40. The KEO hygienic standard for the classroom is / in%/:

4. Not less than 1.5

Hygienic standard of light coefficient for the classroom

is:

43. The study section of the school consists of the following premises:

1. Training classes / 3 /, recreation, dignity. knot

2. Training classes / 4 /, recreation, dignity. node, wardrobe

44.Specify correct definition fatigue concepts:

1. Fatigue is a temporary decrease in performance nerve cell as a result
summation of long traces of excitement in it

2. Fatigue - a disorder of the coordination function of the central nervous system

45. Research methods of student fatigue:

1. Study of the visual-motor response

2. Determination of performance using proofreading tests

3. Determination of auditory sensitivity

4. Determination of the stability of clear vision

46. ​​What are the characteristics of fatigue?

1. Violation of the relationship of the main nervous processes

2. Disorder of the coordination function of the central nervous system

3. Violation of power relationships

47. What are the physiological mechanisms of fatigue?

1. Central nervous mechanism

48 . Features of the manifestation of fatigue in primary school children

age:

1. The development of fatigue occurs in two phases.

2. Wide irradiation of excitation processes

3. Instability of cortical processes.

4. Rapid development of protective inhibition

49 . The manifestation of the first phase of fatigue in junior schoolchildren;

4. Motor restlessness

50*. The manifestation of the second phase of fatigue in younger schoolchildren:

1. Lethargy 2. Drowsiness 3. Lethargy

5. Decreased performance

51. School planning systems:

1. Christmas tree 2. Pavilion

4. Centralized 6. Christmas tree section

52. Allowable number of storeys of the school building:
1. No more than 3 floors

1. Climatic zoning

54. Placement of the school building on the site:

1. Intra-quarter

3. On inner-quarter driveways at a distance of at least 25 m from the red line

4. On inter-quarter driveways at a distance of at least 25 m from the face line

schools:

4.60 / with placement of TCO /

57. What changes in the skeleton are related to the deformity of the spine?

1. Scoliosis 2. Kyphosis,

58 . What are the indicators that are used for hygiene assessment

school furniture:

1. Compliance of furniture with modern design

2. Body position when using furniture

59 *. Marking of school furniture in accordance with GOST:

2. Letter designation of the number

3. Color coding

60 . For how many height groups is school furniture designed according to GOST?

61. Distance of sitting, providing the most correct position of the body when working at the table:

2. Negative

62 *. What should be the backrest distance?

3. Should exceed the anteroposterior size of the body by 3-5 cm

63 *. The size of the growth interval for which the school furniture is designed:
2.15 cm

64 . Give a definition of the term "seating distance" of school furniture:

1. The distance from the front of the seat to the lowered perpendicular from the rear
table top edges

65 . The optimal distance from the chalkboard to the first school desk is in m:

66 *. Distance between rows of school furniture is in m.

font size

URBAN PLANNING - PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT OF URBAN AND RURAL SETTLEMENTS - SNiP 2-07-01-89 (approved by the Decree of the USSR State Construction Committee ... Actual in 2018

5. INSTITUTIONS AND SERVICE FACILITIES

5.1. Institutions and service enterprises should be located on the territory of urban and rural settlements, bringing them closer to places of residence and work, providing, as a rule, the formation community centers linked to the public passenger transport network.

When calculating institutions and service enterprises, social standards of security, developed in accordance with the established procedure, should be adopted. For approximate calculations, the number of institutions and service enterprises and their size land plots allowed to be taken in accordance with the recommended Appendix 7 *.

Note. The location, capacity and size of land plots of institutions and service enterprises not specified in this section and in the recommended Appendix 7 * should be taken on a design assignment.

5.2. When determining the number, composition and capacity of institutions and service enterprises in the cities-centers of settlement systems, it is necessary to additionally take into account the arriving population from other urban and rural settlements located in the zone limited by the time spent on moving to a large, large and largest city-center no more than 2 h, in small and medium-sized city centers or sub-centers of settlement systems - no more than 1 hour; in historic cities, tourists must also be taken into account.

5.3. Institutions and service companies in rural settlements should be placed on the basis of providing residents of each settlement with essential services within walking distance of no more than 30 minutes. Providing objects over high level services should be provided for a group of rural settlements.

For the organization of services, it is necessary to provide, in addition to stationary buildings, mobile vehicles and structures for seasonal use, allocating appropriate sites for them.

5.4 *. The radius of service to the population by institutions and enterprises located in residential buildings, as a rule, should be taken no more than indicated in table. 5*.

Table 5 *

Institutions and enterprises service	Service radius, m
Baby preschool institutions 1*:
in cities	300
in rural settlements and in small towns, with one- and two-storey buildings	500
Secondary schools1	750 (500 for primary grades)
Premises for physical education and recreation	500
Physical culture and sports centers in residential areas	1500
Polyclinics and their branches in cities2	1000
Dairy Dispensers	500
	800
Pharmacies in cities	500
The same for one- and two-storey buildings	800
Local trade, catering and consumer services enterprises: in cities during construction:
multi-storey	500
one-, two-story	800
in rural settlements	2000
Post offices and branches of the savings bank	500

1 * The specified radius of service does not apply to specialized and recreational kindergartens, as well as to special kindergartens general type and general education schools (language, mathematics, sports, etc.). The service radius of general education schools in countryside it is allowed to be accepted according to regional (territorial) building codes, and in their absence, according to the design assignment.

2 Accessibility of polyclinics, outpatient clinics, feldsher-obstetric points and pharmacies in rural areas is accepted within 30 minutes (using transport).

Notes: 1. For climatic subareas IA, IB, IG, ID and IIA, as well as in the zone of deserts and semi-deserts, in conditions of difficult terrain, the service radii indicated in the table should be reduced by 30%.

2. Ways of students' approaches to general education schools with primary grades should not cross the carriageway of main streets at the same level.

5.5 *. Distances from buildings and boundaries of land plots of institutions and service enterprises should be taken not less than those given in Table. 6 *.

Table 6 *

Distances from buildings (boundaries of sites) of institutions and service enterprises, m
Buildings (land plots) of institutions and	to the red line		to the walls of residential	to general education buildings
service enterprises	in cities	in rural settlements	houses	schools, preschool and medical institutions
Preschool and general education schools (building walls)	25	10	According to the standards of insolation and illumination
Reception points for secondary raw materials	209;	209;	20*	50
Firefighters Depot	10	10	209;	209;
Traditional burial cemeteries and crematoria	6	6	300	300
Cemeteries for burial after cremation	6	6	100	100

* With entrances and windows.

Notes *:

1. Plots of preschool institutions, newly located hospitals should not adjoin directly to the main streets.

2. After the closure of the traditional burial cemetery, 25 years after the last burial, the distance to residential buildings may be reduced to 100 m.

In rural settlements and established areas of cities subject to reconstruction, the distance from cemeteries to the walls of residential buildings, buildings of children's and medical institutions may be reduced in agreement with local authorities sanitary supervision, but take at least 100 m.

3. Reception points of secondary raw materials should be isolated with a strip of green spaces and provide access roads to them for road transport.

4. On the land plot of the hospital, it is necessary to provide for separate entrances to the economic zones and buildings: medical - for infectious and non-infectious patients (separately) and pathological and anatomical.

Read also: A) Product of intellectual activity of qualified specialists of various professional groups A) a part of its interface that provides a transition to performing various operations on the text I. Features of the formation of the sectoral system of remuneration of workers in health care institutions III. Medical examinations (examinations) of the decreed contingent in order to protect the health of the population and prevent the occurrence and spread of diseases. SCADA system. OPC. Organization of interaction with controllers.

The key to a kind of cementing the structure of the city is the rational location of production and the resettlement of workers, taking into account the technological requirements of industry, objective social mechanism behavior of citizens in the field of urban settlement, constant development and changes in intracity relationships in space and time.

Green spaces are included in all functional areas of the city. The uniformity of placement on the territory of the city and the unification of urban and suburban green spaces into an integral system is one of the means of forming the structure of the city as a whole.

The most important role in social, functional and architectural-compositional integration modern city belongs to a system of interconnected public centers, including city-wide and specialized centers, centers of planning and residential areas, industrial areas and recreation areas, as well as community centers of local importance (micro-district, etc.).

The main public center of a modern city is not only the highest echelon in the system of social and cultural services and the main architectural ensemble of the city. This is a complex functional area in which social and political work and management, culture and recreation, transport functions are implemented (the center is the most important transport hub of the city).

Specialized centers - social and cultural, educational and creative, museum and exhibition, sports and others - new important elements, due to which the development of city-wide centers can occur major cities in the context of their transition to a polycentric organization. They have an objective basis for the emergence in the structure of large and new cities, being associated with the process of concentration and integration of urban functions in various areas. A distinctive feature of a specialized center is the presence of a "basic" profile of specialization, which stimulates the manifestation of different forms sociocultural activities. The presence of such activity can be considered as a superstructure function that characterizes the mature form of development of a specialized center of any basic profile.

Public centers of planning and residential areas of the city are the middle link, the most massive in the system of public centers. Thanks to this link, the living environment of the city is relatively evenly saturated with elements of public purpose, to a certain extent removing the dialectical opposition of the concepts "center - periphery" and forming the social infrastructure of the city.

Service system v modern conditions there is a set public buildings and structures within a given populated area and its sphere of influence (agglomeration) with certain zones of influence or service radii.

The system operates on the principle of dynamic construction of a network of public buildings and structures, including both stationary service systems and mobile means of delivering goods and services to the population.

Historically, the concept of a "service system" appeared in the USSR in the 50s in connection with the creation step service systems(comparison by the criterion "frequency of demand for services")

Graduated service system: Building

Stage I - everyday

II stage - periodic

III stage - episodic

For each step, its own radii of accessibility (pedestrian or transport delivery) are established in accordance with the structural level of the settlement organization of the city territory.

Stage I - microdistrict level

II stage - residential area

III - city center

At the level of the residential group: kindergarten (service radius 300m-city, 500m-village)

At the microdistrict level: school (R = 500-750m), food and non-food stores.

Residential area: health center, cinemas, indoor swimming pool.

At the level of the city center: museum, theaters, circus.

Step system: advantages:

Network rationing

Taking into account the complexity of service

Typification and industrialization of construction (but currently can be attributed to disadvantages)

Step system: disadvantages

Overly theoretical division into three steps

The fragmentation and inefficiency of service establishments due to the increasing mobility of the population and the diversity of forms of urban lifestyle.

Closedness of the service system, rigid hierarchy

The network service system emerged in the 70-80s (criterion: demand selectivity)

1) Bulk (standard) service

2) Individual (special) service

Bulk service minimizes the time spent purchasing goods or receiving services of the most common demand.

Food and non-food stores

Catering establishments at the place of residence, work, study, and so on

Minor repair services, laundry, dry cleaning.

Individual service involves spending part of your personal free time to purchase goods or receive services that meet the individual needs and tastes of people.

Department stores and specialty stores

Catering, differing in cuisine and service profile

Households, salons and consumer services

Mass service is designed exclusively for pedestrian accessibility and communication with transport routes in places of daily human activity, located in a residential area, places of employment, public recreation areas, public centers.

Individual service is designed for transport accessibility and is located in urban centers, urban recreation areas, tourist centers and so on.

> SNiP 2.07.01-89 * p.5.2

Advantages of a networked service system:

Formation regardless of the boundaries of micro-districts and residential areas

Open nature of functioning

Flexibility and mobility of operation

Close connection with group settlement systems and transport communications.

The radius of service to the population by institutions and enterprises located in residential buildings, as a rule, should be taken no more than indicated in table. 5*.

Table 5 *

Institutions and service companies	Service radius, m
Preschool institutions 1 *:
in cities
in rural settlements and small towns, with one- and two-storey buildings
Secondary schools 1	(500 for primary grades)
Premises for physical education and recreation
Physical culture and sports centers in residential areas
Polyclinics and their branches in cities 2
Dairy Dispensers
Pharmacies in cities
The same for one- and two-storey buildings
Local trade, catering and consumer services enterprises:
in cities during construction:
multi-storey
one-, two-story
in rural settlements
Post offices and branches of the savings bank

1 * The specified radius of service does not apply to specialized and recreational kindergartens, as well as to special kindergartens of general type and general education schools (language, mathematics, sports, etc.). The service radius of secondary schools in rural areas is allowed to be taken according to regional (territorial) building codes, and in their absence, according to the design assignment.

2 Accessibility of polyclinics, outpatient clinics, feldsher-obstetric points and pharmacies in rural areas is accepted within 30 minutes (using transport).

Notes: 1. For climatic subareas IA, IB, IG, ID and IIA, as well as in the zone of deserts and semi-deserts, in conditions of difficult terrain, the service radii indicated in the table should be reduced by 30%.

2. The routes of pupils' approaches to general education schools with primary grades should not cross the carriageway of main streets at the same level.

Output:

It can be seen from this table that the cultural and social services of the population do not exceed the permissible standards.

This microdistrict is provided with all the necessary cultural and social institutions, but there are no savings banks, which is inconvenient for the residents of this microdistrict.

ΣВ i - total number places in institutions of this type of service located in the microdistrict, places;

M i - the number of places per 1000 inhabitants, which should be in institutions of this type of service (standard, see Appendix 9);

N m - population of the microdistrict, thousand;

V i - cubic capacity of a building of one institution of this type of service, m 3;

B i - the number of places in one institution of this type of service, places;

v i - the cubic capacity of the building in m W for one place, m W / place;

6. Radius of service of residents with cultural and welfare institutions

The essence of the principle of zoning microdistricts is that each resident should have near his home all the institutions necessary to meet everyday cultural and domestic needs, and it would be most convenient for him to use such institutions.

Institutions serving residential microdistricts should, if possible, be evenly distributed throughout the microdistrict in order to provide the best service to the population with minimum pedestrian accessibility radii. Second-level institutions serving the population of a residential area are usually located in the center of a residential area, which may have a compact or non-compact (elongated) shape of the territory.

The entire territory of the microdistrict is conventionally divided into service zones for cultural and household institutions. Within these zones, measurements are made of the minimum r min and maximum r max service radii.

The minimum and maximum service radii are determined by measuring the distances on the drawing along the shortest real routes from the closest and most distant residential buildings to service establishments. Measurement is made from the outer door of a residential building to the entrance door to the institution.

The average service radius can be determined by the formula

r c =( r min + r max )/2,

r c - the average radius of the service area (accessibility), m;

r min - the minimum radius of the service area, m;

r max - the maximum radius of the service area, m.

The average t with and the maximum t max time spent by residents on the approach to cultural institutions is determined by the formulas

t c = r c / v ; t m = r m / v

t c , t m - average and maximum time to approach the service facility, min;

v = 66.7 m / min. - the speed of the pedestrian.

The calculation results for institutions, which are given in the explanatory note, are summarized in table 5.

Table 5

The service radius of cultural and welfare institutions and the time spent by the population to approach them (form)

Institutions	Service radius, m			Time spent on approach from residential buildings, min
	r c	Minimum r min	maximum r max	t c	the maximum t max
Non-microdistrict institutions
Children's institution 1
Children's institution 2
Children's institution 3
Salon
Liaison office
Grocery store
Department store

Output:

Analyzing the results obtained, it can be noted that with the normative indicators of the average and maximum radius of the service area of ​​cultural and welfare institutions (400 and 800 m), in this microdistrict most of the institutions did not comply with the requirements of the standards.

Children's institutions and a school should be located evenly throughout the microdistrict, away from inter-highway streets. The average and maximum radii of service by childcare facilities and schools are also higher than the norm. Schools and childcare facilities are located near the inter-highway street.

The hairdresser is located in a remote location from most residential buildings, which makes it difficult for residents of the microdistrict to use its services. And the use of one hairdressing salon by many residents is time-consuming and creates long queues.

All this speaks of the inconvenient location of cultural and social institutions.

7. Checking the lighting conditions of residential buildings and areas of cultural and welfare institutions

The placement and orientation of residential and public buildings should ensure the insolation of residential premises and territories of service institutions in accordance with the requirements sanitary standards and rules.

The distance between residential buildings, as well as between residential and public buildings, should be taken in accordance with the number of storeys of the shading building.

The distance between the long sides of buildings should be at least 2H, between the ends of houses and tower-type houses at least H (where H is the height of the house).

Houses			Service establishments
			Salon
			Liaison office
			Grocery store
			Manufactured goods store

CONCLUSION

This microdistrict is characterized by its dense development of residential buildings, since almost all of them are located on the same side of the microdistrict. All houses are lingering.

More than half of the entire microdistrict is green spaces, which makes it possible to speak about good sanitary conditions in the microdistrict. Near every residential building there is green Park or a square, or a garden.

The specific size of the residential area according to the normative indicators is 11.5, and in this microdistrict - 11.08, comparing these two indicators, we can conclude that this microdistrict corresponds to the normative indicators for the residential area.

Children's institutions are mainly located on the northeastern side of the microdistrict, only one playground is located between three residential buildings - this suggests that residents of this microdistrict are inconvenient to use childcare facilities, and some residents have to go around the entire microdistrict.

The school is located on the east side, which is already much more convenient for residents, since there are residential buildings next to the school.

On the northern side of the microdistrict there are garages and parking lots, which is not satisfactory for all residents of the microdistrict.

The placement of the job of the hairdresser is not very well thought out. They are located in the south of the microdistrict, and this is also not convenient for the majority of residents, as well as for the owner of a hairdresser, since due to the fact that one hairdresser serves the entire microdistrict, huge queues are created and due to lack of time, the level of services provided may decrease. Therefore, it is necessary to open another hairdressing department on the other side of the area.

There are also two shops in the microdistrict. One is food, the other is manufactured goods. They are located on the southwestern side of the microdistrict, which is also not convenient for all residents of this microdistrict.

In addition, in the microdistrict there is an institution of non-microdistrict significance, it is located practically in the center of the microdistrict, with a good roadway to it. This allows us to conclude that it is easy for all residents of the city and microdistrict to get to this institution using a vehicle.

There is a post office, which is located in the north side, which is also not a very convenient location for residents of the microdistrict, because most of the residential buildings are located on the western side of the microdistrict, another residential building is located in the south, and another one is on the northwestern side. ...

In addition, a number of other service establishments are absent in this territory:

Canteen;

Thus, analyzing the entire territory of the microdistrict as a whole, it can be concluded that the architectural and compositional conditions are satisfactory, which cannot be said about the cultural and living conditions of this microdistrict, they were not solved correctly.

A very important prevention is the absence of a savings bank on the territory of the microdistrict. This makes it difficult for residents of the microdistrict to perform many services, including paying for utilities.

Bibliography

1. Davidovich V.G. Planning of cities and districts (engineering
economic foundations). - M .: Stroyizdat, 1964 .-- 326 p., Ill.

Residential area and microdistrict: (Pos. On planning and development). - M .:
Stroyizdat, 1971. -192 p., Ill.

Lukaev L.P., Ruzin B.V., Voronina A.G. Economics architectural
design solutions. - M .: Stroyizdat, 1972 .-- 255 p.

Urban Planning: A Designer Handbook. / Under total. ed. V.N. Belousov. 2nd ed., Rev. and add. - M .: Stroyizdat, 1978 .-- 367 p.

SNiP P-60-75. Planning and development of cities, towns and villages
settlements. Design standards. - M .: Stroyizdat, 1985 .-- 67 p.

SNiP 2.07.01.-89. Urban planning. City planning and development
and rural settlements / Ministry of Land Construction of Russia. - M .: GUP TsGSh, 1998 .-- 58

Guidelines for the design of residential areas and neighborhoods in Moscow. VSN-2-74 / Moscow City Executive Committee. - M., 1975 .-- 49 p.

Design standards for planning and development of Moscow. VNS-2-85
/ Moscow City Executive Committee. - M .: Stroyizdat, 1986.-192 p.

Additional

9. Zaitsev L.K. Economics of urban construction. 2nd ed., Rev. and
add. - M .: Stroyizdat, 1981 .-- 272 p.

Kontorovich I. Ya., Rivkin A.B. Rational use territory of cities. -M .: Stroyizdat, 1986.-172 p.

Kudryavtsev A.O. Rational use of territories in the planning and development of cities in the USSR. - M .: Stroyizdat, 1971. -183 p.

Question: In the previous SanPiN 2.4.1.2660-10 in clause 2.4, the stepwise availability of a preschool educational institution was described. In the new, replaced SanPiN 2.4.1.3049, there are no standards for pedestrian accessibility.

Can you please tell me what to refer to now when determining the territorial availability of a preschool educational institution? What are the standards for distance kindergarten from the house? Natalia

Vladimir Korzhov, lawyer answers:

Earlier in clause 2.4. SanPiN 2.4.1.2660-10 noted the pedestrian accessibility of preschool educational institutions: in cities - no more than 300 m, in rural settlements and small towns of one- and two-storey buildings - no more than 500 m. For rural areas, a pedestrian radius of up to 1 km is allowed. For regions of the Far North, mountainous regions, for southern regions the radius of pedestrian accessibility is allowed to be reduced by 1.5 times.

The term "pedestrian accessibility" is not specified anywhere and, you must admit that it seems incomprehensible: for example, where to count 300 meters and 500 meters from?

This is partly why, now in clause 2.1. SanPiN 2.4.1.3049 noted that preschool educational institutions are located in the inner-quarter territories of residential neighborhoods , outside the sanitary protection zones of enterprises, structures and other objects and at distances that ensure the normative levels of noise and air pollution for the territory of residential buildings and the normative levels of insolation and natural lighting of premises and playgrounds.

Moreover, in p. 10.4. Code of Practice SP 42.13330.2011 SNiP 2.07.01-89 Urban Development. Planning and development of urban and rural settlements " it is noted that the radius of service to the population by institutions and enterprises located in residential buildings, as a rule, should be taken no more than that indicated in Table 5.

Table 5

Service establishments and enterprises Service radius, m

Preschool institutions *:

• in cities 300
• in rural settlements and in small towns, with one- and two-storey buildings 500

That is, in your case, you should refer to the service radius of the preschool educational institution (300 and 500 meters), indicated in the specified set of rules.