Igor Andreevich Poletaev (1915 - 1983)

The fame and recognition of Poletaev's activities was brought in many ways by his work on the popularization of cybernetics in the 50s. By that time, a fairly strong group of young and outstanding scientists who were engaged in this science had formed. Instead of ranks and positions, they shared risk and cost, but went about their business with unheard of selfless devotion.

In 1958 Poletaev's book "Signal" was published, which could be considered an introduction to the basic concepts of cybernetics. The book contained a concentrated processing of the main provisions and applications of this then young science. At the same time, the author of the book had to solve problems associated with the direct application of cybernetics in military affairs.

One of the first military cybernetic tasks was the use of computers that appeared then for an air defense system: linear programming to serve the mass of "clients" in airspace... However, later, having received an order to write the book "Military Cybernetics", Poletaev refused it, motivating him as follows: "What can be written is not interesting, but what is needed is not." At this time, he is already beginning to move away from purely technical and applied problems, his interests are shifting to the field of research on large-scale systems, economic systems, systems of control and management. He retained an interest in modeling complex systems until the last years of his scientific activity.

Intriguing results were obtained on quite elementary and low-power computers from the point of view of today. The economic model included not only resources and activities for their processing, but also the price of the products obtained, without providing for restrictions and regulation of this parameter. Being "launched" in a computer, the model, after several cycles of productive activity ... switched to the naked resale of products within itself. The delight of the authors of the experiment was great, but the corresponding experience for the edification of the next generations remained unclaimed.

The largest initiative, in which Poletaev was actively involved in 1959-1961, was an attempt to create large computers for dual use: for managing the economy in peacetime and managing the army in case of war. The authors of the project hoped that as a result of its implementation, the economy would become truly planned in a reasonable way, and computer technology in the country would receive the right impetus for development, and the army would eventually meet the requirements and tasks of the moment. The project stumbled over the Main Political Directorate of the Army. The general, who examined the document, asked a question that was quite reasonable from his point of view: "And where is the leading role of the party here, in your car?" The latter, one must think, was not algorithmized in the project. And the project was swept aside.

In 1961 Poletaev received a job offer at the Novosibirsk Institute of Mathematics of the Siberian Branch of the Academy of Sciences. Having moved to Novosibirsk, he began to work with great enthusiasm on various problems in the field of cybernetics. Such were the problems of recognition, and a rigorous analysis of the subject of cybernetics and its basic concepts (information, model, etc.), and the modeling of economic systems and physiological processes.

Many of the ideas expressed by Poletaev in his books, lectures, scientific disputes remain relevant to this day.

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Purpose of work: To generalize knowledge on the topic Tasks: acquaintance with scientists who have made a huge contribution to the development of informatics

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Al-Khorezmi Aristotle John Napier Blaise Pascal Gottfried Leibniz George Boole Charles Babbage Norbert Wiener Konrad Zuse Herman Hollerith Ada Lovelace S. A. Lebedev John Von Neumann Claude Shannon Edsger Weib Dijkstra Tim Bernes-Leeert John Mauchly and John Eckeuert Tomier Colmar Stephen Paul Jobs Literature Exit Conclusion

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George Boole (1815 - 1864). Developed the ideas of G. Leibniz. He is considered the founder of mathematical logic (Boolean algebra). Buhl began his mathematical research with the development of operator methods of analysis and theory. differential equations, then took up mathematical logic. In the main works of Boulle " mathematical analysis logic, which is the experience of calculus deductive reasoning "and" the study of the laws of thinking, in which the mathematical theories of logic and probability are based "laid the foundations of mathematical logic.

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Muhammad ibn Musa Khorezmi (about 783-about 850) is a Khorezmian, Central Asian mathematician, astronomer and geographer, the founder of classical algebra. Al-Khwarizmi wrote a book "On Indian Count", which contributed to the popularization of the decimal positional system of noting numbers throughout the Caliphate, right up to Spain. In the XII century, this book was translated into Latin and played a very important role in the development of European arithmetic and the introduction of Indo-Arabic numerals. The author's name, in latinized form (Algorismus, Algorithmus), began to denote in medieval Europe the entire system of decimal arithmetic; hence the modern term algorithm, first used by Leibniz, originates.

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Aristotle (384 - 322 BC). Scientist and philosopher. He tried to answer the question: "How do we reason", studied the rules of thinking. Subjected human thinking to a comprehensive analysis. Defined the main forms of thinking: concept, judgment, inference. His treatises on logic are combined in the collection "Organon". In the books of the Organon: Topeka, Analytics, Hermeneutics and others, the thinker develops the most important categories and laws of thinking, creates a theory of proof, and formulates a system of deductive inferences. Deduction (from Lat. Deductio - deduction) allows you to deduce true knowledge about individual phenomena, based on general laws. Aristotle's logic is called formal logic.

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John Napier (1550 - 1617) In 1614, the Scottish mathematician John Napier invented tables of logarithms. Their principle was that each number corresponds to its own special number - the logarithm. Logarithms make division and multiplication very easy. For example, to multiply two numbers, add their logarithms. the result is found in the table of logarithms. Later he invented a slide rule, which was used until the 70s of our century.

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Blaise Pascal (1623-1662) In 1642, the French mathematician Blaise Pascal constructed a calculating device to ease the work of his father, a tax inspector, who had to do a lot of complex calculations. Pascal's device is "skillful" only to add and subtract. Father and son invested a lot of money in the creation of their device, but clerks opposed Pascal's calculator - they were afraid of losing their jobs because of him, as well as employers who believed that it was better to hire cheap bookkeepers than buy an expensive car. Counting device

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Gottfried Leibniz (1646 - 1716) In 1673, the eminent German scientist Gottfried Leibniz built the first calculating machine capable of mechanically performing all four arithmetic operations. A number of its most important mechanisms were used until the middle of the 20th century in some types of machines. all machines, in particular the first computers, which performed multiplication as multiple addition, and division as multiple subtraction, can be classified as the Leibniz machine. The main advantage of the milestones of these machines was the speed and accuracy of calculations that were higher than those of humans. Their creation has demonstrated the fundamental possibility of mechanizing human intellectual activity. calculating machine

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Charles Babbage (1791-1871) At the beginning of the 19th century, Charles Babbage formulated the main provisions that should underlie the design of a computer of a fundamentally new type. These initial principles, outlined more than 150 years ago, are fully implemented in modern computers, but for the 19th century they turned out to be premature. Babbage made an attempt to create a machine of this type on the basis of a mechanical adding machine, but its design turned out to be very expensive, and the work on the manufacture of a working machine could not be completed. From 1834 until the end of his life, Babbage worked on the project of the analytical engine, without trying to build it. Only in 1906 did his son make demonstration models of some parts of the machine. If the analytic engine were complete, Babbage estimated that addition and subtraction took 2 seconds, and multiplication and division took 1 minute. Analytical Engine

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Norbert Wiener (1894 - 1964) Norbert Wiener completed his first fundamental work (the aforementioned "Cybernetics") at the age of 54. And before that, the life of a great scientist was still full of achievements, doubts and worries. By the age of eighteen, Norbert Wiener was already a Ph.D. in mathematical logic at Cornell and Harvard Universities. At the age of nineteen, Dr. Wiener was invited to the Department of Mathematics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, "where he served until the last days of his inconspicuous life." This or something like this could end a biographical article about the father of modern cybernetics. And everything said would be true, in view of the extraordinary modesty of Wiener the man, but Wiener the scientist, if he managed to hide from humanity, he hid in the shadow of his own glory.

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Konrad Zuse (1910-1995) He started work in 1933, and three years later he built a model of a mechanical computer, which used a binary number system, a three-address programming system and punched cards. After the war, Zuse manufactured the Z4 and Z5. Zuse in 1945 created the PLANKALKUL language ("plan calculus"), which belongs to the earliest forms of algorithmic languages. In 1938, Zuse made a model of a Z1 machine with 16 machine words, the next year a model Z2, and after another 2 years he built the world's first operating computer with programmed control (model Z3), which was demonstrated at the German Aviation Research Center ...

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Herman Hollerith (1860-1929) While dealing with the processing of statistical data in the 80s of the last century, he created a system that automates the processing process. Hollerith pioneered (1889) a hand-held puncher that was used to apply digital data to punched cards, and introduced mechanical sorting to arrange these punched cards according to the location of the punches. Hollerith's data carrier, the 80-column punch card, has not undergone significant changes to date. He built a summing machine, called a tabulator, which probed holes on punched cards, perceived them as corresponding numbers and counted them.

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Ada Lovelace (1815-1852) Babbage's scientific ideas captivated the daughter of the famous English poet Lord Byron, Countess Ada Augusta Lovelace. At that time, such concepts as computers, programming had not yet emerged, and nevertheless, Ada Lovelace is rightfully considered the world's first programmer. The fact is that Babbage did not compose more than one complete description of the machine he invented. This was done by one of his students in an article on French... Ada Lovelace translated it into English, and not only translated, but added her own programs, according to which the machine could carry out complex mathematical calculations. As a result, the original volume of the article was tripled, and Babbage was given the opportunity to demonstrate the power of his machine. Many of the concepts introduced by Ada Lovelace in the descriptions of those first programs in the world are widely used by modern programmers.

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SA Lebedev (1902-1974) In the early 50s in Kiev, in the laboratory of modeling and computer technology of the Institute of Electrical Engineering of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, under the leadership of Academician SA Lebedev, MESM was created - the first Soviet computer. Functional structural organization MESM was proposed by Lebedev in 1947. The first test run of the model of the machine took place in November 1950, and the machine was put into operation in 1951. The MESM operated in a binary system, with a three-address command system, and the computation program was stored in an on-line memory device. Lebedev's parallel word processing machine was a fundamentally new solution. It was one of the first in the world and the first computer on the European continent with a program stored in memory.

Abstract by a student of MBOU "Secondary School No. 4" 10A class Ilyichev Ilya On the topic: "The contribution of Russian scientists to the development of computing technology in the twentieth century." City: Akhtubinsk 2019 Head: O. N. Knyshov

Justification of the need for work. The advent of computers is one of the essential features modern world... Original meaning english word A "computer" is a person making calculations. The widespread use of computers led to the fact that more and more people began to study the basics of computing, and programming gradually turned from a working tool of a specialist into an element of culture.

First half of the XX century. A specific complex of calculating and analytical equipment may consist of a different number of devices, but it necessarily includes the following four devices: 1) an inlet perforator; 2) a checker; 3) sorting machine; 4) tabulator.

First half of the XX century. By 1930, there were already about 8,000 SACs in the world. Often, innovative solutions were introduced in them: tabulators with alphanumeric output, the joint work of several tabulators.

First half of the XX century. V initial period the development of perforating technology, it was used mainly in statistics. Over time, its application for accounting is increasing. For example, in the 40s. in the USSR, about 10% of calculating and analytical machines were used in statistics, and more than 80% in accounting.

First half of the XX century. An independent computer station is being created at the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1926-1927. in industry, in transport, in state banks and in the Central Statistical Bureau, large computer stations are being created. Since 1931, the USSR began a broad development of work on the mechanization of accounting.

First half of the XX century. The next was the model T-2, which performs the same operations and became widespread. This model was produced until 1940. It was designed for two modes of operation: normal and increased. The change of the mode was carried out by switching the speed of the main motor, and the choice of the mode was determined by the feed rate of the punched cards.

First half of the XX century. The RVM-1 machine was designed by N. I. Bessonov. The project was late, but it was very successful and in terms of speed it could compete with electronic computers: the multiplication of two floating point numbers with a 27-bit mantissa and 6-bit order was performed in 50 ms.

Brief results of the first half of the XX century. The need for mass calculations in various fields and the development of electrical engineering led to the creation of electromechanical computing. In addition, very important principles and concepts were introduced - the binary number system and the mathematical logic of George Boole.

Brief results of the first half of the XX century. The main devices of the tabulator were: a computing mechanism in which relays were used; puncher; sorting machine. G. Hollerith became the "founding father" of a whole area of ​​computer technology - counting and punching. On the basis of the devices he created, whole computer stations were created for mechanized information processing, which served as a prototype for future computing centers.

Second half of XX century. In December 1951, the first computer in Russia was successfully tested. The test results, as is customary in the USSR Academy of Sciences, were formalized by a detailed report approved by the director of the Energy Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences Academician G.M.Krzhizhanovsky on December 15, 1951.

Second half of XX century. The machine was put into operation to solve problems both in the interests of the scientists of its institute and for third-party organizations. Scientists of a number of institutes of the USSR Academy of Sciences also solved their problems on this machine. The M-1 machine has been in operation for over three years.

Second half of XX century. The M-1 machine included a parallel arithmetic device, a control device - a main program sensor, two types of internal memory and an input-output device using telegraphic direct-printing equipment.

Second half of XX century. Main characteristics of M-1: Number system - binary. The number of binary digits is 25. The coding system is two-address. Internal memory: slow on a magnetic drum - 256 numbers, fast on electronic tubes - 256 numbers. The operating speed is about 20 ops / s when working with a magnetic drum and about 1000 ops / s when working with electronic memory on electrostatic tubes. Power consumption - 8 kW. Occupied area - 4 sq. m. (during operation, the M-1 machine was located in a room with an area of ​​12 sq. m.).

M-1 computer developers Brook Isaak Semenovich Matyukhin Nikolai Yakovlevich Kartsev Mikhail Alexandrovich Alexandridi Tamara Minovna Rogachev Yuri Vasilievich Shidlovsky Rene Pavlovich Zalkind Alexander Borisovich Belynsky Vladaleks Vladimirovich Lebedev Sergey Alekseevich

The scientific feat of S.A. Lebedeva Sergei Alekseevich began to deal with the design of computer technology at the age of 45, being already a famous electrical scientist. By this time, he had obtained significant scientific results in the field of stability of the operation of electrical systems.

The scientific feat of S.A. Lebedeva In parallel with the final stage of work on the MESM in 1950, the development of the first Large Electronic Computing Machine began. The development of BESM was carried out already in Moscow, in the laboratory of ITMiVT, which was headed by S.A. Lebedev. V shortest time such a machine was created. In April 1953, the high-speed electronic computer BESM-1 was adopted The State Commission into operation.

Conclusion The contribution of Russian scientists to the development of computing technology in the twentieth century. oh very great. Without these people, the development of computers would have been impossible. The developers of the M-1 machine, the first Russian computer, later became prominent specialists in the field of computer technology and made a significant contribution to its development, including as part of the enterprises of the USSR Ministry of Radio Industry. Their work was highly appreciated by the conferment of academic degrees and honorary titles, by the awarding of state awards.

Wilhelm schickard

(1592 - 1635)

The computer story begins in 1623 when Wilhelm Schickard built humanity, the first automatic calculator.
The Schickard game machine can perform basic arithmetic operations on integer inputs. His letters to Kepler, who discovered the laws of planetary motion, explain the application of his "clock calculation" for calculating astronomical tables.
The non - programmable Schickard machine was based on the traditional decimal number system. Leibniz subsequently discovered a more convenient binary system (1679), important element the first in the world work program- computer controlled, due to Zuse (1941).

Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz

(1646-1716)

Leibniz, sometimes referred to as the last universal genius, invented at least two things that are important to the modern world: calculus and bit-based binary arithmetic.

Modern physics, mathematics, engineering, would be unthinkable without the former: a fundamental method of working with infinitesimal numbers. Leibniz was the first to publish it. He developed it around 1673. In 1679, he refined the notation for integration and differentiation that is still in use today.

Binary arithmetic based on the dual system was invented around 1679, and published in 1701. This has become the basis of almost all modern computers.

Charles Babbage

British mathematician and inventor, author of works on the theory of functions, mechanization of counting in economics; Foreign Corresponding Member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1832). In 1833developed a project for a universal digital computer- computer prototype. Babbage provided the ability to enter instructions into the machine using punched cards. However, this machine was not finished either, since the low level of technology of that time became the main obstacle to its creation. Charles Babbage is often called the "father of the computer" for the analytical engine he invented, although its prototype was created many years after his death.

Lovelace August Hell

A. Lovelace developed the first programs for the Babbage Analytical Engine, thus laying the theoretical foundations of programming. She first introduced the concept of a cycle of operation. In one of the notes she expressed main idea that the analytical engine can solve problems that, due to the complexity of the calculations, are almost impossible to solve manually. So for the first time, a machine was considered not only as a mechanism replacing a person, but also as a device capable of performing work that exceeds the capabilities of a person. Although Babbage's analytical engine was never built and Lovelace's programs were never debugged or worked, a number of the general propositions she expressed have retained their fundamental significance for modern programming. Nowadays A. Lovelace is rightfully called the first programmer in the world.

ALAN TURING
(1912-1954) Alan Mathison Turing reformulated Kurt Goedel's unprovability results in terms of Turing machines (TMC). Closely related earlier work was done by Turing's counselor to the Alonso Church. TMs subsequently became the most widely used abstract computing model. Generic TMs can emulate any other TM, or any other known computer.
During World War II, Turing helped (with Welchman) decipher the Nazi code. Some sources say this work was decisive for the victory over the Third Reich.
Later, Turing offered his famous test for assessing whether a computer is intelligent (more on History of Artificial Intelligence). The computer science most sought-after award bears his name: the Turing Award.

Kurt Gödel

(1906-1978)

In 1931, just a few years after Julius Lilienfeld patented the transistor Kurt Godel (or "Goedel", not "Godel") laidfundamentals of theoretical informaticswith his work on universal formal languages ​​and limits on proof and computation. He built formal systems allowing self-referential statements that speak about themselves, in particular whether they can be obtained from an enumerable set of axioms using a computational theorem proving procedure. Gödel went further to construct statements that claim their own unprovability, to demonstrate that traditional mathematics is either flawed in a certain algorithmic sense or contains unprovable but true statements.

Gödel's incompleteness result is widely regarded as the most remarkable achievement of 20th century mathematics, although some mathematicians say it is logic, not mathematics, and others call it a fundamental result of theoretical computer science (reformulated by Church & Post & Turing around 1936), a discipline that not yet officially in existence yet then, but was actually created through Gödel's work. He had a huge impact not only in computer science, but also in philosophy and other fields.

John von Neumann
(28.12.1903, Budapest, - 8.2.1957, Washington)

American mathematician, member of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA (1937). In 1926 he graduated from the University of Budapest. From 1927 he taught at the University of Berlin, in 1930-33 - at Princeton University (USA), from 1933 professor at the Princeton Institute for Advanced Study. Since 1940, a consultant to various army and naval institutions (N. took part, in particular, in the work on the creation of the first atomic bomb). Since 1954, member of the Atomic Energy Commission.
The main scientific works are devoted to functional analysis and its applications to the issues of classical and quantum mechanics... N. also carried out research in mathematical logic and the theory of topological groups. V last years life was mainly engaged in the development of issues related to game theory, automata theory; made a great contribution to the creation of the first computers and the development of methods for their application. He is best known as the person whose name is associated with the architecture of most modern computers (the so-called von Neumann architecture)

Konrad Zuse
(June 22, 1910, Berlin - December 18, 1995, Hünfeld)

German engineer, pioneer of computer engineering. Best known as creator of the first truly working programmable computer(1941) and the first programming language high level (1945).
He was engaged in the creation of a programmable calculating machine.

1935-1938 : Konrad Zuse builds the Z1, the world's first software-controlled computer. Despite a number of problems in mechanical engineering, it was all the main components of modern machine tools, using the binary number system, and today the standard separation of storage and management. Zuse's 1936 patent application (Z23139 / GMD Nr. 005/021) also testifies to the von Neumann architecture (reinvented in 1945) with programs and data changed during storage.

1941 : Zuse completes the Z3, the world's first fully functional computer programmable.

1945 : Zuse describes Plankalkuel, the world's first high-level programming language with many standard features modern languages programming. FORTRAN came along almost ten years later. Zuse also used Plankalkuel to design the world's first chess program.

1946 : Zuse founds the world's first computer start-up company: Zuse-Ingenieurbüro Hopferau. Venture capital raised through ETH Zürich and IBM-variant on Zuse patents.

In addition to general-purpose computers, Zuse built several specialized computers. So, calculators S1 and S2 were used to determine the exact dimensions of parts in aviation technology... The S2 machine, in addition to the calculator, also included measuring devices for measuring aircraft. The L1 computer, which remained as an experimental prototype, was intended for Zuse to solve logical problems.

1967 : Zuse KG delivered 251 computers, worth about DM 100 million.

Kemeny John (Janos)

Mathematician, professor at Dartmouth College (USA). Together with Thomas Kurtz developed the programming language BASIC and a network system for using several computers at the same time ("time sharing"). Together with his parents he emigrated to the USA from Hungary in 1940. Graduated from Princeton University, where he studied mathematics and philosophy. In 1949 he defended his dissertation, and in 1953 he was invited to Dartmouth. As dean Faculty of Mathematics Dartmouth College from 1955 to 1967, and even as president of the college (1970-1981), did not leave teaching. He was one of the pioneers in teaching the basics of programming: he believed that this subject should be available to all students, regardless of their specialization.

Dijkstra Edsger Vibe
(May 11, 1930 - August 6, 2002)

An outstanding specialist in the field of theoretical programming, the author of a number of books, including the classic monograph "The Discipline of Programming". All his scientific activity was devoted to the development of methods for creating "correct" programs, the correctness of which can be proved by formal methods. As one of the authors structured programming concepts Dijkstra preached not using the GOTO instruction. In 1972, his scientific achievements were awarded the Turing Prize. At the award ceremony, one of the speakers described Dijkstra's activities in the following way: "This is an example of a scientist who programs without touching a computer and does everything possible so that his students do the same and present computer science as a branch of mathematics."

Ershov Andrey Petrovich
(April 19, 1931 - December 8, 1988)

Outstanding programmer and mathematician, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, author the world's first monograph on programming automation... Under the leadership of Ershov, one of the first domestic programming programs ("integral developments" of the language and programming systems) were developed. He formulated a number of general principles of programming as a new and original type of scientific activity, touched upon an aspect that would later be called user friendliness, and was one of the first in the country to set the task of creating a programming technology. He became one of the founders of the so-called "school informatics" and a recognized leader of domestic school informatics, became one of the world's leading experts in this field.

American inventor Douglas Engelbart of Stanford Research Institute presented world's first computer mouse in 1968 on December 9.
Douglas Engelbart's invention was a wooden cube on wheels with one button. The computer mouse owes its name to the wire - it reminded the inventor of the tail of a real mouse.
Later, Xerox became interested in Engelbart's idea. Its researchers changed the design of the mouse, and it became similar to the modern one. In the early 1970s, Xerox first introduced the mouse as part of a personal computer. It had three buttons, instead of discs, a ball and rollers, and cost $ 400!
Today there are two types of computer mice: mechanical and optical. The latter are devoid of mechanical elements, and optical sensors are used to track the movement of the manipulator relative to the surface. The latest innovation in technology is wireless mice.

Niklaus Wirth
(February 15, 1934) Swiss engineer and explorer of the world of programming. Author and one of the developers programming language Pascal... N. Wirth was one of the first to introduce into practice the principle of step-by-step refinement as the key to the systematic creation of programs. In addition to Pascal, he created other algorithmic languages ​​(including Modula-2 and Oberon). They are not well known to "production" programmers, but are widely used to theoretical research in the field of programming. Wirth is one of the world's most respected computer scientists, his book Algorithms + Data Structures = Programs is considered one of the classic textbooks on structured programming.

Bill Gates

(October 28, 1955)
American computer entrepreneur and developer, founder of the world's leading software company, Microsoft.
In 1980, Microsoft developed the MS-DOS operating system, which became the main operating system in the American microcomputer market by the mid-1980s. Then Gates began developing applications such as Excel spreadsheets and the Word text editor, and by the late 1980s Microsoft had become a leader in this area as well.
In 1986, having released the company's shares for free sale, Gates became a billionaire at the age of 31. In 1990, the company introduced the Windows 3.0 shell, which replaced verbal commands with mouse-selectable icons, making the computer much easier to use. By the late 1990s, about 90% of all personal computers in the world were equipped with Microsoft software. In 1997, Gates topped the list of the richest people in the world.

Paul Allen

American entrepreneur, co-founder of Microsoft Corporation, which he founded in 1975 with his school friend Bill Gates.

In 1975, Allen and Gates first used the name "Micro-Soft". Into the source code of the BASIC interpreter they created for MITS.

In the joint business, Paul Allen was engaged in technical ideas and promising developments, Gates turned out to be closer to negotiations, contracts and other business communication. And yet, the friends solved the main issues together - sometimes, as Gates later admitted, the disputes lasted 6-8 hours in a row. For the joint brainchild of Allen and Gates, the finest hour came in 1980. It was then that IBM turned to the not-too-large and not yet well-known Microsoft company with a proposal to adapt several programming languages ​​for use on the IBM PC, which was supposed to appear on the market in 1981. During the negotiations, it became clear that IBM representatives would not mind finding an executor who would contract to develop an operating system for the new computer. The partners took on this work. However, Allen and Gates did not develop a new operating system. They knew that Tim Paterson of Seattle Compute Products had already developed Q-DOS (Quick Disk Operating System) for 16-bit Intel processors. The trick was that during negotiations for the acquisition of Q-DOS, it was by no means possible to make it clear to sellers that Allen and Gates already had a buyer for this system. Gates, as the main negotiator, had to work hard on this, but the combination worked brilliantly. True, the system had to be reworked, because it had to work on 8-bit processors. In an effort to meet the deadline, they worked almost round the clock and, according to Allen himself, there was a day when he and Bill, without stopping, sat at the computer for 36 hours in a row. For PC-DOS, the acquisition of which cost tens of thousands of dollars, IBM immediately paid 6 thousand dollars, while, under the terms of the agreement signed by the parties, IBM undertook to sell computers only with PC-DOS, while deducting interest to Microsoft from each unit of equipment sold.

Kaspersky Evgeny Valentinovich
(October 4, 1965)

Until 1991, he worked at a multidisciplinary research institute of the USSR Ministry of Defense. He began studying the phenomenon of computer viruses in October 1989, when the Cascade virus was found on his computer. From 1991 to 1997 he worked at the STC "KAMI", where, together with a group of like-minded people, he developed antivirus project "AVP" (now - "Kaspersky Anti-Virus"). In 1997, Eugene Kaspersky became one of the founders Kaspersky Lab.
Today Evgeny Kaspersky is one of the world's leading experts in the field of virus protection. He is the author a large number articles and reviews on the problem of computer virology, regularly speaks at specialized seminars and conferences in Russia and abroad. Evgeny Valentinovich Kaspersky is a member of the Computer Virus Research Organization (CARO), which brings together experts in this field.
Among the most significant and interesting achievements Evgeny Valentinovich and the "Laboratory" headed by him in 2001 can be called the opening of the annual conference Virus Bulletin - the central event in the antivirus industry, as well as the successful confrontation with all global viral epidemics that occurred in 2001.

Evgeny Roshal
(March 10, 1972, Chelyabinsk)

Russian programmer, author of the famous file manager FAR Manager, RAR compression format, RAR and WinRAR archivers, which are especially popular in Russia and the countries of the former USSR.

Evgeny Roshal graduated from the Faculty of Instrumentation of Chelyabinsk polytechnic institute in the specialty "Computing machines, complexes, systems and networks."

In the fall of 1993 he released the first public version of the RAR 1.3 archiver, in the fall of 1996 - FAR Manager. Later, with the growing popularity of Microsoft Windows, he released the WinRAR archiver for Windows. The name RAR stands for Roshal ARchiver.

Sergey Brin

Sergei Mikhailovich Brin was born in Moscow to a Jewish family of mathematicians who moved permanently to the United States in 1979 when he was 6 years old.
In 1993 he entered Stanford University in California, where he received his master's degree and began working on his dissertation. Already during his studies, he became interested in Internet technologies and search engines, became the author of several studies on the topic of extracting information from large arrays of text and scientific data, wrote a program for processing scientific texts.
In 1995, at Stanford University, Sergey Brin met another graduate student in mathematics, Larry Page, with whom they founded Google in 1998. Initially, they fiercely argued when discussing any scientific topics, but then they became friends and teamed up to create search engine for your campus. Together they wrote scientific work The Anatomy of a Large-Scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine, which is believed to be the prototype of their future super successful idea.
Brin and Page proved their idea on the university search engine google.stanford.edu, developing its mechanism in accordance with new principles. On September 14, 1997, the google.com domain was registered. There were attempts to develop the idea and turn it into a business. Over time, the project left the walls of the university and managed to collect investments for further development.
The joint venture grew, was profitable, and even demonstrated enviable resilience at the time of the dot-com crash, when hundreds of other companies went bankrupt. In 2004, the names of the founders were named by Forbes magazine in the list of billionaires.

Andrew Tanenbaum

(March 16, 1944)
Professor at the VU University of Amsterdam, where he leads the development team computer systems; defended his doctoral dissertation in physics at the University of California at Berkeley. Known as the author of Minix (a free Unix-like operating system for student labs), computer science books and an RFID virus. He is also the main developer of the Amsterdam Compiler Kit. He himself considers his teaching activity to be the most important.
Andrew Tanenbaum was born in New York and raised in White Plains, New York. He received his BS in physics from MIT in 1965 and received his Ph.D. in physics from the University of California, Berkeley in 1971.
Later he moved with his family to the Netherlands, while retaining US citizenship. Andrew Tanenbaum teaches courses in the organization of computers and operating systems, also received a Ph. D. In 2009 received a grant of 2.5 million euros from the European Research Council for the development of MINIX.

Linus Torvalds
(December 28, 1969)
The creator of the world famous operating system. In early 1991, he began writing his own platform aimed at the average consumer, which could be distributed free of charge over the Internet. New system acquired the name Linux, derived from the combination of the name of its creator with the name UNIX. In ten years, Linux has become a real competitor to Microsoft products, capable of squeezing the monopoly of this company in the market of system and server software.
Thousands of "interested programmers", hackers, computer network specialists happily picked up Linus's idea and began to finish writing, finishing, debugging what Torvalds offered them. In almost ten years, Linux has gone from a toy of several hundred fans and enthusiasts, executing a couple of dozen commands in a primitive console, to a professional multiuser and multitasking 32-bit operating system with a windowed graphical interface, which in terms of its capabilities, stability and power is many times superior to Microsoft Windows. 95, 98, and NT and is capable of running on virtually any modern IBM-compatible computer.
Today Linux is a powerful UNIX-like platform that includes almost all functions and a whole set of its own, nowhere else, properties. Due to its high performance and reliability, it has become one of the most popular platforms for organizing http servers.

Bjorn Stroustrup, Bjarne Stroustrup

(June 11, 1950 (according to other sources, December 30), Aarhus, Denmark)
The author of the C ++ programming language.
Graduated from Aarhus University (Denmark, 1975) in mathematics and computer science, defended his thesis (Ph.D.) in computer science in Cambridge (1979).
Until 2002, he headed the large-scale programming research department at AT&T (Computer Science Research Center of Bell Telephone Laboratories). Now professor at the University of Texas, A&M.
Björn was born and raised in Aarhus, the second largest city in Denmark. He entered the State University in the Computer Science Department. After completing it, he received a master's degree.
Bjorn Stroustrup earned his Ph.D. while working on distributed system design at the Computer Laboratory of the University of Cambridge, England.

If you do not go beyond the boundaries of "object-oriented" methods,

to stay within the "good programming

and design ", then in the end something necessarily turns out that

is mostly meaningless.

Stroustrup Björn

Martin Fowler

Author of several books and articles on software architecture, object-oriented analysis and development, UML, refactoring, extreme programming.
Born in England, lived in London before moving to America in 1994. He currently lives in Boston, Massachusetts.
One of the books, Refactoring: Improving Existing Code: Martin Fowler and his co-authors shed light on the refactoring process by describing the principles and best practices for implementing it, and indicating where and when to start learning deeper into code to improve it.
The book is based on a detailed list of more than 70 refactoring methods, each of which describes the motivation and technique of the tried and tested code conversion with examples in Java.
The methods discussed in the book allow you to gradually modify the code, making small changes each time, thereby reducing the risk associated with the development of the project.

Any fool can write a program that he understands

compiler. Good programmers write programs

that other programmers can understand.

Fowler Martin

Sid Meier

(February 24, 1954, Detroit)
American developer computer games. Michigan State University graduate. In 2002, he was inducted into the Computer Museum of America's Hall of Fame.
In 1991, MicroProse began selling an in-game encyclopedia of historically recognizable Civilization characters. In 1993, Spectrum HoloByte, Inc. is making efforts to take over MicroProse.
After the completion of legal procedures by 1994, Meyer and the new CEO of the firm, Louis Gilman (Gilman Louie), began to some disagreements on where, how and why to develop a joint gaming business.

"The game is a sequence

interesting choices "

Donald Erwin Knuth
(January 10, 1938)
American scientist, professor emeritus at Stanford University and several other universities in different countries, a foreign member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, teacher and ideologist of programming, author of 19 monographs (including a number of classic books on programming) and more than 160 articles, developer of several well-known software technologies.
The author of the world famous series of books devoted to the basic algorithms and methods of computational mathematics, as well as the creator of the desktop publishing systems TEX and METAFONT, designed for typing and layout of books on technical topics (primarily physics and mathematics).
The young Donald Knuth was more influenced by the work of Andrei Petrovich Ershov, later his friend.
Professor Knuth has received numerous awards and prizes in programming and computational mathematics, including the Turing Prize (1974), the United States National Medal of Science (1979) and the AMS Steele Prize for a series of popular science papers, the Harvey Prize (1995), the Kyoto Prize ( 1996) for achievements in the field advanced technologies, Grace Murray Hopper Award (1971).
At the end of February 2009, Knut was ranked 20th in the list of most cited authors in the CiteSeer project.

The best way to figure something out to the end is Japanese free software developer, creator of the programming language Ruby.
In inte He told Japan Inc. that he learned to program himself before he left school.Graduated from the University of Tsukuba, where he studied programming languages ​​and compilers.
Since 2006, he has been the Head of Research and Development at Network Applied Communication Laboratory, a Japanese open source systems integrator.
Born in 1965 in Osaka Prefecture, at the age of four he moved to Yonago City, Tottori Prefecture, so he often introduces himself as a native of Yonago. He currently resides in Matsue City, Shimane Prefecture.
Yukihiro is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and is engaged in missionary work. He is married and has four children.

I want the computer to be my servant,

not a lord, so I must be able to

quickly and effectively explain to him what to do.

Matsumoto Yukihiro

Steve Jobs

(February 24, 1955, San Francisco, California - October 5, 2011, Palo Alto, Santa Clara, California)

American entrepreneur widely recognized as a pioneer of the IT era. Co-founder, Chairman of the Board of Directors and Apple CEO ... One of the founders and CEO of the Pixar film studio.
In the late 1970s, Steve and his friend Steve Wozniak developed one of the first personal computers with great commercial potential. A computer Apple II became the first mass product of Apple, created on the initiative of Steve Jobs. Jobs later saw the commercial potential of the mouse-driven GUI, which led to the Apple Lisa computers and, a year later, Macintosh (Mac).
After losing a power struggle with the board of directors in 1985, Jobs left Apple and founded NeXT - a company that developed a computer platform for universities and business. In 1986, he acquired the computer graphics division of the film company Lucasfilm, transforming it into Pixar Studios. He remained Pixar's CEO and major shareholder until the studio was acquired by The Walt Disney Company in 2006, making Jobs the largest private shareholder and member of the Disney board of directors.
Difficulties in developing a new operating system for the Mac led to Apple buying NeXT in 1996 to use NeXTSTEP as the basis for Mac OS X. As part of the deal, Jobs was hired as an advisor to Apple. The deal was planned by Jobs. By 1997, Jobs had regained control of Apple, taking over the corporation. Under his leadership, the company was saved from bankruptcy and a year later began to make a profit. Over the next decade, Jobs led the development ofiMac, iTunes, iPod, iPhone and iPadas well as the developmentApple Store, iTunes Store, App Store and iBookstore... The success of these products and services, which provided several years of stable financial returns, made Apple the world's most valuable public company in 2011. Many commentators have cited Apple's resurgence as one of the greatest accomplishments in business history. At the same time, Jobs was criticized for an authoritarian management style, aggressive actions towards competitors, a desire for total control over products even after they were sold to the buyer.

Jobs has received public acclaim and a number of awards for his influence on the technology and music industries. He is often called the "visionary" and even the "father of the digital revolution." Jobs was a brilliant speaker and took innovative product presentations to the next level, turning them into engaging shows. His instantly recognizable figure in a black turtleneck, frayed jeans and sneakers is surrounded by a kind of cult.

Presentation on the topic: Outstanding scientists who have made a significant contribution to the development and formation of informatics

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Presentation on the topic: Outstanding scientists who have made a significant contribution to the development and formation of computer science

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Informatics is the science of the general properties and patterns of information, as well as the methods of its search, transmission, storage, processing and use in various spheres of human activity. Informatics is the science of the general properties and patterns of information, as well as the methods of its search, transmission, storage, processing and use in various spheres of human activity.

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The first computing device developed by Babbage was called the "difference engine" because the calculations relied on a well-developed finite difference method. The first computing device developed by Babbage was called the "difference engine" because the calculations relied on a well-developed finite difference method.

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Unfortunately, Charles Babbage did not get to see most of his revolutionary ideas come true. The work of a scientist has always been accompanied by several very serious problems. Until the early 1990s, the generally accepted opinion was that the ideas of Charles Babbage were too ahead of the technical capabilities of his time, and therefore the designed computers, in principle, could not be built in that era. Unfortunately, Charles Babbage did not get to see most of his revolutionary ideas come true. The work of a scientist has always been accompanied by several very serious problems. Until the early 1990s, the generally accepted opinion was that the ideas of Charles Babbage were too ahead of the technical capabilities of his time, and therefore the designed computers, in principle, could not be built in that era.

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Hermann's parents were from Germany, in 1848 they left their homeland. The boy was born on February 29, 1860. Nothing is known about Herman's infancy (a family matter). He went to school with obvious reluctance and had a reputation among teachers as a gifted child, but badly educated and lazy. Hermann's parents were from Germany, in 1848 they left their homeland. The boy was born on February 29, 1860. Nothing is known about Herman's infancy (a family matter). He went to school with obvious reluctance and had a reputation among teachers as a gifted child, but badly educated and lazy. When Herman was 14 years old, he left the walls of the municipal secondary educational institution... The young man graduated with honors from college and entered the service at Columbia University, in the department of mathematics of the famous Professor Trowbridge.

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In 1880, the idea of ​​mechanizing the labor of scribes was born using a machine similar to a jacquard loom. In fact, this was the first time that the idea itself was expressed by Hollerith's colleague, Dr. of Science, John Shaw. In 1880, the idea of ​​mechanizing the labor of scribes was born using a machine similar to a jacquard loom. In fact, this was the first time that the idea itself was expressed by Hollerith's colleague, Dr. of Science, John Shaw.

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In 1882, Hollerith took a job teaching applied mechanics at the Massachusetts University of Technology. Soon, a clumsy monster settled in the laboratory, collected mainly from scrap metal found in university garbage dumps. In 1882, Hollerith took a job teaching applied mechanics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Soon, a clumsy monster settled in the laboratory, collected mainly from scrap metal found in university garbage dumps. But Hollerith soon became disillusioned with the tape, as it quickly wore out and torn. Therefore, in the end, Hollerith chose punched cards as information carriers. A hundred years later, computer scientists again found the idea of ​​reading information from tape more promising.

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The authorities recommended Hollerith's invention for a competition among the systems considered as basic for the mechanization of the labor of census takers during the upcoming census in 1890. Hollerith's machine had no equal, and so the industrial design of the punch-card tabulator was hastily organized at the Pratt and Whitney Design Bureau. The authorities recommended Hollerith's invention for a competition among the systems considered as basic for the mechanization of the labor of census takers during the upcoming census in 1890. Hollerith's machine had no equal, and so the industrial design of the punch-card tabulator was hastily organized at the Pratt and Whitney Design Bureau. Stellar period in the life of Hermann

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http://computer-museum.ru/galglory/27.htm http://computer-museum.ru/galglory/27.htm http://www.lenta.ru/lib/14190676 http: //www.thg .ru / technews / 20090630_112001.html Encyclopedia for children Avanta +, volume 22 Informatics, Moscow, Avanta +, 2003 D.М. Zlatopolsky "Informatics in faces", Moscow, Chistye prudy, 2005. Newspaper "Informatika" No. 12 2006