As a result of this decision and the subsequent tragedy of the Great Patriotic War, there was a certain slowdown in the shock rates of the spread of public education. It should be noted that it was temporary, and the abandonment of measures to introduce paid education occurred immediately after the end of the war and the post-war period of the country's reconstruction.

As soon as a recovered state could afford the development of industries related not only to the needs of current survival, it immediately did so. At the same time, you need to understand that paid education from 1940 to 1956 was not an analogue of educational services and knowledge of European paid, elite higher and secondary education.

As historians and researchers of the Soviet period point out, the amount of 150 rubles per year for schools and secondary educational institutions and 300 rubles per year for universities in most cities and villages of the country was not something too heavy.

Historians report that the average wage of a worker in 1940 was 300-350 rubles a month. Whereas the sums of 300-400 rubles for training in universities were intended for annual training. Even if the indicated average salary is somehow overestimated, and in reality an ordinary worker or peasant could receive only 200 or even 100 rubles a month, all the same, the indicated tuition fees do not look too high.

Yes, for the population of a poor country, this money was not at all superfluous, and not all families had good salaries. For example, for the peasantry, these measures did create serious problems in social mobility. However, here you need to understand that Soviet authority deliberately for a long time restrained the possibilities of horizontal mobility of villagers, keeping them on collective farms.

Free education accessible to all is one of the main advantages of the Soviet regime, both in the eyes of its supporters and opponents. However, at one time they actively disseminated information that even in the USSR there was a paid education, introduced under Stalin.

This caused fierce controversy, in which many citizens positively related to Stalin and the USSR actively denied the very fact of this. However, as the analysis shows historical sources, under Stalin, in 1940, a partial fee for education was indeed established.

Resolution No. 638

This is a completely official decision of the leadership of the USSR, signed by the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (SNK) V. Molotov. Decree No. 638 "On the establishment of tuition fees in senior secondary schools and in higher educational institutions of the USSR and on changing the procedure for awarding scholarships" was issued in October 1940, shortly before the war and was canceled by the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR in June 1956.

According to this decision of the government of the USSR, tuition fees were introduced in grades 8, 9 and 10 of secondary schools (as well as technical schools, colleges and other secondary educational institutions) and universities. For schools and technical schools, this fee was in most cities and villages - 150 rubles a year, for Moscow and Leningrad, the capitals of the SSR - 200 rubles. For universities in the capital cities (and Leningrad) - 400 rubles a year, for other universities - 300 rubles.

Reasons for introducing tuition fees

The reasons for this decision, given that before that, the Soviet government was rapidly pursuing a policy of spreading all general education, education and literacy for the population of the USSR, were very prosaic and set out in the Decree itself.

Although, in order to understand the true meaning of the decision, you need to look at its historical context. The Council of People's Commissars in its decision directly indicates that in connection with the increased level of well-being of the citizens of the USSR and at the same time with the high costs of construction, for the incessant development of a huge network of higher and secondary educational institutions, the Soviet state decided to assign part of the costs to the citizens themselves.

In fact, this means that having reached a certain level of education and literacy among the population that is very high in comparison with the post-revolutionary years, having made a tremendous leap in the development of industry, science and education just before the war, the USSR spent too much money on this unprecedented modernization of the entire country.

The country's leadership, apparently clearly realizing that the level of education of Soviet citizens necessary for preparing for war and industrialization has been achieved, a huge layer of Soviet intelligentsia has been grown, capable of meeting the needs of the country, decided to save money for further shock development educational system by directing them to current needs. And the current needs of the USSR in 1940 meant the preparation of the country for the inevitable big war.

This was more than a justified step for a rather poor state that strained all forces and resources to survive. In its breakthrough of the 1930s, the USSR reached a certain level of development of the education system, which provided the current pragmatic needs of the country's survival and further development of this system solely at the expense of the state, it was rather "surplus", for which in those conditions there were no resources.

A feasible burden for the population

As a result of this decision and the subsequent tragedy of the Great Patriotic War, there was a certain slowdown in the shock rates of the spread of public education. It should be noted that it was temporary, and the abandonment of measures to introduce paid education occurred immediately after the end of the war and the post-war period of the country's reconstruction.

As soon as a recovered state could afford the development of industries related not only to the needs of current survival, it immediately did so. At the same time, it should be understood that paid education from 1940 to 1956 was not an analogue of the European paid, elite higher and secondary education that cut off from educational services and knowledge.

As historians and researchers of the Soviet period point out, the amount of 150 rubles per year for schools and secondary educational institutions and 300 rubles per year for universities in most cities and villages of the country was not something too heavy.

Historians report that the average wage of a worker in 1940 was 300-350 rubles a month. Whereas the sums of 300-400 rubles for training in universities were intended for annual training. Even if the indicated average salary is somehow overestimated, and in reality an ordinary worker or peasant could receive only 200 or even 100 rubles a month, all the same, the indicated tuition fees do not look too high.

Yes, for the population of a poor country, this money was not at all superfluous, and not all families had good salaries. For example, for the peasantry, these measures did create serious problems in social mobility. However, here it is necessary to understand that the Soviet government deliberately for a long time restrained the possibilities of horizontal mobility of villagers, keeping them on collective farms.

At the same time, the introduction of fees did not cut off some other ways of obtaining free education, for example, in military educational institutions, and during the entire period of “Stalin's paid education”, despite the war and post-war reconstruction, the country's educational system was developing.

Objectively, regardless of the political assessments of the Soviet regime, the introduction of paid education in the most difficult conditions was absolutely justified and did not become an insurmountable barrier separating different segments of the population in terms of income in terms of receiving educational services.

It should be noted that despite the myths, largely formed by propaganda, a truly social state in the USSR was not built immediately, that in those historical conditions it was completely natural. On the way to a fairly well-fed and calm life of a Soviet citizen of the 1960-1970s, the USSR went through periods of hardship and self-restraint. Slightly more than 15 years of paid education was far from the most severe measure in these years of mobilization and asceticism.

For some reason, the Stalinists, even today, never mention the introduction by Stalin in 1940 of paid education in schools and universities. "No. 27 of October 26, 1940 Decree No. 638." Given the increased level of material well-being of workers and significant expenses Soviet state For the construction, equipment and maintenance of a continuously growing network of secondary and higher educational institutions, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR recognizes it necessary to assign part of the costs of training in secondary schools and higher educational institutions of the USSR to the workers themselves and in this regard decides:
1. Introduce tuition fees in grades 8, 9, and 10 of secondary schools and higher educational institutions from September 1, 1940.
2. To establish the following tuition fees for students in grades 8-10 of secondary schools: a) in schools in Moscow and Leningrad, as well as in capital cities union republics- 200 rubles per year; b) in all other cities, as well as villages - 150 rubles per year. Note. The specified tuition fees in grades 8-10 of secondary schools shall be extended to students of technical schools, pedagogical schools, agricultural and other specialized secondary institutions.
1. To establish the following fees for tuition in higher educational institutions of the USSR: a) in higher educational institutions located in the cities of Moscow and Leningrad and the capitals of the union republics - 400 rubles per year; b) in higher educational institutions located in other cities - 300 rubles a year. "
I found (Resolution No. 213) that the demon paid training was partially introduced in the USSR for representatives of the national outlying areas in 1943 (in the Kazakh SSR, the Uzbek SSR, the Turkmen SSR). But completely free education was introduced only with the death of the "effective manager" - in 1954. "School fees were abolished by a decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of July 1, 1954" On the introduction of joint education in schools in Moscow, Leningrad and other cities. "Average monthly salary in 1940 (from comments):" In general, state retail prices in 1940 year were 6-7 times higher than in 1928, and the average nominal wages of workers and employees increased during this period by 5-6 times, amounting to 300-350 rubles in 1940 ... "Gordon L. A., Klopov E.V. What was that? Pp. 98-99
Plus, we must take into account the compulsory bond loans in the amount of 20-25% of the salary. Those. the real wages, taking into account withdrawals in the form of loans, were not 350 rubles, but 280 rubles / month or 3400 per year. Those. - teaching one child in grades 8,9,10 cost 4% of the annual salary of one parent. - studying at a university cost 9% of the annual salary of one parent (per year of study). But! The village was paid with workdays, not money. And the annual earnings - given out precisely in money - for the whole family was often less than 1,000 rubles. And then the child's training in graduation classes or a university cost a peasant's family a substantial part of the monetary income. And even under Stalin, the peasants did not have passports or pensions.

from ptic2008

Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR On the abolition of tuition fees in the upper grades of secondary schools, in secondary specialized and higher educational institutions of the USSR. June 6, 1956

The Council of Ministers of the USSR decided:

In order to create the most favorable conditions for the implementation of universal secondary education in the country and the acquisition of higher education by young people, to abolish from September 1, 1956, tuition fees in senior specialized and higher educational institutions of the USSR.

Public education in the USSR: Collection of documents. 1917-1973. - M., 1974.S. 192.

With this article, I open another cycle. The phrase "there was no such thing under Stalin" has long become a catchword. It applies to both positive and negative phenomena. Indeed, much of what now seems commonplace, at first glance, is inapplicable to those times. And vice versa. Is it so?

Theorists of socialism considered commodity-money relations to be evil. Not unfounded. But, unfortunately, there is still no alternative on a global scale. This was confirmed by the experiments of socialist practitioners in the early 1920s. At that time, attempts to exclude the depreciated money supply from circulation and switch to a system of free distribution of products, services, material property almost led to the second round of the civil war. And the money returned to all spheres of public life. Until the 1960s, in the USSR, the population independently paid for a huge number of services, which were later recognized as generally available. Medicine, education, social and cultural life were on partial self-sufficiency. Today we will talk about pre-war education.

After the revolution, the education system was recognized as the most important industry. Private schools were banned, and the principle of free education was introduced. However, already in 1923, a decree was issued allowing to regulate the issue of payment locally - in cities and urban settlements. The categories of "free people" were envisaged, their number in schools should not have been less than 25%. It was forbidden to charge a fee in preschool institutions and institutions of lower vocational education. A special procedure for paid education in universities was determined. In 1927, partial tuition fees were extended, and the list of such institutions was expanded. At that time, the issue in each case was decided individually, there were both completely free and highly commercialized institutions. There were no uniform tariffs either. Payment was calculated based on family income. For the poor, it was 1% of earnings in schools and kindergartens, 1.5% in technical schools, 3% in universities. From the wealthy, they took 3%, 4%, 5% of earnings, respectively. The calculation for the peasants and handicraftsmen was even more difficult.

In pre-war Belgorod state schools were free. In addition to them, there were 3 schools and 6 kindergartens, which were on the balance sheet of the YuZhD, where the children of railway workers studied, all expenses were paid by the department itself. However, paid professional courses, professional development, additional education, learning musical, artistic arts, private lessons, the services of educators were practiced very widely.

Since 1940, the situation has changed. A government decree is adopted on universal paid education in senior classes, technical schools and universities. The rationale is simple: the well-being of the population has increased, and expenditures on education and science have increased significantly. Indeed, the pace of construction and the level of equipment of educational institutions in the second half of the 1930s increased significantly. At this time, every year (!) A new school was built and put into operation in Belgorod, the network of colleges and vocational schools was expanding, in 1939 a teacher's institute was opened.

How did society react to the innovation? Of course it's negative. Propaganda came into play. This is how the benefits of unexpected expenses were explained to citizens:

The cost of training in grades 8-10 in secondary schools in Belgorod was 150 rubles. in year. The same amount was paid by students of technical schools, pedagogical colleges, vocational schools, and medical schools. Is it a lot or a little? average salary the country was then about 300 rubles. And although the spread in income was not as huge as it is now, the majority of Belgorod residents actually received no more than 150-200 rubles. The reason is the underdeveloped industry. The wealthiest among the respectable citizens were the Stakhanovites, for example, in railroad and factories then could receive 600 or more rubles. There are examples of Belgorod machinists earning over 1.5 thousand rubles a month in 1939-1940. In general, the salary for a year of school was approximately equal to the monthly salary of one of the parents.

Tuition fees at the teacher's institute were set at 300 rubles. in year. According to the resolution of the Council of People's Commissars, students, including senior students, who did not pay for the current semester before November, were automatically expelled. Students of evening schools, correspondence students of universities, secondary vocational schools and courses paid half of the usual cost. At the same time, there was a fairly significant list of beneficiaries-schoolchildren who studied for free: orphans, children of disabled people, low-income children, etc. Students from among the needy could apply for a state scholarship, which paid for professional education... In addition, the usual scholarship could cover the cost of payment, for which one had to have at least two-thirds of excellent grades and a third of good grades. A number of educational institutions continued to provide free hostels.

Paid education in the USSR was abolished in 1956. Against the background of a further increase in gratuitous social benefits of the subsequent period, the described approach looks strange. But the pre-war country was filled with contrasts sometimes more than it is now. More on this in the sequel.

60 years ago, on June 6, 1956, by a decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of June 6, 1956, tuition fees in the senior classes of secondary schools, in secondary specialized and higher educational institutions of the USSR were abolished.

Contrary to the prevailing opinion that education in the USSR was free, this was not always the case. On October 26, 1940, Decree No. 638 was introduced "On the establishment of tuition fees in the upper grades of secondary schools and in higher educational institutions of the USSR and on changing the procedure for granting scholarships." In the senior grades of schools and universities, paid education was introduced with a fixed amount of annual payment. Education in the capital's schools cost 200 rubles a year; in provincial - 150, and for studying at the institute already had to give 400 rubles in Moscow, Leningrad and the capitals of the union republics, and 300 - in other cities.

The amount of payment for school and university education was not high, the annual payment was approximately equal to or less than the average monthly nominal wage of Soviet workers. The average wage of a worker in 1940 was about 350 rubles. At the same time, the level of obligatory monthly expenses (rent, medicine, etc.) was lower than, for example, at present. By the decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of June 6, 1956, tuition fees in the upper grades of secondary schools, in secondary specialized and higher educational institutions of the USSR were abolished.

Formation of the Soviet education system

The Soviet government gave the education of the population an enormous, in fact, leading role. Vladimir Lenin saw in the socialist revolution the possibility of overcoming the country's economic and cultural backwardness as quickly as possible. The cultural revolution included a wide range of tasks of socialist construction in the field of culture. The school was assigned a special role as an educational institution and an instrument of communist education. It was not for nothing that Lenin declared at the congress of educators: “The victory of the revolution can only be consolidated by school. The upbringing of future generations consolidates everything that has been conquered by the revolution. " "The fate of the Russian revolution directly depends on how soon the teaching masses will take the side of the Soviet regime." Thus, the Bolsheviks quite correctly and accurately defined the role of the school in the Soviet project. Only masses of educated and technically competent people could build a socialist state.

Prominent figures of the RCP (b) were put at the head of the school affairs: N.K.Krupskaya, A.V. Lunacharsky, M.N. Pokrovsky. A. V. Lunacharsky headed the People's Commissariat of Education (People's Commissariat for Education) until 1929. It should be noted that the first stage of the existence of the Soviet education system was associated with the destruction of the old education system and the elimination of illiteracy of the population. The former structures of school administration were destroyed, private educational establishments, spiritual educational institutions, the teaching of ancient languages ​​and religions was banned, the general and national curriculum was removed from the curriculum. A "purge" was carried out to screen out unreliable teachers.

It should be noted that at this time the so-called. Trotskyists-internationalists quite "frolic", destroying Russian culture, education and history. It was believed that everything that was under tsarism was outdated and reactionary. Therefore, along with such positive phenomena as the elimination of illiteracy, private education and the influence of the church on schools, there were many negative ones. In particular, they refused to teach history, all the tsars, generals, etc., fell into negative figures, removed from the programs of Russian classics and many others. other. It is not for nothing that in the 1930s (during the Stalinist period) much that was positive in the field of education in Russian Empire, restored, including the separate education of boys and girls.

It is also worth remembering that the great damage to the public education system and the spread of literacy was caused by the First World War and the Civil War. National economy was in ruins. Due to a shortage of funds, many schools have been closed, and the number of students has decreased. The remaining schools were in desolation, there was not enough paper, textbooks, ink for the students. Teachers who had not received their salaries for years left schools. Full funding for the education system was restored only by 1924, after which the cost of education grew steadily. So, in 1925-1930. spending on public education was 12-13% of the budget.

Formation paths new school were defined in documents adopted in October 1918: "Regulations on a unified labor school" and "Basic principles of a unified labor school (Declaration). The Soviet school was created as a single system of joint and free general education with two stages: the first - 5 years of study, the second - 4 years of study. It proclaimed the right of all citizens to education regardless of nationality, equality in the education of men and women, and the unconditional nature of secular education (the school was separated from the church). In addition, educational and production functions were assigned to educational institutions (in the modern Russian Federation, these functions are practically destroyed).

Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR of August 2, 1918 "On the rules for admission to higher educational institutions of the RSFSR" proclaimed that every person who has reached the age of 16, regardless of citizenship and nationality, gender and religion, was admitted to universities without exams; secondary education. The preference in enrollment was given to the workers and peasants, that is, the main social groups country.

The fight against illiteracy was proclaimed as a priority task. On December 26, 1919, the Council of People's Commissars adopted a decree "On the elimination of illiteracy among the population of the RSFSR", according to which the entire population from 8 to 50 years old was obliged to learn to read and write in their native language or Russian. The decree provided for the reduction of the working day by 2 hours for students with the preservation of wages, the mobilization of the literate population in the order of labor service, the organization of the registration of the illiterate, the provision of premises for classes in educational programs. However, in the years Civil War this work was not fully developed. In 1920, the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for the Elimination of Illiteracy (existed until 1930) was established under the RSFSR People's Commissariat for Education. In 1923, a mass society "Down with illiteracy" was created under the chairmanship of MI Kalinin, a plan was adopted to eliminate illiteracy of persons from 18 to 35 years old in the RSFSR by the 10th anniversary of Soviet power. The Komsomol and trade unions have joined in the fight against illiteracy. However, this plan was also not fully implemented. There was a shortage of personnel, material resources, etc. It was necessary, first of all, to strengthen the main link of education — the school — in order to cover all children. Thus, the problem of illiteracy was solved in a natural way.

In the second half of the 1920s, education emerges from the crisis. The country is recovering after two wars and economic ruin, and regular funding for education begins. So, in the 1927-1928 academic year, the number of educational institutions in comparison with 1913 increased by 10%, and the number of students - by 43%. In the 1922-1923 academic year there were about 61.6 thousand schools in the country, in the 1928-1929 academic year their number reached 85.3 thousand. During the same period, the number of seven-year schools increased 5.3 times, and the number of students in them doubled.

V high school the new authorities tried to attract to their side the cadres of the old, pre-revolutionary intelligentsia, and not without success, and to create new cadres from representatives of the working class and the peasantry. However, most of those who were accepted could not study at universities, since they did not even have a secondary education. To solve this problem, workers' faculties were established, created since 1919 throughout Soviet Russia... At the end of the recovery period, workers' faculty graduates accounted for half of the students admitted to universities. To create a layer of the new Soviet intelligentsia, to spread the ideas of Marxism and to restructure the teaching of the social sciences, an extensive network of scientific and educational institutions was created: the Socialist Academy (since 1924 - the Communist), the Communist University. Ya.M., Karl Marx and F. Engels Institute, Commission on History October revolution and the RCP (b) (Istpart), the Institute of the Red Professors, the Communist Universities of the working people of the East and the national minorities of the West.

As a result, the system of higher education took shape in its main features by 1927. The task of universities was to professionally prepare specialists-organizers. The number of early maturing universities that opened immediately after the revolution was reduced, the admission of students was significantly reduced, entrance exams... Lack of funds and qualified teachers held back the expansion of the system of higher and secondary specialized education. By 1927, the network of higher educational institutions and technical schools of the RSFSR consisted of 90 universities with 114.2 thousand students and 672 technical schools with 123.2 thousand students.

In the 1930s, the second stage began in the creation of the Soviet education system. In 1930, the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks adopted a resolution "On universal compulsory primary education." Universal compulsory primary education was introduced from the 1930-1931 school year for children 8-10 years old in the volume of 4 classes; for adolescents who have not passed primary education, - in the volume of accelerated 1-2-year courses. For children who have received elementary education(graduated from the 1st stage school), in industrial cities, factory districts and workers' settlements, compulsory education at a seven-year school was established. School expenses in 1929-1930 increased more than 10 times compared to 1925-1926 school year and continued to grow in the following years. This made it possible in the years of the first and second five-year plans to expand the construction of new schools: during this period, about 40 thousand schools were opened. Training has been expanded teaching staff... Teachers and other school workers have been promoted wages, which began to depend on education and work experience. As a result, by the end of 1932, almost 98% of children aged 8 to 11 were enrolled in studies, which solved the problem of illiteracy. Work continued to eradicate illiteracy, which was already yielding better results.

In the early 1930s, the content and methods of teaching at school changed. Have been redesigned school programs, new stable textbooks have been created, the teaching of universal and national history... The main form of organization educational process began a lesson, introduced a strict schedule of classes, internal rules. A stable school system has developed with successive steps. A new generation of teachers has come to schools, talented and conscientious, loving children and their profession. It was these teachers who created the famous Soviet school, the best in the world and which is still a source of innovation for the most effective school systems in the West and East.

At the same time, a system of engineering, technical, agricultural and pedagogical educational institutions was created, which allowed the Union to become a "superpower", which for several decades successfully resisted the entire Western civilization.

In 1932-1933. traditional, time-tested teaching methods were restored, specialization in universities was expanded. In 1934, the academic degrees of candidate and doctor of sciences and the academic titles of assistant, associate professor and professor were established. That is, under Stalin, in fact, they restored classical education... Created by correspondence and evening training in universities and technical schools. At large enterprises, educational complexes have become widespread, including technical colleges, technical schools, schools, and advanced training courses. Total number higher educational institutions in the RSFSR amounted to 481 in 1940.

In the 1930s, the composition of the student body radically changed, which was facilitated by various courses for the preparation of workers' and peasants' youth in universities, workers' schools, and recruiting party thousands during the first five-year plans. The number of the intelligentsia grew very quickly, by the end of the 30s, the new replenishment of this stratum amounted to 80-90% of the total intelligentsia. This was already the socialist intelligentsia. Thus, the Soviet government created a third social support for itself - the socialist intelligentsia, in many respects technical. It was the basis and powerful support of the socialist, industrial state, the Red Empire. And the years of the terrible Great Patriotic War confirmed the advanced significance of the Soviet school, its effectiveness, when Soviet soldiers, commanders, workers, scientists and engineers, brought up and educated in new system, defeated the very effective capitalist system - the Third Reich.

It must be said that our enemies perfectly understood the full danger of the Soviet school. For example, during the war years, only on the territory of the RSFSR, the Nazis destroyed about 20 thousand school buildings, in total in the country - 82 thousand. In the Moscow region, by the summer of 1943, 91.8% of school buildings were actually destroyed or dilapidated, Leningrad region - 83,2%.

However, even during the years of the most difficult war, the Soviet government tried to develop the education system. During the war years, government decisions were made on school education: about teaching children from the age of seven (1943), about the institution general education schools working youth (1943), on the opening of evening schools in countryside In 1943 the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the RSFSR was created.

Since 1943, the restoration of the higher education system began. Thus, in the war conditions since 1941, admission to universities was reduced by 41%, compared with peacetime; the number of universities decreased from 817 to 460; the number of students decreased by 3.5 times, the number of teachers decreased by more than 2 times; girls were recruited to preserve the student body; the terms of study due to the compaction were reduced to 3-3.5 years, while many students worked. As a result, by the end of the war, the number of higher educational institutions and the number of students approached the pre-war level. Thus, the crisis of higher education was overcome in as soon as possible.

It should be noted that post-war period large sums were invested in education. In addition, collective farms, trade unions, and industrial cooperatives allocated money for school construction. Only by the forces of the population, 1736 new schools were built in the RSFSR by the method of people's construction. By the early 1950s. Russian school not only restored the number of educational institutions, but also switched to universal seven-year education.

About paid education under Stalin

After the destruction of the Soviet, socialist state in 1991 - the bourgeois-oligarchic revolution, where a significant part of the Soviet nomenklatura, especially the upper one, acted as a bourgeois class, the Russian Federation, in fact, became a semi-colony of the West (and partly of the East). It is clear that in a semi-colony or in a country of peripheral capitalism, you do not need to have an education system that provides hundreds of thousands of fairly well-educated people (and compared to the average level of the West and the East, not to mention Africa or Latin America, it is simply excellent). After all, sooner or later they will start asking questions, expressing doubts about the success of the "reforms". Therefore, a phased demolition of the Soviet school began with the transformation regular schools the American analogue for commoners: "prison romanticism" (guards, cells, fences, etc.); rejection of educational, productive functions; reduction of hours of fundamental disciplines with the introduction of unnecessary lessons such as world culture, local languages, "God's law", etc .; translation into a second language - English (the language of the Anglo-American world order), which ultimately leads to the creation of the ideal consumer-performer. At the same time, kindergartens and schools are gradually "capitalized", that is, they are transferred to a paid basis. Children of the rich and “successful” get the opportunity to study in private elite schools in the Russian Federation or send their children to similar institutions abroad. That is, the people were again divided into two unequal parts, and the gains of socialism are destroyed.

However, for this it was necessary to provide a certain ideological basis. It was necessary to prove that Soviet education created only "sovoks" with a totalitarian, militarized mindset. And how can one fail to remember that Stalin introduced "paid education"! Already under Stalin, they say, a significant percentage of the population was cut off from the opportunity to continue their education.

In fact, this is not the case. First, we must remember that the Bolsheviks created a secondary school in general, and it remained free for everyone. It was a huge work: investments, personnel, a huge territory, dozens of nationalities and many others. other. It was with great difficulty that universal primary education was established by the end of the 1920s. The general average was by the mid-1930s. In the 1930s, they created the foundation of the world's best education. And preparatory education for higher educational institutions (three senior classes), for which a fee was introduced, in 1940 was only still in its infancy. The introduction of tuition fees in high school, in fact, was the reason that the newly introduced social benefit did not have time to master. The second World War was already in full swing, a terrible Patriotic War. Soviet Union worked hard to prepare for it, so plans for the early introduction of free higher education had to be postponed.

Quite a rational decision. At this moment, the Union needed more workers than representatives of the intelligentsia, taking into account the already created personnel base. In addition, military schools were still free and seven-year schools stimulated the creation of a Soviet military elite. Young men could go to flight, tank, infantry and other schools. In the conditions of war, it was wise according to the state.

It is also worth noting that a healthy hierarchy was built under Stalin. At the top of the social ladder was the military, scientific and technical, educational (professors, Teaching Staff) elite. Compulsory education was seven years, then dropping out through exams and the decision of the school teachers' council. The rest is either by the most severe competition, or by referral from competent organizations. At the same time, everyone had the opportunity to rise higher, they needed talent and perseverance. The armed forces and the party were powerful social lifts. Another important element of this system was the separate education of girls and boys. Given the psychological and physiological differences in the development of boys and girls, this was very important step.

After Stalin, this healthy hierarchy, which they began to build, was destroyed by “leveling”. And since 1991, a new class has been built (within the framework of the general archaization of the planet and the onset of neo-feudalism) with a division into rich and “successful” and poor, “losers”. But here is a hierarchy with a minus sign: at the top of the social ladder is the non-producing class, the capitalists are the “new feudal lords”, the usurers-bankers, the corrupt bureaucracy, mafia structures serving their strata.