originality scientific style, its speech structure is revealed mainly in syntax, and at the supraphrasal level (i.e., in connections, correlations of sentences within the text and its components - a paragraph and a superphrasal unity, or a complex syntactic whole). It is in the functioning of syntactic units and in the organization of interphrase links and relationships in the text that such main features of the scientific style as the generalized abstract nature of the presentation and its emphasized logic are most fully revealed.

Simple sentence. Among simple sentences, widespread (90%) * prevail, as a rule, with a very branched system of secondary members of the sentence, with homogeneous members of the sentence (often with whole series homogeneous members); in the structure of simple sentences, semi-predicative formations are active (participial and participle constructions, hence isolations), as well as introductory words, introductory and plug-in structures. For example: The Greco-Roman tradition, thanks to the development of book printing and the division of literature into scientific and artistic (which is associated with the development of book printing), consistently created rational rhetoric and poetics as a doctrine of style and the embodiment of thought in words.(from the book by Yu. Rozhdestvensky "Theory of Rhetoric").

* Cm.: Kozhina M.N. On the speech system of the scientific style in comparison with some others. Perm, 1972, p. 323.

Special calculations showed that the average number of words in one sentence is generally scientific text is 24.88, but most sentences contain 17 words * (to be precise - word forms, i.e. and prepositional-nominal combinations).

* See: Functional style of the general scientific language and methods of its research / Ed. O.S. Akhmanova and M.M. Glushko. M., 1974. S. 22.

In the field simple sentence indefinitely personal, impersonal, as well as generalized personal sentences are active.

Definitely personal sentences, of course, are not relevant here, since the scientific style strives for an impersonal manner of presentation, for the actual elimination of the subject of speech as an active figure (forms of the 1st and 2nd person are possible in polemical texts. However, in written texts of a polemical orientation, these forms are extremely rare, they are more natural in oral - academic - speech). As for "author's We", then it is generalized. This confirms its synonymy with the impersonal sentence: So we've come to the conclusion... And So we can conclude...

Most often in the scientific style, indefinitely personal sentences are used with a verb-predicate expressed in the form of the 3rd person plural. Such a predicate means (“timeless”) generally accepted phenomena, facts, patterns: Distinguish three types of yarn; Compound put into the flask.

Active and generalized-personal offers with verbal predicate in the 1st person present and future plural: Let's give function definition; Let's produce summation of all members; Let's attribute this function to the class of differentiable functions.

Among impersonal sentences, three types are more common:

a) with modal words expressing possibility, impossibility, necessity, + infinitive (Need to find a curve; It is forbidden derive the formula);

b) in the predicate - an impersonal verb or an impersonal form of a personal verb (required determine the current strength with a series connection of sources);

c) predicative adverbs (Any proper rational fraction easily expressed in terms of simple fractions). Impersonal sentences that express the state of nature and man are not presented. (It freezes; It drizzles; I feel bad).

In the scientific style, passive constructions clearly predominate over active ones. This can be explained by the desire for objectivity and generalization of presentation without indicating the subject of the action. Verb constructions introduced (Installation produced for the first time; Continues additional recruitment of employees); participial constructions (Dot deleted from the plane; Force attached to the body at some angle to the horizon);

As for constructions with verbal nouns (Study of the phenomena of time scale change in the gravitational field), then their activity in the scientific style is explained primarily by its nominal character (as well as the official business style), which is manifested in the functioning of verbal formations in scientific texts, along with the predominance of nouns over verbs, as well as the auxiliary function of verbs in a sentence.

Difficult sentence. In the scientific style, there is a clear predominance of complex sentences over compound ones. This is due to the fact that the former express causal, conditional, investigative, temporal relationships (which, of course, is very important for a scientific presentation).

At the same time, multi-component syntactic structures are cultivated in the scientific style, in which, along with the subordinating, the coordinating connection is also presented, for example:

Thus, it was found that the phenomenon of desynchronization is observed during stimulation of those estero- and interoceptive fields in which there are endings of somatic or cerebrospinal fibers going to the central nervous system without interruption, while synchronization phenomena are caused mainly from those interoceptive fields (gastric mucosa) in which, according to our data, there are endings of only or predominantly sympathetic afferent fibers going to the central nervous system. nervous system most often with a synoptic break (one or more) in the autonomic ganglia.

Such complex formations are usually distinguished by the clarity of grammatical and semantic connections, the orderliness of the internal organization. The above illustration is quite typical in its syntactic structure: to the main sentence it was found there are two "chains" of subordinate parts, the construction of which is characterized by parallelism.

Multicomponent constructions are often complicated by participial and participle constructions (judging by special studies, their number usually does not exceed two or three, but there are sentences with a much larger number of isolations - from 8 to 12), plug-in constructions.

Phrases. In the syntax of the phrase, substantive nominal combinations are brought to the fore. The genitive adjective is widespread (labor productivity, soil erosion, angle of attack), as well as (mainly in terminology) combinations of the type noun + adjective (Agriculture, economic geography, stressed consonant, culture shock...). Such selectivity is due to the tendency of the scientific style to nomination as a means of logging reality, accurate information about reality (and science is engaged in obtaining objective information about the patterns and exact facts of natural, social and spiritual life), to differentiation of nominations (in accordance with the tendency of scientific analysis to detail, differentiation of concepts).

In the scientific style, the highest percentage of uses of the genitive case is up to 46% (in the language fiction. - up to 22%). Accordingly, phrases with a genitive adjective are also very active.

Phrases functioning in a scientific style are very diverse in their structural construction. Attention is drawn to multicomponent phrases, since they have arisen and arise due to the inherent scientific analysis differentiation of concepts: primary winding of the transformer; transmission system of sequential action; spacecraft launch reusable ; frequency-modulated audio carrier.

Superphrasal level. The specificity of a scientific text lies in the fact that its content finds its expression, becomes accessible to the reader due to strict logic, coherence and consistency of presentation.

As already noted, the consistency of presentation in a scientific style is manifested to a great extent in the fact that complex sentences dominate here, the connections between parts are expressed incomparably more clearly, more diversely, more differentiated than in compound sentences. To characterize the connectivity scientific speech indicative is the overall high percentage of complex sentences (50.3%) *, as well as the fact that a simple sentence is complicated by phrases containing subordinate bonds **.

* Cm.: Kozhina M.N. On the speech system of the scientific style in comparison with some others. Perm, 1972, p. 325.

** Cm.: Lariokhina N.M. Questions of syntax of the scientific style of speech (analysis of some structures of a simple sentence). M., 1979. S. 27.

For the syntax of the scientific style, the saturation of speech and text with various means of expressing emphasized logic is typical. The subject of special concern of the author of a scientific text is the selection and delimitation of the main content of the text from the secondary, the main, basic concepts from derivatives, the clarity in distinguishing theses. In this regard, in the presentation important role is given to such formulations, methods of presentation, speech turns, as a direct indication that the discussion this issue, the thesis is finished and we are moving to the next question, the thesis that this concept is fundamental, basic, etc. Introductory words like firstly, secondly, on the one hand, on the other hand, so, thus, therefore, introductory structures: as already noted, as stated in the previous paragraph etc., various kinds of speech turns, phrases activate the reader's attention, help him to systematize the material presented, follow the author's presentation. For these purposes, the question-answer form, rhetorical question, "lecturer's speech" are often used. We".

As an example, let's take an excerpt from the book by K.A. Timiryazev "Life of Plants":

So far we have considered sheet activity... Based the basic law of chemistry that matter is not created, does not disappear, we tried our best find the sources of this substance and the transformations that it ... undergoes.

But the plant body presents us not only matter... hence, a reserve of heat has accumulated in the birch ... The question is born: Where did this warmth come from, this strength? For in order to find out, we must look to familiar chemical phenomena...

Semantic connections between sentences in the text are "provided" by a set syntactic ways organization of the presentation. One of these methods is repetition.

Repetition is presented in texts of different functional varieties literary language. So, within the framework of the language of fiction, repetition is the most important factor in organizing a poetic text of lyrical content. See, for example, the beginning and final stanza of V. Bryusov's poem "Heaps of brought snow ...":

The organizing role of repetition in the composition of lyrical poems is due to the specifics of this genre. In the scientific style, as in the official business style, repetition acts as an important means of communication between sentences, which ensures the accuracy and logical validity of information.

Repetition as a way of organizing the presentation is as follows:

The repetition of the same word (usually a noun) - the so-called lexical repetition (The interaction of two atoms can only occur when collision these atoms. clash should happen with enough kinetic energy);

The use of a synonym for a word, in general a synonymous replacement of words, in a subsequent sentence - a synonymic repetition (Potassium cyanide solution has an alkaline reaction and smells strongly of hydrocyanic acid. Similar properties has sodium cyanide);

Replacing part of the previous sentence with pronouns this, all of them, all of this- pronominal repetition (When an element is in a free state, it forms a simple substance, then the movement of electrons around all atoms of this substance occurs in the same way. This true for all simple substances, regardless of their structures).

Along with ensuring the coherence of the text, the connection between sentences, repetition is involved in the logical deployment of the presentation. For example: Every organism is a set of ordering of interacting structures that form a single whole, i.e. is system. Alive organisms possess signs, which most do not have inanimate systems. However, among these signs there is not a single one that would be inherent only to the living. Possible way to describe life is to list the main properties living organisms. (Here, single-root words also act as a kind of repetition.)

The main features of the scientific style of speech

The most common a specific feature of this style of speech is the logical presentation .

Any coherent statement should have this quality. But the scientific text is distinguished by its emphasized, strict logic. All parts in it are rigidly connected in meaning and are arranged strictly sequentially; conclusions follow from the facts presented in the text. This is done by means typical of scientific speech: linking sentences with repeated nouns, often in combination with a demonstrative pronoun.

Adverbs also indicate the sequence of development of thought: first, first of all, then, then, next; as well as introductory words: firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally, so, therefore, vice versa; unions: because, because, in order to, therefore. predominance allied connection emphasizes the greater connection between sentences.

Another typical feature of the scientific style of speech is accuracy. .

Semantic accuracy (unambiguity) is achieved by careful selection of words, the use of words in their direct meaning, the wide use of terms and special vocabulary. In the scientific style, the repetition of key words is considered the norm.

abstraction And generality certainly permeate every scientific text.

Therefore, abstract concepts are widely used here, which are difficult to imagine, see, feel. In such texts, words with an abstract meaning are often found, for example: emptiness, speed, time, force, quantity, quality, law, number, limit; frequently used formulas, symbols, conventions, graphs, tables, charts, schemes, drawings.

It is characteristic that even specific vocabulary here stands for general concepts .

For example: The philologist must carefully, i.e., a philologist in general; Birch tolerates frost well, i.e. not a single item, but a tree species - general concept. This is clearly manifested when comparing the features of the use of the same word in scientific and artistic speech. In artistic speech, the word is not a term, it contains not only a concept, but also a verbal artistic image (comparison, personification, etc.).

The word of science is unambiguous and terminological.

Compare:

The scientific style of speech is characterized by plural from abstract and real nouns: length, magnitude, frequency; frequent use of neuter words: education, property, value.

Not only nouns, but also verbs are usually used in the context of scientific speech not in their basic and specific meanings, but in a generalized abstract meaning.

Words: go, follow, lead, compose, indicate b and others do not denote movement proper, etc., but something else, abstract:

IN scientific literature, especially mathematical, the form of the future tense is often devoid of its grammatical meaning: instead of the word will are used is, is.

Present tense verbs also do not always get the meaning of concreteness: used regularly; always indicate. Imperfect forms are widely used.

Scientific speech is characterized by: the predominance of pronouns of the 1st and 3rd person, while the meaning of the person is weakened; frequent use of short adjectives.

However, the generality and abstractness of the texts of the scientific style of speech do not mean that they lack emotionality and expressiveness. In this case, they would not have achieved their goal.

The expressiveness of scientific speech differs from the expressiveness of artistic speech in that it is associated primarily with the accuracy of the use of words, the logicality of presentation, and its persuasiveness. The most commonly used figurative means in popular science literature.

Do not mix the terms established in science, formed according to the type of metaphor (in biology - tongue, pistil, umbrella; in technology - clutch, paw, shoulder, trunk; in geography - sole (mountains), ridge) using terms for figurative and expressive purposes in a journalistic or artistic style of speech, when these words cease to be terms ( pulse of life, political barometer, negotiations stall etc.).

To enhance expressiveness in a scientific style of speech , especially in popular science literature, in works of a polemical nature, in discussion articles, are used :

1) amplifying particles, pronouns, adverbs: only, absolutely, only;

2) adjectives like: colossal, most advantageous, one of the greatest, most difficult;

3) "problem" questions: in fact, what kind of bodies does ... a cell in environment?, what is the reason for this?

Objectivity- Another sign of the scientific style of speech. Scientific theories and laws, scientific facts, phenomena, experiments and their results - all this is presented in texts related to the scientific style of speech.

And all this requires quantitative and qualitative characteristics, objective, reliable. Therefore, exclamatory sentences are used very rarely. In a scientific text, a personal, subjective opinion is unacceptable, it is not customary to use the pronoun I and verbs in the first person singular. Here, indefinitely personal sentences are used more often ( think that...), impersonal ( it is known that...), definitely-personal ( Let's look at the problem...).

In the scientific style of speech, several substyles, or varieties, can be distinguished:

a) actually scientific (academic) - the most strict, precise; they write dissertations, monographs, articles scientific journals, instructions, GOSTs, encyclopedias;

b) popular science (scientific journalism) he writes scientific articles in newspapers, popular science magazines, popular science books; this includes public performance on radio, television scientific topics, speeches of scientists, specialists in front of a mass audience;

c) scientific and educational (educational literature on various subjects for different types educational institutions; handbooks, manuals).

Lexical features of the scientific style of speech

The main purpose of a scientific text, its vocabulary is to designate phenomena, objects, name them and explain, and for this, first of all, nouns are needed.

Most common features scientific style vocabulary are:

a) the use of words in their direct meaning;

b) absence figurative means: epithets, metaphors, artistic comparisons, poetic symbols, hyperbole;

c) wide use of abstract vocabulary and terms.

In scientific speech, there are three layers of words:

The words are stylistically neutral, i.e. common, used in different styles.

For example: he, five, ten; in, on, for; black, white, large; going, happening etc.;

General scientific words, i.e. occurring in the language of different sciences, and not of any one science.

For example: center, force, degree, magnitude, speed, detail, energy, analogy etc.

This can be confirmed by examples of phrases taken from texts of different sciences: administrative center, the center of the European part of Russia, the center of the city; center of gravity, center of movement; the center of the circle.

The terms of any science, i.e. specialized vocabulary. You already know that the main thing in the term is accuracy and its unambiguity.

Morphological features of the scientific style of speech

In a scientific text, verbs in the 1st and 2nd person singular are practically not used. They are often used in literary texts.

Verbs in the present tense with a "timeless" meaning are very close to verbal noun: splashed down - splashed down, rewinds - rewind; and vice versa: fill - fills.

Verbal nouns convey objective processes and phenomena well, so they are often used in a scientific text.

There are few adjectives in a scientific text, and many of them are used as part of terms, have an exact, highly specialized meaning. In a literary text, adjectives in percentage more, and epithets and artistic definitions prevail here.

In the scientific style, parts of speech and their grammatical forms are used differently than in other styles.

To identify these features, let's do a little research.

Syntactic features of the scientific style of speech

Typical for scientific speech are:

a) special turns of the type: according to Mendeleev, according to experience;

c) the use of words: given, known, suitable as a means of communication;

d) using a chain of genitive cases: Establishment of the dependence of the wavelength of x-rays of the atom.(Kapitsa.)

In scientific speech, more than in other styles, are used complex sentences, especially complex ones.

Complicated with subordinate explanatory clauses express a generalization, reveal a typical phenomenon, a particular pattern.

Words As you know, scientists believe it is understandable etc. indicate when referring to the source, to any facts, provisions.

Complicated sentences with subordinate clauses are widely used in scientific speech, as science reveals causality phenomena of reality. In these sentences, they are used as common conjunctions ( because, since, since, since), and book ( due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, for).

In scientific speech, comparisons help to reveal the essence of the phenomenon more deeply, to discover its connections with other phenomena, while in a work of art their main purpose is to vividly and emotionally reveal the images, the picture depicted by the artist of the word.

Often the use of participial and adverbial phrases.

Using expressive means

Generalization and abstractness of scientific speech does not exclude expressiveness. Scientists use figurative means of language to highlight the most important semantic moments, to convince the audience.

Comparison is one of the forms of logical thinking.

Ugly (devoid of imagery), for example: Borofluorides are similar to chlorides.

Extended comparison

... In the history of new Russia, we are met by an "excess" of factual material. It becomes impossible to include it in the entire research system, because then you get what is called “noise” in cybernetics. Imagine the following: several people are sitting in a room, and suddenly everyone starts talking about their family affairs at the same time. In the end, we won't know anything. The abundance of facts requires selectivity. And in the same way that acousticians choose the sound they are interested in, we must select those facts that are needed for lighting. chosen topic- the ethnic history of our country. (L.N. Gumilyov. From Rus' to Russia).

figurative comparison

Human society is like a surging sea, in which individual people, like waves, surrounded by their own kind, constantly collide with each other, arise, grow and disappear, and the sea - society - is forever seething, agitated and does not stop ...

Problematic issues

The first question that confronts us is: What is the science of sociology? What is the subject of its study? Finally, what are the main divisions of this discipline?

(P. Sorokin. General sociology)

Limitations of the use of linguistic means in a scientific style

- Inadmissibility of non-literary vocabulary.

- There are practically no forms of the 2nd person of verbs and pronouns you, you.

– Incomplete sentences are used to a limited extent.

- The use of emotionally expressive vocabulary and phraseology is limited.

All of the above can be presented in the table

Features of the scientific style of speech

scientific style pattern

1918 spelling reform brought the letter closer to living speech (i.e. canceled whole line traditional, not phonemic orthograms). Approximation of spelling to living speech usually causes a movement in another direction: the desire to bring pronunciation closer to spelling ...

However, the influence of writing was controlled by the development of internal phonetic trends. Only those spelling features had a strong influence on literary pronunciation. Which helped to develop the Russian phonetic system according to the law of I.A. Baudouin de Courtenay or contributed to the elimination of phraseological units in this system ...

At the same time, it should be emphasized that, firstly, these features were known at the end of the 19th century. and that, secondly, even now they cannot be considered completely victorious in modern Russian literary pronunciation. Old literary norms compete with them.

The scientific style of speech belongs to the book styles of the Russian literary language, which have general conditions for functioning and similar linguistic features, including:

Preliminary consideration of the statement,

Monological character of speech,

Strict selection of language means, striving for normalized speech.

This functional and stylistic variety of the literary language serves various branches of science (exact, natural, humanitarian, etc.), the field of technology and production, and is implemented in monographs, scientific articles, dissertations, abstracts, theses, scientific reports, lectures, educational and scientific and technical literature, reports on scientific topics, etc.

The emergence and development of the scientific style is associated with progress scientific knowledge in various areas of life and activity of nature and man. Initially, scientific presentation was close to the style of artistic narration (emotional perception of phenomena in scientific papers Pythagoras, Plato and Lucretius). Creation in the Greek language, which extended its influence to the whole cultural world, stable scientific terminology led to the separation of the scientific style from the artistic (Alexandrian period). In Russia, the scientific style of speech began to take shape in the first decades of the 18th century in connection with the creation by the authors of scientific books and translators of Russian scientific terminology. A significant role in the formation and improvement of the scientific style belonged to M.V. Lomonosov and his students (second half of the 18th century), the scientific style finally took shape only by the end of the 19th century.

Functions scientific style of speech:

a) epistemic − reflection of reality and storage of knowledge;

b) cognitive − acquisition of new knowledge;

c) communicative − transmission of special information.

Wadachi scientific style of speech:

Explain the causes of phenomena

Report, describe the essential features, properties of the subject of scientific knowledge.

Varieties (substyles) scientific style of speech:

a) actually scientific,

b) scientific and technical (industrial and technical),

c) scientific and informative,

d) scientific reference,

e) educational and scientific,

e) popular science.

Basic form of implementation scientific style is written language , although with the increasing role of science in society, the expansion of scientific contacts, the development of mass media, the role of oral form communication. In this regard, the modern scientific style has various types of texts:

Textbook,

Directory,

Research Article,

Monograph,

Thesis,

Lecture,

Report,

Annotation,

Abstract,

Abstract,

abstracts,

Summary,

Review,

Educational and scientific speech is implemented in the following genres:

Message,

Answer (oral answer, answer-analysis, answer-generalization, answer-grouping),

reasoning,

language example,

Explanation (explanation-explanation, explanation-interpretation).

Realized in various genres and forms of presentation, the scientific style is characterized by a number of common extra- and intralinguistic features that allow us to talk about a single functional style, which is subject to intra-style differentiation. Since the main communicative task of communication in the scientific field is the expression scientific concepts and conclusions, thinking in this field of activity is of a generalized, abstracted (distracted from private, non-essential features), logical character. This is the reason for such specific features scientific style, How abstraction, generalization, emphasized logical presentation .

These extralinguistic features unite all linguistic means that form the scientific style into a system and determine secondary , more private, style features : semantic accuracy (unambiguous expression of thought), informative richness, objectivity of presentation, ugliness, hidden emotionality.

The dominant factor in the organization of linguistic means and scientific style is their generalized abstract nature at the lexical and grammatical levels of the language system. Generalization and abstractness give scientific speech a single functional and stylistic coloring.

General extralinguistic properties of the scientific style of speech, its style features, due to abstractness (conceptuality) and strict logic of thinking, are.