The real revolution in the work of the owners of the whole world occurred on July 28, 1858, when the Englishman William Herschel, who served the police in India, offered to use fingerprints to identify criminals. Dactyloscopy method to this day is one of the main crime. How do Dactyloskopia make and who remove fingerprints near Moscow Experts-Crimers, recognized the correspondent of Pushkin news agency.

Unique drawing

Universal suitcase for inspecting the scene. Photo: Andrey Voronin, Pushkinskoye Ia

In the state of inter-municipal police department "Pushkinskoye" 12 criminalist experts, five of them are women. The senior expert of the Expert and Forensic Security Department Anna Schleinikova has been working in the police for 11 years. There is no special forensic laboratory in the Pushkin police, and Anna's office is the most ordinary - computer, pile of folders and papers. The only sign that the criminalist works here is a special suitcase in the corner.

The official name is "a universal suitcase for inspection of the scene." It weighs about 8 kilograms and contains absolutely everything that may be needed by the Criminist. In its departments and cells, drugs are neatly laid for withdrawing all types of traces at the crime scene, a variety of fixtures, tools and even a full plumbing set.

Items for dactyloscopy in a suitcase only three: a tube with typographic paint, roller and glass. The criminologist puts paint on the glass, then carefully smoothes it with a roller. And alternately rolls each finger - first on the layer of paints on the glass, then by typical forms, which is called a dactyloscopic card. You can generally do without a glass, causing paint with a roller immediately to your fingers. But the hands must necessarily be dry and clean - to avoid distortion of the imprint.

Dactyloscopic imprint on the computer. Photo: Andrey Voronin, Pushkinskoye Ia

Dactyloscopic imprint is embossed (papillary) lines available on the palms and soles of people. The same is in monkeys and some other mammals. These lines are unique and do not change throughout life.

Voluntary dactyloscopy

Comparison of a fingerprint detected, for example, at the crime scene with the ADIS program (automated dactyloscopic information system) "Papil-7" implements in the database. In the database, there are about 33 thousand dactyloscopic cards today. If the search by the district database did not give the result, the fingerprint of the likely criminal is verified by the regional base and further - by federal.

It should be noted that computers that have access to a dactyloscopic base carry out information on isolated from the Internet, departmental network. No hacker to this database will be connected.

Dactylocopying and enhancing in the database is carried out under the decision of the investigator (the investigator). That is, in the database there are only fingerprints of criminals and probable criminals. So, made during the operational-search activities of the injected injuries in the database are not entered.

There is also such a concept as "voluntary dactylocopying". Usually volunteers are people who are arranged to work in any private security structures, where a fingerprint check is the condition of employment. On average, Pushkinskoye police department adds 4-5 people monthly.

Prints of death

Fingerprints. Photo: Andrey Voronin, Pushkinskoye IA

Not only live people, but also the unidentified corpses detected by the police are exposed to the police.

"Trucks come across different. There is such a notion of the "Death Gloves" - this is when the corpse is very decomposed, the skin begins to peel, slide off the brush, like gloves. At the same time, the upper layer of the skin is already absent, and papillary lines are indistinguishable. In this case, the brush hands of the corpse, which must be identified, is sent to the study in Monica (Moscow Regional Research Clinical Institute. Vladimirsky). There, with the help of special chemicals, specialists are able to temporarily restore papillary lines, "explains the criminalist Anna Schleinikov.

With dactylocopying better preserved corpses, regular criminologists cope without the help of physicians. "In order to align, for example, the dry skin, we pump up to it with an exercise," the expert clarifies.

Andrei Voronin.

Have you seen a mistake in the text? Highlight it and click "Ctrl + Enter"

Last updated: 25.11.2014

From December 10, 2014, to get a Russian visa, foreigners will need to take biometric data.

Foreigners, intending to visit Russia, will have to go through the finger scanning procedure during the receipt of a visa to enter the country. The appropriate decree was signed by the President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin.

In accordance with the document, until December 5, all foreign states should be informed about the implementation of biometric personal data collection. And from December 10, when placing visas for entering Russia or a transit visa to follow the territory of the country, the papillary patterns of all fingers of foreigners and stateless persons will be scanned.

AIF.RU explains what dactyloscopy is and how it is done.

What is Dactyloscopy?

Dactyloscopy is a method that allows you to identify a person on fingerprints (including, according to handprints of hand palms).

Dactyloscopy - (with Greek. Daktylos - Finger + Skopeo - I look).

History of the question

Even in the first thousand to n. e. In China and Babylon, there were ideas about the uniqueness of fingerprints of each person. The finger prints were made on clay signs and seals, and in Persia in the XIV century, the fingerprints "signed" various state documents.

In 1686 Italian scientist Marselo Malpigi, Professor Anatomy of the University of Bolognaclassified papillary patterns on the tips of the fingers of a person. He first proved that the lines form three types of patterns -, and.

Almost two centuries later - in 1823 - Scientist from the University of Breslau Johan Purkindzhi Determined the eight most frequently repeated configurations of papillary lines. Thanks to its work, fingerprints began to use to identify a person.

The word "Dactyloscopy" first said in 1877 English employee of William Herschelwho worked at the time in Bengal (India). He found that in the hands of people differ among themselves according to the characteristics of the structure and do not change throughout life. Any attempts to destroy or change this layer, as well as transplant the skin, are useless: the pattern cannot be erased. This property used William Herschel, when it was faced with travelers when paying salary to employees. Finding the Machination, Herschel ordered workers to put fingerprints on payment receipts and in a special registration book for comparison, which allowed the recipient's identity to accurately. Later he used fingerprints to register prisoners. Since then, the identification of fingerprints is the most common biometric technology.

Dactyloscopic map of Herschel Photo: Commons.Wikimedia.org

Where are the applied dactyloscopy?

In Russia, for most citizens, state dactylocopic registration is voluntary, and besides free. It uses everywhere law enforcement agencies for:

• search for missing citizens of the Russian Federation, foreign citizens and stateless persons;
• establishments for unidentified human personality corpses;
• establish / confirmation of the identity of citizens of the Russian Federation, foreign citizens and stateless persons;
• preventing, disclosure and investigation of crimes, as well as preventing and identifying administrative offenses.

How is the procedure of dactyloscopy?

During the dactyloscopy, it is important to get clear prints. The prints are made in such a way that the papillary patterns of finger hands are displayed. The prints of the four fingers of each hand and separately thumbs are applied to a dactylocar.

Dactylocart - a special blank on dense white paper (density of at least 120 g / m), which contains the following information:

• paul, surname, name and patronymic;
• number, month, year of birth, place of birth;
• prints of all nail phalanges of the fingers of the hands, the control prints of the fingers of the hands, the prints of the palms of the hands;
• the signature of the person who is subject to fingering;
• date of dactyloscopation;
• organ where finisylocopying was carried out;
• the basis for fingering, position, surname and the signature of the employee who filled in a dactylocard.

A separate table is assigned to dactylocart for each finger: large, index, medium and so on. On the reverse side of the dactilocartes - palm prints.

Before starting the finishes procedure, it is necessary to wash your hands with soap, dry wipe. Further, the employee of a roller, smeared by sticking black paint, carefully paints each pillow of fingers, after which she puts them in turn to the form.

Fingerprints today can also be obtained using special scanners that allow you to instantly read prints without using paper and black paint.

For dactyloskopia, minors need a prosecutor's sanction or a relevant court decision.

If you want to go through the Dactyloscopy procedure, then you need to come with a passport or another document certifying the person in the police department and fill out the application.

Fingerprint 3D Photo: Commons.Wikimedia.org / Wamelculi

Who should be sure to undergo a procedure of fingerprint?

Mandatory Dactyloscopy are subject to:

a) citizens of the Russian Federation called for military service;

b) military personnel;

c) Citizens of the Russian Federation, undergoing service:

• in the internal affairs bodies;
• in the federal security service bodies;
• in foreign intelligence bodies;
• in the controls of drug trafficking and psychotropic substances;
• in state tax service bodies;
• in civil defense, emergency situations and elimination of natural disasters;
• in bodies and divisions of the bailiffs;
• in customs authorities;
• in state protection bodies;
• in institutions and bodies of the penitentiary system;
• state fire service;

d) rescuers of professional rescue services and professional emergency and rescue formations of the Russian Federation;

e) crew members of the aircraft of state, civil and experimental aviation of the Russian Federation;

The fingerprint scanner. Photo: Commons.Wikimedia.org / David Shankbone

(e) Citizens of the Russian Federation, foreign citizens and stateless persons who are not able to inform the data on their identity for health or age, if it is impossible to establish the specified data in a different way;

g) citizens of the Russian Federation, foreign citizens and stateless persons suspected of committing a crime accused of committing a crime or convicted for committing a crime subjected to administrative arrest that committed an administrative offense if they are impossible to establish their identity in other ways;

h) foreign citizens and stateless persons subject to expulsion (deportation) beyond the territory of the Russian Federation;

and) foreign citizens and stateless persons who arrived in the Russian Federation in search of asylum and submitted petitions for the provision of political or other asylum or recognizing them with refugees in the Russian Federation;

k) foreign citizens who are illegally located in the Russian Federation;

l) Foreign citizens who have received temporary residence permit.

m) Citizens of the Russian Federation applying for a private security guard / detective certificate

In which countries require a passage of fingellies?

Russia

Russia plans to make mandatory for all the procedure for removing fingerprints when designing visas for entering the country.

Since 2002, American legislation requires fingerprints scanned in the embassies and consulates of the United States worldwide for all those who have applied for the American visa. In the border points of the US pass, the biometric data is also conducted to establish the personality of entering and excluding cases of entry on someone else's visa.

EU countries

Since 2014, from the Schengen zone entering the countries will take fingerprints.

Great Britain

From November 30, 2009, Great Britain introduced control of fingerprints of those who enter the country at the points of intersection of the British border.

Japan

Since November 2007, all foreigners entering Japan are removing fingerprints.

Brazil

In January 2004, Brazil's authorities began to withdraw the fingerprints of tourists from the United States.

Iran

The obligatory procedure of Dactyloscopy is undergoing US citizens entering the country.

Malaysia

From June 1, 2011, all foreigners who come to Malaysia undergo a mandatory procedure for scanning two index fingers. This is introduced in order to curb crime and combat terrorism.

The Republic of Korea

Since September 2010, fingerprints in airports and seaside ports of the country hand over:

• foreign citizens who have similar biographical data with these persons involved in the activities of international terrorist groups;
• owners of passports wanted by Interpole and other international security services;
• owners of air tickets to one end, bought on the day of departure;
• citizens suspected of using false passports and other identity cards;
• persons suspected of falsifying citizenship information.

Indonesia

From May 1, 2010, tourists flying to Indonesia airports must pass compulsory dactyloscopy and take a picture. The innovation concerns all travelers.

Papillary patterns (lines) on their hands - embossed lines on the palms, arise from the fetus of a person at the time of the formation of the skin and remain unchanged to his very death. Each person has an individual structure of papillary lines.

History

In fact, the interest of people to the patterns in their hands has, apparently, a rather long story. For example, it is still said in the Bible: "He believes the press on the hand of each person, so that all people know him" (Old Testament, Book Job, Ch. 37, Art. 7). In so-called sacred scriptures, everything allegorically, but may have meant these incomprehensible and mysterious drawings. In the Qur'an, translated by V.M. Porokhova (Sura 75 "Resurrection", Ayate 4), it is said: "We can collect His fingers to gather in order perfect." And in another translation, the same ayata is even closer to the topic and says more specifically and more specifically: "Does a person believes that we will not be able to collect his elapsed bones? Yes, we have enough strength to collect a rebound even the drawing on the tips of his fingers (on the day) ".

And indeed, many researchers (Bertrand, Stocks and others) found evidence that people were interested in patterns on their hands also in the prehistoric era. For example, in 1832, during the excavations of Kurgan on the island of Havr-Inis (France), they found stone slabs on which there were drawings with the image of papillary patterns of fingers. Initially, scientists saw in them the symbols of Druids, or letters who considered the letters of the Phoenician, Celtiberian, Celtic, Etruscan alphabets, or thought that they testify to the snake cult, since they were serve-like wrinkling lines curves. Etc. In 1885, Alexander Bertrand in the article in the magazine "Magasin Pitrotestsque" noted the similarity of these images with the patterns on the fingers. In 1920, the French Stokes researcher convincingly proved that Breton pictures on the rocks are drawings of papillary patterns. It was an extremely diverse and pretty complete collection of images of papillary lines of human nail phalanges and palms.

Links

• Compulenta.ru - New Dactyloscopic system will help quickly catch criminals
• Lenta.ru - Chemists learned to remove the fingerprints

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Dermatoglyficification - Science, studying patterns on the fingers. Haismagel British British Francis Galton, who published a monograph on fingerprints at the end of the nineteenth century. Thermal "dermatoglyphic" appeared less than a century ago - in 1926 and translated as "skin engraving".

According to prof. Bogdanova, "Engraving of the skin" - our second person, which can tell about us much more than the first.

Papillary patterns on the pillows of fingers are formed in the womb of the mother and do not disappear after death (in contrast to the lines of fate on the palms). They do not change during life.
This drawing corresponds to the karmic presenters of a person for a specific embodiment.

Fingers are bioresonators that take vibrations from the information field with which the person interacts and each in its strictly defined mode. Because. Energy bodies are opened only in the field of fingers by fan, then, as a result, each of the tel is able to directly contact the world. This bioenergetic information interaction code is encrypted in the power lines of the papillary pattern. Torsion fields (information carriers) continuously rotate, as if screwed into the man's biopol on the thread of its papillary patterns.
Patterns form a person's globility, his reaction to the world around the world, the specifics of the nervous system, show some hereditary diseases, endurance, longevity, affect the choice of profession, sports inclinations, creative, etc.

The knowledge of the morphological features of the skin is widely used today for early diagnosis of diseases, identifying groups of risk, hereditary predisposition to diseases or longevity, development of recommendations on healthy lifestyle, professional orientation, in criminalistics, ethnography, etc. The most early scientific reports on the anatomical and The histological features of the skin ribbies (scallops) and the grooves between them (grooves) refer to the XVII century, when drawings and descriptions of the characteristics of the patterns of palms and fingers of man appeared in the anatomical works. The successes of biology in the XIX century. contributed to the further study of the skin patterns. At the beginning of the XIX century. I. Purkin gave the first classification of the skin patterns of the fingers, allocated 9 main types. In the last third of the XIX century. For the first time began to apply fingerprints for identification of the person. F. Galton played a big role here. At the beginning of the XX century. Special comparative studies of the skin relief of primates and other mammals appeared. The American scientist V. Wilder in 1904 proposed to use the features of the scallop lines and patterns on the skin of the palms and soles as an important ethnic sign. Then began to study the embryonic development of the finger patterns due to heredity. Many authors tried to clear the chiromantia from the occult views, to get away from mysticism, to strip positive knowledge. The "purified" chiromoantium was in due time was called hand-leading, Hirosophy, Palmistria, etc. The name "Dermatoglynika" was made in 1926 at the 42nd Congress of the American Association of Anatomas. In 1936, G. X. Kammins discovered and described the features of dermatoglyphs (skin patterns) in the Down syndrome. In the late 50s, when chromosomal hereditary diseases were studied, the study of correlative ties between the peculiarities of chromosomal sets and skin patterns began. Modern dermatoglification was born, which is becoming more widely used in various fields of knowledge - from medicine to forensic and ethnography. Recently, letters and palmoscopy are most widely studied and applied. Another Halton, who proposed the first classification of the patterns of the fingertips, allocated three main types of patterns: curl (W), loop (L) and arc.

During a person's life, their papillar pattern does not change, but only the thickness of the ridges changes and their density. On palms, 14 fields forming individual zones are isolated, with the help of which you can determine the topography of the palm lines.

What can our fingers tell

At all times, a man wanted to know what he was waiting. And there were always people who are ready to inform him - fortune-tales, gypsy, lead. To this day, many with distrust relate to similar predictions. However, modern scientists believe that there is rational grain in the divorce.

The first to predict the future of a person in the skin patterns and lines on his hands began the chirromants. Later, criminologists became interested in the drawings on the tips of the fingers, creating a science of fingerprint. And now the time of genetics and dermatoglyphic specialists came. The first use finger patterns for the diagnosis of hereditary diseases. The second with ease determine how healthy is healthy, having patient, is suitable for certain types of activities.

"The chirromants were not so badly mistaken - the most important information about a person is really encrypted in the fingerprints of the hands," the head of the laboratory of sports anthropology, morphology and genetics of the physical culture of Tatyana Abramova believes. - Skin patterns on their fingers are finally formed on the 3-5th month of embryonic development and no longer change throughout life. The skin and the central nervous system are developing at one time and from one embryonic admission. Therefore, the finger patterns refer to the marker of the characteristics of the organization of the human brain. According to fingerprints, you can not only learn about the weak points of the nervous system, but also determine the character of a person. "

Of course, errors are inevitable. After all, the structure of fingerprint is extremely difficult.

"At a certain stage, the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating a device was arose, which would have supplied a doctor with high-quality information about the dermatoglyphic type," the developers of such a system from MSTU them say. Bauman. - The device created by scientists "Baumanki" allows you to automatically determine the slope of the skin patterns, count the number of "ridges" and produce the final calculation of the parameters. "

According to fingerprints, you can reveal dozens of various diseases having a genetic nature. Researing papillary lines in women planning pregnancy, you can get an accurate forecast of the health of the offspring. Consultation of the Dermatoglification Doctor allows not only to predict the emergence of diseases transmitted by inheritance, but also to calculate their current.

Dermatoglyphic specialists often say that the fingerprint is a genome, turned inside out. His structure reflects the ability of a person to adapt to the world around. With the help of fingerprints, you can predict a person's actions in extreme situations, because athletes and rescuers are sent to the dermatoglikami.

Three main patterns

People who have the main drawing of the finger patterns - the loop, have explosive temperament. They do not bring long and monotonous work, the information is absorbed slowly, but remember it for a long time. "Sprinter" Nature makes itself felt in love. "Loops" windy, are inconstant and often have several parallel ties.

Loop "Peacock Eye"

Single or double loop with bend

Double loop

The most complex loop pattern. It is also difficult to organize its owners - trepidate, vane, but extremely capable people. They are mobile, active, enduring, with ease adapt to any conditions, but at the same time concentrated in their inner world. The greater the curls on the hand, the more difficult the nature and the stronger her tend to their senses.

Curl elongated

Curl - Spiral

Curl - target

Man "Arc" has a small life potential and not the most good health. But the forces released by nature such a person uses wisely and economically. Once finding his place, the "arc" does not spend the forces in search of the best lobe. People who have arc patterns on their fingers are extremely conservative and authoritarians, it is bad to converge with people. But, if such a person became your friend, he will go to the fire for you and into the water. In the marital life "Arc" are distinguished by exceptional devotion, never allow intrigues on the side, but require absolute loyalty in response.

High arc

Arc with loop inside

Standard Arc


Arch

And the main arch. Fingerprint indicates practical and materialistic nature. A man with crops on fingerprints is closed, but hardworking. These people can be cruel, insensitive, skeptical and non-modest. On the index and middle fingers, the vaults can disclose the inability for self-expression.

B vulnerable canopy. It stands out so-called<оперным шестом>which supports the arch. People having such lines are largely similar to those who have the main arch, but more impulsive and emotional. The owners of such fingerprints are very informed, artistic and suffer from intrusive ideas - but stubborn.

In the main (or elbow bone) of the loop. This is the most common drawing of the fingerprint. The base of the loops indicates the thumb, and the starting point of the loop is on the shock side of the palm (percussion). People who have similar fingerprints on their hands are usually soft-quality and straightforward, with a quick, alive and flexible mind.

R inverse (or radial) loop. These loops are similar to the main, but begin and end in opposite directions. Their owners have the same personality characteristics as the owners of the main loops, but they are more trusting and fearless. Reverse hinges are much less common than basic.

D Spiral curl. People having spiral curls on their fingerprints, individualists with a strong and clear person. Potentially brilliant, they are best working when they occupy themselves. They may be inflexible, and they need a lot of time to make decisions, but before they, however, prefer to stockday to speculate about affairs.

E concentric curl. Fingerprint is a few closed circles one inside the other. This is a more rare drawing than a spiral curl, but it indicates very similar traits of character. Most often, it is found on an index or nameless finger. A person with 10 such prints will have great opportunities, but will be subject to stress.

Well challenging. Complex fingerprints are similar to two hinges, elongated in opposite directions. Often they may look like Daequeta symbols Yin and Yang. Although these people have a wide horizon and are able to sympathize with others, they may be indecisive and even with stupid personalities.

Peacock eye

At first glance fingerprints<павлиний глаз> Look like loop. However, upon closer examination, you will see in the heart of the loop curl like an eye on a peacock tail. This fingerprint is very favorable, predicting much luck to its owner and gives him protection.

And three-radius. If you are experiencing any difficulties in distinguishing one type of fingerprint drawing from the other, then take a look at the three-radius. This drawing of the imprint is determined by the presence, absence or number of these triangular forms. The consolidated imprint does not have three-radius, it has a loop, and the curl has two three-radius.

Fingerprints and compatibility

To see how many people with fingerprints of different forms are suitable for each other, see the next. Table.

Fingerprints and Career

Refer to this table to solve and evaluate the ability to work people in accordance with their dominant fingerprint type.