be literate

Russian rhetoric has characteristic feature... She is demanding on the language, more precisely, on the style of speech.

This is an important factor by which a speaker's oratory is judged. It is assumed that the speaker should be fluent in the classical literary style, not stray into slang, jargon or parochial dialect. Of course, there are exceptions - for example, speaking in a narrow professional environment or in front of voters, when you need to look like “your own”. But more often such speech is perceived as a manifestation of ignorance, low culture. And then the credibility of the speaker decreases.

Alas, learning to speak correctly is much more difficult than correcting diction. The best way is to read good literature and communicate with intelligent people. If there is no time for reading, you can purchase several high-quality audiobooks and listen to them in your free minutes. This will form the habit of speaking in the correct literary language.

Achievement of redness. Sho take rhetoric

The history of the orator's mystery takes care of the miracles and receptions of redness, which are rich in the revolutionary traditions of political propaganda and propaganda.

The skin era is characterized by its own style and method of redness, not talking about the divergence of these political straightforwardness. In a long line of epochs, especially in the period of revolutionary upheavals and progressive development of the ages, in oratory, as in the other spheres of human culture, the actions of the basic principles were formed, which may be important for the value of society.

Achievement of redness

Krasnomovstvo - the whole mystery of talking like that, what a bastard, to whom our beasts, they heard not without difficulties, but because of satisfaction, and because of the drowning with pride and self-esteem, the stench wanted to penetrate more from her.

Krasnomstvo- the gift that permits us to be filled with the rose and the heart of the spyprosmovnik, the health of the person who is able to bring you everything that we need.

Zavdyaki krasnoystvo we can be full of people, for yaku mi zvychay not beastly respect. Rozum is not deprived of the spiritualizing tilo, the crimson world of the same; Feeling the thoughts, like changing one thing, reviving the denunciations and making one or the other viraze; Reasonable promova nadovgo prikovuє respect to one kind of people.

The salvation of redness in the wisdom of the wisdom. Krasnomovstvo is, however, like its own insecurities, so it is corny: everything is hidden in the victorious; there you can be the shield of innocence, the sword of manhood, and the dagger of wickedness.

One word, spoken from a wide heart, is stronger in our mind than the most powerful proofs and overconflicting the more powerful ones, and especially, if it’s just said, if it’s necessary ...

Nі, nіchim it is not possible to bring more shkodi, nіzh povіdomlyayuy nonsense. It’s just that, if those people, in which the power of the country, doesn’t miss the truth, it’s possible that the power can be cheruvated by the power?

The orator is guilty of the problem of being of great importance and of being pragmatic.

An orator who is deprived of the one who in the snake speaks from the skin food garno, vyshukano and overconfidence, apparently to the importance of objects, on the corny of the clock and for the satisfaction of hearing.

The greatest value of an orator is not only to say what is required, but not to say what is not required.

A nykrashchiy orator є the one who, with his own word і іtcha listeners, і yes to the sick, і maintains strong enmity on them.

Without the natural endowment of an orator, it’s unfortunate, ale the theory will show you on the ear, as it was followed by such physical tricks, as nature gave you, as it should be injected into the mind and heart of your listeners.

Toi hto bazhaє garno say or write, obov is guilty "good taste and good gusto.

Rhetoric- the whole science of public speaking about the ways of reconnecting, effective form of the movement injected into the audience with urahuvannya її features.

See what we are talking about:

• Academic redovstvo - tse naukova dopovid, abo promova (lecture, university, school)
• Sudov redovstvo - prosecutors (zvinuvachuvalna), that advocates (zakhisna) promovi, samozakhist.
• Social and political red-dressing is a welcome addition at the conferences of the meetings, the meeting prom.
• Sotsialno-pobutove redovstvo - juvelyna, vitalna, zastilna (toast), grave, memorial rose.
• Church-theological - church sermon.

The course of rhetoric is formed from the following parts:

• history of rhetoric; theoretical rhetoric (laws of rhetoric);
• practical rhetoric;
• publ_chny vistup.

Literature

1. Orlov B. Demosthenes I Cicero. Their life and work. - SPb., 1898 .-- P. 52.
2. Sagach G.M. Zolotosliv. - K., 1993 .-- P. 16.
3. Timofeev A. History of eloquence from ancient times. - M., 1893 .-- S. 65.
4. Gurevich E.S., Polrilko V.F., German M.A.Foundations of rhetoric. - K., 1978 Moldovan AM. A word about the law and grace of Hilarion. - K., 1984.-p. 240.
5. Turovsky Kirill. Word in the New Week after Easter // Ancient Russian Literature. 8. Reader. - M., 1980 .-- S. 7.
6. "Antique Literature", Moscow, near "Osvita", 1986 p.
7. M. Gasparova, V. Borukhovich "Oratory mystery of ancient Greece", Moscow, "Art Literature", 1985 p.
8. History of the ancient world. - K., 1989.
9. The history of redness. - K., 2000.
10. Kuzishin O. P., "History of Ancient Greece", M., 1986
11. Lectures on the history of light culture. Navch. view. / for zag. ed. Yartisya A.V., Shendrika S.M., Cherepanovoy S.O., - Lviv: Svit, 1994r.
12. S. I. Radzig "History of the Old Town Literature", Moscow, near the "Vishcha School", 1999 p.

The science of eloquence appeared in ancient times. Today, the question of what rhetoric is is considered from three sides:

3. An academic discipline that studies the basics of public speaking.

The subject of rhetoric is the special rules for constructing and delivering a speech in order to convince the audience that the speaker is right.

Russia has always had rich rhetorical traditions. Oratory practice already in Ancient Rus was very diverse and stood out for its high level of skill. The XII century is recognized as the golden age in Ancient Russia for eloquence. The first textbooks in Russia on what rhetoric is, appeared in the 17th century. These were The Legend of the Seven Wisdoms and Rhetoric. They set out the foundations of rhetorical teaching: what is rhetoric, who is a rhetorician and his duties; how to prepare speech as it happens. In the 18th century, already published whole line textbooks, including the fundamental scientific work "Rhetoric" by Lomonosov.

3. Speech law.

4. The law of communication.

Speech is realized in different forms, such as monologue, dialogue and polylogue. Depending on what goal the speaker has set for himself, it is divided into types:

1. Informative - acquaintance of listeners with certain information, facts, which will make it possible to form an impression of its subject.

2. Persuasive - belief in the correctness of their position.

3. Arguing - proof of your point of view.

4. Emotionally evaluative - expresses its negative or positive assessment.

5. Incentive - through speech, listeners are encouraged to do something.

Is it possible to become a speaker

When the task of speaking to the audience arises, in which it is necessary to convince the audience of something, a person begins to think - what is rhetoric? Can you be a good speaker? Opinions differ on this point. Someone thinks that a talented speaker should have a natural gift. Others - that you can become a good speaker if you practice a lot and improve yourself. This dispute has been going on for many years, almost the entire history of oratory.

But in any case, the speaker must know the basics of rhetoric, its not only the most common techniques, but also individual findings, which will help to make the speech bright and at the same time accessible. How to prepare, how to present it, how to correctly conclude the speech - these are the questions that first of all arise before a novice master of the word.