The bloody war in Novorossiya has been going on for a year. During this time, the Kiev regime could not, and did not try to understand that Ukraine is not an ethnically unified state, and the model of constructing the Ukrainian nation, invented in Austria-Hungary a hundred years ago and adopted by Ukrainian nationalists of the past and present, unusable. The people's liberation movement in Novorossiya is the best confirmation of this. After all, under the condition of the ethnic and cultural unity of the country, the war in Donbass would have been impossible, no matter how hard Russia and other imaginary "enemies" tried. Much has been written about the fundamental differences between the three main regions - West, Center and South-East. The South-East is Novorossia, the Russian land, which became such thanks to victories Russian Empire and then included in the artificially created Ukrainian SSR. The center is Little Russia. Just what we used to call "Ukraine". Well, the West is a region no less heterogeneous than the entire Ukrainian state as a whole.

Western Ukraine is not united

Western Ukraine is also subdivided into at least three regions - Galicia-Volynsky, where the bulk of the population is made up of "Galicians" - a Ukrainian sub-ethnos that has cardinal differences not only from the Russians of Novorossia, but also from the Little Russians of Central Ukraine; Transcarpathian, where Rusyns live, who are carriers of their own Rusyn identity and have never been at enmity with Russia, at least as the Galicians do; Bukovinsky, where Rusyns also live, however, they have certain differences from the Rusyns of Transcarpathia. Each of these regions has a unique cultural identity and has its own rich and complex. In many ways, it is associated with the history of neighboring peoples with whom these regions border. “The Galicians borrowed a lot from the Poles, the Rusyns of Transcarpathia were for a long time in the orbit of Hungarian influence, and the Rusyns of Bukovina were neighbors with the Romanians.

With the Galicians, everything is clear - over the centuries of Polish and then Austro-Hungarian domination, they adopted many elements of Polish and German culture. A significant part of the Galicians became Greek Catholics - the so-called "Uniates". Although there was a strong pro-Russian element among the Galicians before the outbreak of the First World War, later it was strenuously eliminated by the authorities of those countries that included the lands of Galicia. The Austro-Hungarians, and then the Poles and the Hitlerites, tried to "in the bud" destroy any Russophile sentiments among the inhabitants of Galician Rus. To a large extent, they succeeded. It was Galicia that provided the backbone of the militants of Ukrainian anti-Soviet armed organizations, and in the post-Soviet period became the "forge" of modern Ukrainian Russophobic nationalism.

The complete opposite of Galicia is Transcarpathia. Ruthenians live here - representatives of the unique people of the Carpathian Mountains. The very word "Rusyn" perfectly illustrates their connection with the great Russian world. Another thing is that the years of Austro-Hungarian rule did not pass without a trace for Transcarpathia. Here it was also possible to achieve the "Ukrainization" of a significant part of the Rusyns, turning them into "Ukrainians". Some have even embraced Russophobic sentiments. However, in general, the political climate in Transcarpathia has always differed from the mood in Galicia. Many Rusyns were in pro-Russian and then pro-Soviet positions. Unfortunately, in the Soviet Union, the existence of the Rusyns was virtually ignored, since, in accordance with the official line, they were considered a sub-ethnic group of the Ukrainian nation. The Soviet government pursued a policy of "Ukrainization" of lands that had never before constituted a single state space, but became part of the Ukrainian SSR. Thus, the leaders of the Soviet Union laid a time bomb under Russia and the Russian world. Today, almost a century after the October Revolution, this mine has been activated in Novorossiya. Transcarpathia is the second “disgraced” region of post-Soviet Ukraine after the Russian South-East. The fact is that even now the Rusyns of Transcarpathia, especially those who have retained their national self-identification, oppose the Ukrainian nationalism imposed by Kiev. Many express solidarity with the people of Donbass, refuse to draft for military service in the Armed Forces of Ukraine, are anti-Kiev agitation. But many people in Russia know about Transcarpathia, largely due to the active social activities of Rusyn organizations. Meanwhile, there is a third region, geographically related to Western Ukraine, but, unlike Galicia and Transcarpathia, is much less covered in the media. This is Bukovina.

Like many other historical regions of Eastern Europe, Bukovina is currently divided between two states. The southern part of Bukovina is part of Romania and forms the county (region) of Suceava. Northern Bukovina in 1940, together with Bessarabia, became part of the Soviet Union. Then the Romanian authorities, fearing military operation After the annexation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina, the USSR made voluntary territorial concessions. So Northern Bukovina became the Chernivtsi region of the Ukrainian SSR, and after the collapse of the Soviet Union, under the same name, it remained in the “independent” Ukraine.

From Austria-Hungary to Soviet power

Since ancient times, the "land of the beech", namely in honor of the tree and the name of the region, was inhabited by Slavic tribes, on the basis of which the Rusyns ethnos was subsequently formed. Since the X century. Northern part Bukovina was part of the orbit of influence of the ancient Russian state. Until the first half of the XIV century, it was part of the Galicia, and then the Galicia-Volyn princedoms, then for two decades it was part of the Hungarian kingdom, and from the second half of the XIV century. politically and administratively became part of the Moldavian principality. XVI to end of XVIII centuries the lands of Bukovina, like the whole of Moldova as a whole, were dependent on the Ottoman Empire. Following the results of the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. the lands of Bukovina were part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. This happened because the Austro-Hungarian troops, taking advantage of the weakening of the Ottoman Empire, occupied by the war with Russia, invaded the territory of Bukovina and forced the Turks to cede the region to them. The transfer of Bukovina to Austro-Hungarian rule was documented in Constantinople in 1775. As part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Bukovina formed the Chernivtsi District of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, and in 1849 received the status of a separate duchy. The city of Chernivtsi became the capital of the Duchy of Bukovina.

The First World War led to the collapse of four empires - Russian, Ottoman, German and Austro-Hungarian. On the territory of Austria-Hungary, in accordance with the manifesto of Charles I of Habsburg, it was planned to create six sovereign states - Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Yugoslavia and Ukraine. As for the Bukovinian lands, they were expected to be included in the planned Ukrainian state. Such an alignment was quite expected, since in the last decades of its existence, Austria-Hungary was strenuously pursuing a policy of "Ukrainization" and tried to form artificially the Ukrainian nation, as the core of which the Galicians were chosen - the inhabitants of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, the most loyal to the Austrian authorities. Other Western states were also satisfied with the plan to create a Ukrainian state, since it contributed to the dismemberment of Russia and the Russian people. The problem was that there were practically no “Ukrainians” in Bukovina, that is, Galicians. The local Slavic population was made up of Rusyns, who at that time, for the most part, were not yet carriers of Ukrainian identity. Only a few politicians, ideologically and, possibly, financially motivated in their time by Austria-Hungary, spoke about the "Ukrainianness" of the Bukovinian Slavs. Nevertheless, on October 25, 1918, power in Bukovina passed to the Ukrainian Regional Committee, in accordance with the decision of which the lands of Bukovina became part of the West Ukrainian People's Republic on November 3, 1918. Ukrainian politician Yemelyan Popovich was elected as the president of the region. However, what was happening did not suit the Romanian minority of the population of Bukovina. Despite the fact that the number of Romanians in Bukovina did not exceed a third of the region's population, they were not going to live under the control of the Ukrainian authorities. The Romanian communities of Bukovina counted on the help of Bucharest. On October 14, 1918, the People's Assembly of the Romanians of Ukraine was held in Chernivtsi, which elected the National Council and the Executive Committee, the head of which was Yanku Flondor. The National Council of the Romanians of Bukovina, having learned about the proclamation of the region as part of the West Ukrainian People's Republic, officially turned to the Romanian government for help.

On November 11, 1918, a week after the region was incorporated into Ukraine, units of the 8th Romanian Infantry Division, commanded by General Jacob Zadik, entered Chernivtsi. 4 days later, the General Congress of Bukovina was held at the residence of the Chernivtsi Metropolitan, at which the Romanian delegates predominated numerically. They determined the future of the region - the congress unanimously adopted the Declaration on unification with Romania. So for more than two decades, Northern Bukovina became part of the Romanian state. Naturally, during the years when Bukovina belonged to Romania, discrimination of the Ruthenian population continued in the region, expressed in the policy of “Romanization”. It should be noted that a significant part of the population of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina was not satisfied with the Romanian rule. In the regions, there were pro-Soviet communist organizations. The growth of anti-Romanian sentiments was facilitated by the discrimination of the Slavic population by the Romanian authorities. As during the Austro-Hungarian domination, the Russian language was banned in Romanian Bukovina, but those Rusyns who adopted the Ukrainian identity were also discriminated against. Bucharest was generally interested in the "Romanization" of all national minorities in the country.

When in 1940 the Soviet Union, taking advantage of good relations with Germany at that time and the rapid seizure of Western Ukraine and Western Belarus, presented an ultimatum to Romania, the royal government had no choice but to comply with Moscow's demands. In a statement that V.M. Molotov handed over to the Romanian ambassador, in particular, it was said that the government of the USSR sees the need to “transfer to the Soviet Union that part of Bukovina, whose population in its vast majority is connected with Soviet Ukraine both by a common historical fate and by a common language and national composition. Such an act would be all the more just because the transfer of the northern part of Bukovina to the Soviet Union could provide, however, only to an insignificant extent, a means of compensating for the enormous damage inflicted on the Soviet Union and the population of Bessarabia by the 22-year rule of Romania in Bessarabia. " Within six days, units of the Red Army occupied the territory of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina. On the lands of Northern Bukovina, the Chernivtsi region of the Ukrainian SSR was formed - the smallest union region in terms of territory. After the war, the borders of the USSR were fixed as of June 22, 1941, which implied the entry of Bessarabia partly into the Moldavian SSR, partly into the Ukrainian SSR, and Northern Bukovina into the Ukrainian SSR. However, despite the agreement with the Soviet Union, Romania never renounced territorial claims to Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina, although in different periods she preferred not to publicly declare her claims to her story.

Soviet Bukovina made a real leap in socio-economic development. In the Chernivtsi region, modern industrial enterprises were created, schools, hospitals, and professional educational institutions were opened. The standard of living of the region's population has increased significantly. Chernivtsi became an important center for high-precision manufacturing, which contributed to an increase in the population of both the city and the region at the expense of specialists coming from other regions of the Ukrainian SSR and the USSR as a whole. Semiconductor materials were produced in the city, and a branch of the Special Design and Technology Bureau of the Institute for Problems of Materials Science of the Academy of Sciences operated. Under Soviet rule, the population of Northern Bukovina for the first time forgot about what unemployment and illiteracy are (even at the beginning of the twentieth century, illiteracy here was almost universal, since there could not be Russian schools in Austria-Hungary, and in German Ruthenian children could not study due to language barrier).

Miraculous transformations ethnic composition Bukovyna

Joining the Ukrainian SSR meant the next stage of the "Ukrainization" of the Ruthenian population of Bukovina. It should be noted that more than a century ago, in 1887, the population of Bukovina reached 627.7 thousand people. Of these, 42% were Rusyns, 29.3% were Moldovans, 12% were Jews, 8% were Germans, 3.2% were Romanians, 3% were Poles, 1.7% were Hungarians, 0.5% were Armenians and 0.3% - Czechs. At the same time, the Orthodox population of the region reached 61% of the population, Jewish - 12%, Evangelical confession - 13.3%, Roman Catholic - 11%, Greek Catholic - 2.3%. Another small and interesting group of the population of Northern Bukovina were Lipovans - Russian Old Believers, who played a significant role in the economic life of the region. As we can see, the Orthodox population accounted for more than half of the inhabitants of Bukovina, and the Rusyns were the largest ethnic group. About any Ukrainians in the list of nationalities of Bukovina late XIX century is not said. At the same time, the absence of Ukrainians in the list of nationalities is not a suppression or a consequence of a discriminatory policy - until the beginning of the twentieth century, they really did not exist.

In Bukovina lived Rusyns, who considered themselves a "Russian" people (just like that, from the word "Rus"). As the well-known Bukovinian public figure Alexey Gerovsky (1883-1972) wrote at one time, “ Russian population From time immemorial, Bukovyns considered themselves Russian and had no idea that there was some kind of Ukrainian nation and that they should turn into “Ukrainians” and no longer call themselves or their language Russian. When, at the end of the last century, the newcomers Galicians began to propagate the idea of ​​separatism in Bukovina, they at first, for several decades, did not dare to call themselves or their new "literary" language Ukrainian, but called themselves and their language Russian (through one " with"). All Russian Bukovinians considered it a Polish intrigue ”(Quoted from: Gerovskiy A.Yu. Ukrainization of Bukovina).

The fastest growing Ukrainianization of Bukovina began before the First World War, when, in order to eradicate pro-Russian sentiments, the Austro-Hungarian authorities began to pay enormous attention to the formation of the construct of the Ukrainian nation. But even after the First World War, most of the Slavic population of Bukovina still identified themselves as Rusyns. The situation changed after the annexation of Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union. In the USSR, there was the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, the title nation of which was the Ukrainians. These Ukrainians were to be formed from the Little Russians of Central Ukraine, Great Russians, Little Russians and Russified Greeks of Novorossia, and later from Galician, Bukovinian and Transcarpathian Rusyns. According to the official census of the population of Ukraine, conducted in 2001, in the Chernivtsi region, which exists on the territory of the historical Northern Bukovina, Ukrainians make up 75% of the population, Romanians - 12.5% ​​of the population, Moldovans - 7.3% of the population, Russians - 4.1 % of the population, Poles - 0.4% of the population, Belarusians - 0.2% of the population, Jews - 0.2% of the population.

The percentage of ethnic groups in the region is thus fundamentally different from national card a century ago. The situation is most understandable with the majority of the Jewish population of Bukovina, whose share has decreased from 12% to 0.2%. Many Jews failed to survive terrible years Hitler's occupation, a very large number of Jews, starting from the end of the 19th century, emigrated to other European countries, to the USA, and from the middle of the 20th century to Israel. Some part, due to interethnic marriages, disappeared into the Slavic and Romanian population. The fate of the Poles is similar to the Jews - who emigrated, went to their historical homeland in Poland, who disappeared among the “75% of Ukrainians”. The number of Romanians and Moldovans also decreased, but not so noticeably. But the Ukrainian population now accounts for three quarters of the inhabitants of the Chernivtsi region. But are the Bukovinian Ukrainians united - that is the question?

Today, the “Ukrainians” of the Chernivtsi region include both the Rusyn population and immigrants from other regions of the Ukrainian SSR and post-Soviet Ukraine, as well as Russians, Moldovans, Romanians, Jews, Gypsies, Germans, who were registered as Ukrainians. The actual Rusyn population of Bukovina has never been united either. It is divided into three groups. The northeastern districts of the Chernivtsi region are inhabited by Rusnaks, or Bessarabian Rusyns. Podolians live in the north-west, Hutsuls live in the western part of the region. Each of the listed sub-ethnic groups of Rusyns has its own cultural differences and not all of them identify themselves as Ukrainians. Although, it should be noted that the position of the Ruthenian movement in the Chernivtsi region is much less strong than in the Transcarpathian.

The process of Ukrainization of the Ruthenian population of Bukovina was started at one time by the Austro-Hungarian authorities, who feared the spread of pro-Russian sentiments. Of course, the ideal option for the Austro-Hungarian leadership was the Germanization of the region. The German-speaking population was the majority in Chernivtsi, and in other towns of Bukovina - after all, the townspeople here were either Germans - immigrants from Austria and Germany, or Jews who spoke Yiddish, close to German... The Rusyn population was concentrated in rural areas and was not covered by the German-language school system. Therefore, the Austro-Hungarian authorities gradually realized that it would not work to Germanize the Ruthenian population and decided that a much more effective option would be to include it in the structure of the Ukrainian nation being constructed. The situation was complicated by the fact that there was a strong Polish influence in Galicia, a significant part of the population professed Uniatism, and the Greek Catholic clergy was a reliable conductor of the idea of ​​“Ukrainization” of the Ruthenian population.

It was more difficult to Ukrainize the Orthodox Slavs of Bukovina - they did not understand why they should give up their Russian identity if they also profess Orthodoxy and speak the "Russian" language. As A.Yu. Gerovsky, “in the last decades of the last century, the Bukovinian Russian intelligentsia consisted mainly of Orthodox priests. There were very few Uniates in Bukovina, and then only in cities. But the Uniates also considered themselves Russians at that time. In the main city, Chernivtsi, the Uniate church was simply called the Russian church by everyone, and the street on which this church was located was even officially called Russishe Gasse in German ( official language there was German in Bukovina) ”(Gerovskiy A.Yu. Ukrainianization of Bukovina).

To facilitate the task of Ukrainizing the Bukovinian Rusyns, the Austro-Hungarian authorities appointed teachers and administrators from Galicia to Bukovina, who had to convince the Bukovinian Rusyns by personal example that they were “Ukrainian”. But the local population accepted such preachers of Ukrainian identity with hostility, and it was not only a lack of understanding of the very meaning of the imposition of "Ukrainianship", but also in the banal everyday rejection of arrogant strangers who, not only were appointed to positions instead of local residents, but also considered the latter second-class people. The hostile attitude of the Bukovinian Rusyns to the preachers of “Ukrainianity” sent from Galicia led to accusations from the latter that the Bukovynians, instead of “uniting with brothers - Galicians”, were striking individualism and did not want to participate in the revival of the “united Ukrainian nation”.

The ideologists of the Ukrainization of Bukovina were two political adventurers of undetermined national origin, who for some reason considered themselves “Ukrainians”. The first was Stefan Smal-Stotsky, who was awarded a professorship by the Chernivtsi University without any scientific training. The merit of Smal-Stotsky was considered the persistent propaganda of the "independence" of the Ruthenian (Rusyn) language from the Russian language. Subsequently, Smal-Stotsky came under investigation for embezzlement of state funds. The second is Baron Nikolai von Vassilko. Kind of like an Austrian aristocrat, judging by the prefix "von", but with a name and surname too atypical for a German. In fact, Vassilko was the son of a Romanian and an Armenian and did not own any of the Slavic languages and adverbs - neither Russian, nor Galician, nor Ruthenian. However, it was he who was entrusted by Austria-Hungary to represent the Bukovinian Slavs in the Austrian parliament, since von Vassilko was an active supporter of the concept of the existence of a Ukrainian nation independent of the Russian people. ... In modern Ukrainian sources, Vassilko is called "Vasilko Mykola Mykolovich" and, of course, is called a prominent figure in the Ukrainian movement.

Baron Vasilko not only actively promoted Ukrainian identity, but also engaged in all kinds of economic machinations, playing important role in the shadow economy of Austria-Hungary. As we can see, financial dishonesty often accompanied the supporters of Ukrainian nationalism - apparently the Austro-Hungarian authorities also chose people for their provocative activities who were easy to "keep on the hook." It was Baron Vassilko who became one of the initiators massive repression against the leaders of the Bukovinian pro-Russian movement before the First World War. According to Vasilko's denunciations, starting in 1910, the Austro-Hungarian authorities carried out the systematic destruction of the Orthodox Rusyn population in Bukovina. Many prominent leaders of the Orthodox pro-Russian movement were killed or ended up in the Talerhof concentration camp. thus, this "fiery fighter for the Ukrainian idea" is guilty of the deaths and mutilated fates of many Bukovinian Slavs. After the Petliura Directory came to power, Vassilko served as the UNR ambassador to Switzerland. He died a natural death in 1924 in Germany.

The indifferent attitude of the inhabitants of the Chernivtsi region to the idea of ​​"independence" is evidence of significant cultural differences between Bukovina and Galicia. During the Great Patriotic War Ukrainian nationalists did not manage to enlist the support of the population on the territory of Bukovina comparable to Galicia. In the Great Patriotic War, fighting in the ranks of the Soviet army, 26 thousand of the 100 thousand Bukovinian men and boys called up for military service were killed. It turns out that every fourth Bukovinian man of military age gave his life in the fight against the Nazi invaders. Up to two thousand inhabitants of Bukovina went to partisan detachments and underground groups. Of course, there were those who joined the ranks of collaborationists, Ukrainian nationalist organizations, but on the whole they were in the minority.

Ukrainization, Romanization, or ... together with Russia?

After the collapse of the USSR and the proclamation of Ukraine's independence, the population of the Chernivtsi region greeted this one less enthusiastically than the inhabitants of Galicia and the Kiev nationalist-minded intelligentsia. During the two post-Soviet decades, the Ukrainization process continued in the Chernivtsi region, thanks to which Kiev was able to achieve certain progress in establishing Ukrainian identity, especially among the younger generation of Bukovyns. At the same time, the mood of the residents of the Chernivtsi region is much less nationalistic than in Galicia. Firstly, this is due to the presence of a significant proportion of national minorities in the region's population. For example, it makes no sense for the same Romanians to support the ideas of Ukrainian nationalism. Moreover, the Romanian population is well aware of the prospects further development events in the region in the case of strengthening the positions of the Kiev regime - a course will be taken to Ukrainize not only the Ruthenian, but also the Romanian and Moldovan population of Bukovina. In a sense, the position of the Bukovinian Romanians resembles the Hungarians of Transcarpathia, but there are also significant differences. In recent years, Hungary has been almost the only country in Eastern Europe that has demonstrated the ability to more or less independent foreign and domestic policy. In particular, Hungary seeks to strengthen economic relations with Russia, Hungarian patriotic organizations are very concerned about the situation of their fellow tribesmen in the Transcarpathian region of Ukraine.

As for Romania, it is much more dependent on the American foreign policy... In fact, Romania is following a puppet course like other Eastern European countries. Russia is perceived in Romania as a natural adversary, primarily in the context of the Transnistrian conflict. It is known that Romanian nationalists have long hoped to include Moldova in Romania sooner or later. Naturally, in this case we will talk about the seizure of Transnistria. It is an active policy the Russian state hinders the implementation of expansionist plans to create a "Greater Romania".

Back in 1994, three years after the collapse of the USSR, Romania denounced the Treaty on the regime of the Soviet-Romanian border. Thus, the claims against Ukraine regarding Northern Bukovina and Bessarabia became open. Only in 2003, a new treaty on the Romanian-Ukrainian border was signed between Ukraine and Romania, but it was concluded for a ten-year perspective and expired in 2013, just in the year of Euromaidan, and secondly, Romania signed it in order to have formal reasons to be admitted to NATO. After all, a country with unresolved territorial disputes cannot, according to the adopted rules, be a part of NATO. When President Viktor Yanukovych was ousted in Kiev in 2014 in a riot, the Romanian government welcomed the “revolution” and pledged its support to the new regime. And this despite the fact that the real interests of Romania lie in the plane of returning Northern Bukovina to the country. It is no coincidence that a few years ago in the Chernivtsi region, a mass issuance of Romanian passports was carried out to all interested residents of Northern Bukovina of Romanian and Moldovan origin. In total, about 100 thousand Ukrainian citizens, residents of the Chernivtsi and Odessa regions of Ukraine, received Romanian passports.

Thus, Bucharest not only took under the protection of the Romanians and Moldovans of Bukovina and Bessarabia, but also made it clear that the likelihood of a situation when Romanian citizenship in Northern Bukovina becomes really in demand is possible. Of course, the Kiev regime will not return the Chernivtsi region to Romania, because otherwise the Ukrainian leadership will have no arguments on the situation with Crimea and Donbass. But in case of refusal to return Northern Bukovina to Romania, Ukraine is doomed to maintain a "smoldering conflict" with its southwestern neighbor. The only thing that can prevent this conflict is a direct ban on the showdown on the part of the American masters of Kiev and Bucharest, which we see at the present time.

As for the interests of the population of the Chernivtsi region, they are hardly identical with the ideas of the Romanian nationalists in Bucharest or the pro-American regime in Kiev. People of various nationalities inhabiting Northern Bukovina want to live and work in peace. Naturally, their plans are not included in their plans to perish in the distant Donbass or send their fathers, husbands and sons to perish there. In fact, the population of the region, like other regions of Ukraine, became hostage to Kiev's policy. A policy pursued in the geopolitical interests of the United States, but not in the real interests of the Ukrainian population. Meanwhile, Russia should be more active in the direction of solving the same Bukovinian problem. It is likely that the surest geopolitical way out of this situation would be to strengthen the Russian position in the Chernivtsi region.

The revival of the national identity of the Ruthenians, a people recognized in most of Eastern Europe, but ignored and discriminated against in Ukraine, is the most important task for Russia in the Carpathian region. From time immemorial, pro-Russian sentiments were strong among the Rusyn population, and only the "brainwashing" organized by supporters of "Ukrainization" influenced the fact that the descendants of this unique and interesting people to a large extent they lost the memory of their nationality and began to classify themselves as Ukrainians. The development of Russian culture in Bukovina is necessary, but very difficult to implement, especially in modern conditions, a policy component to strengthen Russian influence. Nevertheless, Russia can also support the pro-Russian part of the region's population, as Romania does in relation to the Romanians or Hungary in relation to the Hungarians of Transcarpathia.

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Bukovina is the smallest of the five historical regions of Western Ukraine, occupying the smallest Chernivtsi region in the country (8.1 thousand square kilometers - only 8 times larger than Moscow), and even then not all. Bukovina differs from Volyn in that it was never part of the Commonwealth - for many centuries this region was associated with Romania and its predecessors.

And this is a completely different Western Ukraine. Unlike Galicia with its luxury and religion, from Podolia with its endless war, Bukovina is a quiet, comfortable and not preoccupied with national issues outskirts of all states that owned it.

The name Bukovina was given by beech - a broad-leaved tree, a close relative of oak. Beech forests are one of the "calling cards" of the Carpathians and the Balkans, and the beech itself can be easily identified by its stone-gray bark. However, I'm not sure that it is the beeches that are photographed here - the color is the same, but the "correct" beeches have a smooth bark:

Basically, the landscapes of Bukovina look like this - the area is rugged and picturesque:

A little to the south of Chernivtsi rises the lonely mountain of Berda (517 meters) - either the highest point of the flat Ukraine, or the farthest of the Carpathian mountains:

And there are super-caves here. For example, the third largest in Western Ukraine (87 km) is Cinderella, or Emil-Rakovitsa - almost the only one in the world international cave, which has entrances on both sides of the Ukrainian-Moldovan border.

Although the border is everywhere. Not state - so historical. An hour and a half from Chernivtsi to the north - and Podolia begins:

An hour and a half south - and Romania begins:

There is no pronounced natural border with Romania, and the Dniester separates Bukovina from Podolia:

In the center of Bukovina, the Prut River flows (there are no photos), on which Chernivtsi stands. The Prut forms the Romanian-Moldovan border.

In general, it would be more correct to call these lands Northern Bukovina - after all, Ukraine owns no more than a third of this historical region, which is part of Moldova. Moldova itself is a rather large historical region, in terms of diversity and originality it can be compared with the whole of Western Ukraine. And it is divided into three parts: Moldova, Bessarabia (which is now independent) and Bukovina.

Historical coat of arms of Bukovina (small - Moldavian, large - Austrian).

However, the present Chernivtsi region came to Bukovina in about the same way as Krakow to Galicia. Before the Mongol invasion, it was the territory of Ancient Rus: in 1001, by order of Vladimir Krasnoe Solnyshko, Khotin was founded, and in the 12th century Yaroslav Osmomysl laid the foundation for Choren, the predecessor of Chernivtsi. After the Mongol invasion, "proto-Bukovina", apparently, entered the Podolsk ulus, in the 1340s it was conquered by Hungary, and in 1359, after the uprising of Bogdan the First, it became part of the Moldavian principality independent from Hungary. Its capital was located in Bukovina - first Siret, and from 1385 - Suceava, which became the capital of Moldova in 1385-1579.

Throne fortress of the Moldavian rulers (from Wikipedia)

Here was also Putna - "Jerusalem of the Romanian people", a monastery founded in 1469 by Stephen the Great and became his tomb. For Romania, this is similar to the Trinity-Sergius Lavra for Russia.

From the site "Pravoslavie.Ru".

From Wikipedia.

But despite the proximity to one of the centers of the Romanian statehood, Northern Bukovina remained a Slavic region throughout its history. However, it was a periphery - almost all the main events in the life of Bukovina and Moldavia unfolded to the south, be it civil strife or a long and hopeless war with the Turks. In 1403, in a message to Lviv merchants, Chernivtsi was first mentioned as one of the centers of Polish-Moldovan trade. The most ancient architectural monument of Bukovina can be considered the Assumption Church in the village of Luzhany (where I never got there), founded no later than the 15th century (and probably back in the Old Russian period).
However, Khotin received special significance at this time:

In 1457-1504, Moldova was ruled by Stephen the Great, or Stefan cel Mare, who in many ways resembled his contemporary Ivan III - a wise, strong and humane (by the standards of the Middle Ages, of course!) Ruler who replaced boyars and successfully fought against enemies. Under him, Moldova was not only absolutely independent, but also became one of the strongest and richest powers in Eastern Europe.
The brightest layer of those times in Bessarabia was the "stone belt" along the Dniester, the fortresses of Khotin, Soroka, Tigina (Bender) and Chetatya-Albe (Akkerman, Belgorod-Dnestrovsky). As a result, only one remained in Moldova (without Transnistria) - Sorokskaya. The Khotyn fortress, heavily rebuilt in the following centuries, is one of the most beautiful and powerful in Ukraine:

However, the Khotyn region is isolated from Bukovina - it is really more correct to attribute it to Bessarabia, and the Russian garrison church of the 19th century is a confirmation of this. However, more on that later.

Another monument of medieval Moldova is the Old Elias Church (1560) in the village of Toporovtsi:

Stefan cel Mare went down in history not only as a hero of Moldova, but also as a hero of Orthodoxy - it was during his reign that Constantinople fell, and defending the faith, he was close to the fact that Moldova would turn into the Third Rome ... but after his death no worthy successor was found. First, Mr. Bogdan Krivoy began to improve relations with Turkey and got involved in a war with Poland, which he lost; Stefan the Fourth (or Stefanice - "Stefanchik") was mired in palace intrigues, started a war with Wallachia and was poisoned. The ruler Peter Rares tried to centralize power, but the Turks overthrew him, placing "their man" Stephen Lacusta on the throne, thus making Moldova a vassal. Gentlemen were replaced almost every year, then friends, then enemies became Poland and the Cossacks. By the end of the 16th century, Moldova finally became part of the Ottoman Empire.

Ruins of a mosque in Khotin.

Two hundred years of Ottoman rule (until 1775) were probably the most difficult period in the history of Bukovina. The legacy of this era is the hut churches, of which there are still many in the Chernivtsi region:

This phenomenon is of the same type as synagogues, Tatar mosques, Old Believer churches: aesthetics were sacrificed for secrecy and simplicity. Such temples were built where they understood that it was impossible to preserve them, and the main criterion was their restoration. The same applies to icon painting - there is even such a thing as "Bukovinian primitivism". And at the same time, unlike the Commonwealth, Ottoman Empire did not impose its religion on the conquered peoples - and even in this state Bukovina remained Orthodox:

But in general, until the turn of the 18-19 centuries, Bukovina lived underground. However, in 1775, taking advantage of the defeat of the Turks in Russian-Turkish war The Austrian Empress Maria Theresa annexed this region:

(Town Hall in Chernivtsi)

And in 1812, along with the whole of Bessarabia, Khotin became part of Russia:

But if Khotin was the far outskirts of the province with the center in Chisinau, then Chernivtsi (which became a city since 1491) turned out to be the center of the Bukovina district, first subordinate to the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, and in 1849 set aside as a separate province. And it was during this era that Bukovina flourished - it seems that in the 1850s-1930s at least 90% of its heritage was created.
Chernivtsi turned into a small (67 thousand inhabitants at the beginning of the 20th century), but a luxurious city worthy of Lviv:

With the same riot of secession:

And the sculptural nudity so beloved by the Austrians (and the specific forms of some sculptures would have puzzled Freud):

Under the Austrians, railways came here (1866), and a luxurious station appeared:

Moreover, it is along the Austrian road, through Lviv, that trains go to Chernivtsi now. After all, the more direct road to the east crosses the Moldavian border several times. I have already traveled by train Moscow-Chernivtsi three times - there and back to Galicia and only "there" to Podolia, and this train is absolutely the most terrible of all that I have used. And a feature of Bukovina and Ivano-Frankivsk region can be called old diesel trains D1, produced by Hungary by order of the USSR (1960-80s):

And another road leads to Romania, and closer to the border, I even saw sections of the combined (three rails) "Russian" and "Stephen" track (I did not get into the frame).

Churches were also built at this time, and mostly Orthodox. The architecture and details are very characteristic - about the same, only simpler, most rural churches look like:

Orthodoxy under Austria-Hungary remained the dominant religion of Bukovina. It was the seat of the Bukovina-Dalmatian metropolitanate, which was part of the "home" Karlovtsy Patriarchate, which existed in the years 1848-1920 in the city of Sremski-Karlovtsy, the center of the Austrian province of Serbian Vojvodina.

Cathedral in Chernivtsi (1844-64)

Bukovina played a very special role in the history of Russian Orthodoxy. But not the Moscow Patriarchate, but the Old Believers. Under Nicholas the First, the period of relative religious freedom started by Catherine II ended in Russia. In 1827, the Old Believers were forbidden to accept priests from the New Believers, and since the Old Believers had no bishops, this threatened them with the loss of religion. In 1838, Old Believers monks Pavel and Alimpiy arrived in Bukovina, and in 1846 they found the Greek Ambrose Pope-Georgopolu, the former Metropolitan of Bukovina-Dalmatia, deposed in 1840 by the Patriarch of Constantinople and living in poverty in the Ottoman capital.

Pavel and Alimpiy came to him not empty-handed, but with the permission received back in 1844 from the Austrian authorities to create an Old Believer metropolis. The center has already been found - the ancient village of Belaya Krinitsa, founded by the Lipovans - fugitive Old Believers from among the Cossacks (many of their settlements are scattered throughout Moldova from Bukovina to the Danube Delta).
In 1846 Ambrose became Metropolitan for the second time - but now of a new confession: the Russian Orthodox Old Believers Church, better known as the Belokrinitsky Consent. Nowadays, out of 2 million Old Believers, 1.5 million belong to the RPSTs. And although in 1853 the center of the RPSTs was moved back to Moscow, Belaya Krinitsa remained one of the main shrines of the Old Belief:

Even the Austrian period is notable for numerous architectural experiments in the field of historicism. The architecture of Bukovina differed from the architecture of Galicia by the active use of the techniques of Moldovan architecture - for example, tiled ornaments on the roofs (in this case, the Chernivtsi University, the ex-residence of the Bukovina-Dalmatian metropolitans):

Or the New Ilyinsky Church in Toporovtsi - a typical Romanian temple, clearly inspired by the monasteries of Moldova, although it was built in 1914:

The first World War here it was much easier than in Galicia and Podolia - although the city was occupied three times by Russian troops and was the center of the Chernivtsi province of the Galician Governor-General, the disintegration of Austria-Hungary was not followed by new wars. Bukovina simply became one of the counties (counties) of Romania.
The development of architecture did not seem to be interrupted, it was just that the “Moldovan motives were replaced by Wallachian ones - the so-called“ non-Rynkovian style. ”For example, the Nikolskaya Church (1927-39) in Chernivtsi, nicknamed the“ Drunken Church ”for its form, is just a stylization of the Episcopal Church. in the capital of medieval Wallachia Curtea de Arges:

And civilian "non-market" houses basically look like this (left):

But the most characteristic layer of the Romanian period is functionalism, which here is emphatically unaesthetic, which is why it is interesting:

This, for example, is not a Khrushchev, but the Romanian People's House (1937) in Chernivtsi:

Then there was the Second World War - and again, not as bloody as in Galicia. Northern Bukovina and Bessarabia were given by Romania to the USSR in 1940 on a voluntary-compulsory basis, therefore the scale of repression was not the same here. In 1941-44 Bukovina was again a part of Romania, and there was a ghetto in Chernivtsi - however, Romanians are still not Germans, and the Holocaust was not so total here. Thanks to the efforts of the mayor of Chernivtsi, Traian Popovich, more than 20 thousand Jews were saved - he simply managed to convince Antonescu that the city's economy is supported by the Jews.
The Soviet period in the life of Bukovina was also very quiet. Bukovina again became a cozy hinterland on the outskirts of the empire. Chernivtsi turned into a large industrial center of precision manufacturing.

And in independent Ukraine Bukovina differs from its neighbors. The first thing that catches your eye here in comparison with Podolia is religiosity. The same as in Galicia, chapels along the roads - only not Greek Catholic, but Orthodox:

And in comparison with Galicia, it is striking that there is clearly more sympathy for Russia and the USSR. There are streets of Chkalov, Volodarsky, Moscow Olympics, etc. Here you can see the traditional symbols of Victory ( george ribbons, hammer and sickle, silhouettes of the Spasskaya Tower), monuments, tanks, and perhaps the Lenins are not here:

In general, Bukovina gives the impression of a very tolerant region. Moreover, this is not a "melting pot" - rather, a place where different peoples got along peacefully. What is the reason - I do not know. Perhaps with an almost complete absence of periods of militant Catholicization, or perhaps with the fact that there has never been an ethnic oppression of the Ukrainians for whom Poland was "famous".

And a little about rural Bukovina.
The traditional village has survived here only in skansen:

But there are many other vestiges left. For example, wood carving:

Both Romanian and Soviet. Wooden stops are not only in the Russian North:

And along the roads here and there are old windmills. On the Chernivtsi-Khotin highway, I saw at least three of them. They do not work, but simply decorate the landscape - and this is very handy, given the primitiveness of wooden churches. However, I took this shot in a scansen, but the windmills are the same near the track:

And modern rural Bukovina is even more impressive than rural Galicia. If in Galicia an ordinary peasant house is drawn to the "dacha of a wealthy Muscovite", then in Bukovina - to the "dacha of an average businessman":

I didn't take pictures over the fence, so take my word for it - in the courtyards of similar houses ( but not this particular !!! ) chickens walk on the tile, there is a "Zaporozhets" near the house, and even water is taken from a well. This phenomenon is hardly possible to understand in Russia, where they are proud of their poverty (especially imaginary).
However, here I finally photographed what I saw many times in Galicia - dates on huts. Almost all dated - 1960-80s:

By the way, quite a lot of Romanians and Moldovans live here to this day - about 20% throughout the region (12% Romanians, 7% Moldovans), and in the Hertsaevsky district, adjacent to Chernivtsi, all 90% (it was part of South Bukovina) ... On the way from Chertkov, I noticed that there are many obvious non-Slavs - in Moscow I would have taken them for Caucasians. But in general, after a couple of hours, you cease to notice the differences in appearance, and at least I did not feel the presence of other people in any way.

And in general, despite the terrible weather, I really liked Bukovina.
The next 4 parts are about Chernivtsi.

PODOLIYA and BUKOVINA-2010

BUKOVINA- the historical name (from the 15th century) of a part of the territory of the modern Chernivtsi region in Ukraine (Northern Bukovina) and the Suceava region in Romania (Southern Bukovina) ... Big encyclopedic Dictionary

bukovina- n., number of synonyms: 1 area (62) ASIS synonym dictionary. V.N. Trishin. 2013 ... Synonym dictionary

Bukovina- LETTER. See Austria Hungary ... Military encyclopedia

Bukovina- This term has other meanings, see Bukovina (meanings). The dividing line of Bukovina and the region of Hertz ... Wikipedia

Bukovina- a historical region in the South Carpathian region. In the 1st millennium BC. NS. inhabited by Thracians; Slavic settlements have been known since the 6th century. From the X century. as part of Old Russian state, then Galicia and Galicia Volyn principalities; in the second half of the XIV century. ... encyclopedic Dictionary

BUKOVINA- the historical name of the territory that is part of the modern. Chernivtsi region Ukraine (North Bukovina) and region. Suceava Romania (South Bukovina). In the X XI centuries. was part of the Old Russian state; in XII 1st floor. XIV century. as part of Galitsky, and then Galitsko ... ... Orthodox encyclopedia

Bukovina- the historical name of the territory that is part of the modern Chernivtsi region of the Ukrainian SSR and the Suceava region of the SRR. It got its name from the beech forests that covered most of its territory. Northern Bukovina in the 1st millennium was ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Bukovina- (i.e., the country of beech, Bukowina) a duchy that is part of the Cisleitan part of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, bordering in the north with Galicia, in the west, except for Galicia, with Hungary and Sedmigradia, and with Southeast Asia and Moldova; has 10451 sq. km of length and ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

Bukovina- Sp Bukovinà Ap Bucovina rumuniškai Ap Bukovyna / Bukovyna ukrainiškai L ist. sr. Rumunijoje ir PV Ukrainoje ... Pasaulio vietovardžiai. Internetinė duomenų bazė

Bukovina- history. geogr. region, Ukraine (Chernivtsi region) and Romania (Suceava county). The name is from Bukovina beech forest ... Toponymic dictionary

BUKOVINA- ist. name territory that is part of the modern. Chernivtsi region Ukrainian SSR (North B.) and sovr. region Suceava Room. Nar. Republic (South V.). Its name (first encountered in 1392) B. received from the massifs of beech forests. Indigenous population east glory. ... ... Soviet Historical Encyclopedia

BUKOVINA- a historical Russian land in the southwest of Russia. It got its name (first encountered in 1392) from the massifs of beech forests. The indigenous population is the Russian tribes of Tivertsy and Ulitsy. In the X XI centuries. as part of Russia. In the XII XIII centuries. as part of Galitsko ... ... Russian history

bukovina- the local name for a soil variety, characterized by a black color, loose, light, crumbly structure. Occurs in the form of spots in depressions or along the lower parts of slopes, without forming continuous areas; in the dry season it blows out a lot ... ... Geographic names Eastern Siberia

bukovina- Cuban ... Concise Dictionary of Anagrams

Bukovina- imenik of a female genus, a region in Ukraine and Rumunia ... Spelling vocabulary of the Ukrainian language

Books

• Accession of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the USSR, Jesse Russell, Attention! The annexation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the USSR (also the Bessarabian operation, the Bessarabian campaign, the Prut campaign of 1940, the annexation of Northern Bukovina to the USSR and the Bessarabian ... Category: Society and Social Research Series: Publisher: VSD, Buy for 870 rubles
• The ballad about the rider on a white horse | Ivasyuk Mikhail Grigorievich, Ivasyuk M., Tsirin Dmitry, The book of the Ukrainian writer Mikhail Ivasyuk includes two novels: "The Ballad of the Rider on a White Horse" and "The Sentence to the Son of Zarathustra." The first of them is devoted to the history of the struggle of the Slavic population ... Category: Books Publisher: Soviet writer. Moscow, Buy for 234 rubles
• DO GALICHINI, Pollak Martin, Do Galicien (Nach Galicien, 1984) is the first book of Martin Pollak, in which the writer has developed the Austrian tsukroviy myth about the colic will crown the land of the Austro-Ugric Empire. Yogo is clearly more expensive ... Category: Production of Books XXI Publisher: Books-XXI, Manufacturer: Books-XXI, Buy for 154 UAH (only Ukraine)
• Kuzma Demochko - journalist, editor, master voznavets, Ivan Fosty, From the publisher: Hero to draw є vidomy in Ukraine and beyond the borders of a journalist, rich editor of the newspaper “Radianska Bukovyna” (nini “Bukovyna Makarovych”) Demochma of the day ... Category: Writers, Poets & Screenwriters Manufacturer:

Bukovyna(literally beech country; ukr. Bukovina, room. Bucovina) is a historical region in Eastern Europe. At present, its northern part (Northern Bukovina) is the Chernivtsi region of Ukraine without the Khotinsky, Kelmenetsky, Sokiriansky, Novoselytsky and Hertsaevsky districts, and the South Bukovina is the Suceava county of Romania.

Ethnic communities of the Chernivtsi region according to the 2001 census: Ukrainians (75.0%), Romanians (2.7%), Moldovans (17.3%), Russians (4.1%), Poles (0.3%), Belarusians (0.2%) and Jews (0.2%). Most of Bukovina is covered with spurs of the Carpathian Mountains, reaching heights of 1190-2180 m.

The rivers of Bukovina belong to the Black Sea basin. Some rivers are shallow in summer, but in spring and after heavy rainfalls they overflow their banks and cause severe devastation. The Prut and, to a lesser extent, the Dniester, touch the borders of Bukovina; Siret and Suceava have their origin in it.

The climate is temperate continental. Its location in the steppe and forest-steppe zone makes it quite arid. The proximity of the mountains on the one hand (due to the dominance of the western transport in these latitudes) affects as an obstacle to the penetration of large amounts of precipitation, on the other hand, it is a factor in a significant decrease in winter temperatures. The soils are chernozems in flat areas and gray forest, brown and podzolized soils in the mountains. Agriculture is developed on flat areas. The elevated areas with their meadows are used for pastures.

Etymology

The name officially came into use in 1775, with the annexation of the territory by the Habsburg Empire. The name comes from the Slavic word "beech".

Middle Ages

The ancient capital of the Moldavian principality of the 14th - early 16th centuries is located in South Bukovina. - Suceava, Putna monastery with tombs of princes and a number of other ancient monasteries of Moldova.

As part of Austria-Hungary

coat of arms of the Duchy of Bukovina

In 1849-1918. Bukovina had the status of a duchy within the Cisleitan part of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, bordering Galicia in the north, Hungary and Transylvania in the west, and Romania and Bessarabia in the south and east.

Device and management

In Bukovina, a Ukrainian nationalist movement arose, albeit weaker than in neighboring Galicia. In 1930, the Legion of Ukrainian Nationalists (LUR), headed by O. Zubachinsky, appeared in Chernivtsi; in 1932, the Avengers of Ukraine (Mesniki of Ukraine) group was created. The organizations established contacts with the OUN and since 1934 Zubachinsky became the regional leader of the OUN in Bukovina, Bessarabia and Maramuresh.

In the late 1930s, the Romanization policy was intensified. The new Constitution of 1938 prohibited naturalized Romanians from acquiring property in the countryside, and only a third generation Romanian could become a minister. True, concessions were made to national minorities at the same time, including in Bukovina. Teaching was allowed in April 1940 Ukrainian language in schools and Chernivtsi University, and the position of an inspector was introduced to control education in the Ukrainian language (he had to be Ukrainian by origin).

Accession of Northern Bukovina to the USSR

The section is very easy to use. In the proposed field, just enter the right word, and we will give you a list of its values. I would like to note that our site provides data from various sources - encyclopedic, explanatory, word-formation dictionaries. Also here you can get acquainted with examples of the use of the word you entered.

Bukovina

Bukovina in the crossword dictionary

Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998

bukovina

the historical name (from the 15th century) of a part of the territory of the modern Chernivtsi region in Ukraine (Northern Bukovina) and the Suceava region in Romania (Southern Bukovina).

Bukovina

the historical name of the territory that is part of the modern Chernivtsi region of the Ukrainian SSR and the Suceava region of the SRR. It got its name from the beech forests that covered most of its territory. Northern Bukovina in the 1st millennium was inhabited by the East Slavic tribes of Tivertsy and White Croats. At the present time, mainly Ukrainians and Russians live in Northern Burma. In the 10th and 12th centuries. was part of Kievan Rus, in the 13th and 1st half of the 14th centuries. ≈ in Galicia-Volyn principality... In the 14th century. went to the Moldavian principality, from the beginning of the 16th century. until 1774 was ruled by the Turks, and then until 1918 was part of Austria-Hungary. Part of northern Bulgaria, according to the Bucharest Peace Treaty of 1812, went to Russia. Northern Bolivia was closely connected with Ukraine. The peasants participated in liberation war of the Ukrainian people in 1648-54 on the side of Bohdan Khmelnytsky. In the 40s. 19th century In northern B., an uprising took place under the leadership of L. Kobylitsa. The revolution of 1848 forced the Austrian government to abolish serfdom. But living conditions remained extremely difficult; from 1901 to 1910 about 50 thousand people emigrated, mainly Ukrainians. Under the influence of the Revolution of 1905-07, the revolutionary movement expanded in northern Bulgaria, and the influence of the Bolsheviks grew. Great October socialist revolution engulfed Northern Byelorussia On November 3, 1918, the Bukovyna People's Veche decided to reunite Northern Byelorussia with Soviet Ukraine; on the same day, a provisional Central Committee of the Communist Party of Bukovina, headed by S. Kanyuk, was elected. In November 1918, Romanian troops occupied Northern Bulgaria. In 1940, by agreement with Romania, Northern Bulgaria was returned to the USSR and reunited with the Ukrainian SSR, and the Chernivtsi Oblast was created on its territory. During the Great Patriotic War, underground party and Komsomol organizations and partisan detachments operated on the territory of Northern Byelorussia. Northern B. was liberated Soviet Army from the German fascist troops in March - April 1944.

Southern Bukovina in ancient times was inhabited by the Wallachians and Slavs. Currently, it is mainly inhabited by Romanians. In the 12th and 13th centuries. was part of the Galicia-Volyn principality, in the 14th century. became the center of the formation of the feudal Moldavian principality. From the beginning of the 16th century. under Turkish rule, from 1774 to 1918 as part of the Austrian Empire. In 1918 it became part of Romania, where it was one of the most backward in economically lands. With the liberation of Southern Bulgaria by the Soviet Army in 1944 and the establishment of popular power on its territory, it turned into an industrial-agrarian region. Socialist Republic Romania.

Lit .: Kompaniec I. I., Stanovishche i struggle of the working masses of Galchini, Bukovina and Transcarpathia on the cob XX century. (1900-1919 rock), K., 1960: Grigorenko O.S., Bukovina vchora i sogodni, K., 1967.

Bukovina (football club)

"Bukovyna"- Ukrainian football club from the city of Chernivtsi. Founded in 1958. V Soviet times the team twice (in 1982 and 1988) became the winner of the Ukrainian SSR championship and three times (in 1968, 1980 and 1989) the silver medalist of the Ukrainian SSR championship. Twice they reached the quarterfinals of the Ukrainian SSR Cup. During the days of independent Ukraine, the team became the silver medalist of the First League of Ukraine in 1996, and twice the winner of the Second League of Ukraine in 2000 and 2010.

Bukovina (disambiguation)

Bukovyna:

• Bukovina- region in Eastern Europe.
• Duchy of Bukovina - Crown Land in the Austro-Hungarian Empire (1849-1918)
• Bukovina is a Ukrainian football club from the city of Chernivtsi.
• Bukovina is a stadium in the city of Chernivtsi.
• Bukovina is a village in Slovakia, in the Liptovsky Mikulas region of the Zilina region.
• Bukovina is a village in the Lviv region of Ukraine.
• Bukovina is a ghetto of the Second World War in the Lviv region of Ukraine.
• Bukowina Tatrzanska is a rural commune in Poland, part of the Tatrivska County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship.

Bukovina (stadium)

Sports and recreation institution "Bukovina"- stadium in Chernivtsi. Home arena of the football team "Bukovyna". Opened in 1967.

It is located in the city center, not far from the Taras Shevchenko Park of Culture and Leisure.

In 2000, plastic seats were installed in the stadium.

On the territory of SOU "Bukovyna" there are also: a mini-football ground with artificial turf, where amateur competitions take place, in particular, the mini-football championship of Chernivtsi, the championship of various educational institutions of the region; as well as a beach volleyball and tennis court. The construction of a handball court is underway.
In 2015, the stadium was reconstructed instead of an electronic 15 × 10 scoreboard, and a digital information board was installed.

Examples of the use of the word Bukovina in literature.

Bukovina is the last missing part of a united Ukraine and that for this reason the Soviet government attaches importance to resolving this issue simultaneously with the Bessarabian one.

Molotov objected, saying that Bukovina is the last missing part of a united Ukraine and that for this reason the Soviet government attaches importance to resolving this issue at the same time as the Bessarabian one. Molotov promised to take into account our economic interests in Romania in the spirit that is most benevolent to us.