Plan a public speaking example. Preparation of oral public speaking. External forms of public speaking

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Performance

The very first minutes - grinding in to the audience. The speaker should learn as much as possible about her. It is necessary to identify informal leaders, the level of knowledge of people, the need to show visual aids, as well as what specifically can be told to the audience and what can be missed.

Then comes the turn of the performance itself. You should speak emotionally and outside the box. One must run from monotony like from fire. Listeners like it when the lecturer does not fuss, does not wave his hands, does not run around the audience, shouting phrases from different angles. At the same time, the manner of grabbing the pulpit or rostrum with your hands, hunching your back, moving your head like a bird from side to side, pressing it into your shoulders, causes negative behavior.

The listeners' trust is won by the unity of the emotional behavior and the material presented. If we talk about confidence and at the same time fearfully look around, then there will be no trust. The manner of speech, gestures, facial expressions and information must be in complete harmony and complement each other.

Of no small importance is also rhetoric... It includes a well-placed voice, excellent diction, skillful use of figurative, logical, emotional accents. All this is rarely given at birth, but is achieved through training. An illustrative example in this case, the theater can serve. Sitting in the audience and listening attentively to the actors playing their roles on stage, you can acquire certain skills. And in order to consolidate them, you should, having come home, play already yourself, the monologues you have heard.

Rhetorical techniques

First Phrases Effect

It is best to start any speech with phrases that immediately attract attention, but not to the speech, but to the speaker. It is sad to look at some of the lecturers standing in confusion in front of the audience and waiting for it to calm down. It is almost impossible to start talking in such a noise, but it is necessary. How can you do this? Let's take an example.

You need to give a lecture to students. In the morning they called from the dean's office, told the time and the number of the audience. Nobody knows you by sight at the university. At the appointed hour, you enter the great hall. There are about 140 people in it. There is a continuous hum in the room, no one pays attention to you. You walk up to the pulpit, but it doesn't impress anyone. Everyone is busy with their own affairs and conversations. And how to be?

You can, of course, go for the dean with a decisive step. But that will be the stupidest thing. The second option is to shift from foot to foot at the pulpit and patiently wait for those present to finally honor you with their attention. But the wait can take too long. The third option is to take a pointer and crack it on the table with all your might. Silence, of course, will come, but it will be almost impossible to establish trusting contact with students.

So, as already mentioned, you need to first of all draw attention to your person. To do this, you should do something non-standard and unusual. Therefore, you raise your hands, clap your hands, and then loudly, clearly and confidently say: "Hello, dear ladies and gentlemen! I perfectly understand your busyness, but still I will take the liberty of tearing you away from your daily affairs and introduce yourself. My name is Ivan. Ivanovich Ivanov, and I will give you a lecture on ... ".

Unusual style and style of speaking will generate interest and grab attention. There will be silence in the audience. After that, you can safely proceed to the presentation of the material. No one will make noise and interfere.

Novelty effect

No matter how wonderful the speaker is, he will not be able to hold the audience's attention for more than 20 minutes. This is pure psychology based on concentration. The human brain is so arranged that it cannot focus on one thing for a long time. Therefore, it is necessary to insert short digressions in the report.

These can be jokes, anecdotes, funny examples from life. By telling them, the speaker gives the audience a little rest. After that, the main information is again perceived fully within the next 20 minutes.

But jokes alone should not be limited. Absolutely new information is also important. New - these are some sensational facts or discoveries on the main topic. They are also able to "cheer up" the listener. Therefore, the sensation should not be spread at the beginning of the report. It is better to save it for later and give it out in portions at the already named time intervals. Thus, those present will be in a state of attention all the time.

Performance plan

The public speaking rules provide a clear plan. Of course, during the lecture, one can and should improvise, but all this should not go beyond what was planned. Let's look at the outline of a report on a specialized topic, when specialists in any narrow field are sitting in the hall.

1. Explanation.
2. Comparisons and contrasts.
3. Illustrative illustrations and examples.
4. Exceptions that only prove the rule.
5. Facts and statistics.
6. References to sources.
7. Very brief repetition of what was said.

It is advisable to reduce the main report to a minimum, and devote most of the time to questions and answers, since it is in polemics that truth is born.

External forms of public speaking

Speech should always be clothed in a beautiful "wrapper". That is, you need to be able to present yourself to the audience. It's a shame when crooks and actors show themselves off, but really smart and worthy people are pushed aside.

Charm should never be neglected by focusing only on a professional presentation of information. You should know that the layman, who knows how to make a favorable impression, achieves much more success. A true speaker must combine professionalism and the ability to captivate the audience. Only in this case can we talk about the true art of public speaking.

People who, by the nature of their work, often perform in public, understand that a well-written plan is necessary for a successful performance.

Elements of a public speaking plan

The structure of the plan for public speaking includes several elements that should be logically connected with each other.

Meet the public

This part of the public speaking is also called Hook, which means hook in English. It is understood that the very first lines of speech should "catch" the listener, attract their attention.

Meeting the audience can be presented as a parable, a small interesting story that will interest the audience.

This is one of the most important parts of public speaking, so it needs a lot of time. In no case should you exclude Hook from your speech.

Introduction

After getting to know the public and fixing its attention on yourself, you need to move on to the introduction. Start this part of the speech with a problem that is close to your audience. Such a move will provide an opportunity to get closer to the public.

You can imagine this with an example personal experience... It is appropriate to add a little humor to create a relaxed atmosphere. In general, humor is a great tool for defusing the situation and removing tension from the audience. Mark possible jokes in your plan.

If your speech is not aimed at solving a problem of the public, but at presenting something new, tell us about what problems the audience may have if they do not use the new information.

Summary of Key Messages

It is better to do this on an A4 sheet of paper and use it as a hint in the process of delivering a speech. There should be recorded the name of the stories, examples, the order of presentation of information. A few moments will be enough for you to look into your plan and understand what to talk about next, and what you missed.

Main part

Next, move on to the main part in terms of your speech. In the course of the presentation, it is better to alternate photographs and visual materials. Try to speak moderately emotionally, illustrate the performance with images or video materials.

Try to support each your thesis with photos or videos. Then the public will trust you, and you will not be unfounded.

Remember that public speaking time is limited, so build your plan so that there are no more than 4 key messages in it. Too much information is hard for the public to take. Don't overload your speech.

Conclusion

Record in your outline the main findings that follow from your presentation. It is best to end the speech with an effective phrase or conclusion. The conclusion should be short, but succinct, so that the audience will remember you.

Public speaking - speaking in front of the audience with the aim of persuading, provoking, informing. Such a performance can be designed both for a large audience and for a narrow audience (a certain contingent of listeners).

The purpose of the speaker is to win over the audience, attract attention and prove the correctness of beliefs. To do this, the speaker needs to go through the main stages of preparation and remember tricky language techniques that increase efficiency. oratorical speech.

In oratory, there are four types of performance:

an impromptu story - speaking to an audience without preliminary preparation;
drawing up a synopsis - theses used in the message;
message text - composing the text that you read when speaking;
memorization - you learn the text and reproduce from memory, observing the basic requirements of the listeners.

Combine these techniques for creative performance. There are no restrictions in oratory, but you should always take into account the characteristics of the audience. The principle of oratorical activity is the ability to freely choose the features of the story and use any means of expressiveness of the speech.

The basis of publicistic speeches is the plan. To plan your message, write down theses that fit the topic. Analyze the abstracts and exclude unnecessary information. After processing, read the abstracts again.

If necessary, supplement the plan and support it with supporting facts to make the plan appear complete and consistent. Add thoughtful suggestions to your plan. If you are new to public speaking, do not shorten sentences - write them down in full so as not to stutter when pronouncing.

How to use the plan

It is useful to have a speech plan with you, but do not get carried away by verbatim copying of the abstracts. Choose yourself how to use the notes so that the speech is thoughtful, consistent, consistent in intonation and pronunciation rate.

For beginners, a plan will help navigate the story; more experienced in public speaking, the theses will serve as an addition to the speech. The plan is suitable for ongoing reference, affirming confidence that the messages are delivered in the correct order.

If you think that the plan is not enough for a successful message, then write the full text. The verbal design of a public speech can be memorized so that you can look at the audience, and not hold your gaze on paper. The structure of the public speaking should be known to you, and not just written down in the synopsis.

Structure of public speaking

The strongest parts of the story are the beginning and the conclusion. After successfully building them, you will interest the audience and leave a pleasant impression of yourself. Remember, it takes the first five seconds of communication to get an impression. Therefore, immediately show that you have prepared an interesting story: show a video or photo that fits the topic; start with interesting fact.

1 Stages of the story begin with an introduction, and the composition of the public speech is based on the narrative part. Use backstory for emphasis. Tell an interesting parable or life example without deviating from the topic of conversation. Do not forget about psychological techniques and language tools so that the audience successfully adopts your attitude to the topic.

2 Describe the problem you are raising. Pay attention to this point so that the audience understands you and listens with interest. Discuss the perspectives that are possible in solving the problem. Approach this part of the story from afar. Tell us how you came to this conclusion and what you think about it.

3 Think about what questions the audience will ask you. In order not to be silent when communicating with the public, evaluate in advance what moments people are interested in.

An important part of public speaking is the conclusion.

Principles of Quality Inclusion

the conclusion summarizes, summarizes what has been said;
the conclusion is laconic and briefly describing the main thoughts;
conclusion with a share of humor;
the conclusion bears compliments to the listeners;
the conclusion repeats the main idea of the text;
the conclusion is suitable for self-promotion and confirmation of awareness in the raised topic;
the conclusion is used for advice with the help of practical recommendations;
the conclusion enhances the emotional experience of the story;
the creative conclusion is supported by the presentation and links the stages of the story.

The listeners should feel the coherence of all parts of the report constantly: One thought smoothly turns into another; a logical sequence is observed.

Conclusion is impossible without reasoning. The composition of a public speech must be accompanied by evidence that you are right.

Public speaking reasoning

Argumentation is the arguments that substantiate the theses, and the evidence of the information voiced.

Arguments are divided into two types:

Logical argumentation.

Evidence based on the mind of the listeners. Such argumentation is explained by the deductive method, reasoning from the general to the particular.

Psychological argumentation.

Argumentation aimed at emotions, feelings, moral norms of listeners.

Argument rules

The reasoning must be true. False facts will damage your reputation. Speak evidence with persuasion. Persuasive speech means well-chosen argumentation based on confidence in your arguments.
There must be more than three proofs to add credibility to the message. On a psychological level, three reasons means many reasons. Listeners will be confident that you are right. The reasoning shouldn't be too weird.
Argumentation involves skillful use of reasoning and pause. When listing arguments, stick to strict pauses. The presence of pauses allows listeners to separate evidence from each other. When observing pauses, do not make them too long.
In addition to pauses, observe the rules of brevity. The reasoning should be concise so that the listeners do not lose the thread of the conversation. Briefly outline one thought, then move on to another. Supplement the stages of the story with arguments and the presence of pauses.

Public speaking preparation rules

A good presentation is not only a well-reasoned presentation. This is an interesting and instructive story that people will want to ask questions about. If listeners are following your speech with interest, then you have oratory skills.

Good performance rules:

Give people motivation so they know why they came to see you.
Outline the idea of the story. The body of the text should be concise.
Break your talk into logical parts. Compliance with the pauses between them is mandatory.
Use rhetorical questions.
Highlight your keywords from the text. You will quickly find your way around them if you forget the memorized speech. Educational storytelling is impossible without keywords.
Support the story with examples and instructive life stories.
Supplement the story with relevant photos and videos.
Conduct dialogue with your audience. Ask people easy questions from time to time.
Pay special attention to the introduction and conclusion.
Don't stretch the story. For psychological reasons, people fully perceive the text for 20 minutes, after which their attention is scattered.
The time allotted for answering questions is taken into account in the total time of the presentation;
The optimal story rate is 100 words per minute.
Chat with people in their language. Find out in advance what contingent the audience belongs to.
Maintain eye contact with your audience.
Choose clothing appropriate for the performance.

You shouldn't have any doubts about the report. Preparing for a public speaking will build self-confidence, which guarantees half the success. You will get the second half by applying the following methods and techniques of expressiveness:

Show the audience your confidence. Perform without fuss or unnecessary movement. This will convince people of your confidence and increase your self-esteem.
Take a seat in the middle of the stage. The audience should feel your importance.
Pauses between arguments are required. But don't neglect taking pauses before a show. Ask for water, straighten your clothes, or use another method to tune in to psychological contact with people.
Focus on three people who will be the fulcrum for eye contact.
Make gestures as you talk.
Avoid your arms crossed or behind your back. These are methods of protection, the audience will psychologically tune in to the fact that you keep away from it.
Don't show superiority when dealing with people. Be on an equal footing with them, especially if this is a training presentation.
If you are applauded, wait until the end of the applause to continue the story.
In conclusion, say nice words and wish you good luck.

For a successful story, work on the pronunciation and presentation of the text in front of the audience.

Language means of expressiveness

Speech preparation and presentation are interrelated. The language tools that create the consistency of the speech must definitely be worked out. This will help the public to form a clear understanding of your problem.

Language means of expressiveness:

structure your text;
use complex sentences;
use introductory words;
use rhetorical questions;
present the material with emotion;
highlight the main idea;
encourage your audience to take action;
use proverbs, sayings and comparisons;
give an example from life;
use repetitions, but do not resort to this technique too often;
show your own interest in the topic;
do not speak too softly, but do not shout either;
practice your pronunciation of words before speaking. Pronounce the text clearly.

Getting ready for a performance requires the right physical and emotional attitude.

How to Prepare for a Public Speaking: Internal Organization

Preparing to speak is considered part of the story. To calm your anxiety, use 6 basic rules:

Focus on speech, not excitement.
Do not tell all the information that you know. This will build self-confidence.
Rest before speaking, rather than repeating the text.
Don't eat an hour before your performance.
Don't do unexpected things before a performance.
Pay attention to the content of the text. Read it fluently to use the techniques of the subconscious mind, which will remember the main points of speech.

Conducting a public speech is not difficult if you approach it responsibly and take into account the basic functions of speaking. These functions include conveying information and explaining a point of view. Also, you can improve the efficiency of speech, taking into account the characteristics of the audience and using means of expression. It is better to start teaching public speaking with the study of small stages, gradually complicating the tasks and requirements for the presentation.

We need to draw up his plan. According to the plan, you are guided by what to say, where to make accents, and how to correctly convey your message to the audience.

The plan of each public speech has individual features, and depends on the topic of the speech, on the interests and awareness of the audience, on the duration of the speech, and many other factors. But there are also common features of each speech plan, knowing which, you can use them in the preparation of any speech.

Arthur Chopin wrote: “Only a few people tell the story of an architect who drew up a plan in advance and thought through everything to the smallest detail, while most of them are the opposite.” If you wish to be one of these units, and be a good builder and architect of your performances, make a plan.

Of course, the first stage of preparing a speech is. Without information, it is impossible to imagine what the speech will be like. And as soon as you start gathering information, you will most likely have the first sketches of this plan in your head. If this happens, then you are moving in the right direction.

Don't forget about the purpose of your presentation. Having decided on the goal, you can constantly improve the plan, within the framework of this goal.

There is no universal scheme for all performances, but some key points can be identified that are characteristic of all plans.

Logic of speech

The plan should trace a certain logic of the layout of the material, which allows the speaker to achieve his goals during his speech. The logic of speech is the basis of the persuasive function of any public speech. There are many theories and rules that relate to the logic of speech. Let's take a look at the most effective ones:

Decomposition

A method that allows you to achieve the goal by solving several interrelated tasks.

For example, your goal is to show the advantages of working in the Forex market. In this case, you need to divide the goal into several tasks - the prospects of reaching a high income, the benefits of working remotely, the ability to start with a small amount of money, and so on.

Don't go to the other extreme either - and don't look for too many constituent tasks. Use the rule of short-term memory capacity - there can be no more than 9 parts of speech, or even better. if there are no more than 7 or 5. In this case, all listeners will be able to understand the meaning of your speech.

Actual division

Usually, a public speech is structured as follows - first, either known information is given out, or such that is easy to understand. Then the speaker tells something new. These pieces of information are called theme and rema respectively. They allow you to achieve coherence in the presentation, and help the speaker convey the idea and meaning of his speech to the audience.

Holding attention

A good outline ensures a smooth flow from one semantic part of speech to another. But this is not enough for a good speech. It is also necessary to think about the maximum possible impact on the listener. To do this, you need to make the plan visible, easy to understand, and add accents to it.

The semantic load of speech should not be the same. Let the listeners relax their attention from time to time by discussing minor details. And when moving on to important parts of the speech, it is necessary, on the contrary, to focus the attention of the audience.

The best option would be to raise a specific problem, and, gradually whipping up interest, at the moment of maximum concentration of listeners, offer your solution.

Introduction

The introduction is one of the most important parts of the presentation, along with the main part and the conclusion. In the introduction, the speaker should convey to the audience the answers to the following question - what and why this speech will be.

By identifying the topic of the speech, and setting a goal for the audience, the speaker helps to tune in to perception. The beginning also sets the tone for the entire speech, and forms the first impression of the speaker and his presentation.

The introduction can be in the following ways:

More detailed information can be found in the sections "All courses" and "Usefulness", which can be accessed through the top menu of the site. In these sections, articles are grouped by topic into blocks containing the most detailed (as far as possible) information on various topics.

You can also subscribe to the blog and learn about all new articles.
It does not take a lot of time. Just click the link below:

Children and Education - Information Portal