As a result Northern War The powerful Swedish army was defeated 1700-1721, Russian lands captured by Sweden were returned at the end of the XVI-early XVII centuries. At the mouth of the Neva, the city of St. Petersburg is being built, where in 1712 the capital of Russia is postponed. Moscow State It becomes in 1721 by the Russian Empire, headed by the emperor All-Russian.

Of course, Russia went to the creation of the empire for a long time, and not only the victory in the Northern War contributed to this.

Long way

At the beginning of the XIII century, Russia consisted of about 15 princes. However, the natural course of centralization turned out to be locked by the Mongolian invasion (1237-1240). Further association of Russian lands took place in heavy foreign policy conditions and dictated primarily political prerequisites.

In the XIV century, most of the Russian land turned out to be merged around Vilna - the capital of the Great Principality of Lithuanian and Russian. During the XIII-XV centuries, the Great Lithuanian, Polotsk, Vitebsk, Turovo-Pinsky, were in possession of the great Lithuanian princes from the genus Gediminovichy Kiev Princess, as well as most Chernihiv region, Volyn, Podolia, Smolenshchina and a number of other Russian lands. Thereby gone to the past sole board Rurikovich and the generic unity of Russia. The joining of lands took place both military and peaceful way.

End of XV - the beginning of the XVI centuries became a kind of frontier, after which the Earth joined Russia was one of the whole. The process of joining the rest of the ancient Russia was stretched for another two centuries and by this time their own ethnic processes have gained strength.

In 1654, Left Bank Ukraine joined Russia. The land of the Right Bank of Ukraine (without Galicia) and Belarus entered the Russian Empire as a result of the second section of the Commonwealth in 1793.

"The Russian kingdom (and in the conceptual, ideological, and institutional plan) had two sources:" kingdom "(Khanate) of the Golden Horde and the Byzantine Orthodox Kingdom (Empire)."

One of the first to formulate new idea The royal power of Moscow princes was Metropolitan Zosima. In the composition of the "Posklia Statement", submitted by the Moscow Cathedral in 1492, he stressed that Moscow became a new Constantinople thanks to Rusi God. God himself put Ivan III - "New Tsar Konstantin New Hoodies Konstantin - Moscow and the whole Russian Earth and other land of the sovereign". In the way Ivan IV was the first king weddow to the kingdom. This happened January 16, 1547.

With Ivan IV Russia managed to significantly expand its possessions. As a result of the campaign to Kazan and her capture in 1552, she found the average Volga region, and in 1556 with the taking of Astrakhan - the Lower Volga region and access to the Caspian Sea, which opened new merchant opportunities with Persia, Caucasus and Central Asia. At the same time, the ring of hostile Tatar khanate was broken, the road to Siberia opened.

V. Surikov "Conquest Siberia Ermacom"

On the era of Ivan the Terrible, the beginning of the conquest of Siberia had also had. A few detachment of the Cossacks Yermak Timofeevich, hired by the Ural industrialists of Stroganov to protect against the raids of the Siberian Tatars, broke the army of the Siberian Khan Kuchum and took it the capital of the cough. Despite the fact that because of the attacks of Tatars, few of the Cossacks managed to return alive, the broken Siberian Khanate was not restored. A few years later, the royal archers of Voivod Wizhikov supputed the last resistance. The gradual development of Russian Siberia began. Over the next few decades, the Ostrog and Trade Settlements began to occur: Tobolsk, Verkhoturia, Mangazea, Yeniseisk and Bratsk.

Russian empire

P. Zharkov "Portrait of Peter I"

On August 30, 1721, Nestadt world was concluded between Russia and Sweden, in which Russia received a way out to the Baltic Sea, joined the territory of Ingria, part of Karelia, Estlandia and Liflandia.

Russia has become a great European power. Peter I took the titles of the "Great" and "father of the Fatherland" from the Senate, he was proclaimed by the emperor, and Russia is an empire.

The formation of the Russian Empire was accompanied by a number of reforms.

Reform of public administration

The creation of the near office (or the conservima of ministers) in 1699 was transformed in 1711 to the Government Senate. Creation of 12 colleges with a certain scope of activity and powers.

The government system has become more perfect. The activities of most state bodies have become regulated, the collegium had a clearly defined area of \u200b\u200bactivity. Control bodies were created.

Regional (provincial) reform

At the first stage of the reform, Peter I divided Russia for 8 provinces: Moscow, Kiev, Kazan, Ingermandland (later St. Petersburg), Arkhanghelodskaya, Smolensk, Azov, Siberian. They were managed by the governors who made the troops located in the province, as well as with all the completeness of the administrative and judiciary. At the second stage of the reform of the province were divided into 50 provinces managed by voivods, and they were divided into distributs led by the Zemskiy Commissioners. Governors were deprived of administrative power and solved judicial and military issues.

There was centralization of power. Organs local governments Almost completely lost influence.

Judicial reform

Peter 1 new judicial bodies were formed: Senate, Justice-College, Hoffgericht, Lower Courts. The judicial functions also performed all colleagues except foreign. The judges were separated from the administration. The court of culisants (analogue of the jury) was canceled, the principle of inviolability of the false person is lost.

A large number of judicial bodies and persons who carried out judicial activity (the emperor himself, governors, governors, etc.) were submitted to the judger and confusion, the introduction of the ability to "knock out" the testimony under torture created the ground for abuse and binding. At the same time, the competence of the process was established and the need for the sentence was based on specific articles of the law corresponding to the disassembled case.

Military reforms

Introduction of the recruitment service, the creation of the Navy, the establishment of the military collegium that made all military affairs. Introduction with the help of "Range Tabel" military ranks, uniforms for all Russia. Creating military industrial enterprises, as well as military educational institutions. Introduction of army discipline and military charters.

Peter 1 created with its reforms, created a formidable regular army, which appeared by 1725 to 212 thousand people and strong navy. Divisions were created in the army: shelves, brigades and divisions, on the fleet - squadron. A variety of military victories was obsessed. These reforms (although ambiguously estimated by different historians) created a bridgehead for the further success of Russian weapons.

Church reform

The patriarchaé Institute was actually eliminated. In 1701, the management of church monastery lands was reformed. Peter 1 restored the monastery order, which controlled church income and trial over monastic peasants. In 1721, a spiritual regulation was adopted, actually deprived the church of independence. His Holiness Synod, whose members were subordinate to Peter 1, who were appointed to change the patriarchant. Church property was often told and spent on the needs of the emperor.

Church reforms of Peter 1 led to almost complete subordination of the clergy of secular power. In addition to eliminating the patriarchate, many bishops and simple priests were persecuted. The church could no longer conduct an independent spiritual policy and partly lost credibility in society.

Financial reforms

Introduction of many new (including indirect) taxes, monopolization of the sale of tar, alcohol, salts and other goods. Damage (weight reduction) coins. A penny becomes the main coin. Transition to pillow grade.

The increase in the execution of the treasury several times. But! It has been achieved due to the impoverishment of the majority of the population, and most of these revenues have raveled.

Culture and life

Peter I led the struggle with the external manifestations of the "outdated" lifestyle (the most famous ban on beards), but did not less attention to the admission of the nobility to education and secular Europeanized culture. Secular schools began to appear, the first Russian newspaper was founded, the translations of many books into Russian appear. Success in the service of Peter put for the nobles dependent on education.

N. Nevyv "Peter I"

A number of measures were taken to develop education: on January 14, 1700, a school of mathematical and navigation sciences was opened in Moscow. In 1701-1721 artillery, engineering and medical schools In Moscow, Engineering School and Marine Academy in St. Petersburg, mountain schools with Olonetsk and Ural plants. In 1705, the first gymnasium in Russia was opened. The purpose of mass education should have been created by the decree of 1714 cyphyr schools in provincial cities designed " children of all ranks learn literacy, tiphirs and geometry" It was assumed to create two such schools in every province, where learning should have been free. For soldiers' children, garrison schools were opened, a network of spiritual schools was created for the preparation of priests. We have made mandatory training of nobles and clergy, but a similar measure for the urban population met violent resistance and was canceled. Petra's attempt to create a discovered primary school It never succeeded (the creation of a network of schools after his death ceased, most of the cyphic schools in its successors were reprocessed into the class schools to prepare the clergy), but nevertheless, their reign was laid for the dissemination of education in Russia.

Peter I created new typography.

In 1724, Peter approved the charter of the Sciences organized by the Academy, which was opened after his death.

Of particular importance was the construction of Stone Petersburg, in which foreign architects took part and which was carried out on the plan developed by the king. They created a new urban environment with unfamiliar forms of life and pastime (theater, masquerad). The inner decoration of houses has changed, lifestyle, nutrition composition, etc.

The Special Decree of the Tsar in 1718, the Assembly were introduced, which presented the form of communication between people a new one for Russia. At the assemblies, nobles danced and spent freely, unlike the former feasts and peters.

S. Khlebovsky "Assembly under Peter I"

Peter invited foreign artists to Russia and at the same time sent talented young people to study "Arts" abroad.

On December 30, 1701, Peter issued a decree, which was prescribed to write in the petitions and other documents, the names completely instead of derogatory semi-lion (Ivashka, Senka, etc.), knees before the king, do not fall, in the winter in the cold the hat in front of the house in which there is King, not shoot. He explained the need for these innovations: "Less than the lowestness, more diligence to the service and loyalty to me and the state - this worship is characteristic of the king ...".

Peter tried to change the position of women in Russian society. He has special decrees (1700, 1702 and 1724) forbade the violent issuance of marriage and marriage. It was prescribed that there was no less than the six-weekly period, "in order for the bride and the bride, they could recognize each other." If during this time, it was said in the decree, the "bride's bride cannot take it, or the bride for the groom married it is not so much", no matter how much parents insisted, "there is no freedom."

Transformations of the Peter I era led to strengthening russian state, the creation of the modern European army, the development of industry and the dissemination of education among the highest classes of the population. Installed absolute monarchy Head with the emperor, who was also subject to the Church (through the Ober-Prosecutor of the Sacred Synod).

There were many empires in the world, which were famous for their wealth, luxurious palaces and temples, conquests and culture. Among the greatest of them, such powerful states as Roman, Byzantine, Persian, Sacred Roman, Ottoman, British Empire are distinguished.

Russia on the historic world map

The Empire of the World collapsed, disintegrate, and in their place there were separate independent states. I did not bypass such a fate and the Russian empire, which existed in 196, starting from 1721 and ending in 1917.

It all started from the Moscow Principality, which, thanks to the conquests of the princes and the kings, grew at the expense of new lands in the West and the East. Victorious wars allowed Russia to take possession of important territories that opened the country to the Baltic and Black Seas.

Russia became an empire in 1721, when King Peter the Great decision of the Senate adopted the Imperial title.

Territory and composition of the Russian Empire

According to the size and length of their own ownership, Russia ranked second in the world, yielding only the British Empire, which owned numerous colonies. At the beginning of the 20th century, the territory of the Russian Empire included:

• 78 provinces + 8 Finnish;
• 21 region;
• 2 districts.

The provinces consisted of counties, the latter were divided into mills and plots. The Empire existed the following administrative-territorial control:

Many land to the Russian Empire joined voluntarily, and some as a result of conquering campaigns. Territories included in its composition at their own request were:

• Georgia;
• Armenia;
• Abkhazia;
• Tyva Republic;
• Ossetia;
• Ingushetia;
• Ukraine.

During the external colonial policy, Catherine II, the Kuril Islands, Chukotka, Crimea, Kabardo (Kabardino-Balkaria), Belarus and Baltic States included in the Russian Empire. Part of Ukraine, Belarus and the Baltic States went to Russia after the section of the Commonwealth (Modern Poland).

Square of the Russian Empire

From the Northern Ice Ocean to the Black Sea and from the Baltic Sea to Pacific Ocean Stretched the territory of the state, occupying two continents - Europe and Asia. In 1914, in front of the First World War, the Square of the Russian Empire was 69,245 square meters. kilometer, and the length of her borders was as follows:

Let us dwell and talk about the individual territories of the Russian Empire.

Grand Principality Finland

Finland, the Russian Empire entered in 1809, after Sweden, a peace treaty was signed, according to which she lost this territory. The capital of the Russian Empire was now covered with new lands, which were defended from the North of St. Petersburg.

When Finland entered the Russian Empire, she retained a large autonomy, despite Russian absolutism and autocracy. She had his own constitution, in accordance with which power in the principality was divided into executive and legislative. The legislative authority was the Seimas. The executive authorities belonged to the Imperial Finnish Senate, he consisted of eleven people elected by the Seimas. Finland had its own currency - Finnish brands, and in 1878 he received the right to have a small army.

Finland, as part of the Russian Empire, was famous for the coastal city of Helsingfors, where not only the Russian intelligentsia loved to relax, but also the reigning house of Romanov. This city, which is now called Helsinki, was chosen by many Russian people who were happy to resort in resorts and filmed cottages from local residents.

After strikes in 1917 and thanks February Revolution Finland independence was proclaimed, and she came out of Russia.

Joining Ukraine to Russia

Right-Bank Ukraine as part of the Russian Empire was during the Board of Catherine II. Russian Empress for a start destroyed the hetmans, and then the Zaporizhia Sch. In 1795, the Commonwealth was finally divided, and its Earth moved Germany, Austria and Russia. Thus, Belarus and Right Bank Ukraine entered the Russian Empire.

After the Russian-Turkish war 1768-1774 Ekaterina Great joined the territory of modern Dnipropetrovsk, Kherson, Odessa, Nikolaev, Lugansk and Zaporizhia region. As for the left bank of Ukraine, it is voluntary entered into Russia in 1654. Ukrainians saved the social and religious repression of Polyakov and asked help from the Russian king Alexei Mikhailovich. He, together with Bogdan Khmelnitsky, concluded the Pereyaslav Treaty, according to which Left Bank Ukraine became part of the Moscow kingdom of autonomy. Participated in Rada not only the Cossacks, but also the usual people who accepted this decision.

Crimea - Pearl of Russia

The Crimea Peninsula was included in the Russian Empire in 1783. On July 9, the famous manifesto from the rock of Ak-Kaya was read, and the Crimean Tatars were agreed to become the subjects of Russia. First, noble Murza, and then the usual residents of the peninsula took the oath to the devotion of the Russian Empire. After that, the walking, games and festivities began. Crimea was part of the Russian Empire after the successful Military campaign of Prince Potemkin.

This was preceded by difficult times. The coast of Crimea and Kuban from the end of the 15th century were the possessions of the Turks and crimean Tatars. During the wars with the Russian Empire, the latter received some independence from Turkey. The rulers of the Crimea replaced quickly, and some two or three times occupied the throne.

Russian warriors have repeatedly suppressed meters, which were organized by the Turks. The last khan of Crimea Shahin-Gury dreamed of making a European power from the peninsula, wanted to hold military reform, But no one wanted to support his undertakings. Using confusion, Prince Potemkin recommended that Catherine Great Include Crimea to the Russian Empire through a military campaign. The Empress agreed, but with one condition so that the people himself expressed consent to this. Russian troops were peacefully understood to the residents of the Crimea, showed to them kindness and care. Shahin Garya renounced power, and the Tatars were guaranteed freedom to confess the religion and observance of local traditions.

The easternmost outskirts of the empire

The development of Russian Alaska began in 1648. Semen Dejnev, Cossack and Traveler, held an expedition, coming to Anadyr in Chukotka. Having learned about this, Peter I sent Bering to test this information, but the famous navigator did not confirm the facts of Dezhnev - Foga hid from his team Alaska coast.

Only in 1732 the crew of the ship "Holy Gabriel" for the first time landed at Alaska, and in 1741, Bering studied the coast and her, and the Aleuta Islands in detail. Gradually began research new regionThe merchants sailed and formed settlements, built the capital and called her Sitka. Alaska as part of the Russian Empire was famous for not yet gold, but a fur beast. Fur of different animals were mined here, which were in demand both in Russia and in Europe.

Under Paul I organized a Russian-American company, which had the following powers:

• she managed Alaska;
• could organize an armed army and ships;
• have your own flag.

Russian colonializers found mutual language With the local people - Aleuts. The priests learned their tongue and translated the Bible. Aleuts accepted baptism, girls willingly walked married Russian men and wore traditional Russian clothing. With another tribe - Koloshi, the Russians did not make friends. It was a militant and very cruel tribe that practiced cannibalism.

Why sold Alaska?

These extensive territories sold the United States for 7.2 million dollars. The contract was signed in the capital of the United States - Washington. Alaska sale backgrounds are recently called different.

Some say that the reason for the sale was the human factor and reducing the number of sable and other fur animals. Russian lived very little on Alaska, their number was 1000 people. Others push the hypothesis that Alexander II was afraid to lose the eastern colonies, so it was not too late, I decided to sell Alaska for the price that was offered.

Most researchers converge on the fact that Russian empire I decided to get rid of Alaska, because there were no human resources to cope with the development of such distant lands. Thoughts arose in the government, and not to sell whether the Ussuri region, which was Malozhelelen and poorly managed. However, hot heads gramed, and Primorye remained as part of Russia.

Russian empire - The state that existed from November 1721 to March 1917.

The empire was created after the end of the Northern War with Sweden, when King Peter first proclaimed himself with the emperor, and finished his existence after the February Revolution of 1917 and addresses with himself the last emperor with the second imperial powers and reincarnating him from the throne.

The population of a huge power was 178 million people at the beginning of 1917.

The capitals of the Russian Empire had two: from 1721 to 1728 - St. Petersburg, from 1728 to 1730 - Moscow, from 1730 to 1917 - again St. Petersburg.

The Russian empire had extensive territories: from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea in the south, from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the East.

The major cities of the Empire were St. Petersburg, Moscow, Warsaw, Odessa, Lodz, Riga, Kiev, Kharkov, Tiflis (modern Tbilisi), Tashkent, Vilna (modern Vilnius), Saratov, Kazan, Rostov-on-Don, Tula, Astrakhan, Ekaterinoslav (modern Dnepropetrovsk), Baku, Chisinau, Helsingfors (modern Helsinki).

The Russian Empire shared on the province, regions and districts.

As of 1914, the Russian Empire shared on:

a) province - Arkhangelsk, Astrakhan, Bessarabskaya, Vilenskaya, Vitebskaya, Vladimirskaya, Vologda, Volyn, Voronezh, Vyatka, Grodno, Ekaterinoslavskaya, Kazanskaya, Kaluga, Kiev, Kovna, Kostroma, Kurland, Kurskaya, Liflyandskaya, Minsk, Mogilyovskaya, Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Novgorod, Olonetskaya, Orenburg, Orlovskaya, Penza, Perm, Podolskaya, Poltava, Pskov, Ryazan, Samara, St. Petersburg, Saratovskaya, Sybirskaya, Smolensk, Tavricheskaya, Tambov, Tverskaya, Tula, Ufa, Kharkov, Kherson, Kholmskaya, Chernigov, Estland, Yaroslavskaya, Volyn, Podolskaya, Kiev, Vilenskaya, Kovna, Grodno, Minsk, Mogilevskaya, Vitebskaya, Kurlyandskaya, Liflyandskaya, Estland, Warsaw, Kalishovskaya, Kelets, Lublin, Lublin, Petrokovskaya, Plotsky, Radomskaya, Svalkskaya, Baku, Elizavypolskaya (Elisavetpolskaya), Kutaiskaya, Stavropol, Tiflis, Black Sea, Erivan, Yenisei, IRK Utka, Tobolskaya, Tomsk, Abo-Biorneborg, Vazskaya, Vyborg, Kuopioskaya, Nieland (Nyuland), St. Michelskaya, Tavastgskaya (Tavastgusskaya), Uleborg

b) areas - Batuman, Dagestan, Karsian, Kuban, Tereskaya, Amur, Zabaikalskaya, Kamchatka, Primorskaya, Sakhalin, Yakutskaya, Akmolinskaya, Custinian, Samarkand, Semipalatinskaya, Semirechenskaya, Cheese Dariainskaya, Turgay, Ural, Fergana, Area of \u200b\u200bDonskoy;

c) District - Sukhumsky and Nakatalsky.

It will not be mentioned that in the last years of the Russian Empire, in recent years, independent countries have come before the collapse - Finland, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia.

Russian Empire rule alone tsarist dynasty - Romanovs. In 296 years of the existence of the empire, the rule of 10 emperors and 4 empress.

The first Russian emperor Peter is the first (the years of the Board in the Russian Empire 1721 - 1725) was in this rank of 4 years, although the total time of his reign was 43 years.

Peter The first staged by the conversion of Russia to a civilized country.

Over the past 4 of their years, there has been a number of major reforms on the imperial throne of Petr.

Peter conducted the reform of public administration, introduced the administrative and territorial division of the Russian Empire on the province, created a regular army and a powerful military fleet. Peter also eliminated church autonomy and subjugated

church of the Imperial Power. Even before the formation of the empire, Peter founded St. Petersburg, and in 1712 he transfers the capital there from Moscow.

With Peter in Russia, the first newspaper was opened, many educational institutions for the nobles were open, and in 1705 the first general educational gymnasium was opened. Peter brought up the order also in the design of all official documents, forbidding semi-annumenia (Ivashka, Senka, etc.), forbade violent marriage, removing the caps and standing on his knees when the king appears, and also allowed married divorces. With Peter, a whole network of military and marine schools for children of soldiers was discovered, drunkenness in feasts and meetings was prohibited, the beard of government officials is prohibited.

To increase the educational level of the noblepiece of Pyrt, introduced a mandatory study foreign language (in those times - French). The role of the boyars was leveled, many boyars from semi-armed yesterday's peasants turned into educated nobles.

Peter the first forever deprived the Sweden of the status of the aggressor country, breaking under Poltava in 1709 the Swedish army led by the Swedish king Karl XII.

In the days of the reign of Peter, the Russian Empire joined its possessions the territory of modern Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia, as well as Karelian stakes and part of Southern Finland. In addition, Bessarabia was included in Russia and North Bukovina (Territory of modern Moldova and Ukraine).

After the death of Peter on the imperial throne, Catherine I was asked.

The Empress reigned for a long time, only two years (the years of the Board 1725 - 1727). However, her power was rather weak and actually been in the hands of Alexander Menshikova - the companion of Peter. Catherine showed interest only to the fleet. In 1726, the Supreme Secret Council was created, which under the formal chairmanship of Catherine managed the country. In the time of Catherine, bureaucracy and treasures flourished. Catherine only signed all the papers that were transferred to her by representatives of the Supreme Secret Council. Inside the same Council was the struggle for power, reforms in the empire were suspended. In the days of the reign of Catherine, Russia did not led any wars.

The next Russian emperor Peter II also reigned for a long time, just three years (the years of the Board 1727 - 1730). The Emperor Peter the Second became when he was only eleven years old, and he died aged fourteen years from the sieves. In fact, Peter the Empire did not rule, for such a short period he did not even have time to manifest interest in state affairs. Real power in the country continued to be in the hands of the Supreme Secret Council and Alexander Menshikov. With this formal ruler, all the beginnings of Peter the first were leveled. The Russian clergy made attempts to separate from the state, the capital from St. Petersburg was postponed to Moscow, the historical capital of the former Moscow principality and the Russian state. The army and fleet came to decline. The corruption and massive embezzlement of money from the state treasury flourished.

The next Russian ruler was Empress Anna (the years of the Board of 1730 - 1740). However, the country was really ruled by Her Favorite Ernest Biron, Kurland Duke.

The authority of the same Anna was very trimmed. Without approval of the Supreme Secret Council, the Empress could not introduce taxes, declare war, to spend the state treasury at his own discretion, to produce a colonel to high ranks above the title, appoint the heir to the throne.

With Anna, the proper fleet content and construction of new ships was resumed.

It was at Anne that the capital of the empire was returned back to St. Petersburg.

After Anna, the emperor became Ivan VI (year of government 1740) became the most young emperor in history tsarist Russia. He was planted for the throne in a two-month age, the real authorities in the empire continued to possess Ernest Biron.

Ivan Vi's Board turned out to be short. In two weeks happened palace coup. Biron was removed from power. The Emperor Baby lasted on the throne a little over a year. During his formal board, no significant events in the life of the Russian Empire did not happen.

And in 1741, Empress Elizabeth (the years of the Board 1741-1762) rose to the Russian throne.

In the time of Elizabeth, Russia returned to Petrovsky transformations. The Supreme Secret Council was eliminated, for many years, submitted to the real power of Russian emperors. The death penalty was canceled. Noble privileges were legally decorated.

In the days of the reign of Elizabeth, Russia participated in a number of wars. In the Russian-Swedish War (1741 - 1743), Russia again, as once Peter the first, won over the Swedes a convincing victory, rearing for them a significant part of Finland. Then followed the brilliant Seven-year war Against Prussia (1753-1760), which ended with the troops of Berlin in 1760.

In the time of Elizabeth, the first university (in Moscow) was opened in Russia.

However, the Empress itself had weaknesses - she often loved to arrange luxurious peirs, which pretty devastated the treasury.

The next Russian emperor - Peter III - reign only 186 days (year of government 1762). Peter was vigorously engaged in public affairs, during his short stay on the throne abolished the office of secret cases, created the state bank and first introduced into the Russian Empire for the first time. A decree was created, which forbidden to kill the landowners and cripple the peasants. Peter wanted to reform the Orthodox Church on the Protestant sample. A document "Manifesto on the liberties of the nobility", which legally secured the nobility as an informed class of Russia was created. At the same time, the king nobles were exempted from the forced service in the army. All high-ranking venoms-bees exiled during the reign of previous emperors and Empress were released from references. However, the next palace coup prevented this sovereign to continue to work and reign on the benefit of the empire.

Empress Catherine II (the years of the Board 1762 - 1796) is entering the throne.

Catherine The second on a par with Peter is considered to be one of the best empresses, the efforts of which contributed to the development of the Russian Empire. Ekaterina came to power through a palace coup, overthrowing his husband from the throne Peter IIIwhich was cold to her and treated with undisguised disregard.

The period of the reign of Catherine had the saddest effects for the peasants - they were completely fixed.

However, with this Empress, the Russian empire significantly moved its borders to the West. After the section of the speech, the Commonwealth East Poland became part of the Russian Empire. Also entered her and Ukraine.

Catherine was eliminated by Zaporizhzhya Schash.

During the reign of Catherine, the Russian Empire has completed the war with a victorious Ottoman Empire, Having revealed from her Crimea. According to the results of this war, Kuban also became part of the Russian Empire.

In Catherine, throughout Russia, there was a mass discovery of new gymnasiums. Education has become available to all residents of cities, except peasants.

Catherine founded in the Empire whole line New cities.

In the time of Catherine in the Empire, a major uprising happened under the leadership

Emelyan Pugacheva - as a result of further reassurance and challenge the peasants.

Fistened for Catherine's reign of Paul I lasted not long - only five years. Paul introduced a cruel wandering discipline in the army. Core punishments were returned for the nobles. All the nobles were required to serve in the army. However, in contrast to Catherine, Paul improved the position of the peasants. Bornbishchina was limited to three days a week. The bread natural tax from the peasants was canceled. It was forbidden for the sale of peasants with Earth. It was forbidden to share peasant families when selling. Fearing the influence of the newly happening great french revolutionPaul introduced censorship and banned the import of foreign books.

Paul unexpectedly died in 1801 from the apoplexic strike.

His successor, Emperor Alexander I (years of government 1801 - 1825) - during his stay on the throne held a victorious Patriotic War against Napoleonic France in 1812. During the reign of Alexander, the Russian Empire included Georgian lands - Megrelia and the Imereti kingdom.

Also during the reign of Alexander the First, a successful war was held with the Ottoman Empire (1806-1812), which ended with the accession of part of the Persia (the territory of modern Azerbaijan).

As a result, the next russian-Swedish War (1806 - 1809) The territory of Russia entered the territory of all Finland.

The emperor unexpectedly died of abdominal typhus in Taganrog in 1825.

One of the most despotic emperors of the Russian Empire is rising to the throne - Nikolai First (years of government 1825 - 1855).

On the first day of the reign of Nicholas in St. Petersburg there was an uprising of the Decembrists. The uprising ended for them weepingly - artillery was applied. The leaders of the uprising were planted to the Petropavlovsk fortress in St. Petersburg and soon executed.

In 1826, the Russian army has to protect their distant borders from the troops of the Persian Shaha unexpectedly invaded in the Transcaucasus. Russian-Persian War lasted two years. At the end of the war, Persia was selected by Armenia.

In 1830, during the reign of Nicholas, the first uprising against Russian autocracy was held on the territory of Poland and Lithuania. In 1831, the uprising was suppressed by Russian regular troops.

Under Nicolae the first was built the first railway from St. Petersburg to the royal village. And by the end of the period of his reign, the construction of the railway line Petersburg- Moscow was completed.

In the time of Nicholas, the first Russian empire led another war with the Ottoman Empire. The war ended in the preservation of the Crimea as part of Russia, but the entire military fleet of Russia under the contract from the peninsula was removed.

The next emperor - Alexander II (the years of the Board of 1855 - 1881) in 1861 completely canceled the serfdom. At the same time, the king was carried out Caucasian War Against the detachments of Chechen Highlanders under the leadership of Shamil, the Polish uprising of 1864 was suppressed. Turkestan (modern Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and Turkmenistan was joined.

At the same time, the emperor America was sold to Alaska (1867).

Another war with the Ottoman Empire (1877 - 1878 ended with the liberation of Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro from the Ottoman yoke.

Alexander the second is the only Russian emperor who deceased with a violent unnatural death. In him, a member of the Folk Volya organization Ignatius Grinevian was thrown a bomb during his walk along the Ekaterininsky Channel embankment in St. Petersburg. The emperor died on the same day.

Alexander III becomes a penultimate Russian emperor (the years of the Board 1881 - 1894).

At the same time, the Tsar began the industrialization of Russia. Throughout the European part of the empire were built railways. Wide distribution received telegraph. The telephone connection was introduced. In major cities (Moscow, Petersburg) electrified was carried out. Radio has appeared.

At the same time, the emperor Russia did not led any wars.

The last Russian emperor - Nikolai second (years of government 1894 - 1917) - accepted the throne into a difficult time for the empire.

In 1905-1906, the Russian Empire had to fight with Japan, who captured the Far Eastern port of Port Arthur.

At the same time, 1905, an armed uprising of the working class was happening in the largest cities Empire, which seriously undermined the foundation of autocracy. The work of Social Democrats (future communists) headed by Vladimir Ulyanov-Lenin was unfolded.

After the 1905 revolution, the royal power was seriously limited and transferred to the place of urban thought.

Beginning in 1914 the first world War Put the cross on the further existence of the Russian Empire. Nikolai was not ready for such a protracted and exhaust war. Russian army I suffered a number of crushing lesions from the troops of Kaiserovskaya Germany. It accelerated the collapse of the empire. In the troops, cases of deserters from the front were frequent. In the rear cities flourished the ladder.

The inability of the king to cope with the difficulties of the war and inside Russia provoked the effect of Domino, at which in two or three months a huge and once the powerful Russian empire was on the verge of decay. In addition, revolutionary sentiment in Petrograd and Moscow strengthened.

In February 1917, a temporary government came to power in Petrograd, setting up a palace coup and depriving Nicholas of the second real power. The last emperor was invited to get out of Petrograd from his family than Nikolai immediately and took advantage.

March 3, 1917 at the Pskov station in the carriage of his imperial train Nikolai second officially ran away from the throne, lowered the powers of the Russian emperor.

The Russian empire quietly and peacefully stopped his existence, giving way to the future empire of socialism - the USSR.

In the 1720s. The distinction between Russian and Chinese possessions in the Burinsky and Kyakhta contracts of 1727 in the areas adjacent to, as a result of the Persian campaign of Peter I (1722-1723), the border of Russian possessions temporarily embraced all the Western and Caspian territories of Persia. In 1732 and 1735 In connection with the exacerbation of Russian-Turkish relations, the Russian government interested in the Union with the Persia gradually returned to her the Caspian land.

In 1731, Russian citizenship voluntarily accepted nomadic Kyrgyz Caisaki () of the younger Jus, and in the same 1731 and in 1740. - Middle Jus. As a result, the Empire includes the territory of the entire Eastern Caspian Sea, the prialaly, the presences and the priests. In 1734, the Zaporizhia Sch will be adopted again.

In 1783, the St. George Treaty was concluded with the kingdom of Kartil-Kakheti (Eastern) on the voluntary recognition of the Russian Protectorate on It.

In the West, the main territorial acquisitions were associated with three sections (1772, 1793, 1795). Prussia and Austria intervention in the internal affairs of Poland led to its division in 1772, in which Russia was forced to participate in the protection of the interests of the Orthodox population of Western Ukraine and. Part of the Eastern Belarus (through the Dnipro line) and part of the Liflandia were departed to Russia. In 1792, Russian troops again joined the territory of the Commonwealth for the call of the Targovitsky Confederation. As a result of the Second Section of Poland produced in 1793, the right-bank Ukraine and part of Belarus (with Minsk) were departed. The third section of the Commonwealth Speech (1795) led to the elimination of independence of the Polish state. Kurland, Lithuania, part Western Belarus And Volyn.

In the south-east of Western Siberia in the XVIII century. It was a gradual progress to the south: to the upper reaches of Irtysh and Obi with his tributaries (Altai and Kuznetsk Basin). According to Russian possessions, covered the top course of Yenisei, excluding the origins themselves. Further east the limits of Russia in the XVIII century. Defined the border with the Chinese Empire.

In the middle and second half of the century of ownership of Russia, according to the right of the opening, they covered the South Alaska, open in 1741 by the expedition of V. I. Bering and A. I. Chirikov, and the Aleutian Islands, attached in 1786

Thus, during the XVIII century, the territory of Russia increased to 17 million km2, and the population from 15.5 million people. In 1719 to 37 million people in 1795

All these changes in the territory, as well as the development of the state-owned device of the Russian Empire, were accompanied (and in some cases were preceded) intensive studies - before and most topographic and generalographical.

In the XIX century, as in the previous century, the state territory of our Fatherland continued to change mainly towards expansion. The territory of the country in the first fifteen years of the XIX century. As a result of Wars with Turkey (1806-1812), (1804-1813), Sweden (1808-1809), France (1805-1815).

The beginning of the century is significant expansion of the possessions of the Russian Empire. In 1801, the Kartli-Kakhetian kingdom (Eastern Georgia) has voluntarily joined Russia, before that since 1783, which was under the Protectorator of Russia.

The union of Eastern Georgia with Russia contributed to the existence of the Western German Principles in Russia following this voluntary entry: Megrelia (1803), Imereti and Guria (1804). In 1810, Abkhazia and Ingushetia voluntarily joined Russia. However, the seaside fortresses of Abkhazia and Georgia (Sukhum, Anacliai, Redu-Kale, Poti) were held by Turkey.

Bucharest Peace Treaty with Turkey in 1812 was completed russian-Turkish War. Russia kept in his hands all areas before r. Arpachai, Adjara Mountains and. Only Anapa was returned to Turkey. On the other side of Black received Bessarabia with the cities of Khotyn, Bender, Akkerman, Kilia and Izmail. The border of the Russian Empire was installed on a bar before, and then in the Kyilian Danube to the Black Sea.

As a result of the war with Iran, Russia joined the North-Chamber Hunts: Ganjanskoye (1804), Karabakh, Shirvan, Sheki (1805), Cuban, Baku, Derbent (1806), Talysh (1813), and in 1813 the Gulistan Peace Treaty was signed, For which Iran recognized the accession to Russia of Northern Azerbaijan, Dagestan, East Georgia, Imereti, Guria, Megrelia and Abkhazia.

Russian-Swedish war 1808-1809 He ended with the accession to Russia of Finland, which was announced by the manifesto Alexander I in 1808 and was approved by the Friedrichsgam peace treaty 1809. The territory of Finland was deployed to Russia. Kemi, including the Aland Islands, Finnish and part of Westerbotten Province to P. Torno. Further, the border was installed on the Tornoo and Munio rivers, then north along the Munionist-Enonteki-Kilpyarvi line to the border with. In these borders, the territory of Finland, which received the status of the Autonomous Grand Principality of Finland, preserved until 1917.

According to the Tilzit peace treaty with France in 1807, Russia received the Belostok district. The Shenbrun Mirny Treaty of 1809 between Austria and France led to the transfer of the Tarnopol region to Austria. And, finally, the Vienna Congress 1814-1815, who completed the coalition war of the European powers with Napoleonic France, consolidated the separation between Russia, Prussia and Austria of the Great Duchy of Warsaw, most of which, which received the status of the Kingdom of Polish, became part of Russia. At the same time, the Tarnopol region was returned to Austria.

Russian empire - The monarchical symbol multinational state of the beginning of the XVIII - early XX centuries. It was based on a Russian centralized state, which in 1721 Peter I announced the empire.

The Russian Empire was part of: from the XVIII century. Baltic States, Right-Bank Ukraine, Belarus, part of Poland, Bessarabia, North Caucasus; From the XIX century, in addition, Finland, Transcaucasia, Kazakhstan, middle Asia And the Pamir. By the end of the XIX century. The territory of the Russian Empire was 22,400,000 km².

Population

According to the census of 1897, the population was 128,000,000 people, including European Russia - 93 400 000, the kingdom of Polish - 9,500,000, the Grand Principality of Finland - 2,600,000, the Caucasian Territory - 9,300,000, Siberia - 5,800,000, Central Asian Oblas - 7,700,000. More than 100 peoples and nationalities lived on the territory of the Russian Empire . 57% of the population were non-Russian peoples. Tsarism brutally stalled non-Russian peoples, conducted a policy of violent Russification, suppressing national CultureThe incitement of interethnic hostility. Russian language was officially a national language, mandatory for all state and public institutions. By expression, the Russian Empire was a "prison of peoples".

Administrative division

The territory of the Russian Empire in 1914 was divided into 81 provinces and 20 regions. The cities were 931. Part of the provinces and regions were united in Governor-General (Warsaw, Irkutsk, Kiev, Moscow, Pria Amur, Steppe, Turkestan and Finland). The official vassals of the Russian Empire were the Bukhara Khanate and the Khiva Khanate. In 1914, the Program of the Russian Empire was adopted by Uryanhai region (now the Republic of Tyva).

Autocratic system. Caricature

Structure of power and society

The Russian empire was a hereditary monarchy led by the emperor who had autocratic power. This provision was fixed by "basic state laws". Member of the Emperor's family and his relatives constituted the imperial house (see ""). The legislative power of the Emperor carried out through the State Council (since 1810) and (since 1906), the state office was led through the Senate, Council of Ministers and Ministries. The emperor was the High Supervisor armed Forces Russian Empire (see Russian Army, Russian Navy). In the Russian Empire, the Christian Church was part of the state; The "primary and dominant" was the Orthodox Church, which was ruled by the emperor through the Synod.

The entire population was considered submarines of the Russian Empire, the male population (from 20 years) was obliged to be addressed to the loyalty to the emperor. The subjects were divided into 4 estates ("states"):

• nobility;
• clergy;
• city inhabitants (honorary citizens, guild merchants, breasts and possess, artisans or shops);
• rural inhabitants (that is, peasants).

The dominant estate was nobility. He owned political power. The local population of Kazakhstan, Siberia and a number of other areas of the Empire was allocated in an independent "condition" and was called foreigners (see ""). This category was controlled.

Extensive legislation was collected in Full meeting Laws of the Russian Empire and the Code of Laws of the Russian Empire. The Russian empire had a coat of arms - two-headed eagle with royal regalia; state flag - Polytera with white, blue and red horizontal stripes; The State Anthem, which begun by the words: "God, Tsar Grant."

Sunset and disintegration of the Empire

In the process historical Development Russia in the 2nd half of the XIX century. moved from B, and in late XIX. - early XX centuries. Entered the stage. In Russia at the beginning of the XX century. The economic and social prerequisites of the People's Revolution ripened. The center of the revolutionary movement moved from Western Europe to Russia. The 1905-1907 revolution shook the basics of autocracy and was the "general rehearsal" of the bourgeois and proletarian revolution. oversea