Group technologyBy the founder of which is Professor S. P. Mitrofanov, developed in order to improve the efficiency of production of wide range products. In group technology, different products are combined into groups of equipment and equipment for the implementation of the same operation, which increases the homogeneity of labor in the manufacture of different parts and allows you to increase productivity.

Under group technological process (GTR) It should be understood by the TP manufacturing (repair) of a group of products with various constructive, but general technological features. Here, the role of the definition of signs is given to design and technological classifiers, as in the development of a typical technological process. However, when developing GTP geometric shape Details are not defining. The main factor in grouping parts in one or another GTP is a technological method. The group technological process is developed in order to economically appropriately applying methods and means of large-scale and mass production in conditions of single, small-sector and mass production.

When developing group processes, it is necessary to proceed from the following provisions listed below:

• The adopted sequence of technological operations with a group route or transition with a group operation should ensure the processing of any part of the group according to the drawing and technical requirements;
• The technological equipment must be group or universal-pervertible and suitable for the manufacture of any part of the group;
• The equipment used should provide high-performance processing at minimal costs for its reference;
• Technological documentation should be simple in form, comprehensive but content and convenient for use in workplaces.

The obligatory stage preceding the development of group processes is the grouping of technological similarity production items (Table 8.3), taking into account the main factors of the organization of production. Grinding production items should be based on their classification and results of comprehensive analysis: composition and product production programs; the existing structure of production units; Technical and economic indicators of production.

The group technological process covers complexes of group technological operations performed on specialized workplaces in the sequence of the technological route of manufacturing a specific product group. Group technological operation should be developed to perform technologically homogeneous work in the manufacture of a group of products on a specialized workplace provided that details Tools equipment. It can be created and applied as an integral part of the GTR and a separate group operation.

When developing a group technological operation, there is a sufficient value of the total complexity of technologically homogeneous work to ensure continuous loading of technological equipment without their complete reference during an economically expedient period. Only partial layout of technological equipment is allowed. Group technological operations are carried out taking into account the specialization of workplaces through the use of high-performance specialized means of technological equipment instead of universal; the use of high-performance universal-over-controlled technological equipment; target modernization and setup equipment.

The basis for the development of GTR and the choice of general technological equipment for joint processing of the product group serves comprehensive product (comprehensive part).

When developing a comprehensive product, it should be borne in mind that its design must contain the main components of the elements of all group products. Complex product may be:

• one of the group products;
• really existing, but missing in the group;
• Artificially created (conditional).

With a significant variety of designs of combined surfaces of parts imperative artificial creation complex product, it is replaced by two or several characteristic parts of the group.

Group technological processes and operations are developing for all types of production only at the enterprise level.

Table 8.3.

Stages of development of group technological processes

To achieve the same goal, you can use different technologies, methods or techniques, tools or procedures, the use of which, however, can give different effects, will require large or smaller temporary, human or material resources and costs.

Method (problem method, method of dialogue, method of cooperation, training....) Determines the specific form of the organization of subjects educational process Using various technologies for certain purposes (learning, communication, development).

Method 1. Describes, as a rule, without taking into account the mechanisms and patterns underlying the achievement of the goal with its help. 2. The source of appearance new technique most often is a generalization of a positive innovative practical experience specific carriers of one or another way pedagogical activity.

1. Method of Kitaev and Trunova. Dynamic gymnastics satisfies the needs of a child to a year associated with the movement: develops congenital reflexes. . M. Trunov, L. Kitaev The authors of the book "Ecology of infancy." 2. Vaobobovich technique. Technology "fabulous labyrinths of the game" 3. Educational technique "Good fairy tales" Maria Skrebtsova and Alexander Lopatina offer readers their stories, fairy tales, verses with tasks and questions As a reason for thinking about the meaning of life, honesty, goodwill. 4. Methods of Maria Gmoshinskaya. Baby, or it is also called infant, creativity involves drawing a child with paints from 6 months. Drawing technique - fingers, palms. 5. Music intelligence. Alisa Anatolyevna Samboursk author of the method of teaching children to read, writing and mathematics based on musical activity.

Technology or technique? ? ? If the technology appears as the fact of the pedagogical culture of the community of professionals, then the technique reflects the experience of a particular subject, being the entrance to the local culture of individual teachers and the fact pedagogical mastery and creativity in solving a certain type of pedagogical tasks.

Technology General interpretation of the concept of "technology" - science of skill, from Latin techne - art, skill; Logos - science. Pedagogical technology is a comprehensive integrative process, including people, ideas, means, methods and management solutions to problems covering all aspects of learning. (From the documents of the Association for Pedagogical Communications and Technologies of the United States)

The concept of "technology" Pedagogical technology is a conscious, almost developed system of targeted operations, objectively giving the desigable result within the specified conditions, regardless of individual features Subjects that use it. (I. A. Kolesnikova) Pedagogical technology is a model of joint pedagogical activities for design, organization and conduct educational process With the unconditional provision of comfortable conditions for students and teachers. (V. M. Monakhov)

Educational technologies 4 Warranty of the final learning outcome (more precisely, the degree of warranty depending on compliance with all necessary conditions); 4 diagnostic description of learning goals; 4 reproducibility of the learning process and its results; 4 Certain procedural design and organization of one or another form of training.

The list of technologies recommended in the materials of the Federal Operator of the PNPO: -dining learning; -Clar training system (CSR); -Nologna solutions to research tasks (TRIZ); -Rextricular and design methods; -The technologies of modular and block-modular learning; -Echnology "Debates"; -Echnology of development critical thinking; -Efigure training system; -Echnology of use in training game methods: (role-playing, business and other types of training games); - teaching in collaboration; -Information and communication technologies; -Bealthing technologies; - System of innovative estimate "Portfolio"; -Technologies of interactive I. distance learning

Personal - oriented educational technologies Psychological model I. S. Yakimansky concept of pedagogy of freedom O. S. Gazmanan Concept of cultural type E. V. Bondarevskaya

The basic principle of a personal-oriented learning system is the recognition of the child's personality, creating the necessary and sufficient conditions for its development.

1. The main values \u200b\u200bare the child, culture, creativity. The consequence of this is a look at education as an activity that protects and supports the childhood child, preserves, transmits and develops culture, creates a creative environment of the child's development, prepares him for life in modern society, stimulates individual and collective creativity.

2. The purpose of education is the upbringing of a holistic human culture that has interconnected natural, social and cultural essence. New tasks of education: preservation of physical, intellectual, mental health of the child.

Principles of Creating Technology Conceptuality - Support for Scientific Concept, including Philosophical, Psychological, Didactic and Socio-Pedagogical Justification of how to achieve the educational goal Systemicism - logic of the process of achieving the goal, the relationship of its parts, ensuring the integrity and cyclicity of actions. Controlness - the ability to design and adjust the action of the actions system - the possibility of applying by other subjects in other single-dimensional conditions educational institutions or educational environment efficiency - effectiveness in achieving an educational purpose

SO WHAT? 03/01/19 President's instructions: Mortgage, benefits and pensions. For whom to occupy? On February 27, the instructions of the President on the results of the speech before the Federal Assembly turned into a document. It is called the "List of president's instructions" and published on the Kremlin website. He has no status of the law or legislative act, this is exactly what is written on the title page: a list of orders. Source: List of instructions PR-294 Dear colleagues from the media, our valiant sharks of the pen and master words with fire in the eyes and perseverance, worthy of better use, rushed to the ambrusura of the news agenda, giving birth to the womb of their brilliant mind pearls who would come place On the editors of the best Soviet newspapers: "Putin freed the rural doctors from taxes, 450 thousand rubles will give a mortgage to the mortgage, the mortgage rate is reduced to 8%, payments to children will receive even more families, and retirees are charged another increase." But the voice of the mind from the Tinkoff magazine gallery does not get tired of repeating: "These are not laws! Cool the dust! " In fact, nothing has not yet been working: there are no elevated benefits, reduced rates and mortgage payments with many families. Some initiatives are actively discussed, about something even prepare bills, but no law on the results of the instructions has not yet changed. We studied the official list of orders and chose from it with regard to the majority of Russians, their rights and money. Regional science and artificial intelligence are also important, but ordinary people are closer than mortgage, benefits and taxes. We take all instructions to control and tell you when something really do and how it will work. (Correct, please, "when" on "if") a check list of the president's instructions, we compiled a list of the most important orders and will add our analysis here when the instructions really fully fulfill and the official document will appear. Order Condition term How it works payments to parents of children with disabilities - 10 thousand rubles per month March 2019 Decree of the President of 07.03.19 No. 95 Suggestion for the family mortgage for the entire period March 2019 Government Decree No. 339,450 thousand rubles Penaging indexation is not working on a mortgage in large seeds in the course of the subsistence minimum of April 2019 Federal Law dated 04/01/2019 No. 49-FZ Mortgage Vacations for half a year July 2019 does not work deduction on property tax for many children 2019 does not work with six hundred acres on land tax For large numbers July 2019, a limitation of land tax increases up to 10% in the year July 2019 The state support program ILS July 2019 does not work on the evenings and with an oncology examination October 2019 does not work by a million rubles by rural doctors without a restriction on the age of December 2019 Kids benefits for families with income below two subsistence minima per person December 2019 not slave Onstees a million rubles to rural teachers December 2019 does not work. Reduced mortgage rate up to 8%. January 2020 does not work pay a monthly allowance for children to families with income below two subsistence minimum per person's problem. Since 2018, some families can receive monthly payments at the first and second child. Money is paid from the federal budget or at the expense of maternal capital. Ekaterina Miroshkin Economist But the manual is only allowed to families that have less than 1.5 subsistence minimum per month. This minimum depends on the region. For example, for a family from Saratov with one child, an income of 44 thousand rubles per month will not allow to get paid: it is already more than 1.5 subsistence minimum per person. That is, the allowance will pay only a family in which parents receive 20 thousand rubles. In Saratov, they will pay about 9 thousand per month. There are many such families, but even more - those that are slightly exceeding the income threshold, but also need help. Order. Payments at the first and second child offer to give those families who have an average income less than two subsistence minima per month. That is, Saratov families with income of 58 thousand rubles will then be eligible for the first child. And if children are two, then the benefit will pay even at the income of 76 thousand rubles per family per month. A family from Moscow with two children will receive a manual even at an income of 105 thousand per month. The limit plan to raise from 2020. The allowance is paid only to one and a half years, so the children born in 2018, the new conditions will no longer affect. But if the amendments are accepted, many families will get a significant increase to the budget. Who is responsible. Chairman of the government Dmitry Medvedev. Where does the money come from? The benefits on the first child pay from the federal budget, a significant part of which is oil and gas income and VAT. Payments on the second child are deducted from maternal capital, then there is no additional money to allocate. Term. December 1, 2019. How to get Putin's payments to a child to extend the preferential bet on the family mortgage for the entire loan term problem. Since 2018, the family mortgage program has been operating in Russia. If the family is born a second, third or subsequent child, it can take a mortgage under 6%. But only if the apartment is primary housing. So you can refinance and old loans for new buildings. The preferential rate is not valid for the entire mortgage period, but only three, five or eight years, depending on the number of children. Then the rate rises. If a family with two children takes a mortgage for 20 years, then she has only three preferential years, and then you need to pay full. Order. A preferential bet for families with children is offered to keep until the end of the loan. But there are no more conditions. There may be a new limitation on the amount of credit, the requirements for housing, the number of mortgages, family income, the date of the contract. We are waiting for the rules of the government with the rules of the program. While these are three lines in the list of instructions, and they do not affect anything. Who is responsible. Dmitry Medvedev. Where does the money come from? The preferential rate is obtained due to the fact that the federal budget saves banks. That is, banks still get their percentages. The main tax that forms the federal budget - you guessed - this is VAT, the one that in 2019 increased to 20%. The increase will bring more than 600 billion rubles per year to the budget. Term. March 25, 2019. The apartment question: take a mortgage or save himself? Provide borrowers B. hard situation Mortgage vacation problem. It happens that the family took a mortgage, and then the husband was fired from work, and his wife went to the maternity decret. Or died the only breadwinner in the family. It is difficult to pay a mortgage, but the bank has the right to pick up the apartment, even if it is the only housing and children are registered there. Order. If the borrower was in a difficult situation, it is proposed to give a delay on credit payments - the so-called mortgage holidays. That is, a few months you can not pay a mortgage: while the child does not go to kindergarten, and the parents do not work out. This order has already turned into a bill - it was submitted to the State Duma. Mortgage holidays will really be, but they will be given not at will, but with a certain reduction in income or confirmed difficult circumstances. And percentages for this period will still have to pay. That is, it will be just a delay, but it is also important. Half a year one can legally not pay a mortgage and not be afraid to stay without an apartment. Although this can be done now, for example, an agreement with the bank on the deferment of debt payments and the transfer of only interest. The bank is more profitable to receive at least something from an honest borrower than to start the procedure for recovering and selling an apartment through the court. In addition, there is insurance, which allows you to get a compensation if the borrower fell ill and can not work. The new bill makes mortgage vacations more understandable. And most importantly - banks will be obliged to provide them if the conditions are observed. For example, the borrower stood up in the employment center. But then the loan will still have to repay. So far, it makes no sense to analyze the sketches of lawmakers - explain the conditions when everyone is accepted in the final version. Who is responsible. Dmitry Medvedev, Elvira Nabiullina. Where does the money come from? There will be no money from the budget for the mortgage vacation. Banks simply will be required to give a delay by payments, but then the borrower will return everything. Term. July 1, 2019. What to do? 08.12.17 What is the difference between refinancing and restructuring? Giving large families by 450 thousand rubles to repay the mortgage problem. On the second or third child give maternity capital - 453 thousand rubles. It can be spent on improving housing conditions, although in some regions it was learned to cash and let it into a frantic bush. If the third child was born in the family with two children, they do not pay this amount again. Because of this, few families are solved on the third or fourth child: there are no federal benefits, even the monthly payment is only on the first and second. And if there is already a mortgage in the family, at the birth of a third child it becomes more difficult in financial plan. You can refinance the loan for an apartment under 6% for five years, but this program is not available to everyone, but the savings are not very big. Order. Putin offered to give a large number of 450 thousand rubles. But as with the maternal capital - not in cash, but to repay the mortgage. As always, there are nuances: the third child should be born from January 1, 2019. About other conditions, nothing is known because they are not yet. Perhaps the money will be given only to new loans or only for a mortgage for a new building. Or introduce a family income limit and square meters. So it was already with other programs. In any case, the money is not issued for anyone. As soon as the program appears, we will immediately tell about it. Where does the money come from? Maternal capital pay from the federal budget. Every year it allocate 350 billion rubles. Mortgage is large and will also pay from the federal budget. Families with three children in Russia are not so much, and only those who have the third child will be born since 2019 in the program. So expenses will be much less than on maternity capital. About the exact amount so far to speak early, but the money will find: otherwise they would not suggest. Who is responsible. Dmitry Medvedev. Term. March 25, 2019. Benefits for large children in Moscow reduce a large housing area when calculating property tax Problem. All owners of apartments and houses have deduction on property tax. From the square of the apartment will deduct 20 square meters, houses - 50 square meters. The tax is charged only to the residue area. If there are several children in the family, it does not affect the deduction. Large can be regional benefits, but not everywhere. Order. If the family has three or more children, the deduction is offered to increase. From the area of \u200b\u200bthe house, 7 square meters will be deducted, and from the apartment area - 5 square meters for each child. But unlike the main deduction, such a benefit is offered to give only one object, and not for the entire real estate of the family. It will still reduce the tax burden. Let's see what date this benefit will be introduced. In 2019, the tax for 2018 will be charged, and the changes must be adopted in July. Not the fact that they will affect the nearest accruals. Where does the money come from? If this order becomes the law, then less money will come to the regional budget. Additional financing It will not be necessary or this will be subsidized to the regions. Perhaps losses will block other taxes - maybe they will introduce self-employment throughout the country. Who is responsible. Dmitry Medvedev. Term. July 1, 2019. So what? 10/15/18 Who has benefits on property taxes and how to get them with a lot of deduction on land tax with six acres. Some land owners may not pay or reduce land tax. This is the so-called deduction from six acres. That is, tax is charged only on the exceeding area. Owners of sites within six hundred and hundreds do not pay tax on land at all. Since 2017, such a benefit was given to all pensioners, and then retained it and pre-letters. But the deduction is not given a lot: family with three children pays for the entire area. Additional benefits - at the discretion of the regions. Order. Most families can give the same privilege - it will be possible not to pay the tax with six acres. But only one plot, as well as pensioners now. Where does the money come from? Specially allocate money does not have to. Just decrease in budget revenues. Large with sections are not so much, but in some regions they have and so there are discounts. In the scale of the state of the privilege is not very large, but for a specific family - saving several thousand rubles per year. Even if you have to compensate for the loss of the regions, this is a fertility raising fee. Who is responsible. Dmitry Medvedev. Term. July 1, 2019. So what? 02/14/19 Country Amnesty - 2019: What you need to know the owners of houses and plots to index pensions over surcharge to the subsistence minimum problem. From January 1, the insurance pension was raised by 7.05%. On average, the old-age pension rose by 1000 rubles. But some pensioners got much smaller. The fact is that in Russia there are pensioners who have a pension less than the subsistence minimum, for example 8 thousand rubles. At the same time, there is a rule: none of the pensioners get less subsistence minimum in the region can. Who accrued less, make extra charge. For example, a pensioner from Novgorod accrued 8000 rubles per month. And the subsistence minimum in the region is 8846 rubles. So, 846 rubles will be paid to him. But 7.05% added not to the final amount of payments, but to the accrued pension. That is, he added 564 rubles to pensions, and the surcharge decreased. The total amount has not changed. Order. The president said that so dishonest. Indexing needs to be paid additionally. That is, it will be added to the subsistence minimum, and will not be deducted from it when calculating surcharge. In a situation with the Novgorod pensioner, it will be survived 564 rubles to the subsistence minimum. This is the indexation of his pension. And surcharge to the minimum amount of pension payments will remain the same as it was, it will not be reduced. Money is planned to pay in July, and also promise to give the amount of charges from January. Where does the money come from? The costs of the FIU redistributed in connection with the increase in retirement age. The FIU reported that there is money for indexing, although there are tens of billions of rubles. When the pension fund lacks money, adds the federal budget. Who is responsible. Dmitry Medvedev. Term. April 10, 2019. So what? 11/21/18 What benefits and guarantees will give instead of a pension to reduce the mortgage rate to 8% or less the problem. Now you can take a mortgage at 9-10%. If you use benefit for families with children, the rate is reduced to 6%. Perhaps it will be until the end of the term. But most families of the mortgage costs too expensive. Order. The President asked to develop a complex of any measures so that mortgage rates were below 8% for all. This order looks blurry: no specificity. In fact, it means that it would be nice if the Central Bank and the Government had come up with something that the Russian economy would take, and banks wanted to distribute loans for apartments at 8% and cheaper. On behalf, there is no question of some kind of state support program or subsidies. Many factors affect the mortgage rate: with a key rate of 7.75% of the mortgage for the same thing unreal. But what if the miracle happens and by 2020 something will change? Let's see. So far keep in mind that any special mortgage programs under 8% of speech does not go. But at the birth of a child, to reduce the rate really now. Where does the money come from? From the upcoming Russian economic miracle. Who is responsible. Dmitry Medvedev, Elvira Nabiullina. Term. Reports January 15, 2020 and then every six months. What to do? 10/23/18 What is more profitable: renting or buying real estate? Limit the increase in land tax to 10% per year for all the problem. Land tax is considered in cadastral value. Every year she grows. Because of this, the land tax in the new notice increases all the time - sometimes at times. The property tax was the same, but the problem was solved: in August 2018, the rise in tax was limited - now it will not increase more than 10% per year. There is no such restriction with land tax. Order. According to land tax, it is proposed to introduce the same limitation as for property tax - every year it can grow a maximum of 10%. Where does the money come from? It is not necessary to allocate money for this. Simply adjust the planned budget revenues, and the missing amounts will collect from other taxpayers. Who is responsible. Dmitry Medvedev. Term. July 1, 2019. Come up with a state support program for the construction of private houses a problem. Russia wants people to build houses at sites. But for this, people need plots and money. Many state support programs work not only to buy apartments, but also for the construction of houses. For example, family mortgage and maternity capital can be used to the house. But this is not enough. Last year came up with state support for wooden houses, but it was so ridiculous that it would be better not to be introduced. And now even it does not work. Order. The government should offer something else for state support ILS. In order no specificity - perhaps it will be another not the necessary program for wooden houses, when you can get a reduction in the loan rate for two months. If you think about something worthwhile, we will tell. Where does the money come from? The amount depends on what it will be for the program. In 2018, 198 million rubles were allocated to support IZhS. On the scale of the country is a penny, but it can be reported that the order is fulfilled. Let's see what will be this time. In any case, the federal budget will be funded. Who is responsible. Dmitry Medvedev. Term. July 1, 2019. So what? 02.22.19 How to send a notice of the construction of a private house to increase payments for children with disabilities to 10 thousand rubles. Now non-working parents who have a child with an invalid of the first group, receive 5,500 rubles per month. This is paying for parents, in children a separate manual. Order. Monthly payments to parents want to increase to 10 thousand rubles. Where does the money come from? From the federal budget: taxes, customs duties, oil and gas sale. For social needs, every year there are 5 trillion rubles, 5 thousand each family with a disabled child will find somewhere. Who is responsible. Dmitry Medvedev. Term. March 25, 2019. Remove the age limit for payments to doctors who move to the village of the problem. Doctors who come to work in the villages give a million rubles under the program "Zemsky Doctor". This is a one-time payment - compensation for the fact that the specialist is ready to treat people large city and a big hospital, and in a small village where he can be generally the only doctor. This money can be settled in a new place and buy accommodation. Urban doctors have no such payment - some experts motivated. And the state is good, because doctors appear in villages: no one wants to go there without money. But for this payment there is a restriction by age: it was once given it only to young professionals up to 35 years, now - up to 50 years. That is, if an experienced doctor is 52 years old decides to move to the village, he will not give a million. Order. The age limit is proposed to cancel altogether. In any case, the program condition is to work out in a rural hospital for at least five years, otherwise some of the money will have to be returned. This requirement is not going to cancel. Where does the money come from? From the federal budget. VAT. VAT. VAT forever. And oil and gas. Who is responsible. Dmitry Medvedev. Term. December 1, 2019. How to move from the city to the village to pay over a million rubles to teachers who go to work in the village of the problem. The program "Zemsky Doctor" is, and the teachers at the village million do not give. Although in schools, also a shortage of personnel: young professionals do not want to work in settlements, where less than 50 thousand people live, and one teacher leads both physics and history, and drawing. Moreover, the whole school may consist of 20 people of different ages, they all sit in one class, and the amenities are on the street. But in such villages, it also needs to teach children, otherwise they have to go to school for 20 kilometers or even walk. In Russia, many places where there is a school, kindergarten, shops, iron and road, gas and to the regional center half an hour drive. But the teachers do not go there: with other things being equal conditions, they choose work in the city or not in the specialty. Order. Since 2020, the program "Zemsky teacher" may appear. Teachers who come to work in small villages will pay a million - as well as doctors. For many Russian settlements This is a huge money: in the village you can buy a good house - or the car to go to work from the nearest city. If you accept amendments to the Tax Code and release these payments from personal income tax, move it even more profitable to the village. Where does the money come from? From the federal budget. We already talked about VAT? Who is responsible. Dmitry Medvedev. Term. December 1, 2019. How much does the college teacher earn to carry out free cliserization in the evening and include surveys on an oncology problem. All Russians over 18 years old can once every three years or more often to go through free dispensarization. From 2019, it even gives a paid day off. But it's still impossible to pass surveys for the day. And many employees and with the condition of a legal weekend are not released from work: it is only smooth on paper, and try to count if you work as a seller and some replace. Another problem is that some important surveys are not included in free dispensarization. Many people have ends with a taking therapist and ordinary analyzes. And the second stage does not appoint them at all. As a result, the closerization is though free, but there are few of them, and dangerous diseases are not detected from everyone. Order. The dispensarization is offered to organize so that you can come to the receptions even in the evening, and you could sign up to doctors via the Internet. True, and now patients are taking even on Saturday, and in public services there has been an electronic record for the doctor. But maybe the process will still be improved somehow. The list of surveys propose to include an inspection on cancer. But may provide restrictions on age. For example, now some surveys are carried out only after 39 years or by testimony. What and for whom will change, it is not clear. The list of surveys have recently cut, and now it will expand it again, or what? If you are laid by clispserization in 2019, do not wait for new laws: it is free of charge only at a certain age. Skip - you will wait for three years. Where does the money come from? From the OMS Foundation, where employers, entrepreneurs and budget are paid. Some medical programs finance the federal budget. For example, 70 billion rubles per year are spent on the aid of oncobolen. If severe diseases detect during dispensary, treatment will cost the budget cheaper. Who is responsible. Dmitry Medvedev and governors. Term. October 1, 2019. So what? 12/18/18 How in 2019 to take a weekend for dispensarization without loss of salaries is all instructions of the president? No, the instructions are larger, but the rest concern some narrow spheres like the development of space and checking school textbooks. Or are described by general words, for example, it would be necessary to check why so many entrepreneurs are planted, and it would be nice to make a thing so that they can complain through it if they are offended. Now it will not affect the life and budget of Russians, and there are no such instructions for the first time. Assignment accurately? Some instructions will be performed. The fact is that the president does not come up with these initiatives on the go. And the government learns about them not during the performance. All this was discussed in advance, counted, attached the budget and thought where to take money. Putin did not have time to propose to recalculate pensions, as the pension fund has already been reported how many billion on it. After the President's speech in December 2017, his initiatives about payments for children, family mortgages and the abolition of land tax in two weeks turned into federal laws. And really earned. So it will be this time, that is, someone will really receive state support, new benefits and surcharges. Therefore, even instructions are not the law, but something concrete will definitely be done. And what, some orders can not fulfill? May not perform or perform so that it would be better not performed. For example, once Putin charged to increase the attractiveness of internal tourism. Rose - introduced a spa collection and invented a strange benefit for taxes for companies that pay for tickets to employees. We told how it all works. Even in the list on the website of the Kremlin there is such a guide: to explain why the order is not fulfilled. On some days, the president gives three lists of instructions: about quality drinking water, emergency home resettlement, entrepreneurs' protection. Somewhere after such orders, almost instantly completing the clinic, they launch a school bus, give a housing certificate to the family, which suffered from flooding. Any orders need to be transformed into laws - for example, to return the three-year tenure of the apartment for sale without tax. For some orders you just need a lot of money and time. Something is beneficial to one and unprofitable to others - as with the commission for the acquiring banks. There are also orders that remain unnoticed, but people with disabilities still buy thousands of strollers, free medicines will be delivered in the pharmacy, and grants give talented students. If all orders could be performed quickly and how everyone likes, we would have long lived in the beautiful Russia of the future.

In raising, it is important what the teacher himself knows and does, but it is more important that the students know under his influence.

Cicero.

§.1. Concept of technology

Technology - from the Greek Words of Technl (Art, Craft, Science) and Logos (concept, doctrine). In the dictionary of foreign words: "Technology is a set of knowledge about the methods and means of conducting production processes (metals, chemical ...)." With the help of technology, intellectual information is translated into the language of practical solutions. Technology is and ways of activity, and how personality participates in activities.

Modern technologies in education are treated as a means by which a new educational paradigm can be implemented. The trends in educational technologies are directly related to the humanization of education that promotes self-actualization and self-realization. The term "pedagogical technologies" is more capacious than "teaching technologies", because it also implies an educational aspect associated with the formation and development of personal qualities of the student.

Obviously, the emergence of the term "pedagogical technology" in the science and practice of education of schoolchildren is not by chance. His attractiveness for many is explained by at least two factors. First, the term has existed for a long time "Pedagogical Methodology"too blurry in a meaningful plan. In the "psychological and pedagogical dictionary for teachers and managers of general educational institutions", published in Rostov-on-Don in 1998, the methodology of education is defined as a branch of pedagogical science, the doctrine of education methods. This teaching can be either general, if there are in mind the general training methods inherent in all areas of education (mental, physical, etc.), or private, if it comes to only those methods that are used to educate in any particular direction. This is a general position characterizing the concept "Methodology".Here, practically any effect of the teacher is inserted into the definition of the term of the term.

Secondly, the attractiveness of pedagogical technology is associated with many with some algorithmization of the system of pedagogical actions leading to the achievement of the goals. As an example, the production area is often used, where the ownership of modern technologies ensures the success of the production of quality products.

The technological approach to the construction of the educational process determines some technocratic attitude to it, but for that of it, the system of actions and operations, covering the entire structure of the teacher's activities from the target to the result, and the actions of very understandable, logical, consistent, allowing them to build them in the direction of the delivered Pedagogical tasks.

Quite definitely on the meaningful relationship between concepts "Methodology"and "technology"expressed S.D. Poles. In this regard, he writes: "... Lanenka psychological concepts Activity - Action - operations, as it seems to us, are reflected in the ladder of pedagogical concepts: a methodology of education - the technology of education - techniques and educational techniques.

Concept "Methodology"in this row - the most ambitious. It refers to the actions of the teacher to organize the educational process as a whole at an angle of view or in the direction chosen by the educator. "... for example, if the subject of the educators' activity is the moral qualities of pupils, the relevant work will embody the one or another method of moral education. At the same time, the educational technique develops from educational technologies." This initial position very accurately determines the meaningful links between the terms.

In pedagogical literature, it is sometimes noted that the pedagogical technique has two meanings: "... as some abstracteding specific educators, a system of rules of action and as a complex of actions of a specific teacher. It (complex) can be both more or less accurate embodiment of the general rules and own set of pedagogical actions (personal, individual technique). "

As an example, the following directions of action can be brought:

Work technique class teacher with parents.

Methods of problem learning in biology lessons.

Methods of control and evaluation of schoolchildren's knowledge.

Methodology for the implementation of a differentiated approach in learning.

Technique planning educational work etc. Pedagogical technology as component The techniques can be considered as a system of receptions and techniques aimed at solving individual typical pedagogical problems, and as a rational combination of several successively applied operations for "receiving any product".

Technology in this case can be considered as a relatively complete part of the pedagogical technique (its unit) and, at the same time, as an action - an independent phenomenon that can be interacted into various techniques.

On the other hand, the facet separating these concepts is quite erased. And then the technology to a certain extent determines the technique. It is known that various specific techniques can be built on the basis of the same technology. For example, using the essentially of the same "technological scheme" of the business game, you can build various methodical modifications. Thus, the mastering technology of collective creative affairs makes it possible to use the methods of collective creative activity in various directions of education and situations of schoolchildren's training.

The technology as a system of targeted actions can rise in status, if the tasks that it decides are defining for the teacher's activities and relate to its motives. Technology in this case becomes a pedagogical technique. For example. Technology of learning to communicate can be a technique, if the main goal for the teacher will be the development of communicative qualities of students.

Reverse transition is possible - a decrease in the status of the technique to technology, in case the objectives turn out to be in a new, wider context of pedagogical work with private goals and objectives. For example:

Technology advising parents on family education issues.

Technology for creating problem situations when studying a specific topic.

Technology of the organization of standings on the studied material.

Technology organization independent work Students with high educational opportunities.

Technology of studying the interests and opinions of children to compile a plan for educational work, etc.

In the ladder of pedagogical concepts: "Training Methodology - Training Technology - Training Technology and Technology"of particular interest is the third, as if the lowest level, which defines the specific actions and operations of the teacher.

Acceptance of learning is more often considered as an integral part or a separate side of the method. In relation to the technology, it is its relatively complete element fixed in a general or personal pedagogical culture. This is a method of pedagogical action (surgery) under certain conditions. If its use pursues a specific pedagogical task, then there is an increase in the status of admission to the level of technology, most often relatively simple technology. So, for example, a story, acting as a reception in relation to the method of conversation used by the teacher, when explaining a new material, may have the task of forming the cognitive interest of students in this material. Then the story, as a reception, becomes part of the overall technology explanation of the new material and, in turn, itself is a simple technology that ensures the fulfillment of higher-level learning tasks.

The concept of "technique" of the same level as reception. Pedagogical machinery is often defined as a set of techniques and funds aimed at a clear and efficient organization. academic action. At the same time, the term "pedagogical machinery" is often associated with the skills of the teacher, such as the expressiveness of speech, voice ownership, possession of the gesture, failing, the ability to operate with educational and laboratory equipment, apply TSO and others. Obviously, the ownership of these skills make up some common-generated trade group Technician, by analogy with common learning skills.

At the same time, in relation to the pedagogical process, the techniques of another kind are quite often used:

Technique of expressive reading.

Speed \u200b\u200btechnique.

Technique Solving Tasks for Movement (given square equations, finding the triangle square, etc.)

Technique work with a book, card, scheme.

Exercise technique.

Associative memorization technique.

Technique of plant vaccinations, etc.

Pedagogical techniques of this kind as it were embedded in the educational process and represent, in our opinion, another group of techniques. They can solve both subordinate tasks, being part of the technologies and individual, their own tasks that ensure the effectiveness of the educational (educational) process. Thus, for example, mastery of photography techniques in the same way can be used on different objects of the humanitarian cycle. Pedagogical technique in training in speed can present some technology in this sense, since it includes the use of various techniques. And then again it makes sense to talk about the status of technology. In certain conditions, it can be enhanced to technology.

With this approach to the concept of pedagogical technology, where the line between the methodology, technology, the technique is sufficiently conditional, it is easy to get confused in the network of related concepts in terms of the meaning of concepts and definitions.

Considering the definition of pedagogical technology in various authoritative reference sources, it can be noted that they differ little from each other. At the same time, the definition of technology in them is very close in meaning with the definition of the technique. Pedagogical technique - It is also a set of forms, a set of methods and techniques, educational and educational means. Based on this, it can be assumed that the concepts of "technique", "technology", "technique" are the concepts of one kind, denoting the essence of the same phenomena of pedagogical reality. The differences between them consists in the class of solved pedagogical problems. The pedagogical technology in this row occupies a special position, since it specifies the actions of the first and summarizes the peculiarities of the third component of the pedagogical ladder under consideration.

A modern approach to the educational process is to build it on a technological basis. General principles And the rules of the educational technology are seen as follows:

1. The principle of pedagogical expediency, formulated by A. S. Makarenko: "No action of the teacher should stand aside from the goals set."

2. The relationship and interactiveness of teaching and teaching as two inseparable parties to the learning process. Teaching is the organization of pedagogically expedient independent activities of students. The main task of the teacher, as K. D. Ushinsky saw it, - turn the student's activities into his amateurness.

3. Limit specificization of educational and educational purposes in the content, methods, learning tools, the methods of students organized by the teacher.

4. The necessary element of teaching technology is thematic planning, which includes a brief description of the end results and the construction of the entire chain of individual classes associated with one logic.

5. Organization of control at each stage of educational activities of students.

6. Stimulating the creative activities of students, orientation to the student not only knowing, but also knowing.

7. A variety of forms and teaching methods, preventing the universalization of a particular means or form.

Already from these rules it becomes clear that the manufacturability of the educational process is characterized by three important signs.

Education planning based on accurate determination of the desired result or reference in the form of a set of student's observed actions.

Programming the entire educational process in the form of a strict sequence of teacher's actions and selection of forming effects.

Comparison of the results of education with initial intent and subsequent correction of impact.

Obviously, the implementation of these provisions is an inseparable part of any educational technology. It should be borne in mind that while the technology is not created, the individual skill dominates. As individual mastery improves improves, "collective creativity", "collective craftsmanship" develops, the concentrated expression of which is the concentrated expression.

Brian McClur

Can two countries on one planet have the same advanced, but completely different technologies?

I am building a world in which two countries have advanced technologies, but both have completely different foundations for their technology. Is it possible if so, how?

For example, Country X may be a Cyberpanka country, and the country Y may be a biofank country. Country X will not have access to County Y technology and vice versa.

John Micham

In the US there were computers, and in the USSR - rockets. As soon as it became obvious that the other was useful, they both rather quickly caught up each other.

Answers

Justai Igo.

Yes, it is possible, but isolation is mandatory!

People are usually trade and learn When they lack something useful. When at least one of the two countries is xenophobic, a closed system will be formed in which the technological evolution is in different ways.

Take, for example, the case of Japan and China in medieval times. These countries were known as curtains (More precisely, bamboo curtains), and, although their technical achievements were well known in the world, there were no research of competitors in competing countries. For example, the Chinese invented a repeating crossbow (Chu NU). Neither Japan nor Korea nor India came up with something like that. The Japanese had the highest skills of making swords, and their metal structures were considered (and considered) the best in the region. Nevertheless, other countries did not try to come up with something in the same vein, and they tried to consolidate some of their other weapons technologies even more.

However, as soon as the barriers were removed, and the world became a kind of global village, technology from one part of the world quickly spread to other parts.

So yes, you can have two countries with the same value, but different areas technical progress, if a They are isolated and between them is not active trade or training.

Separatrix

Access to raw materials

As mentioned, the insulation is crucial for this.

Consider a car. Electricity had their limitations, the steam car tried to stand up on his feet, then Henry Ford took the production line and the internal combustion engine, and everything went to gasoline. Consider the situation when gasoline was not available, let's say, in Europe, for any reason. The gasoline machine would take off in some regions and steam machine in others, both technologies would be able to develop by themselves.

The same applies to Katan and European swords of the same era. Katana is light, sharp and brittle, it is very good for cutting bamboo armor, which were from the Japanese. Their lack of good metal prevented the development of metal armor, and therefore they did not need a sword that could break it. Heavy European swords were designed to destroy European armor and, therefore, had very different characteristics. People are infinitely arguing about what is better, but ultimately the fact that each of them was situational, taking into account the needs of the people who created them were created.

Various needs, different raw materials lead to different, but equivalent technologies.

ash

One little giggling; The lamellar armor, samurai, made of metal plates, usually made of second-grade steel from the sword industry, katana more than capable of accepting it, piercing through the full plate not so much, but punching individual plates Yes.

Ag Weyland.

There must be a reason for isolation. If both of them have access to each other's technologies, it would be ridiculous to return to the drawing board and start all over again. It would be more logical to improve each other's technology to create more advanced technologies (as in our modern world). I do not think it will work if they always communicated with each other. They could come into contact after their technologies developed separately and in different directions. It would be the most logical.

ash

I would like to agree and disagree with Separatix and Youstay IGO to prevent the intersection of national isolation useful, but is not absolutely necessary if the technologies are mutually exclusive. If the biotechnology of the country y is sensitive to EM, it will not be suitable for use in the electrically saturated world of Cyberpunk Country X or if we go to another way and we have a bioproduction that is attracted to electrical schemes And CYPERTECH closes, then Country X is interested in fully eliminating this technology from his country. Thus, two countries that developed disparate technologies will maintain themselves technologically, continuing to trade in other areas.