Alexandra Minina
Preschool educational organization in the education system of the Russian Federation

Introduction

2. Main tasks

3. Types preschool organizations

Conclusion

Literature

Introduction

What is the relevance of the topic? In the 20th century, the most positive form for a child was formed. preschool education, which gave a multifaceted complete upbringing and development of children. Socio-economic changes in Russia influenced large-scale changes in education in general and also in preschool. New stage v education system, which, as it seems to us, is new. Return in a new look and modernized early childhood education system... In modernization education a sustainable development mechanism is being created education system, in accordance with the challenge of the 21st century, the social and economic need for the development of the country, the needs of the individual, society, and the state. This change affected and the organization, and content education... Now system represents as multifunctional, oriented to the needs of society and represents diversified type of educational services, taking into account both age and individual developmental characteristics. Content part preschool education suffers changes expressed in the abolition of educational and disciplinary education and is focused on humanity in the teacher's communication and personality-oriented communication in relation to the child. Preschool education according to FSES includes a combination of regulation and variability, requirements and permits, classics and creativity. It is at this time of the child's development that the most important and necessary for his future in life is laid. Therefore, it is very important not to miss this moment and give a basic complex educational resources in the required quantity and quality. Because their ability to be successful and promising in the future, emotionally resistant to changes in living conditions and in our current socio-economic conditions depends on how they spend the first seven years of life before the threshold of school. The period of personality formation, and preschool education is considered a critical part in education and should be aimed at enriching development, and not at the speed of knowledge in large quantities. Children still have time to learn everything, and this is the main task educational program of the Federal State Educational Standard, give children a childhood and preserve the joy of childhood. But education won't go anywhere, will be in a natural and not forced form, and it is interesting for both teachers and children. In an artificial and very monotonous education, there is no way to preserve and strengthen the physical and mental health of the child, without ensuring normal hormonal development.

The purpose of the work is to understand and find out what is system of preschool educational organization in education of the Russian Federation what are the main tasks, goals and types of activity organizations included in preschool education, and what is organizational activities.

1. Preschool educational organization in the education system of the Russian Federation

Education is:

1) Modern understanding education presupposes the mastery of the socially significant experience of mankind, embodied in knowledge, skills, creative activity and emotional value attitude to the world;

2) continuous system successive levels of education, at each of which state, non-state, municipal educational institutions of various types;

3) the process and the result of training, expressed in volume system matized knowledge, skills and abilities that the trainee has mastered, the degree of development of personality abilities and independent decision-making in different spheres of life based on the use of the acquired knowledge.

First level, first step education is preschool education... It means education received by pupils on the network preschool educational institutions or under the guidance of parents who are the first teachers and are obliged to lay the foundations of the physical, moral and intellectual development of the child's personality in the process of his upbringing and education.

A child develops fully, subject to the presence of two components of his life - a full-fledged family and a kindergarten. The family gives the child intimate and personal relationships, forms a sense of protection, trust and emancipation in society and the world as a whole. But the family also needs the support that must be provided. Kindergarten- parents work and study, while they do not feel guilty that the child is abandoned, as they understand that the child at this time is in comfortable conditions, is always fed, and teachers are working with him.

What does kindergarten give a child? The most important thing in kindergarten is the presence of a children's community, thanks to which the child receives a social experience. It is in these conditions that the child gets to know himself and others in comparison with each other, attaches to himself options for communication and interaction that are suitable for different situations. Children in preschool age are at the stage of development of physical and mental functions, primary spiritual values, intelligence, creativity, a wide range of interests, etc. are formed, and it is not correct to single out one or another priority line of development, since it violates the child's right to develop versatility and integrity.

2. Main tasks organization of preschool education.

New concept preschooleducation has identified the following key goals and objectives:

1. Protection and promotion of children's health (both physical and mental)... The priority of this task is associated with the characteristics of the period of early childhood, the physiological immaturity and vulnerability of the child, his susceptibility to various diseases.

2. Humanizing goals and principles educational work with kids... This task involves a reorientation from an educational and disciplinary model to a personality-oriented model of interaction with children, which is aimed at developing the child's individuality, disclosing his abilities, and fostering a sense of security and self-confidence.

3. Recognition of uniqueness preschool childhood as a priority and unique period in a person's life. Based on this, all work in kindergarten should be aimed not at preparing the child for school, but at providing conditions for full "Residence" children of this unique period. Caring for the emotional well-being of each child, the development of self-valuable activities for the child (first of all, role-playing games, the development of creativity and imaginations child - these are more important tasks than imparting any specific knowledge to children.

4. Transition from the Zun paradigm education to focus on the development of the child's abilities. All previous education system was aimed mainly at the transfer of knowledge, skills, skills (ZUN)... The task preschool education is, above all, the development of the main neoplasms of preschool age - creative activity, independence, arbitrariness, self-awareness, etc. education in this regard, it should be considered not "Trained" children or the amount of knowledge they have learned, and the level of mental development of each child.

5. Education of the foundations of the basis of personal culture, which includes an orientation towards universal human values ​​(beauty, goodness, truth, means of life (ideas about reality, ways of active interaction with the world, manifestation of an emotional and evaluative attitude to what is happening. Transfer of values ​​and means of active attitude) to the world can only be achieved by taking into account the age of the children.

Today Russian preschool educational institutions in their activities are guided by the Model Regulations adopted in 1995. According to the Model Regulations, preschoolinstitutions are called upon to solve a set of tasks:

· To protect the life and health of children;

· To ensure their intellectual, personal and physical development;

· To familiarize with universal human values;

Interact with family for the sake of full development child.

The complex of relevant tasks can be determined based on the form preschool.

3. Types preschool organizations.

Preschool education - step education on which the foundation is laid social personality, and over the past years has passed a difficult path to a new whole system transformation... Modern education RF provides the following types preschool institutions:

1. Kindergarten;

2. Kindergarten with priority implementation of one or more areas of children's development (intellectual, artistic, aesthetic, physical, etc.);

3. Kindergarten of a compensatory type with priority implementation of qualification correction of deviations in the physical and mental development of pupils; kindergarten of supervision and rehabilitation with priority implementation of sanitary and hygienic, preventive and health-improving measures and procedures; a kindergarten of a combined type (which may include general developmental, compensatory and health-improving groups in various combinations);

4. Child Development Center - a kindergarten with the implementation of physical and mental development, correction and health improvement of all children.

Depending on the length of stay of the children preschool organizations can be with a short stay (up to 5 hours a day, a reduced day (8 - 10 hours a day, full day(12 hours a day, extended day (14 hours a day) and round-the-clock stay of children.

Depending on the needs of the population, there may be organized short-stay groups, family preschool groups and other similar types preschool organizations of various organizational and legal forms, forms of ownership, including those created in the form structural units state and municipal preschool educational institutions, at sites preschool educational organizations , institutions of additional education and other premises that meet the requirement of sanitary regulations.

Length of stay of children in preschool organizations(groups) determined by the possibility organizeeating and nap:

Up to 3 - 4 hours without food and sleep management;

Up to 5 hours without the organization of sleep and with the organization a single meal;

More than 5 hours - from organization daytime sleep and meals at intervals of 3 - 4 hours, depending on the age of the children. The interval between meals for children under 1 year old should be no more than 3 hours, from 1 year and older - no more than 4 hours.

Short stay groups can be:

Preparing children 5-7 years old for school;

Supervision and care of children from 1.5 to 5 years old;

Inclusive parenting (organization work with children of special care);

For the provision of services of psychological and pedagogical assistance and support;

For the provision of correctional speech therapy, didactic services, etc.

In groups of short-term stay, family preschool groups can be provided with babysitting, childcare and (or) implementation educational activities.

The occupancy of groups depends on the age of the children and their state of health, which should not exceed the established sanitary rules.

4. Organization of activities of preschool education.

Standard preschool education differs from the standard of the initial education also so, what to preschool education no strict requirements are imposed on the results of mastering the program.

FSES puts an individual approach to the child and play at the forefront, where self-value is preserved preschool childhood and where nature itself is preserved preschooler.The leading types of children's activities will be: play, communicative, motor, cognitive research, productive, etc.

It should be noted that educational activity is carried out throughout the entire time the child is in preschool organization.it:

Joint (partner)activities of a teacher with children:

Educational activity in regime moments;

Organized educational activities;

Educational activities are carried out in various types of activities and covers structural units representing certain areas of development and children's education(educational areas) :

1. Social and communicative development;

2. Cognitive development;

3. Speech development;

4. Artistic and aesthetic development;

5. Physical development.

In young years (1 year - 3 years)- objective activity and games with composite dynamic toys; experimentation with materials and substances (sand, water, dough, etc., communication with an adult and joint games with peers under the guidance of an adult, self-service and actions with household objects-tools (spoon, scoop, shovel, etc., perception of the meaning of music, fairy tales , poems Consideration of pictures, physical activity;

For kids preschool age (3 years - 8 years)- a number of activities, such as games, including role-playing games. Game with rules and other types of games, communicative (communication and interaction with adults and peers, cognitive research (research of objects of the surrounding world and experimenting with them, as well as perception fiction and folklore, self-service and elementary household labor (indoors and outdoors, construction from various materials, including constructors, modules, paper, natural and other materials, pictorial(drawing, modeling, applique, musical (perception and understanding of the meaning of musical works, singing, musical rhythmic movements, playing children's musical instruments) and motor (mastering basic movements) forms of child activity.

Organized educational activity is organizationjoint activities of a teacher with children:

with one child; with a subgroup of children; with a whole group of children.

The choice of the number of children depends on:

age and individual characteristics children; type of activity (playful, cognitive - research, motor, productive) their interest in this activity; the complexity of the material;

But it must be remembered that every child should receive the same starting opportunities for schooling.

main feature organizing educational activities in a preschool educational institution at the present stage is a departure from educational activities (classes, increasing the status of the game, as the main activity of children preschool age;inclusion in the process of effective forms of work with children: ICT, project activities, game, problem-learning situations within the framework of integration educational areas.

So way, "class" as specially organized the form of educational activity in kindergarten is canceled. The activity should be interesting for children, especially organized an educator specific children's activity, implying their activity, business interaction and communication, the accumulation of certain information by children about the world around them, the formation of certain knowledge, skills and abilities. But the learning process remains. Educators continue "study" with kids. Meanwhile, it is necessary to understand the difference between "Old" training and "New".

Educational activities of children in the daily routine.

In addition to organized educational activities by the educator should be planned and educationaldaily activity:

In the morning and evening hours

On a walk

When carrying out regime moments.

Goals educationaldaily activities:

Health protection and the formation of the basis of a health culture;

Formation in children of the foundations of the safety of their own life and the prerequisites of environmental awareness (safety of the surrounding world);

Mastering initial ideas of a social nature and the inclusion of children in the system social relations;

Formation of a positive attitude towards work in children.

Forms of conducting educationaldaily activities:

Outdoor games with rules (including folk, game exercises, motor pauses, sports jogging, competitions and holidays, physical culture minutes;

Wellness and hardening procedures, health-preserving activities, thematic conversations and stories, computer presentations, creative and research projects, exercises for the development of cultural and hygienic skills;

Analysis problem situations, game situations for the formation of a safety culture, conversations, stories, practical exercises, walks along the ecological path;

Game situations, games with rules (didactic, creative role-playing, theatrical, constructive;

Experiments and experiments, duty, labor (within the framework of practice-oriented projects, collecting, modeling, dramatization games,

Conversations, speech situations, drawing up the telling of fairy tales, retelling, guessing riddles, learning nursery rhymes, poems, songs, situational conversations;

Hearing performance of musical works, musical rhythmic movements, musical games and improvisations,

Children's art exhibitions, exhibitions visual arts , workshops for children's creativity, etc.

Independent activities of children.

According to the sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the content and organization of work in preschool organizations for independent activity of children 3-7 years old (games, preparation for educational activities, personal hygiene) in the daily routine should be allocated at least 3-4 hours.

But this does not mean that the child should be left to himself. For the organization independent activity of children, it is necessary to create a developing subject-spatial environment and the supervision and care of each child.

The developing subject-spatial environment should be:

1) The saturation of the environment should correspond to the age capabilities of children and the content of the Program.

Educational the space should be equipped with training and education tools (including technical, relevant materials, including consumable game, sports, health-improving equipment, inventory (in accordance with the specifics of the Program).

Organization of educational space and variety of materials, equipment and inventory (in the building and on the site)should provide:

play, cognitive, research and creative activity all pupils, experimenting with materials available to children (including sand and water); physical activity, including the development of large and fine motor skills, participation in outdoor games and competitions; emotional well-being of children in interaction with the subject-spatial environment; the possibility of self-expression of children.

For infants and young children educational the space should provide the necessary and sufficient opportunities for movement, object and play activities with different materials.

2) The transformability of space presupposes the possibility of changes in the subject-spatial environment, depending on educational situation, including from the changing interests and capabilities of children.

3)The multifunctionality of materials implies: possibility varied use of various components subject environment, for example, children's furniture, mats, soft modules, screens, etc .; availability in The organization or a group of multifunctional (not having a rigidly fixed way of use) items, including natural materials, suitable for use in various types of children's activities (including as substitute items in children's play).

4)The variability of the environment implies: availability in The organization or a group of different spaces (for play, construction, privacy, etc., as well as variety of materials, games, toys and equipment that provide free choice children; periodic change of play material, the emergence of new objects that stimulate play, motor, cognitive and research activity of children.

5)The availability of the environment assumes:

accessibility for pupils, including children with disabilities and children with disabilities, of all premises where educational activities;

free access of children, including children with disabilities, to games, toys, materials, manuals that provide all basic types of children's activity;

serviceability and safety of materials and equipment.

6) The safety of the subject-spatial environment implies the compliance of all its elements with the requirements for ensuring the reliability and safety of their use.

Conclusion

What we have, preschool education that is being transformed in the direction directed, first of all, to the all-round development of the child on the basis of special, specific types of activity inherent in preschoolers... That is, in practice, we will get a more playful and versatile approach that welcomes the maximum exploitation of innovative and active methods of pedagogical interaction, more individualized and aimed at revealing each child's own potential. Dictating pedagogy will finally be completely eliminated, at least from the area preschool education, and it will be replaced by a more modern pedagogy of development, the pedagogy of creativity and freedom. A new concept that influenced the formation of the Federal State Educational Standard preschool education, encourages, first of all, to appreciate, not evaluate the child. In addition, it is a major step towards increasing value and separating education in kindergartens as an independent link in the general education.

Russian preschool educational institutions in their activities are guided by the Model Regulations on preschool educational institution(1995, which regulates the activities of state, municipal educational institutions... It defines the tasks preschool educational institution: protection of life and health of children; ensuring the intellectual, personal and physical development of the child; familiarizing children with universal human values; interacting with the family to ensure the full development of the child.

Modern preschool education is the first state form within which professional educational work with children is carried out.

Significance

The socio-cultural significance of preschool education is determined by the characteristics of the age. So, the age from three to seven years is the most sensitive period, which is characterized by especially rapid changes in the intellectual, social, physical, emotional and language development child. Positive life experience and the basis for successful development, laid down in preschool age, create the basis for the future diversified development of the child. This is the significance of preschool education.

Legal regulation of subsidiaries in the Russian Federation

In Russia, preschool education is regulated by the federal law "On Education", which entered into force in 2013. This document defines the forms and methods, content and principles of preschool education, as well as the expected socio-cultural and public-state results of the program implementation. The Federal Standard for Preschool Education (FSES DO) is a guideline for preschool education specialists, employees of the preschool education system, families, and the general public.

The main tasks of preschool education

The main tasks of the FSES DO determine:

1. Protection of life and strengthening of the psychological and physical health of children from 2 months to 7 years, the necessary correction of deficiencies in physical or psychological development.
2. Preservation and support of the individuality of the pupil, the development of individual personality traits, the creative potential of each child.
3. Formation of a common culture, development of moral, aesthetic, physical, intellectual qualities of pupils, responsibility, independence and initiative.
4. Formation of prerequisites for further successful educational activity in general educational institutions education system.
5. Ensuring the diversity and variability of the content of preschool education programs, methods and forms of education, taking into account age characteristics pupils, needs and abilities of children.
6. Providing opportunities for the development of every preschooler during childhood, regardless of gender, nation, language, place of residence, social status or other characteristics (including disabilities).
7. Ensuring interdepartmental interaction, as well as interaction of public and pedagogical associations.
8. Interaction with families of pupils to ensure the development of a preschooler, providing necessary assistance parents of a preschooler on education and training.

The system of preschool education in the Russian Federation

The system of preschool education in Russia is the upbringing, development and training, supervision and health improvement of children from 2 months to 7 years old. Preschool education is carried out in preschool educational institutions (children's educational institutions), but these are not the only components of the system. There are also city and regional departments of preschool education.

Today in the Russian Federation there are more than 45 thousand preschool educational institutions. The modern organization of preschool education is carried out through nurseries, kindergartens, preschool education centers and other institutions. More details about preschool education institutions, principles and programs of preschool education will be described below.

Specific traits

Modern private and public preschool education in Russian Federation has the main specific traits... First, the system ensures the holistic nature of the educational process, its upbringing and developmental character. This means that the preschool educational institution provides integral medical, psychological and pedagogical support for the child.

In addition, it is at the preschool age that a general culture begins to form, conditions for maintaining and strengthening children's health, intellectual, moral, moral, physical, creative, aesthetic and personal qualities. The integrity of the system is also ensured by the continuity of preschool and primary school levels of education.

Secondly, preschool institutions provide a comfortable emotional environment and an educational environment that diversifies the child. Children can choose how to exercise independence according to their own inclinations and interests. This is ensured by the variability and diversity of preschool education programs.

Estimated results of the implementation of state policy

It is expected that the introduction of the Federal State Educational Standard will significantly improve the educational space in the Russian Federation. The general government policy is designed to ensure:

1. The quality of the educational process. As a result of the implementation of the Federal State Educational Standard, a system is expected to be created that guarantees positive conditions for quality education at all levels (preschool, primary, secondary and senior school, additional, special, higher, and so on). It is also planned to individualize the educational process due to the variability and diversity of programs, means and teaching methods, to make Russian education competitive not only in content, but also in the quality of educational services.
2. Accessibility of education. Public and free preschool, as well as basic education is provided to all citizens of the Russian Federation, regardless of nationality, gender, race, age, health status, social status, religion, beliefs, language and other factors. Citizens of the Russian Federation can receive higher and secondary specialized education free of charge on a competitive basis.
3. Decent salaries for teachers. It is necessary to achieve a level of remuneration that would ensure the competitiveness of the education sector in the labor market.
4. Pension security. In the future, education workers should be guaranteed not only decent wages, but also a sufficient level of pension provision. Already today, employees with more than 25 years of experience, instead of a seniority pension, have been granted the right to a seniority bonus while continuing their teaching activities.
5. Social security of pupils, pupils, students and graduate students. Within the framework of this paragraph, children and youth who study in educational organizations are guaranteed the protection of life, ensuring the safety of health, and physical education. Students are provided with targeted material help(scholarships, grants), employment assistance.
6. Financing of the educational system. The education budget should increase at a faster pace than other public spheres, and the funds should be spent more efficiently. Between individual preschool educational institutions, material support should be effectively distributed by local Directorates of Preschool Education.

Preschool educational institutions

The educational process within the DL system is implemented by a network of preschool educational institutions. The most common institution of this type is a kindergarten. In addition, there are other types of preschool educational institutions in Russia:

1. General developmental preschool educational institutions. As a rule, in general development kindergartens, one or more areas of upbringing (for example, intellectual, physical or artistic) are given priority.
2. Kindergartens of the compensating type. Such institutions are intended for children with any developmental disabilities.
3. DOW care and recovery. In such preschool educational institutions, health, sanitary and hygienic and preventive measures are carried out as a priority.
4. Combined institutions. A combined kindergarten may include groups for children with various disabilities, health and general education groups.
5. Centers preschool development... This is a preschool educational institution, where equal attention is paid to health improvement, mental and physical development, correction possible deviations all pupils.

Within the framework of preschool education in Russia, 63% (5.8 million) of children of the corresponding age are brought up. At the same time, about a million more children are on the waiting list for a place in the preschool educational institution.

In addition to the usual types of preschool educational institutions, groups of short-term stay of children have now been developed (it is interesting that parents choose such groups not instead of ordinary kindergartens, but in parallel with them), preschool groups based on schools or preschool institutions, as well as teaching children within the framework of the family education.

Principles of the educational process

The main principles of preschool education in Russia are:

• all-round development of the child, corresponding to age, state of health, individual characteristics;
• solving educational and upbringing tasks in the process of joint activities of adults with children, as well as independent activities of pupils;
• interaction with families (parents should not be outside observers, but take an active part in the implementation of the program);
• the maximum approximation to a reasonable minimum in the educational process (this means that the tasks must be implemented only on the necessary and sufficient material);
• integrity assurance educational process etc.

Directions of child development in preschool educational institutions

In the text of the Federal State Educational Standard, the concept of "occupation" is used, although children of preschool age perceive the world through play, and not an occupation in the standard sense. So in this case, the word "occupation" is used in the sense of "entertaining business." Learning should be done through play.

Within the framework of a preschool educational institution, the acquisition of valuable experience must be ensured in the following areas:

1. Physical activity (sports games, walking, climbing, jumping, scooter riding, cycling, running and other types of physical activity).
2. Communicative activity (communication, interaction with other children, with adults, speaking skills).
3. Cognition and research (study of objects of the surrounding world, experiments).
4. Elementary labor activity(skills of self-service, household labor, labor in nature).
5. Artistic perception (perception of fiction and oral folk art).
6. Visual activity (drawing, applique, modeling).
7. Construction from various materials (construction from a designer, natural material, paper, construction of various models).
8. Musical activity (playing children's musical instruments, musical rhythmic movements, singing, choreography).

The order of work of preschool institutions

Kindergartens usually work from 7-8 to 18-19 hours five days a week, which is close to the state working day. There are also round-the-clock preschool educational institutions, ten-hour and fourteen-hour operating hours for kindergartens.

The number of children in groups is determined by the head of the preschool educational institution (based on the maximum occupancy). In groups for children from two months to a year, there should be a maximum of 10 pupils, from one to three - 15, from three to seven - 20 children.

Preschool Admissions and Benefits

Since 2009, kindergartens cannot accept children on their own; for this, special commissions are formed to recruit preschool educational institutions. This rule does not apply to private kindergartens. For admission to a preschool educational institution, parents must provide the commission with a package of documents, which includes a child's birth certificate, a passport of one of the legal representatives, a child's medical card, a document that confirms the benefit (if any). The commission makes a decision and issues a referral to a kindergarten. Also, the commission will help with the choice of a preschool educational institution, taking into account the characteristics and state of health of the child.

The following are eligible for extraordinary admission to kindergartens:

• orphans, adopted children, foster children, under guardianship;
• children whose parents are childhood left without parental care;
• children of disabled citizens (if the disability occurred as a result of the Chernobyl accident);
• children of judges, investigators, prosecutors.

For priority admission to the preschool educational institution have the right:

• children from large families;
• children of police officers, military personnel;
• children, one of whose parents has a disability.

Children of single parents and teaching staff have priority admission. In addition, children whose siblings are already attending the groups of this preschool educational institution can count on the priority right.

Problems of preschool education in the Russian Federation

Preschool education in Russia (despite all the government's actions in this direction) is inaccessible to a significant part of the population. So, more children are recruited into groups than is allowed; educational programs prepare pupils for school, rather than give preference to games; norms fire safety and sanitary stations turn preschool educational institutions into sterile, faceless boxes. Partially the problems can be solved by private kindergartens.

Also, preschool education in Russia is characterized by a lack of teaching staff... On this moment many preschool educational institutions employ people who are trained according to an outdated model or have no pedagogical training at all. The social status of the profession remains low, and the level of salaries for teachers remains insufficient.

The main directions of the system development

Early childhood education development goals are linked to problems Russian society... Thus, the strategic goals of education include:

1. Introduction of modern educational programs.
2. Transition to the conclusion of an effective contract with teachers and heads of preschool educational institutions.
3. Democratizing education.
4. Preservation and strengthening of the unity of the educational space.
5. Training and retraining of teaching staff.
6. Education management reform and so on.

The prospect of reforming educational institutions gives hope for positive changes in this area.

For parents with a small child, the issue of entering a kindergarten and receiving preschool education is relevant. In kindergarten, the child receives an initial basic level of knowledge, socializes and prepares for subsequent schooling.

There is a list of categories of institutions for preschool education:

• General educational institution;
• An institution for correcting the development of children with disabilities;
• Combined educational institution;
• Special center for enhanced development;
• Kindergarten with supervision and improvement of the child.

It should be remembered that the number of places in such institutions is limited and it is possible to send a child to the younger group from two months, and to the first grade from 7 years old.

General Provisions

There is no separate law on the admission of children to kindergarten, but information about this area is formalized in the Federal Law on Education. Federal Law 273 was adopted by the State Duma on December 21, 2012, and approved by the Federation Council on December 26, 2012. It was last updated on December 29, 2017. Preschool education is formalized in chapter 7, article 64.

Read about Federal Law No. 152

According to article 64 of the described law, preschool education is only an initial stage in the development of personality. During the training in preschool education, the cultural, personal, physical, aesthetic, moral and intellectual component of the personality is formed. Kindergarten teachers prepare minors for future education at school and other educational institutions, help to strengthen the child's health and develop it comprehensively.

Specially designed programs help to individually approach the education of each child, taking into account the peculiarities of his character, helping to form new qualities or change bad habits or traits. Preschool education helps prepare a minor to achieve an appropriate level of knowledge and skills, so that at a certain age he can go to the first grade. For the development and support of children, this law has formed a list of activities that are considered acceptable for conducting classes in kindergartens. Kindergartens and preschools do not offer tests, exams or quizzes.

The mother, father or other official representatives of the minor have the right to receive free help and support in the fields of education, diagnostics, psychology and pedagogy, as well as receive advice on educational methods. Counseling is provided to parents only if there are counseling centers in the kindergarten that comply with the law. The listed types of assistance are provided only by state employees. authorities of Russia.

For budgetary institutions preschool education, the state allocates funds for the purchase of:

• Toys suitable for the age of each group of the garden;
• Educational books, magazines and other printed objects;
• Furniture that complies with legal and sanitary standards;
• Products compiled by the state. organs of a diet that helps children receive all the elements necessary for growth and development, etc.

A minor is enrolled in a kindergarten free of charge, according to the laws of Russia, additional payment at the expense of parents is not carried out. A special contract for the enrollment of a child in a kindergarten is drawn up, drawn up and signed.

To enroll a child in kindergarten, a parent needs to draw up an application and submit it at the place of residence to a special commission for recruiting educational institutions. In the application, the representative of the minor prescribes the preferred educational institutions and the commission puts the child on the register in order to get a place. It should be remembered that the time for submitting an application is limited to a certain period, which is formed by the state every year and published on the official websites of the Government.

According to the legislation of the Russian Federation, the baby can be sent to the youngest group starting from 2 months, but doctors do not recommend doing this, since his immunity has not yet been strengthened. The doctors' recommendations boil down to the fact that it would be best to send the child to the kindergarten starting from the age of two. No organization has the right to refuse parents a place without special reasons, and there can be only one good reason - the lack of free seats.

There is also an electronic queue that parents can use. According to the legislation of the Russian Federation, it is necessary to submit an application to the electronic queue no later than July.

The order of categories of citizens for admission to kindergartens using electronic queues has been determined:

• Children entering out of turn;
• The category of children who, according to the law, enter first in turn;
• If the family has changed their place of residence or a transfer has been made from the place of work of one of the parents;
• The category of citizens whose children are admitted to the institution at the place of residence;
• Optional.

When submitting an application to the electronic queue, electronic documents or scans of papers are required. On the official websites of the state. services on the Internet, information has been drawn up on how you can enroll in an electronic queue or check your own place in this queue.

Recent changes made to the law on kindergartens in the Russian Federation

The latest changes to the information on preschool education of Federal Law No. 273 were made on December 29, 2015.

Changes have taken place in article number 65, paragraph 5. According to these changes, if parents send their child to an institution of preschool education, then they are entitled to appropriate support in the form of compensation. The amount of money is established by the legislation of the Russian Federation and decrees of the Government of Russia. The payment should not exceed 20% of the total amount paid by parents for caring for a minor. The payment is also 50% of the amount if the family has a second child and 70% of the total amount of money if the third, etc. The average amount of payments for childcare is set local authorities execution authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

Have the right to receive compensation:

• The mother or father of the child;
• A close relative by proxy from the parents;
• Legal representative of the minor;
• An employee of the guardianship and guardianship authorities, to whom the child is assigned (for spending on the needs of the baby).

Read the latest version of the FZ on Guardians

The employees of the bodies have the right to independently decide and calculate the criterion of the family's need. If the decision was positive, the authorities issued a document with information that the family needs funds, parents can come with an application for a request for compensation to the local government center.

Download the new version of the law on kindergartens

There is no law on the provision of kindergarten, but the information necessary for families is formalized in the Federal Law on Education. This part is devoted to a separate chapter, which provides detailed information on the methods and processes of enrolling a child in kindergarten. According to statistics, almost every family has one or two children, so the information is relevant and it is recommended to familiarize yourself with the text of the described law. To avoid conflict situations, which are now increasingly common, between parents and employees of educational and preschool institutions, it is recommended to adhere to the provisions of Federal Law 273.

More recently, a typical Soviet kindergarten building loomed under my window. Actually, I went to the same one at one time. Similar images also arise when I mention this topic. But it turns out that along with time, the concept of the building that can be called a kindergarten has changed.

Here are the kindergartens in Russia:

Photo 1.

Many argue that the best Russian kindergarten is located in the Moscow region in the village "Sovkhoz named after Lenin". A real castle for children was built in the settlement in 2013 thanks to the private investment of the enterprise of the same name.

The project cost is estimated at 260 million rubles. The castle's colorful towers reflect the grandeur and importance of the preschool institution in a child's life. Unusual interior, all the necessary play equipment, your own football field and all kinds of sports simulators - what else do you need to make the guys happy? The Childhood Castle is designed for 120 people. The monthly cost of visiting such a garden is about 22 thousand rubles. Nevertheless, 98 children from the settlement can attend this kindergarten at the cost of a budget kindergarten.

The state has undertaken to pay for these places.

Photo 2.

Do not think that this state farm was built on grown potatoes. The main income of this "Sovkhoz" is the lease of land for the huge Vegas mall. For such a small municipality, this is colossal money. They build on them.

On the other hand, why not?

Photo 3.

Looks great. Children go there. An example for everyone.

And this is Kindergarten in Yoshkar Ole:

Photo 4.

Krasnoyarsk region

This is a Kindergarten in the village of Sayansky, Krasnoyarsk Territory, Rybinsky District.

The original project was made taking into account natural conditions Siberia and the highest requirements for such facilities. It was presented at the XVI International Festival"Zodchestvo" in the Moscow Manege, where it was highly appreciated by experts.

Photo 5.

The area of ​​the kindergarten is 6 thousand square meters... In terms of comfort, it is not inferior to the best preschool institutions in Krasnoyarsk. All bedroom and playroom windows here face south to keep them full. sunlight... Each children's group, and there are eighteen of them, has a separate entrance. On the first floor there will be groups for kids, on the second - older and preparatory groups... The kindergarten is equipped with a swimming pool, gym, computer room and playrooms, separately for each age group. Externally, the building looks like a fairytale castle with towers.

This is a joint project of Krasnoyarsk railroad and governments Krasnoyarsk Territory... Funding was carried out on a parity basis, total amount investment in the project is 360 million rubles.

The completion of the construction of a kindergarten in the village was waited for 2 years. Until now, only one kindergarten with 95 places has worked here, and 170 preschool children attended it. More than 200 families, about half of which are families of railway workers, were waiting for their children to be given a place in a preschool institution. The construction of a new kindergarten has completely solved the problem of a shortage of places in a preschool educational institution in the village of Sayanskoye.

Photo 6.

Tolyatti

Here is a photograph of the Ladushki-2 kindergarten located in the 18th quarter of Togliatti. it was built in 2013.

Photo 7.

Kursk:

Photo 8.

The kindergarten was built on the site of an old, almost abandoned building, and in the shortest possible time. Nondescript, gray, once the facade began to sparkle with bright colors and is made in the form of a fairytale castle surrounded by coniferous trees. A playground and a parking lot are organized in front of the institution, for the convenience of parents whose children visit the kindergarten. The kindergarten itself is designed for 120 children. All construction was carried out by the Promresurs Group of Companies, starting, as they say, from the foundation, to interior decoration and equipment with all necessary equipment: overalls for staff, dishes, household appliances, stationery, toys, etc ...

It was the leadership of Promresurs, headed by Nikolai Poltoratsky, a deputy of the Kursk Regional Duma, who initiated the construction of the Lesnaya Skazka village, and the total cost of the work was 200 million rubles. This is the first case in the region when an entrepreneur completely builds a large social facility himself and hands it over to the municipality for free.

Kindergarten "Sunflower". And I could not determine where he is.

Photo 9.

Yakutsk:

June 26, 2015 in the Central District of the city of Yakutsk at st. Kotenko, 3 took place Grand opening a new three-story kindergarten.

Construction of the new building began in December 2013 when the first pile was driven in. Funding for the construction of a social facility was allocated from the municipal, republican and federal budgets.

Photo 10.

Ugra:

The construction of two kindergartens from Zhitloinvestbud-UKB is nearing completion

Photo 11.

Stary Oskol

This kindergarten is under my window.

Photo 14.

Krasnoyarsk:

Kindergarten №300 "Planet of childhood" in the North (Vodopyanova st., 21).

Tambov:

Kindergarten "Umka".

What kindergartens are nearby?

Regulatory legal documents in accordance with the Federal State Educational Standard of the DOI.

The list of normative documents of the federal level in the field of preschool education.

1. the federal law dated December 29, 2012 N 273-FZ "On education in the Russian Federation" (as amended on 02/03/2014).

2. - Order of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation (Ministry of Education and Science of Russia) of October 17, 2013 N 1155 Moscow

"On approval of the federal state educational standard for preschool education"

- "Federal State Educational

preschool education standard "

3. Letter of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia dated 02.28.2014 N 08-249

"Comments on the Federal State Educational Standard of Preschool Education"

4. Order of the Ministry of Health and social development Russian Federation (Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia) dated August 26, 2010 N 761n, Moscow

"On approval of the Unified qualification reference book of positions of managers, specialists and employees,

Section "Qualification characteristics of positions of educational workers"

5. Letter of Rosobrnadzor dated 07.02.2014 No. 01-52-22 / 05-382 "On the inadmissibility of the requirement from organizations carrying out educational activities in preschool education programs to immediately bring statutory documents and educational programs in accordance with the Federal State Educational Standard of DO"

"On the approval of the approximate form of the contract on education for educational programs preschool education "

- "Agreement on education for educational programs of preschool education" (Appendix to the order)

"On approval of the nomenclature of positions of teaching staff of organizations carrying out educational activities, positions of heads of educational organizations"

8. PROFESSIONAL STANDARD

Teacher (pedagogical activity in preschool, primary general, basic general, secondary general education) (educator, teacher), approved by order of the Ministry of Labor and social protection Of the Russian Federation dated October 18, 2013 No. 544n,

3.2.1. Labor function "Pedagogical activities for the implementation of preschool education programs" Code B / 01.5

9. FEDERAL SERVICE FOR SUPERVISION IN THE SPHERE OF PROTECTION

CONSUMER RIGHTS AND HUMAN WELFARE

CHIEF STATE SANITARY DOCTOR

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

On the approval of SanPin 2.4.1.3049-13

"Sanitary and Epidemiological Requirements for the Design, Content and Organization of the Mode of Operation of Preschool Educational Organizations"

(as amended by Decision The Supreme Court RF

from 04.04.2014 N AKPI14-281)

SanPin 2.4.1.3049-13 (as amended on 04/04/2014) "Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the device, content and organization of the mode of operation of preschool educational organizations"

N AKPI14-281 on invalidation of clause 1.9 of the sanitary and epidemiological rules and standards of SanPin 2.4.1.3049-13 "Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the device, maintenance and organization of the mode of operation of preschool educational organizations", approved by the decree of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation dated May 15 2013 N 26.

11. Order of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia dated 08.04.2014 No. 293 "On approval of the Procedure for admission to training in educational programs of preschool education"

12. Letter of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia dated 01.12.14, No. 08-1908 "On the organization of registration of children to be trained in educational programs of preschool education, and their admission to training"

13. Letter of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation of 10.06.13, No. DL-151/17 "On the name of educational institutions"

14. Letter of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation dated July 9, 2013 No. DL-187/17 "In addition to clarifications on the names of educational institutions"

15. Federal Law of 27.07.2006 No. 152-FZ (as amended on 04.06.2014) "On Personal Data"

16. Order of Rosobrnadzor dated May 29, 2014 No. 785 "On approval of the requirements for the structure of the official website of an educational organization in the information and telecommunications network" Internet "and the format for presenting information on it."

17. Order of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation of 05/22/14, "On the Coordination Group on the organization of the introduction of FSES DO".

18. Action plan to ensure the introduction of GEF DO. Approved by the 1st Deputy Minister of Education and Science of the Russian Federation N.V. Tretiak 12/31/2013

19. "Organization of a developing subject-spatial environment in accordance with the federal state educational standard for preschool education."

20. Letter of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation of December 3, 2014, No. 08-1937 "On the direction guidelines". (about the organization of the developing subject-spatial environment).

23. A modular program for advanced training of employees of educational organizations on the introduction of the Federal State Educational Standard of preschool education and the use of the basic exemplary educational program of preschool education for the formation of the educational program of a preschool institution.

24. Order of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation of August 30, 2013 No. 1014 "On approval of the Procedure for organizing and carrying out educational activities for basic general education programs - educational programs of preschool education" (instead of the Model Regulations on preschool educational institutions ")