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Kiev Princess

For the author "Words about the regiment of Igor", the Kiev Principality was the first among all Russian principalities. He soberly looks at the modern world and does not consider Kiev the capital of Russia. Grand Duke Kievsky does not order to other princes, but asks them to join "In the pot the catch ... For the land of Russian," and sometimes asking: "Do you want to fly here from afar to protect the father's golden throne?" He addressed a great nest .

The author of the "Words" with great respect refers to sovereign sovereigns, princes of other lands, and absolutely does not propose to repaint Rus political map. When he speaks of unity, it means only what was quite real then: the military union against the "dies", a unified defense system, a single plan of a distant raid in the steppe. But on the hegemony of Kiev, the author "Words" does not attract, since it has long been kiev turned from the capital of Russia to the capital of one of the principalities and was almost in equal conditions with such cities as Galich, Chernigov, Vladimir on Klyazmma, Novgorod, Smolensk. Distinguished Kiev from these cities only his historical glory and the position of the church center of all Russian lands.

Until the middle of the XII century, the Kiev principality occupied significant spaces on the Right Bank of the Dnieper: almost the entire Pretati pool and Tetherian pools, Irpen and Rosi. Only later, Pinsk and tours were addressed from Kiev, and the lands of the west of the Goryni and the earunder moved to the Volyn Earth.

A feature of the Kiev principality was a large number of old boyar victches with fortified castles focused in the old earth of Polyan south from Kiev. To protect these victobs from the Polovtsy, in the XI century on the Rosi River (in the "Porosye"), significant masses of nomads were settled, hung up from the steppes: Torkov, Pechenegs and Berendev, combined in the XII century with a common name - black hoods. They, as it were, anticipate the future border nobility connier and carried the border service on a huge steppe space between Dnipro, Study and Rosew. On the shores of Russia there were cities inhabited by Chernoklobutki to know (Yuriev, Torosch, Korsun, Door, etc.). Protecting Russia from Polovtsy, Torka and Berendei gradually perceived Russian, Russian culture and even Russian epic epic.

The capital of the semi-autonomous piglery was a kanev, something, a huge city with two fortresses on the north shore of Russia.

Black hoods played important role in political life Russia of the XII century and often influenced the choice of this or that prince. There have been cases when black hoods proudly declared one of the applicants for the Kiev throne: "There are, princes, and good and evil, that is, that is, the achievement of the grand-road throne depends on them, constantly ready for battle border designs located in two days Ways from the capital.

For half a century, that separates the "Word about Igor's regiment" from the time of Monomakh, the Kiev Principality has lived a difficult life.

In 1132, after the death of Mstislav the Great, from Kiev, the Russian principalitys began to disappear from Kiev: then from Suzdal, Yuri Dolgoruky jumps to capture the Pereyaslav Principality, then the neighboring chernigov Vsevolod. Olgovich, together with his friends, Polovtsy "Pidosh Villachi village and cities ... and people will even come to Kiev ...".

Facial image of the Grand Duke Mstislav Vladimirovich. Titular. 1672

Novgorod finally freed himself from the power of Kiev. Rostov-Suzdal Land acted independently. Smolensk in his will accepted princes. In Galich, Polotsk, the tours were sitting their special princes. The horizons of the Kiev chronicler narrowed to the Kiev-Cher-Nigov conflict, in which the Byzantine Tsarevich, and Hungarian troops, and Berendeia, and the Polovtsy were participated.

After the death of the unlucky Yaropolk in 1139, even more unlucky Vyacheslav sat on the Kiev table, but he lasted only eight days - Vsevolod Olgovich, the son of Oleg "Gorislavich" was kicked out.

Kiev chronicle depicts Vsevolod and his brothers with cunning, greedy and cryption people. The Grand Duke continuously behaved intrigue, quarreling his relatives, complained to dangerous rivals far from the bear angles to remove them from Kiev.

An attempt to return Novgorod was not crowned with success, as Novgorodians were kicked out of Svyatoslav Olgovich "about his evil", "about his violence."

Igor and Svyatoslav Olgovichi, the brothers of Vsevolod, were dissatisfied with them, and all six years of the reign were in mutual struggle, oath violations, conspiracies and reconciliations. From major events, you can note the stubborn struggle of Kiev with Galic in 1144-1146.

Vsevolod did not use the sympathies of Kiev boyars; This was reflected in the chronicles, and in the characteristic that I took from the sources of V.N. Tatishchev unknown to us: "This Grand Duke Husband was grown in great and Velmi Tolsta, there were little Vlasov on the chapter, the brother was wide, the eyes of considerable, the nose is long. Wise (Chiter. - B. R.) was in the councils and courts, for whom he wanted to justify or blame. Many concubines had more in merry, rather than in the rules, it was exercised. Through this Kiev, the greatness was great. And how died, it's barely, in addition to the women of loved ones, I cried, and more were happy. But at that more ... Igor's burnt (his brother. - B. R.), who keeps his spooley and proud, feared. "

The protagonist "Words about the regiment of Igor" - Svyatoslav Kievsky - was the son of this Vsevolod. Vsevolod died in 1146. Further events clearly showed that the main force in the Principality of Kiev, as in Novgorod, and in other lands at this time, was a boyars.

The successor of Vsevolod, his brother Igor, the most prince of the fierce nrava, who was so feared by Kievans, was forced to swear in the evening "on the whole of their will." But I did not have time for a new prince to drive away from the eve of the congregation to myself for lunch, as Kiyan rushed into the courtyards of hated Tiunov and swords, which reminded the events of 1113.

The leaders of the Kiev boyarism, ULEB Mollusky and Ivan Witishich, secretly sent the embassy to Prince Izyaslav Mstislavich, the grandchildren of Monoma, in the re-novel with the invitation to pronomize in Kiev, and when he approached the walls of the city, the boyars plunged her stale and, as Arranged, surrendered to him. Igor was touched into monks and exiled to Pereyaslavl. A new stage of the struggle of Monomashic and Ol-Govich began.

The intelligent Kiev historian of the late XII century Igumen Moses, who had a whole library of the chronicles of various principalities, compiled a description of these turbulent years (1146-1154) from passages of personal chronicles of the princes. It turned out a very interesting picture: the same event is described from different points of view, the same act by one chronicler was described as a good job with God, and the other is like a "surmouncing devil".

The chronicler of Svyatoslav Olgovich carefully led all the economic affairs of his prince and with every victory of his enemies Pedantically listed, how many horses and the feet hung up the enemies, how many steaks of the hay, which utensils were taken in the church and how much Korchag Wine and Honey stood in the prince's cellar.

The chronicler of the Grand Prince Iaslav Mstislavich (1146-1154) is especially interesting. This is a person who knew the military business who participated in the campaigns and military councils, who carried out diplomatic instructions of his prince. In all likelihood, this is boyar, Kievsky, a thousand Peter Borislavich, many times mentioned in the chronicles. He behaves as if the political report of his prince and tries to put it in the most advantageous light, show a good commander, the administrative ruler, caring suzeren. Having exalted his prince, he skillfully the ink of all his enemies, showing an outstanding literary talent.

To document its chroniclery, intended, obviously, for influential princes-ski-boyar circles, Peter Borislavich widely used the genuine correspondence of his prince with other princes, the Kievans, the Hungarian king and its vassals. He also used the protocols of the princely congresses and diaries of hikes. Only in one case he diverges with the prince and begins to condemn it - when Izyaslav comes against the will of Kiev boyar.

The prince of Izaslav was filled with the struggle with Olgovichi, with Yuri Dolgorukh, who was twice managed to promote Kiev.

In the process of this struggle, the prisoner of Izaslav Prince Igor Olgovich (1147) was killed in Kiev by sentence.

In 1157 he died in Kiev Yuri Dolgoruky. It is assumed that the Suzdal Prince, unloved in Kiev, was poisoned.

During these instruments of the mid-XII century, the future heroes "Words about the regiment of Igor" are repeatedly mentioned - Svyatoslav Vsevolodich and his cousin Igor Svyatoslavich. While it is also a third-haired young princes who went to battle in the avant-garde detachments who received small towns in the lot and "kissing the cross on the whole will" senior princes. Somewhat later they are fixed in major cities: from 1164 Svyatoslav in Chernigov, and Igor in Novgorod de Seversky. In 1180, already shortly before the events described in the "Word", Svyatoslav became the Grand Duke of Kiev.

Treasure with money ingots hryvnia

Due to the fact that Kiev was often an apple of discord between princes, Kiev boyarism concluded with the princes of "row" and introduced a curious system of Duumvirata, which lasted the whole second half of the XII century.

Duumvirs-co-guards were Izyaslav Mstislavich and his uncle Vyacheslav Vladimirovich, Svyatoslav Vsevolodich and Rurik Rostislavich. The meaning of this original measure was that at the same time representatives of the two warring princely branches were invited and thus partly removed the gravestics and a relative equilibrium was established. One of the princes, who was considered the elders, lived in Kiev, and the other - in Vododo-kind or Belgorod (he ordered land). In hiking, they acted together and the diplomatic correspondence was agreed.

The foreign policy of the Kiev principality was sometimes determined by the interests of one or another prince, but, in addition, there were two permanent directions of the struggle demanding everyday readiness. The first and most important is, of course, the Polovtsaya Steppe, where in the second half of the XII century, feudal cohesives were created, which united individual tribes. Usually Kiev coordinated its defensive actions with Pereyaslavl (who were in possession of Rostov-Suzdal princes), and thus created a more or less single line Ros - Sula. In this regard, the value of the headquarters of such a common defense has passed from Belgorod to Kanev. The southern border appendition of the Kiev land, located in the X century on the Sturdes and on Sul, now advanced down the Dnieper to Eagle and Snow-samara.

The second direction of the struggle was Vladimir-Suzdal Principality. Since the time of Yuri, Dolgoruky Northeast Princes, liberated by his geographical position from the need to conduct a permanent war with Polovtsy, rushed military forces on the subordination of Kiev, using the Border Pereyaslav principality for this purpose. The arrogant tone of the Vladimir chroniclers sometimes misled historians, and they thought it sometimes that Kiev was completely stalled at this time. Of particular importance was attached to the campaign of Andrey Bogolyubsky, the Son of Dolgoruky, to Kiev in 1169.

The Kiev chronicler, the former witness of the three-day robbery of the city by the winners, so colorfully described this event, which created an idea of \u200b\u200ba catastrophe. In fact, Kiev continued to live a full-blooded life of the capital of the rich principality and after 1169. The churches were built here, the communional chronicle was written, "the word about Igor's regiment", incompatible with the concept of decline, was created.

Kiev Prince Svyatoslav Vsevoloditsch (1180-1194) "The Word" characterizes as a talented commander.

His cousins, Igor and Vsevolod Svyatoslavichi, were awakened by their inefficiency, then the evil, with which Svyatoslav managed to cope shortly before that, and their feudal suzeraine:

Svyatyoslav Grozny Great Kiev thunderstorm kicked by his strong shelves and coarse swords;

Pilovtsy land in the land;

Pottopt hills and yard;

Stick up the river and lakes;

Issushi streams and swamps.

And the cobby of the sea

From iron great regiments of Polovtsy,

Yako whirlwind, leaving:

And pledged jobster in grade Kiev

In Gridnitsa Svyatoslavl.

TU NATIONS AND WENEDITISI, TU GARCH AND MORAV

Sing fame Svyatoslav

Kayut Prince Igor ...

The poet had here in mind the victorious campaign of the united Russian forces on Khan Kobyak in 1183.

The co-associate of Svyatoslav was, as stated, Ryric Rostislavich, contacted in the "Russian Earth" from 1180 to 1202, and then became the Grand Duke of Kiev for some time.

"The word about the regiment of Igor" is entirely on the side of Svyatoslav Vsevolodich and Rurieka speaks very little. The chronicle, on the contrary, was in the sphere of the influence of Rüric. Therefore, the activities of Duumvirov are covered by sources preiss. We know about conflicts and disagreements between them, but we know that Kiev in the late XII century experienced a heyday and tried to even play the role of the communional cultural center.

This is said by the Kiev chronicle of 1198 by Igumen Moses, who was included with the Galician chronicles of the XIII century in the so-called Ipatiev chronicle.

The Kiev arch provides a wide view of different Russian lands in the XII century, using a number of chronicles of individual principalities. He opens with the "Tale of the Week," telling about the early history of all Russia, and ends with the recording of solemn speech Moses on the construction at the expense of Prince Rüric Wall, strengthening the bank of the Dnieper. Orator, who prepared his work for collective execution, "Unified Usha" (Cantata?), Calls the Grand Duke King, and his principality is "holding a self-volstant ... known not only in the Russian limits, but also in distant overseas countries, to the end of the universe."

Mosaic image of the prophet. XI century Sofia Cathedral in Kiev

After the death of Svyatoslav, when Rurik began to pronounce in Kiev, his co-program in the "Russian Earth", that is, the South Kyiv region, became briefly his son-in-law Roman Mstislavich Volynsky (Rights of Monomakh). He received the best lands with the cities of Trepolm, a torch, kaanem and other who made up half of the principality.

However, this "stupid parish" was envied by Vsevolod a large nest, the prince of the Sujdic Land, who wanted to be in some form an accomplice of the management of Kiev-school. A long-term feud began between Rurik, supporting Vsevolod, and the offended Roman Volyn. As always, Olgovichi and Poland, and Galich were rapidly in the gravestory. The case ended the fact that the Roman was supported by many cities, black hoods, and finally in 1202, "Obel to him Kyyan Gate".

In the first year of the Grand Diction, the novel organized a trip to the departure of the Polovtsy steppe "and taking a lot of love and bring a lot of things and the soul of the Shrestyanskiy plenty of departure from them (from Polovtsy. - B. R.), and the joy of the greatness of Russia" .

Rurik did not remain in debt and on January 2, 1203 in the Union with Olgovichi and "All Sea Messstallion" took Kiev. "And the creation of great evil in Rusty land, the same evil was not from baptism over Kyi ...

Podolia being taken and fade; Ino, the mountain is being taken and the Metropoline Saint Sophia Clearstit and the Tenty (Church) ... Once-Grabish and Manastyri All and Icons are evident ... then polo-fortunes are all sobes in full. "Next it is said that the Allies of Rüric - Polovtsy cut off all the old monks, Popov And the nuns, and the young ink, wives and daughters of Kievans took into their becoming.

Obviously, Rurik was not hoping to entrenched in Kiev, if it robbed him so, and went into his own castle in Ovrich.

In the same year, after a joint campaign in Polovtsy in Trepol, Roman seized Rüric and tonsured the monks all his family (including his own wife, Rüric daughter). But the novel for long rules in Kiev, in 1205 he was killed by Poles when the hunt in his Western possessions drove down too far from his friend.

The poetic lines of the chronicles that have come down to us, unfortunately, are connected with Mstislavich novel, unfortunately, only partially. The author calls him the autocrat of all Russia, his mind praises and courage, noting especially the struggle with the Polovtsy: "Joysha's bichars and lion await, I am angry, and a lynx, and Kukodil, and Corcodil, and Provide the land of them, Iko and Eagle; Croquin Bo, Yako and Tour. " Regarding the Polovtsian trips, the chronicler recalls Vladimir Monomakh and his victorious struggle with Polovtsy. Preserved and epics with the name of the novel.

One of the chronicles that did not reach us, used by V. N. Tatishchev, reports extremely interesting information About the novel of Mstislavich. As if after a violent Taze Rurik and his family, Roman declared all Russian princes that his father-in-law would be overthrown with the throne for violation of the contract.

This is followed by the presentation of the novels to the political structure of Russia in the XIII century: Kiev Prince should "land Russian from everywhere to defend, and in brethren, the princes of Russians, good order to keep, so that he could not hurt and ruin on other people's areas." The novel accuses younger princes trying to seize Kiev, without having forces for defense, and those princes that "lead the dies of Polovtsy."

Then outlines the project of the election of the Kiev Prince in the event of the death of its predecessor. Six princes should choose: Suzdal, Chernigov, Galitsky, Smolensk, Polotsk, Ryazan; "The younger princes to that election is not required." These six principalities should be inherited by the eldest son, but not to be crushed into parts, "so that Russian land does not diminish in force." The novel offered to convene a princely congress to approve this order.

It is difficult to say how reliable this information is, but in the conditions of 1203 this order, if he could be carried out in life, would represent a positive phenomenon. However, it is worth remembering the good wishes on the eve of the Lubash Congress of 1097, its good solutions and tragic events that followed him.

V. N. Tatishchev preserved the characteristics of the novel and his opponent Rurik:

"This Roman Mstislavich, the grandson of Izyaslavov, was height, although not very large, but wide and was strong; the face is red, the eyes of black, the nose with the hump, the Vlassee of the black and short; Wielmi Yar was in anger; tacon with tongue, when it is existed, not I could spell a long time; I had a lot with nobles, but I never had been drunk. Many wives loved, but they owned it a lot. The warrior was brave and hit on the arrangement of regiments ... All his life has been translated in the wars, I received my victory, and one (only Once. - B. R.) was defeated. "

Ryric Rostislavich is characterized differently. It was said that he was on the Grand Due to 37 years, but during this time he was expelled six times and "a lot of a hit, without having a rest of nowhere. Further by himself, there was a lot of peat and wives, it was not enough about the board of the state and their own security. Judges him and According to the hails, the rules have cleared a lot of people, for that very little he is in the people of love and from the princes of the reverence. "

Obviously, these characteristics, full of medieval juits, amounted to some Galico-Volyn-sky or Kiev chronicler, sympathetic to the novel.

It is interesting to note that the novel is the last of the Russian princes, the epic of the episodes; Book and folk assessment coincided that it happened very rarely: the people very carefully selected heroes for their epic fund.

Roman Mstislavich and "Werewolly" Ryric Rostislavich - Last bright figures in the list of Kiev princes of the XII-XIII centuries. Further, weak ordinal, who have not left the memory of themselves in the chronicles or folk songs.

The gravestics around Kiev continued in those years when a new unprecedented danger was hung over Rusy - Tatar mongolian invasion. During the battle on Kalka in 1223, before the arrival of Batya under Kiev, many princes changed in 1240, there were a lot of fights because of Kiev. In 1238, Kiev Prince Mikhail Fight, fear of Tatars, in Hungary, and in the Terrible Year of Batueva arrival he collected in the principality of Daniel Galitsky donated feudal regulations: wheat, honey, "shior" and sheep.

"Mother of the Russian cities" - Kiev has lived a bright life over a number of centuries, but in the last three decades of his Domongolian history has too affected negative features feudal fragmentationwho actually leads to the dismemberment of the Kiev principality to a number of cars.

The singer "Words about the regiment of Igor" could not stop the historical process with his inspired stanas.

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Yaroslav Wise tried to prevent civilians after his death and installed between his children the order of inheritance of the Kiev throne for seniority: from brother to his brother and from uncle to the senior nephew. But it did not help to avoid between the brothers of struggle for power. IN 1097. Yaroslavichi rided in the city of Lyubich ( Favorite Congress Princes) I. banned princes to move to the prince from the principality to the principality. So the prerequisites for feudal fragmentation were created. But this decision did not stop internecine wars. Now the princes took care of expanding the territories of their principalities.

For a short time, the world managed to restore the grandson of Yaroslav Vladimir Monomahu (1113-1125). But after his death, the war broke out with new powers. Kiev, weakened by a constant struggle with Polovtsy and inner gravestones, gradually loses its leading importance. The population is looking for salvation from permanent looted and moved to more relaxed principalities: Galico-Volynskoye (the upper wheel of the Dnieper) and in Rostov-Suzdal (Volga and Oci Interference). In many respects, the seizure of the new lands of the princes was pushing a boyars interested in expanding its patients. Due to the fact that in his principles of the princes, the Kiev regulation of inheritance was established, then the processes of crushing began in them: if at the beginning of the XII century there were 15 principalities, then by the end of the XIII century there are already 250 principalities.

Feudal fragmentation was a natural process of development of statehood. It was accompanied by the revival of the economy, the rise of the culture and formation of local cultural centers. At the same time, the awareness of national unity was not lost during fragmentation.

Causes of fragmentation: 1) the lack of solid economic ties between individual principalities - each principality produced everything you need within itself, that is, lived in natural economy; 2) emergence and strengthening on the places of their own princely dynasties; 3) the weakening of the central authority of the Kiev Prince; 4) Decline of the trading track on the Dnieper "From Varyag to Greeks" and enhancing the value of the Volga as a trading path.

Galician-Volyn Principality To be in the foothills of the Carpath. Through the principality passed trading routes from Byzantium to Europe. The principality arose a struggle between the prince and major boyars - landowners. Poland and Hungary often intervened in the fight.

Galician principality especially intensified with Yaroslav Vladimirovich Orel (1157-1182). After his death, the Galitsky Principality was attached to Volyni Vince Roman Mstislavovich (1199-1205). The novel managed to capture Kiev, declared himself a great prince, discard Polovtsy from southern borders. Roman's policy continued his son Daniel Romanovich (1205-1264). At his time, the invasion of Tataro-Mongols had to be a prince had to recognize the power of Khan. After Daniel's death, the fight broke out between boyars families broke out, as a result of which Volyn was captured by Lithuania, and Galicia - Poland.

Novgorod Princess Stretched throughout the Russian north of the Baltic to the Urals. Through Novgorod there was a lively trade with Europe in the Baltic Sea. Novgorod boyarism was drawn in this trade. After uprising 1136 Prince Vsevolod was expelled and Novgorod began to invite princes to themselves, that is, the feudal republic was established. Princely power was significantly limited urban veneer (meeting) and The Council of Lord. The function of the prince was reduced to the organization of the defense of the city and external representation. Really managed the city elected in the evening posadan. and the advice of the Lord. Veche had the right to drive a prince from the city. The delegates from the urban ends took part in the evening ( konchansky enemy). All free citizens of this end could participate in the Konchansky Eve.

The Republican government organization in Novgorod was classified. Novgorod became the center of combating German and Swedish aggression.

Vladimir-Suzdal Principality There was a Volga and Oci interflores and was protected from steppe forests. Attracting the population for deserted lands, the princes are based on new cities, they do not allow to form urban self-government (eve /) and a major boyars land tenure. However, attending the princely lands, free communities fell dependent on landowner, that is the development of serfdom continued and increased.

The beginning of the local dynasty put the son of Vladimir Monomakh Yuri Dolgoruky (1125-1157). He founded a number of cities: Dmitrov, Zvenigorod, Moscow. But Yuri sought to get to the Grand Diction. The real owner of the principality became Andrei Yuryevich Bogolyubsky (1157-1174). He founded the city Vladimir-on-Klyazma And moved there from Rostov the capital of the principality. Wanting to expand the boundaries of his principality Andrei fought a lot with the neighbors. The dysfunted from the power of the boyars organized a conspiracy and killed Andrey Bogolyubsky. Andrei politics continued his brother Vsevolod Yuryevich great nest (1176-1212) And son of Vsevolod Yuri (1218-1238). In 1221, Yuri Vsevolodovich founded Nizhny Novgorod. Russia's development was slow tatar-Mongol invasion 1237-1241.

Rus in the XII - XIII. centuries. Political fragmentation.

IN 1132 G. Died The Last Mighty Prince Mstislav, son of Vladimir Monomakh.

This date is considered to be the beginning of the fragmentation period.

Causes of fragmentation:

1) The struggle of the princes for the best princes and territories.

2) Independence of boyars in their lands.

3) natural economy, strengthening the economic and political power of cities.

4) decay of the Kiev land from the raids of steppes.

Characteristic features of this period:

Aggravation of relations between princes and boyars

Princely intersubs

The struggle of the princes for the "Kiev table"

Growth and strengthening the economic and political power of cities

Flower culture

The weakening of the military potential of the country (fragmentation was the reason for the defeat of Russia in the fight against the Mongols)

Basic centers of political fragmentation:

Novgorod land

The supreme power belonged to the evening that the prince called.

Officials were elected at the evening: landanger, a thousandd, archbishop. Novgorod feudal republic

Vladimiro - Suzdal Principality

Strong Princely Power (Yuri Dolgoruky (1147 - the first mention of Moscow in the Chronicles), Andrei Bogolyubsky, Vsevolod is a big nest)

Galitsko - Volyn Principality

Mighty boyars that fought for power with princes. Famous princes -Oroslav Osmomysl, Roman Mstislavovich, Daniel Galitsky.

To Mongolian invasion - the flourishing of Russian culture

1223 the first battle with Mongols on the river Kalka.

Russians tried to fight back together with Polovtsy, but defeated

1237-1238 - Hang Batya's campaign to Northeast Rus (the first to defeat the Ryazan Principality)

1239-1240- on South Rus

Causes of the defeat of Russia in the fight against Mongol Tatars

Fragmentation and distribution between princes
The superiority of the Mongols in military art, the presence of an experienced and numerous army

Effects

1) Establishment of yoke - the dependence of Russia from the Horde (payment of the Dani and the need for princes to receive a label (Hanskaya grades, which gave the right to the prince to manage his lands) Baskak - Khansky governor in russian lands

2) the ruin of land and cities, theft of the population in slavery - undermining the economy and culture

The invasion of the German and Swedish knights On the North-Western Earth, Novgorod and Pskov

Goal

* Capture of new territories

* Appeal to Catholicism

Novgorod Prince Alexander Nevsky at the head of the Russian troops won a victory:

Russian principalities and land in the XII - XIII centuries

on r. Neva over Swedish knights

1242 G. On the Church of the Lake over German knights (Ice Bottomier)

1251 -1263 - The Board of Prince Alexander Nevsky in Vladimir. Establishing friendly relations with the Golden Horde to prevent new invasions from the West

Work plan.

I.V.V.

II.Russse lands and principalities in the XII-XIII centuries.

1. Causes and essence of state fragmentation. The socio-political and cultural characteristics of the Russian lands of the fragmentation period.

§ 1. Faodal fragmentation of Russia is a natural stage in the development of Russian society and the state.

§ 2. Economic and socio-political causes of fragmentation of Russian lands.

Vladimir-Suzdal Principality as one of the types of feudal state formations In Russia, the XII-XIII centuries.

§ 4 Features of the geographical situation, the natural and climatic conditions of the Vladimir-Suzdal land.

Russian lands and principalities in the XII - the first half of the XIII century.

Features of the socio-political and cultural development of the Vladimir-Suzdal Principality.

2. Mongol-Tatar invasion on Russia and its consequences. Rus and Golden Horde.

§ 1. The peculiarity of the historical development and lifestyle of nomadic peoples of Central Asia.

Batievo invasion and formation of the Golden Horde.

§ 3. Mongol-Tatar Igo and its influence on ancient Russian history.

Rusi against the aggression of German and Swedish conquerors. Alexander Nevskiy.

§ 1. Expansion to the east of Western European countries and religious and political organizations at the beginning of the XIII century.

§ 2. The historical meaning of the military victories of the prince Alexander Nevsky (Nevskaya Battle, Ice Battle).

III. Conclusion

I. Introduction

The XII-XIII century, which will be discussed in this control work, barely distinguishable in the fog of the past.

In order to understand and understand the events of this older in the history of medieval Russia, it is necessary to get acquainted with the monuments of the Old Russian literature, to study the fragments of medieval chronicles and chronicles, read the compositions of historians belonging to this period. Exactly historical documents Help to see in history not a simple totality of dry facts, but the most difficult science, the achievements of which play an important role in the further development of society, allow you to deeper essential events domestic history.

Consider the reasons that caused feudal fragmentation - the political and economic decentralization of the state, the creation on the territory of the ancient Russia practically independent of each other, independent state entities; To understand why the Tatar-Mongolian Igo's Tatar-Mongolian IHO was possible, and what the dominance of conquerors had been manifested for more than two centuries in the field of economic, political and cultural lifeAnd what consequences it had for the future of historical development of Russia - this is the main task of this work.

The XIII century, rich in tragic events, is still concerned and attracts the views of historians and writers to him.

After all, this age is called the "dark period" of Russian history.

However, it was light and calm. A huge country exceeding the size of any European state was full of young creative strength. Inhabited her proud and strong people They did not yet know the oppressive severity of the ingenic yoke, did not see the humiliating inhumanity of serfdom.

The world in their eyes was simple and solid.

They have not yet known the destructive powers. The distance was measured by the wretch of the hands or the arrows flying, and the time - the change of winter and summer. The rhythm of their life was leisurely and measured.

At the beginning of the XII century, there were topors along Russia, new cities and villages grew. Rus was a country of masters.

Here we knew how to spit the finest lace and build the directed swelling of cathedrals, to joke reliable, sharp swords and draw the heavenly beauty of angels.

Rus was a crossroads of peoples.

On the squares of Russian cities, you could meet Germans and Hungarians, Poles and Chekhov, Italians and Greeks, Polovtsy and Swedes ... Many were surprised how they quickly assimilated the "Rusichi" achievements of neighboring peoples, they used them to their needs, enriched their own ancient and peculiar culture.

At the beginning of the XIII century, Russia was one of the most prominent states of Europe. The power and wealth of Russian princes were known throughout Europe.

But suddenly the thunderstorm was granted to Russian land - the unknown accommodation is a terrible enemy.

Grave burden fell on the shoulders of the Russian people Mongol-Tatar Igo. The operation of the conquered peoples Mongolian Khan was ruthless and comprehensive. Simultaneously with the invasion from the East, Rus faced with another terrible misfortune - the expansion of the Livonian Order, his attempt to impose Catholicism to the Russian people.

In this heavy historical era, heroism was manifested by heroism, the freedom and the people of our people, people were raised, the names of which are forever preserved in the memory of descendants.

II. Russian lands and principalities in the XII-XIII centuries.

1. Causes and essence of state fragmentation. Socio-political and cultural characteristics of Russian lands

Period of fragmentation.

§ 1. Faodal fragmentation of Russia - a venger stage

Development of Russian society and the state

Since the 1930s of the XII century, the process of feudal fragmentation begins in Russia.

Feudal fragmentation is the inevitable step of the evolution of the feudal society, the basis of which is the natural economy with its closedness and isolation.

The system of natural economy that has developed by this time contributed to isolation from each other of all individual business units (family, community, lot, land, principality), each of which became self-sustainable that consumes the entire product produced by it. Commodity exchange in this situation was practically absent.

Within the framework of a single Russian state for the three centuries, independent economic areas have developed, new cities have grown, large defendant farms, possessing many monasteries and churches originated.

Feudal clans have grown and rallied - a doom of a boyarism with their vassals, a rich top of the cities, church hierarchs. The nobility was born, the basis of the life of which the Susuren service was laid in exchange for land award during this service.

A huge Kievan Rus with its superficial political clutch, necessary, first of all, for defense from the external enemy, for the organization of long-haired gains, now did not comply with the needs of large cities with their branched feudal hierarchy, developed trade and craft layers, the needs of rapids.

The need to unite all forces against Polovtsy danger and the mighty will of the great princes - Vladimir Monomakh and his son Mstislav - for a while slowed down the inevitable process of crushing Kiev Rus, but then he resumed with a new force.

"The whole Russian land is annoying," as it is said in the chronicle.

From the point of view of generalistic development, the political crushing of Russia is a natural stage towards the future centralization of the country, the future economic and political takeoff on a new civilizational basis.

Europe also did not avoid the collapse of early-service states, fragmentation and local wars.

Then the process of education for the formation of national secular type states that exist and so far has been developed. Ancient Rus, having passed a breakdown band, could come to a similar result. However, the Mongol-Tatar invasion violated this natural development of political life in Russia and threw it back.

§ 2. Economic and socio-political reasons

Fragmentation of Russian land

It is possible to distinguish the economic and socio-political causes of feudal fragmentation in Russia:

1.Economic reasons:

- Growth and development of feudal boyars land tenure, the expansion of victuls by the seizure of land of community fades, buying land, etc.

All this led to strengthening the economic power and independence of Boyar and, ultimately, to the exacerbation of the contradictions between the boyars and the Grand Duke Kyiv. The boyars were interested in such a princely authority, which could provide them with military and legal protection, in particular due to the growth of the resistance of citizens, funerals, contribute to the seizure of their lands and strengthening exploitation.

- The domination of the natural economy and the lack of economic relations contributed to the creation of relatively small boyars Mirkov and separatism of local boyar unions.

- In the XII century, trading routes began to around Kiev, "the way from the Varyag in the Greeks", which united the Slavic tribes once around himself, gradually lost its former importance, because

european merchants, as well as Novgorod residents more and more attracted Germany, Italy, Middle East.

2. Social and political reasons :

- strengthening the power of individual princes;

- weakening the influence of the Great Kiev Prince;

- Princely gravestics; It was based on the Yaroslavov itself a specific system, which could not already satisfy the rich genus Rurikovich.

There was no clear, clear order or in the distribution of goals or in their inheritance. After the death of the Great Kiev Prince "Table" on the existing law, it was not his son, but a senior in the family of the prince. At the same time, the principle of seniority came into a collision with the principle of "pencils": when the princes of the princes brothers from one "table" was moved to another one of them, they did not want to change the spaced places, others were torn to the Kiev "table" through the head of the senior brothers.

Thus, the preserved order of inheritance "tables" created prerequisites for internecine conflicts. In the middle of the XII century, civil workers have achieved unprecedented acute, and the number of their participants has repeatedly increased due to the crushing of the princely possessions.

At that time, there were 15 principalities and individual lands. In the next century, on the eve of the invasion of Batya, - already 50.

- Growth and strengthening cities as new political and cultural centers can also be considered the reason for the further crushing of Russia, although some historians, on the contrary, regard the development of cities as a result of this process.

- The struggle with the nomads also weakened the Kiev principality, slowed down his progress; In Novgorod and Suzdal was much calmer.

Faodal fragmentation in Russia 12-13 centuries. Specific Rus.

Feudal fragmentation - Political and economic decentralization. The creation of independent principalities on the territory of one state independent of each other, formally had a common ruler, a single religion - Orthodoxy, the uniform laws of "Russian truth".
The energetic and ambitious policy of Vladimir-Suzdal Princes led to an increase in the influence of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality for the whole Russian state.
Yuri Dolgoruky, son Vladimir Monomakh, received Vladimir Principality to his rule.

1147 Moscow for the first time appears in the chronicles. Founder - boyar a bunch.
Andrei Bogolyubsky, son of Yuri Dolgoruky. 1157-1174. The capital was transferred from Rostov to Vladimir, a new title of ruler - the king and the Grand Duke.
The heyday, Vladimir-Suzdal Principality reached a large nest at Vserevolod.

1176-1212. Monarchy has been established.

The consequences of fragmentation.

Positive

- Growth and strengthening cities

- Active Development Crafts

- Settlement of undeveloped lands

- Locking roads

- Development of domestic trade

- the flourishing of the cultural life of the principalities

Strengthening local self-government

Negative

- continuing the process of crushing lands and principalities

- Internecine Wars

- Weak Central Power

- Vulnerability for external enemies

Specific Rus (XII-XIII century)

With the death of Vladimir Monomakh in 1125.

the decline of Kievan Rus, who was accompanied by its disintegration of individual principalities. Even earlier, the Lubachee Congress of the princes in 1097 set: "... Everyone yes holds his father-out" - it meant that every prince becomes the full domineering of his hereditary principality.

The disintegration of the Kiev Power into small principalities - Votchin, according to V.O.

Klyuchevsky, was caused by the existing Procedure of the Preconsession. The princely throne was transmitted not from the father to his son, and from the older brother to the middle and younger. This gave rise to a distribution and struggle for the Votchin section. External factors played a certain role: nomads ragged the souffer lands and interrupted the trading path on the Dnieper.

As a result of the decline of Kiev in the South and South-Western Russia, the Galician-Volyn Principality was elevated, in the northeastern part of Russia - Rostov-Suzdalski (later Vladimir-Suzdalski), and in North-West Russia - Novgorod boyar republic, from which to XIII Century stood out the Pskov Earth.

All these principalities, with the exception of Novgorod and Pskov, inherited the political system of Kievan Rus.

The head of them stood the princes that appeared on their squads. The Orthodox clergy has a large political influence in the principles.

Question

The main occupation of the inhabitants of the Mongolian state was nomadic cattle breeding.

The desire to expand its pastures is one of the reasons for their military campaigns. It is not possible to say that Mongol-Tatars won not only Russia, she was not the first state taken by them. Before that, they subordinate to their interests Central Asia, including Korea and China. From China, they adopted their abnormal guns, and because of this, they became even stronger. Tatars were very good wars. They were armed "to teeth", their army was very large.

They also used psychological intimidation of enemies: the troops were in front of the troops who were not captured, the opponents were brutally killed. Their appearance itself fastened the enemy.

But we turn to the invasion of Mongol-Tatars on Russia. The first time the Russians faced Mongols in 1223. Polovtsy asked Russian princes to help defeat Mongols, they agreed and the battle took place, which is called the battle on the river Kalka. We lost this battle for many reasons, the main of which is the absence of unity between the principalities.

In 1235, in the capital of Mongolia, Karakorum decided to make a military campaign to the West, including Russia.

In 1237, Mongols attacked Russian lands, and the first captured city was Ryazan. There are still in Russian literature a work "Tale of Ryazan Batym", one of the heroes of this book - Evpathy Kolovrat. In "Tale .." It is written that after the ruin of Ryazan, this warrior returned to his native city and wanted to take revenge on the Tatars for their cruelty (the city was looted and almost all the inhabitants were interrupted). He gathered a detachment from the surviving and strolled by the mongola.

All war bravely beat, Evpathy distinguished himself special courage and force. He killed a lot of Mongols, but in the end he himself was killed. Tatars brought the body of Evpathy Batu, telling about his unprecedented strength. Battered was struck by the unprecedented power of Evpathia and gave the body of heroitar who remained in living tribesmen, and Mongola ordered not to touch Ryazantians.

In general, the years 1237-1238 is the years of conquest of Northeast Rus.

After Ryazan, the Mongols took Moscow, long resisting, and burned it. Then they took Vladimir.

After the conquest, Vladimir Mongols were divided and began to ruin the cities of Northeast Russia.

In 1238, the battle of the River was held, the Russians lost this fight.

The Russians beat adequately, for whatever the city was attacked by Mongol, the people defended their homeland (their principality). But in most cases, Mongols won all the same, only Smolensk was taken. Also, Kozelsk defended a record for a long time: as many as seven weeks.

After the hike in the northeast of Russia, Mongols returned to their homeland to pass.

But already in 1239, they returned to Rus again. This time, their goal was the southern part of Russia.

1239-1240 - Mongol campaign to the southern part of Russia. At first they took Pereyaslavl, then the Chernihiv Principality, and in 1240 they fell Kiev.

On this Mongol invasion ended. The period from 1240 to 1480 is called Mongol-Tatar IGI in Russia.

What are the consequences of the Mongol-Tatar invasion, yoke?

FirstlyThis is the backwardness of Russia from Europe.

Europe continued to evolve, Russia had to restore all destroyed by the Mongols.

Second - This is a decline of the economy. There were a lot of people lost. Many crafts disappeared (Mongols took artisans to slavery).

Russian lands and principalities in the 12th half of the 13th centuries

Also, farmers moved to more northern countries of the country, to safer from the Mongols. All this was delayed economic development.

Third - Slowness of the cultural development of Russian lands. Some time after the invasion at all in Russia did not build churches.
Fourth - Termination of contacts, including trade, with countries of Western Europe.

Now foreign policy Rus was focused on Golden Horde. The Horde prescribed the princes, collected the tribute from the Russian people, with disobedience of the principalities made punitive hikes.

Fifth The consequence is very controversial.

Some scientists say that the invasion and the yoke was molded by political fragmentation in Russia, others argue that the yoke gave impetus to the unification of the Russians.

Question

Alexander is invited to the reign in Novgorod, he was then 15 years old, and in 1239 he marries the daughter of Polotsk Prince Bryachland.

With this dynastic marriage, Yaroslav sought to consolidate the Union of North-Distilted Russian Principles in the face of the threats of the German and Swedish Crusaders over them. The most dangerous position was at this time at the Novgorod borders. Swedes, have long been competing with Novgorod for control over the lands of the Finnish tribes, and Say, prepared for a new onion. The invasion began in July 1240 Swedish flotilla under the command of Birger, the son-in-law of the Swedish king Eric Cortawa, passed from the mouth of the Neva to fall into it.

Izhora. Here the Swedes made a stop before the onset of Ludoga - the main northern fort of the post of Novgorod residents. However, Alexander Yaroslavich, warned by sentigious about the emergence of the Swedish flotilla, hastily left Novgorod with his buddy and a small auxiliary detachment. The calculation of the prince was based on the maximum use of the suddenness factor. The punch should be applied before the Swedes, numerically superior to the Russian army, will have time to fall off with ships. Decayer on July 15, Russians rapidly attacked the camp of the Swedes, holding them on the caution between the Neva and Izhor.

Due to this, they deprived the opponent of freedom of maneuver and the price of small losses of all 20 people. This victory for a long time secured the north - reciprocal border Novgorod land And he won the 19th prince the glory of a brilliant commander. In memory of the defeat of the Swedes, Alexander was nosvsky Nevsky. In 1241, he expelts the Germans from the fortress Coporya, and soon frees Pskov. Further promotion of Russian troops to the north - west to bypass the Pskov Lake came across the fierce resistance of the Germans.

Alexander retreated to the wisdom of the lake, tightening all the time had come here. The decisive battle took place on April 5, 1242g. The poor construction of the Germans had traditional for the Crusaders the form of a wedge, at the head of which there were several rows of the most experienced heavy knights. Knowing about this feature of the Knight's tactics, Alexander deliberately concentrated all his strength on the flanks, in the shelves of the right and left hand. The own squad is the most combat-ready part of the troops - he left in ambush to introduce it into battle at his critical moment.

In the center, at the very edge of the shore of Usugeni (ducts between the moon and Pskov lakes), he placed the Novgorod infantry, which could not withstand the frontal strike of the Knight's cavalry. In fact, this regiment was initially doomed to defeat. But leaning and throwing it by the opposite shore (to the island of Voroniya Stone), the knights were inevitably needed to substitute weakly protected flanks of their wedge under the blow of the Russian cavalry.

In addition, now behind the Russians, the Russians would be shore, and the Germans are thin spring ice. The calculation of Alexander Nevsky was fully justified: when the Knight's cavalry pierced the regiment, she was taken in ticks with regiments of the right and left hand, and the powerful attack by Prince's squadrot tried to defeat.

The knights turned into panic escape, while, as Alexander Nevsky expected, the ice could not stand, and the waters of the lake were absorbed by the remnants of the crusader's army.

World surrounding grade 4

Difficult times in Russian land

1. Waging with a red pencil border of the beginning of the XIII century.

Object on the map of the arrows, the path of Khan Batya in Russia.

Write the date when Khan Bati attacked the cities.

Ryazan - end of 1237

Vladimir - in February 1238

Kiev - in 1240

3. Read the poem of N. Konchalovskaya.

Previously, Rus was specific:
Every city separately,
All neighbors sideways
Ruled the specific prince,
And the princes did not live together.
Live in friendship was needed
And big family one
Protect your land with native.
Would be afraid then
Attack them the horde!

Answer the questions:

What does the specific prince mean?
Russia for the middle of the XII century broke up into separate principles, which ruled the specific princes
How did the princes lived? Princes did not live together, there were civil workers.
Why did Mongol-Tatars be afraid to attack Russian lands? The Russian princes failed to unite for the enemy energous due to the fragmentation of Russian principalities.

Sottomy battle with her date.

5. Read the battle description on the Lake Church.

Russians fought violently. Yes, and how not to fight without a rage, when children and wives left behind, there were villages and cities, remained native land With a short and sonorous name Rus.
And the Crusaders came like robbers.

But where theft, there and the cowardice side.
The fear took the dogs-knights, they see - the Russians are tested from all sides. Heavy connants will not turn around in a crush, do not break out.

And then the Russians even let go hooks on long sixtes. They pouch the knight's hook - and with a horse. He crashes on the ice, and it can not stand: embarrasses hurt in thick lats. Here he and his head.
When, in the midst of the midst, it was a closer, suddenly under the knights of the ice and cracked. Crusaders went to the bottom, pulled their heavy armor.
Such a lesion did not know before the time the Crusaders.
Since then, the knights in the east were watched with fear.

They remembered the words spoken by Alexander Nevsky. And he said that: "".
(O. Tikhomirov)

Answer the questions:

Why are Russians fiercely fought? They defended their native land
Why was the connants of the Crusaders were hard in battle?
Russian lands and principalities 12-13 century (p. 1 of 6)

The contesions of the crusaders were hard, vigorous.
Why did the Russians use hooks? Padded knights with hooks and painted with a horse.
What words of Alexander Nevsky remember the knights? We emphasize these words of the Russian prince in the text. Remember them.

The social, political and cultural development of the ancient Russian state took place in close cooperation with the peoples of the surrounding countries, one of the first places among them was occupied by the clearer Byzantine Empire, the nearest southern neighborhood of the Eastern Slavs Russian-Byzantine relations of the IX-XI centuries is a complex complex that includes peaceful economic, political and cultural ties, and acute military clashes on the one hand, Byzantium was a convenient source of military production for Slavic princes and their The vigornikov, on the other hand, the Byzantine diplomacy sought to prevent the spread of Russian influence in the Black Sea region, and then try to transform Russia to Vassal Byzantium, especially with the help of Christianization, at the same time, there were constant economic and political contacts. Evidence of such contacts serves us under the agreement Oleg with Byzantium (911 ) The existence of permanent colonies of Russian merchants in Constantinople Trade exchange with Byzantium is reflected in a large number of Byzantine things found on the territory of our country after a Christianization intensified cultural connections with Byzantium

Russian squads, swimming on the ships of the Black Sea, made raids on the coastal Byzantine cities, and Oleg managed to even take the capital of Byzantium - Constantinople (in Russian - Tsargrad) less successful was the campaign of Igor

In the second half of the X, there is some Russian-Byzantine convergence of Olga's trip to Constantinople, where she was friendly accepted by the emperor, strengthened relations between the two countries Byzantine emperors sometimes used Russian squads for wars with their neighbors

The new stage of relations between Rus and With Byzantium, and with other neighboring peoples, has to reign Svyatoslav, the perfect hero of the Russian knighthood Svyatoslav conducted an active foreign policy, he came into a clash with a powerful Khazar Kaganat, who had once charged tribute from the territory of South Rus, at the Igor, in 913 , 941 and 944, Russian warriors made hiking against Khazarin Having achieved a gradual liberation from paying Dani Khazaras a decisive blow to Kaganat, Svyatoslav (964-965), defeating the main cities of Kaganat and capturing his capital Sarkel defeat Khazar Kaganata led to education from Russian settlements on the Taman Peninsula Tmutarakan Princessand to the liberation of the Kaganata of the Volga-Kamsky Bulgarians, which formed their state after that - the first state education of the peoples of the Middle Volga region and Kama

The fall of the Khazar Kaganate and the promotion of Russia in the cross- 54

nomorence caused concern at Byzantium, seeking mutually loosening Russia and Danube Bulgaria, against which Byzantium led aggressive politics, the Byzantine emperor Nikifor II Foke suggested Svyatoslav to make a campaign to the Balkans Svyatoslav won in Bulgaria and captured the city of Pereyasla-Easter on Danube, this result was unexpected for Byzantium There was a threat to unite into one state of the eastern and southern Slavs, with whom the Byzantium could no longer be able to Svyatoslav himself said that I would like to transfer the capital of my land to the re-yasel

For the weakening of Russian influence in Bulgaria, Byzantium used pechenegovThis Turkic nomadic people are first mentioned in the Russian chronicles under 915 g of the original Pechenegs roamed between the Volga and the Aral Sea, and then under pressure, Khazar passed the Volga and occupied the Northern Black Sea region, the main source of wealth of Pechenezhsky tribal nobility was ragged on Russia, Byzantium and other countries, Rusi, then Byzantium, from time to time, it was possible to "hire" Pechenegs for attacks on the other side, while during the stay of Svyatoslav in Bulgaria, they, apparently, to bring together Byzantium, committed a raid to Kiev, Svyatoslav had to be immediately returned to defeat Pechenegs, but soon he went to Bulgaria again , there began the war with Byzantium Russian squads fought fiercely and bravely, but the forces of Byzantines were too surpassed by their number in 971.

a peace treaty Druzhina Svyatoslav was made to return to Russia with all its weapons, and Byzantium was satisfied only by the promise of Russia not to commit

However, on the road, at the Dnieper thresholds, we apparently received from Byzantium a warning about the return of Svyatoslav Pechenegs attacked him Svyatoslav died in battle, and the Pechenezh Prince smoking, in the chronicle legend, made Svyatoslav the bowl of Svyatoslav and drank from her from her on the ideas of that epoch This manifested itself, as it looks like paradoxically, respect for the memory of the fallen enemy it was believed that the military prowess of the skull owner would move towards who drinks from such a bowl

The new Stage of Russian-Byzantine relations falls on the time of the prince of Vladimir and is connected with the adoption of Christianity Rusy shortly before this event, the Byzantine Emperor Vasily II appealed to Vladimir with a request to help the Armed Forces in the suppression of the uprising of the commander of Warda Foki, who captured Malny Asia, threatened Konstantine the field and claimed On the imperial throne in exchange for the help, the emperor promised to issue his sister Anna Sixtitious squad of Vladimir for Vladimir, he helped to bring up the uprising, and Ward Fock himself was killed, but the emperor

in no hurry with the promised marriage.

This marriage was important political importance. Just a few years before the German Emperor, Otton II failed to marry the Byzantine Princess Faofano. Byzantine emperors occupied the highest place in the feudal hierarchy of the then Europe, and the marriage in the Byzantine princess raised the international prestige of the Russian state.

To achieve the fulfillment of the terms of the contract, Vladimir siege to the center of Byzantine possessions in Crimea - Chersonesos (Corsun) and took it. The emperor had to fulfill his promise. Only after that, Vladimir took the final decision to be baptized, because by defeating Byzantium, he achieved Russia to do not have to follow in the Farvater Policy of Byzantium. Rus became one row with the largest Christian powers of medieval Europe.

This position of Russia was reflected in the dynastic links of Russian princes.

So, Yaroslav Wise was married to the daughter of the Swedish king Olaf - Indgiger. Yaroslav's daughter - Anna was married to the French king Heinrich I, another daughter - Elizabeth became the wife of the Norwegian king of Garald. The Hungarian Queen was the Third Daughter - Anastasia.

The granddaughter of Yaroslav Wise - Euptrase (Adelhead) was his wife of the German Emperor Henry IV.

Russian lands and principalities 12-13 century

One of the sons of Yaroslav - Vsevolod was married to the Byzantine Princess, the other son of Izyaslav - in Polish. Among the daughters of Yaroslav were also the daughter of the Saxon Marcgraf and Count Stadensky.

With the German Empire Rus associated and lively trade relations.

Even at the remote periphery Old Russian state, in the territory of the current Moscow, was found relating to the XI century. Lead trading seal, originating from some Prince city.

The constant struggle of ancient Russia had to be conducted with nomads. Vladimir managed to establish defense against Pechenegs. But nevertheless, their raids continued. In 1036, taking advantage of the lack of in Kiev who left in Novgorod Yaroslav, Pechenegs were besieged Kiev.

But Yaroslav quickly returned and inflicted the cruel defeat of the Pechenegs, from which they could not recover. They were supplied from the Black Sea steppes other nomads - Polovtsy.

Polovtsy(otherwise - Kipchaks or Kumani) -Tell Turkic Nature - still in the X century.

lived in the territory of North-Western Kazakhstan, but in the middle of the X century. They moved to the steppe of the Northern Black Sea and Caucasus. After they were outstretched Pechenegs, under their power turned out to be a huge territory, which was called Polovtsy Stephaé or (in Arab sources), and-Kipchak.

She stretched from Syrdarya and Tien Shan to the Danube. For the first time, Polovtsy are mentioned in Russian chronicles under 1054, and in 1061

the first collision happened to them: 56

"The first half of the first to fight the first half of the XI-XII in the second half of the XI-XII in - the time of the struggle of Russia with Polovtsy Right

So, the ancient Russian state was one of the largest European powers and was in close political, economic and cultural relations with many countries and the peoples of Europe and Asia.

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Kiev principality. The Kiev principality, although he lost its significance of the political center of Russian lands, but was previously considered the first among other principalities. Kiev retained its historical glory of the Mother of Russian Cities. He also remained the church center of Russian lands. The Kiev principality was the focus of the most fertile lands in Russia. There was a large number of large faithful farms and there were the greatest amount of arable land. Thousands of artisans worked in Kiev and the cities of Kiev land, whose products were famous not only in Russia, but also far beyond.

The death of Mstislava Great in 1132 and the subsequent struggle for the Kiev throne became a turning point in the history of Kiev. It is in the 30-40th. XII century He irrevocably lost control of the Rostov-Suzdal Earth, where the rules of the energetic and powerful junior son Vladimir Monomaha Yuri Dolgoruky, over Novgorod and Smolensk, whose boyars began to select princes.

For the Kiev land, a large European policy remained in the past. Now the foreign policy of Kiev is limited to two directions. The former exhausting struggle with Polovtsy continues. Vladimir-Suzdal Principality becomes a new strong enemy.

Polovtsy danger of Kiev princes managed to restrain, relying on the aid of other principalities, which themselves suffered from Polovtsy raids. However, it was much more difficult to cope with the northeastern neighbor. Yuri Dolgoruky and his son Andrei Bogolyubsky repeatedly made hiking on Kiev, they took him several times with assault and subjected to pogroms. The winners robbed the city, Zhgli Church, killed the inhabitants and took them in captivity. As the chronicler spoke, were then "In all people, moan and longing, the sadness of the repellent and tears are not intractable".

However, in peaceful years, Kiev continued to live the full-blooded life of the capital of the major principality. The beautiful palaces and temples are preserved here, in monasteries, primarily in the Kiev-Pechersky Monastery, or Lavra (from the Greek word "Laura" - Big Monastery), the pilgrims converged from all over Rus. In Kiev, a communional chronicle was written.

In the history of the Kiev principality there were periods when it, with a strong and skillful ruler, achieved certain success and partially returned to itself the former authority. This happened at the end of the XII century. With the grandson of Oleg Chernigovsky Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich, hero "Words about the regiment of Igor". Svyatoslav shared power in the principality with the great-grandfather Vladimir Monomakh Rurik Rostislavich, Brother Smolensk Prince. So Kiev boyars were sometimes united on the throne of representatives of the warring princely groups and avoided the next intersuba. When Svyatoslav died, Roman Mustylavich, Prince Volynsky, Prince of Vladimir Monomakh, became a co-guiller, Prince Volynsky.

After some time, co-rules began the struggle among themselves. During the struggle of the warring parties, Kiev moved several times in hand. During the war, Rurik burned the hem, plundered the Sophia Cathedral and the Tenty Church - Russian shrines. Heavdown to him, Poland robbed Kiev land, carried out people captured, in the monasteries they cut the old monks, and "Young ink, wives and daughters of Kievans took place in their becoming". But then the novel seized Rurik captive and tonsured him into the monks.

By the middle of the XII century. The Kiev principality actually turned into an ordinary one, although it was nominally continued to be considered a political and ideological center (there were a grand-road table and the Metropolitan of the Department). A peculiarity of his socio-political development was a large number of old boyar victches, which did not allow the excessive strengthening of the princely power.

In 1132-1157 The fierce struggle for Kiev continued between the offspring of Vladimir Monomakh ("Monomashi") and the children of his cousin - Oleg Svyatoslavich (Olgovichi, or Gorislavichi, as contemporaries called them). Here, Monomashi (Yaropolk Vladimirovich and Vyacheslav Vladimirovich), then Olgovichi (Vsevolod Olgovich and Igor Olgovich), then again Monomashichi (Izyaslav Mstislavich and Rostislav Mstislavich). In 1155-1157. By the principality, the Suzdal Prince Yuri Dolgoruky (one of the younger sons of Vladimir Monomakh) is managed.

Almost all Russian principalitys are gradually involved in the fight for the Grand Diction. As a result, by the middle of the XII century. The Kiev land was ruined and took an insignificant place among other land of Russia. Starting from 1157, the princes, who received the Grand-Point, tried not to break ties with their principalities and felt uncertainly in Kiev. At this time, the Duumvirate system is installed when the simultaneous replacement of two great princes becomes the rule. The title of Grand Duke Kiev remained honorable, but no more.

Especially fatal for Kiev was the campaign of Rostov-Suzdal Prince Andrei Yurevich Bogolyubsky in 1169, after which the city actually lost all political importance, although remained a major cultural center. Real political power has moved to the Suzdal Prince. Andrei Bogolyubsky began to dispose of the Kiev Princely Table as his vassal possession, passing it at his discretion.

Some strengthening of the Kiev Principality occurs in the 80-90s. XII century It accounts for the prince of Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich (1177-94), the grandson of Oleg Svyatoslavich. In view of the intensive danger on the part of the Polovtsy, he managed to unite the forces of a number of principalities. Especially large and successful was the campaign of 1183 on Khan Kobyak. By the time of the reign of Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich, the famous campaign of Igor Svyatoslavich (1185), who found a bright artistic embodiment in the poem "Word about the regiment of Igor". Under Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich and his successor to Rüric Rostislavich (1194-1211 with a break) Kiev again trying to play the role of the communional cultural and political center. This is evidenced, for example, the compilation of the chronicle in Kiev in 1199

But in the first years of the XIII century. Fodal struggle the value of Kiev is finally falling. The Kiev principality becomes one of the objects of rivalry between Vladimir-Suzdal, Galico-Volynski, as well as Chernigov and Smolensk princes. Princes quickly replace the Kiev table up to Mongolian conquest.

The Kiev principality during the Mongolian invasion was greatly injured. In the fall of 1240, Bati took Kiev, who was then owned by Daniel Romanovich Galitsky, and handed him to the Suzdal prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich. In the 40s. XIII century In Kiev sits the boyar of this prince. Since then, we have very little data on the fate of the Kiev land. In the second half of the XIII century. The Kiev princely table, apparently, remained unoccupied. In the future, the territory of the former Kiev principality began to increasingly fall under the influence of the Russian-Lithuanian state rapidly gaining power, which was included in 1362.

In modern historiography, the title "Kiev princes" is made to designate a number of rulers of the Kiev Principality and ancient Russian state. The classical period of their reign began in 912 by the Board of Igor Rurikovich, the first of the title of "Grand Prince Kiev", and lasted about the middle of the XII century, when the collapse of the ancient Russian state began. Briefly consider the most prominent rulers during this period.

Oleg Probe (882-912)

Igor Rurikovich (912-945) -the first ruler of Kiev, called the "Grand Prince Kiev". During his reign, a number of military campaigns were held against the neighboring tribes (Pecheneg and Drevlyan) and against the Byzantine kingdom. Pechenegs and Drevlyan recognized the rule of Igor, but the Byzantines, in a military sense, equipped better, presented persistent resistance. In 944, Igor was forced to sign a peace treaty with Byzantium. At the same time, the terms of the contract were beneficial for Igor, because Byzantia paid a significant tribute. A year later, I decided to once again attack the Drevlyan, despite the fact that they have already recognized his power and paid him tribute. Igor's warriors, in turn, were able to prove with the robberies of the local population. Drevlyan arranged an ambush in 945 and, capturing Igor, executed him.

Olga (945-964) - The widow of Prince Rurik, killed in 945 tribes of the Treed. He headed the state until the Son, Svyatoslav Igorevich, did not make an adult. It is not known when it was the power of the son. Olga adopted Christianity the first of the rules of Russia, while the whole country, the army and even her son still remained with pagans. The important facts of its board was to bring to the submission of the Drevlyans who killed her husband Igor Rurikovich. Olga has established the exact sizes of the filters that were supposed to pay the subjects of Kiev to Kiev systematized the frequency of their payment and timing. An administrative reform was carried out that divided the land, obeying Kiev, on a clearly established units, at the head of each of which was established by the Princely Officon Tyun. At Olga, the first stone buildings appeared in Kiev, Terem Olga and the city palace.

Svyatoslav (964-972) - Son of Igor Rurikovichi Princess Olga. A characteristic feature of the Board was that most of his time actually rules Olga, first due to the minority of Svyatoslav, and then due to its permanent military campaigns and the absence in Kiev. Accepted power around 950. Did not follow the example of the mother, and did not adopt Christianity, unpopular then in the environment of the secular and military nobility. The Board of Svyatoslav Igorevich was noted by a series of continuous conquesting campaigns, which he conducted against neighboring tribes and state entities. Attacks were subjected to Khazara, Vyatichi, Bulgarian kingdom (968-969) and Byzantium (970-971). War with Byzantium brought heavy losses to both sides, and ended, in fact, in a draw. Returning from this campaign, Svyatoslav fell into an ambush, arranged by Pechenegs, and was killed.

Yaropolk (972-978)

Vladimir Saint (978-1015) - Kiev Prince, the most famous for the baptism of Russia. Was novgorod Prince From 970 to 978, when the Kiev throne captured. During the reign, there were continuously hiking against neighboring tribes and states. She conquered and joined the tribes of Vyatichi, Yatvägov, Radmich and Pechenegs to his state. He conducted a number of state reforms aimed at strengthening the power of the Prince. In particular, he began the chasening of a single state coin, replaced by the previously used Arab and Byzantine money. With the help of invited Bulgarian and Byzantine teachers, began to distribute literacy in Russia, by passing children to study. Founded the city of Pereyaslavl and Belgorod. The essential achievement is considered the baptism of Russia, conducted in 988. The introduction of Christianity as a state religion also contributed to the centralization of the ancient Russian state. Resistance to the diverse pagan cults, which was common in Russia, weakened the power of the Kiev throne and was brutally suppressed. Prince Vladimir died in 1015 during the next military campaign against Pechenegs.

SvyatopolkAplated (1015-1016)

Yaroslav Wise (1016-1054) - Son Vladimir. Communted with his father and seized power in Kiev in 1016, having rushed his brother Svyatopolka. The time of the Board of Yaroslav is presented in the history of traditional raids on neighboring states and internecine wars with numerous relatives who claimed to the throne. For this reason, Yaroslav was forced to temporarily leave the Kiev throne. Built in Novgorod and Kiev, the temples of Hagia Sophia. It is she who is dedicated to the main temple in Constantinople, so the fact of such a building spoke of the equality of the Russian Church with Byzantine. As part of the confrontation with the Byzantine Church, independently appointed the first Russian Metropolitan of Hilarion in 1051. Yaroslav also founded the first Russian monasteries: Kiev-Pechersk Monastery in Kiev and Yuriev Monastery in Novgorod. For the first time, the feudal law codified, issuing a code of the laws of "Russian True" and the church charter. He conducted a lot of work on the translation of Greek and Byzantine books to the Old Russian and Church Slavonic languages, constantly spent large amounts on the correspondence of new books. He founded a large school in Novgorod, in which the leaders studied the children of Starost and priests. Strengthened diplomatic and military connections with Varyagami, so the northern borders of the state. Died in Vyshgorod, in February 1054.

SvyatopolkAplated (1018-1019)- Secondary Temporary Board

Izyaslav (1054-1068) - Son Yaroslav Wise. According to the father's will, sat on the throne of Kiev in 1054. Throughout almost the entire Board, he was initiated with younger brothers Svyatoslav and Vsevolod, who sought to capture the prestigious Kiev throne. In 1068, the troops of Izyaslav were broken by Polovtsy in the battle on the Altea River. This led to the Kiev upright of 1068. At the Veneer Meeting, the remnants of the broken militia demanded to give them a weapon to continue the fight against the Polovtsy, however, Izyaslav refused to do this that made the Kievan rebel. Izyaslav was forced to flee to the Polish king, his nephew. With the military aid of the Poles, Izyaslav returned the throne for the period of 1069-1073, again was overthrown, and for the last time rules from 1077 to 1078.

Vslav Wizhard (1068-1069)

Svyatoslav (1073-1076)

Vsevolod (1076-1077)

Svyatopolk (1093-1113) "The son of Iaslav Yaroslavich, before the classes of Kiev throne periodically headed the Novgorod and Turov Principles. The beginning of the Kiev principality of Svyatopolk was marked by the invasion of Polovtsy, who caused the troops of the Svyatopolk, a serious defeat in the battle by the Sturden River. After that, a few more battles followed, the outcome of which is reliably unknown, but in the end, the world was concluded with Polovtsy, and Svyatopolk took his wife's daughter Khan Toggang. The subsequent Board of the Svyatopolka was overshadowed by the continuous struggle of Vladimir Monomakh with Oleg Svyatoslavich, in which Svyatopolk usually supported Monomakh. Also, Svyatopolk reflected the permanent raids of Polovtsy under the leadership of Khanov Toggang and Bonyaka. Suddenly died in the spring of 1113, it may have been poisoned.

Vladimir Monomakh (1113-1125)he was Chernigov Prince, when his father died. Had the right to Kiev throne, but lost him cousin Svyatopolk, since he did not want the war at that time. In 1113, the Kiev residents raised the uprising, and, having dropped the Svyatopolk, invited to the kingdom of Vladimir. For this reason, it was forced to accept the so-called "Charter of Vladimir Monomakh", facilitating the position of urban bases. The law did not affect the foundations of the feudal system, however, regulated the conditions for the challenge and limited the profits of Roshovshchikov. With Monomakh Rus reached a peak of his power. The Minsk Principality was conquered, and the Polovtsy were forced to burst into the east of Russian borders. With the help of an impostor that issued himself for the son of the previously killed by the Byzantine emperor, Monomah organized an adventure, having a goal to put it on the Byzantine throne. Several Danube cities were conquered, but further to develop success failed. The hiking ended in 1123 by signing the world. Monomakh organized the publication of improved editions of the "Tale of Bygone Years", which exactly in this form reached our days. Also, Monomah independently created several works: autobiographical "paths and fishing", the set of laws "Charter of Vladimir Vsevolodovich" and "Teaching Vladimir Monomakh."

Mstislav Great (1125-1132) - Son of Monomakh, formerly the former prince of Belgorod. Ascended to the throne of Kiev in 1125 without resistance from the rest of the brothers. Among the most prominent acts of Mstislava, you can call the campaign in Polovtsy in 1127 and the plunder of the cities of Izyaslav, Strezhev and Lagozhsk. After a similar campaign in 1129, the Polotsk principality was finally joined to the possessions of Mstislav. In order to collect Dani, several trips to the Baltic States were committed against the tribe, but they ended in failure. In April 1132, Mstislav suddenly died, however, however, to transfer the throne Yaropolk, his brother.

Yaropolk (1132-1139) "Being the son of Monomakh, he inherited the throne, when his brother Mstislav died. At the time of coming to power was at the age of 49. In fact, only Kiev and its surroundings controlled. In their natural, the inclination was a good warrior, but did not possess diplomatic and political abilities. Immediately after the adoption of the throne, traditional civil engineers began, associated with the inheritance of the throne in the Pereyaslav Principality. Yuri and Andrei Vladimirovichi were expelled from Pereyaslavl Vsevolod Mstislavich, planted there Yaropolk. Also, the situation in the country was complicated by the frequent raids of Polovtsy, who, together with the Allied Chernigov, robbed the neighborhood of Kiev. The indecisive policy of Yaropolk led to military defeat in the battle on the R. Supoy with the troops of Vsevolod Olgovich. The cities of Kursk and the Postene were also lost during the reign of Yaropolk. Such a development of events further weakened his authority than Novgorod who announced their branch in 1136. The result of the Board of Yaropolk was the actual decay of the ancient Russian state. Formally, Kiev retained only the Principality of Rostov-Suzdal.

Vyacheslav (1139, 1150, 1151-1154)