Relief and geological structure of Northeast Siberia. Eastern Siberia Eastern Siberia Relief Features and their reasons

General characteristics of northeastern Siberia

To the east of the lower flow of Lena lies an extensive territory limited in the east mountain arrays of the Pacific Water Separation. This physico-geographical country was named in Northeast Siberia. Including the islands of the Arctic Ocean, Northeast Siberia covers an area of \u200b\u200bmore than $ 1.5 $ million square meters. At its borders is the eastern part of Yakutia and the western part of the Magadan region. Northeast Siberia is located in high latitudes and is washed by the waters of the Arctic Ocean and its seas.

Cape Holy Nose is an extreme northern point. The southern regions are located in the Mai River Basin. The north of the polar circle is almost half of the country, which is characterized by a variety and contrasting relief. There are mountain ranges, plateaus, flat lowlands according to the valleys of large rivers. Northeast Siberia belongs to the Verkhoyansky-Chukota Mesozoic Folding, when the main folding processes passed. The modern relief was formed as a result of the newest tectonic movements.

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The climate of the original conditions of northeastern Siberia Sigor, January frost reaches $ 60 $, - $ 68 $ degrees. Summer temperature + $ 30 $, + $ 36 $ degrees. The amplitude of temperatures in selected locations is $ 100 $ - $ 105 $ degrees, precipitation is not enough, about $ 100 $ - $ 150 $ mm. The eternal Merzlota shines the ground to the depth of several hundred meters. In the flat territories, zonality is well expressed in the distribution of soils - on the islands of the Arctic desert zone, the mainland tundra and monotonous wetlands of larch. High-rise zonality is characteristic of mountain areas.

Note 1.

Earthlocks I. Rebrov, I. Yerastov, M. Stadukhin delivered the first information about the nature of Northeast Siberia. It was the middle of the $ XVII $ century. Northern Islands studied A.A. Bungje and E.V. Toll, but the information was far from all. Only at $ 30 $ -e years of expedition S.V. Obruchev changed ideas about the peculiarities of this physico-geographical country.

Despite the diversity of relief, Northeast Siberia is mostly mountainous country, lowland occupy $ 20 $% area. Here are mountain systems of the collar ridges of Verkhoyansky, Child, Kolyma Highlands. In the south of Northeast Siberia there are the highest mountains, the average height of which reaches $ 1500 $ - $ 2000 $ m. Many vertices of the Verkhoyansky ridge and a black ridge rise above $ 2,300 $ - $ $ 2,800 m. The vertex is located in the Range Ulahan-Chistai - this is a mountain of victory, whose height is $ 3147 m.

Geological structure of Northeast Siberia

IN paleozoic era And at the beginning of the Mesozoic era, the territory of Northeast Siberia belonged to the Verkhoyansky Chukchi geosynclinal marine pool. The main proof of this is the powerful Paleozoic-Mesozoic sediments, reaching $ 20 $ - $ 22,000 thousand meters and strong tectonic movements, which folded structures have created in the second half of the Mesozoic. To the most ancient structural elements The middle arrays of Kolyma and Olonian. Younger age - in the west of Verkhneursky, and in the east of the chalk - have other tectonic elements.

These elements include:

Verkhoyansky folded zone and net - Dabansky attino;
Yansk and Indigir-Kolyn Synclinal Zones;
Tas-Hayakhta and Momsky Anticlinorium.

Northeast Siberia, by the end of the Cretaceous period, was a territory, raised over neighboring regions. The warm climate of this time, and the dedudation processes of the mountain ranges leveled the relief and formed flat surfaces of alignment. Modern mountain relief was formed under the influence of tectonic raises in neogen and quaternary period. The amplitude of these raises reached $ 1000 $ - $ 2000 $ m. Especially high ridges rose in those areas where raised were the most intense. The Cenozoic lowering is occupied by lowlands and interguric basins with strata of loose sediments.

Approximately from the middle of the Quaternary period began the glaciation, on the mountain ranges, which continued to rise, large valley glaciers appeared. The embryonic nature of the glaciation had, according to D.M. Kolosov, on the plains, firboards were formed here. Education eternal Merzlota It begins in the second half of the Quaternary period in the archipelago of the Novosibirsk Islands and on the seaside lowlands. The power of permafrost and intravenous ice reaches $ 50 $ - $ 60 m in the cliffs of the North Ocean coast.

Note 2.

The olelification of the plains of Northeast Siberia was thus passive. A significant part of the glaciers represented a low-propelled formation, carrying a little loose material. Examing effects of these glaciers on the relief affected weakly.

The mining and valley glaciation is pronounced better, on the outskirts of mountain arrays there are well-preserved forms of the glacial examination - punctures, housing valleys. Valley average hardening glaciers reached a length of $ 200 $ - $ 300 $ km. Mountains of Northeast Siberia, most experts believed, have experienced three independent glaciations in the middle-customer and urgent time.

These include:

Tobichian glaciation;
Elginic glaciation;
Bohapchinsky glaciation.

The first glaciation led to the fact that Siberian coniferous trees appeared, including Dauria larch. In the second interglacial era of the predominant was the mountain taiga. It is typical of the southern regions of Yakutia at present. The last glaciation was almost not affected by the species composition of modern vegetation. Northern forest limit at the time, according to A.P. Vaskovsky, was noticeably shifted to the south.

Northeast Relief Siberia

The relief of Northeast Siberia forms several geomorphological tiers, well-pronounced. Each tier is associated with the plaster status, which were determined by the character and intensity of the newest tectonic movements. The position in high latitudes and the sharp continentality of the climate cause other high-altitude limits of the propagation of the corresponding types of mountain relief. In its formation, the processes of substation, solifluction, frosty weathering are greater importance.

Within the limits of northeastern Siberia in accordance with the morphogenetic features, allocate:

Accumulative plains;
Erosion denudation plains;
Plateau;
Lowland;
Mediterranean and low alpine relief.

Separate sections of tectonic lowering occupy Accumulative plainscharacterized by weakly terrain and small oscillations of relative height. Such forms are applied that their formation is obliged to permanent processes, large ice-grained deposits and powerful underground ice.

Among them can be called:

Term Carts Basins;
Permanent bugs;
Frostic cracks and polygons;
High ice cliffs on marine coasts.

The accumulative plains include Jan-Indiigir, Mid-Indigir, Kolyma Lowland.

At the foot of a number of ridges - Anyusky, Momsky, Kharaulakh, Kulara - formed erosion denudation plains. The surface of the plains has a height of no more than $ 200 $ m, but can reach $ 400 $ - $ 500 $ m at the slopes of a number of ridges. Loose deposits here are low-power and they are complicated mainly by indigenous rocks of different ages. As a result, it is possible to meet crub-lousy placers, narrow valleys with rocky slopes, low hills, stains-medallions, solid flow terraces.

Between the Verkhoyansky ridge and the kilky ridge are pronounced pickene relief - Yanskoye, Alginsky, Oymyakonskoye, Nevskoy Plateau. Most of the plane is composed of mesozoic sediments. Modern their height from $ 400 $ to $ 1300 $ m.

Those sites that are at the Quaternary time subjected to raising moderate amplitudes, are busy lowlands, $ 300 $ $ 500 m. They occupy the outskirts and dissected a thick network of deep river valleys. Typical forms The relief for them is the abundance of rocky placers and rocky peaks.

Mediterranean relief Mostly characterized for most of the arrays of the Verkhoyansky ridge system. Judo-May Highlands, Church Range, Tas-Hayacht, Momsky. In Kolyma Highlands and Anyusky Range, too, there are medium-sized arrays. The altitude of them from $ 800 $ - $ $ 2,200 m. There are mediteralous arrays of northeastern Siberia in a mountain tundra strip, above the upper border of woody vegetation.

Alpine alpine relief. These are the ridges of the highest mountain ranges - Suntar-Hayat, Ulakhan-Chistai, Tas-Hayacht, etc. They are connected with the areas of the most intense raised quaternary period. The height of more than $ 2000 $ - $ $ 2,000 m. In the formation of the Alpine relief, a significant role is owned by the activities of quaternary and modern glaciers, therefore, high amplitudes of heights, deep dismemberment will be characteristic, narrow rocky robes, punctures, circus and other pretext.

Eastern Siberia occupies a huge territory from Yenisei to the Pacific Ocean. It is famous for the large number of natural resources and mineral resources. Features of the relief and this region made it so valuable in commodity. Eastern Siberia minerals are not only oil, coal and iron ores. It produces a significant part of gold and diamonds of Russia, as well as valuable metals. In addition, in this region there is almost half of the country's forest resources.

Eastern Siberia

Minerals are not the only feature of this region. Eastern Siberia occupies an area of \u200b\u200bmore than 7 million square kilometers, which is about a quarter of all Russia. It extends from the Valley of the Yenisei River to the most mountain ranges on the Pacific Coast. In the north, the region is bordered by the Arctic Ocean, and in the south - with Mongolia and China.

Eastern Siberia applies not so many areas and settlementsAs in the European part of Russia, because this area is considered unclosed. Here are the largest in the country in the country, the Chita and Irkutsk region, as well as the Krasnoyarsk and the Trans-Baikal Territory. In addition, Eastern Siberia includes the autonomous republics of Yakutia, Tuva and Buryatia.

Eastern Siberia: relief and minerals

The diversity of the geological structure of this region explains this wealth of its raw materials resources. Because of their huge number, many deposits are not even investigated. What mineral resources is rich in Eastern Siberia? This is not only stone coal, oil and iron ores. In the depths of the region, rich reserves of nickel, lead, tin, aluminum and other metals, as well as the sedimentary rocks necessary in the industry. In addition, it is Eastern Siberia that is the main supplier of gold and diamonds.

This can be explained by the features of the relief and the geological structure of this region. Eastern Siberia is located on an ancient Siberian platform. And most of the territory of the region occupies the medium-grained plateore, raised above sea level from 500 to 1700 m. The foundation of this platform is the oldest crystalline rocks whose age reaches 4 million years. The next layer is sedimentary. It alternates with magmatic rocks formed by the eruption of volcanoes. Therefore, the relief of Eastern Siberia is a fold, stepped. It contains many mountain ridges, plateau, terraces, deep valleys of rivers.

Such a variety of geological processes, tectonic shifts, sediments of sedimentary and magmatic rocks and led to the wealth of mineral fossil in Eastern Siberia. The table allows you to find out that more resources are mined here than in neighboring regions.

Coal stocks

Thanks to geological processes with the paleosis and mesozoic era, the largest coal deposits of minerals in Russia and Eastern Siberia are located in the lowlands of the region. This is Lensky and Tungus basins. Less significant deposits are also a lot. And although the stone coal is less in them, but they are also promising. This is Kamsko-Achinsky and Kolyan-Indigir pools, Irkutsk, Minusinsk, South Yakut fields.

Stone coal reserves in Eastern Siberia make up 80% of the total coal mined in Russia. But many places of its location are very difficult to develop due to the harsh climatic conditions of the region and the relax features.

Iron and copper ores

Major minerals Eastern Siberia are metals. Their deposits are found in the most ancient rocks, another Precambrian period. Most in the region of hematitis and magnetites. Their deposits are located in the south of the Yakut region, in the pool at both the hangar, in Khakassia, Tuva and Transbaikalia.

The largest ore deposits are Korshunovsky and Abakanskoye. Many of them are also in the Angaro-Pit district. 10% of all Russian stocks of iron ore are concentrated here. In the Transbaikalia and in the north of the region there are also large deposits of tin, and valuable metals.

Norilsk surroundings are famous for large deposits of copper-nickel ore. Almost 40% of Russian copper and about 80% of nickel are produced here. In addition, there are a lot of cobalt, there are also platinum, silver, tellurium, selenium and other elements. In other places, copper, mercury, manganese, antimony are mined. There are big deposits of boxites.

Non-metallic minerals

Our country is the world's largest supplier of natural gas, many oil is mined here. And the first supplier of these minerals - the field of Eastern Siberia. In addition, geological processes led to the emergence of rich seals of sedimentary rocks.

Gold and Diamonds Eastern Siberia

The most valuable metal here is also mined for almost the second century. The oldest deposit is Bodaibo in the Irkutsk region. Rich loaf and rooted gold deposits are in Alandanian, Jansky, Allah-Yunsky districts. Develop a recently launched fields in the field of Yenisei ridge, near minissinsky and east of Transbaikalia.

Due to the special geological processes in this region in the Mesozoic Era, now many diamonds are produced here. The largest deposit in Russia is located in Western Yakutia. They are mined from the so-called diaphal rock filled with kimberlites. Each such "explosion tube", in which diamonds are found, even received their name. The most famous are "Successful-East", "Peace" and "Ayhal".

Natural resources

A complex relief of the region, huge undeveloped territories covered with taiga forests, provide wealth of natural resources. Due to the fact that the largest rivers of Russia proceeds here, the region is provided with cheap and environmentally friendly hydroelectric energy. Rivers are rich in fish, surrounding forests - fur beasts, of whom Sai is especially valued. But due to the fact that the person more and more actively interfere in nature, many species of plants and animals die off. Therefore, many reserves and national parks have been created in the region to preserve natural wealth.

The richest areas

Eastern Siberia occupies an almost fourth part of Russia. But the population here lives not so much. In some places, 1 person accounts for more than 100 square kilometers. But Eastern Siberia is very rich in mineral and natural resources. Although they are unevenly distributed throughout the territory of the region.

The richest B. economicly economical It is the Yenisei pool. Here is Krasnoyarsk, in which more than half of the entire population of Eastern Siberia is concentrated. The wealth of this area for minerals, natural and hydroresurs caused the active development of industry.
Wealth, located in the upper reaches of the Angara River, began to be used only in the 20th century. A very large polymetallic deposit was found here. And the reserves of iron ore are just huge. The best magnesites in Russia are mined here, many are also antimony, bauxite, nepheliners, slates. The clay, sand, talc and limestone deposits are being developed.
Evenkia has the richest resources. Here, in the Tungus basin, such useful fossils of Eastern Siberia, as the stone and in the Noginsk field, are mined high-quality graphite. The deposits of the Issland Plope are also being developed.
Khakassia is another richest region. A quarter of East Isibirsk coal is mined here, all iron ore. After all, the Abakan mine, located in Khakassia, is the largest and oldest in the region. There is gold, copper, many building materials.
One of the richest places in the country is Transbaikalia. Metals are mainly produced here. For example, supplies copper ores, onon-tungsten, Sherlokogonskoye and Tarbaljeyskoye - Tin, and Shakhtamskoye and Jury - Molybdenum. In addition, a lot of gold is mined in Transbaikal.
The treasury of mineral fossil Eastern Siberia is Yakutia. Although only after the revolution, the stone salt deposits, coal and iron ore began to be developed. There are rich deposits of non-ferrous metals, mica. In addition, it is in Yakutia that the richest stocks of gold and diamonds are open.

Mineral Issues Problems

Huge, often unexplored territories of the region lead to the fact that many of his natural wealth are not mastered. There is a very small density of the population, because the promising mineral deposits of Eastern Siberia in the populated areas are mainly developed. After all, the lack of roads in large areas and the huge distance from the center contribute to the fact that the development of deposits in remote regions is unprofitable. In addition, most Eastern Siberia is located in the permafrost zone. And a sharp continental climate prevents the development of natural resources in the rest of the territory.

Northeast Siberia and Dalval East

Due to the peculiarities of the relief and climatic conditions, minerals of Northeast Siberia are not so rich. Forests here are a bit, mostly tundra and the Arctic desert. For most of the territory, the eternal Merlot and year-round low temperatures are dominated. Therefore, the minerals of Northeast Siberia are not very mastered. It is mainly a stone coal, as well as metals - vulphram, cobalt, tin, mercury, molybdenum and gold.

The most east and northern regions of Siberia refer to the Far East. This area is also rich, but also more populated due to the proximity to the ocean and a softer climate. Minerals eastern Siberia and the Far East are largely similar. There are also many diamonds, gold, tungsten and other non-ferrous metals, extracts mercury, sulfur, graphite, mica. In this region there are richest deposits of oil, coal and natural gas.

Eastern Siberia is part of the Asian territory of the Russian Federation. It is located on the borders of the Pacific to the Yenisei River. This zone is inherent in the extremely severe climate and the limitations of fauna and flora.

Geographical description

Eastern and occupy almost two thirds of the territory of Russia. Located on the plateau. The eastern zone covers an area of \u200b\u200babout 7.2 million square meters. km. Her possessions extend up to the mountain ranges of Sayan. Most of the territory is represented by the tundra lowland. Mountains of Transbaikalia play a significant role in the formation of relief.

Despite the harsh climatic conditions, in Eastern Siberia quite a lot big cities. The most attractive from an economic point of view are Norilsk, Irkutsk, Chita, Achinsk, Yakutsk, Ulan-Ude, and others. Within the zone are located Zabaykalsky and Krasnoyarsk region, Republic of Yakutia, Buryatia, Tuva and other administrative areas.

The main type of vegetation is Taiga. It will be filled with Mongolia to the frontiers of Fondra. It takes over 5 million square meters. km. Most of the taiga is represented by coniferous forests, which make up 70% of local vegetation. Soils are developing unevenly relative to natural zones. In the taiga zone, the soil is favorable, stable, in the tundra - rocky, frozen.

Within interference and lowlands, minor swamps are observed. However, they are much smaller than in the same Western Siberia. But in the Eastern region, arctic deserts and deciduous plantings are often found.

Relief characteristics

Eastern Siberia Russia is at a high level over the sea. All Wine plateore, which is located in the middle of the zone. Here the platform height varies from 500 to 700 meters above sea level. There is a relative averability of the region. Miscellaneous Lena and Vilyuy plateau are considered the highest points - up to 1,700 meters.

The founding of the Siberian platform is represented by a crystalline folded foundation on which there are huge sedimentary layers with a capacity of up to 12 kilometers. The north of the zone is determined by the Alandanian shield and an anabar array. The average power of the soil is about 30 kilometers.

To date, the Siberian platform contains several major types of breeds. It is marble, and crystalline slate, and charnokit, etc. The oldest deposits are dating 4 billion years. Magmatic rocks were formed as a result of eruptions. Most of all such deposits are located in the Tungusian depression.

Modern relief is a set of lowlands and elevations. In the valleys, the rivers flow, the swamps are formed, coniferous trees grow on the elevations.

Water features

It is believed that the Far East turned to the Arctic Ocean with its "facade". The eastern area borders with such seas as Karosky, Siberian and Laptev. From the largest lakes, it is worth highlighting Baikal, Lama, Taimyr, Tileyno and Hanty.

Rivers flow in deep valleys. The most significant ones are considered to be Yenisei, Vilyui, Lena, Angara, Selenga, Kolyma, Olekma, Indigirik, Aldan, Lower Tunguska, Vitim, Yana and Khatanga. The overall length of the rivers is about 1 million km. Most of the in-house basin of the region belongs to the Arctic Ocean. Other external water areas belong to such rivers as ingoda, arguan, shill and ONON.

The main power source of the indoor pool of Eastern Siberia is snow cover, which is in large amounts under the influence of sunlight from the beginning of summer. The following role in the formation of a mainland water area is played rain and groundwater. The greatest level of the basin is marked in the summer.

Kolyma is considered the largest and most important river of the region. Her water area takes more than 640 thousand square meters. km. The length is about 2.1 thousand km. The river takes its beginning in Verkhnekolomsky Highlands. Per year water consumption exceeds 120 cubic meters. km.

Eastern Siberia: Climate

The formation of meteorological characteristics of the region is determined by its territorial location. The climate of Eastern Siberia briefly can be described as continental, steadily severe. Significant are observed seasonal oscillations Clouds, temperature, precipitation level. Asian Anticyclone forms in the region extensive areas of high pressure, especially this phenomenon is found in winter time. On the other hand, a strong frost makes air circulation with a variable. Because of this, temperature fluctuations at different times of the day are more significant than in the West.

The climate of Northeast Siberia is represented by variable air masses. It is characterized by increased precipitation and tight snow cover. Continental streams prevail in this area, which are rapidly cooled in the ground layer. That is why in January the temperature goes to a minimum. At this time of the year, the Arctic winds prevail. Often in the winter period you can observe air temperature up to -60 degrees. Basically, such minima are inherent in brands and valleys. On the plateau, the indicators do not lower below -38 degrees.

Warming is noted with the arrival of air flows from China and Central Asia.

winter time

It is not for nothing that the most severe and harsh possesses Eastern Siberia. Table of temperature indicators in winter time is proof (see below). These indicators are represented by averaged values \u200b\u200bover the past 5 years.

Due to the increased dryness of air, the constancy of the weather and the abundance of sunny days is so low indicators are transferred easier than with a wet climate. One of the decisive meteorological characteristics of the winter in Eastern Siberia is the lack of wind. Most of the season is a moderate calm, so the blizzard and blizzards here practically does not happen.

Interestingly, in the middle part of Russia, frost in -15 degrees feels much stronger than in Siberia -35 C. Nevertheless, such low temperatures deteriorate significantly the living conditions and activities of local residents. All residential premises have thickened walls. For warming buildings, expensive fuel boilers are used. The weather begins to improve only with the onset of March.

Warm seas year

In fact, spring in this region is short, since it comes late. Eastern which changes only with the arrival of warm Asian air flows, begins to wake up only by mid-April. It is then that the stability of positive temperatures in the daytime is noted. In March, warming occurs, but it is slightly. By the end of April, the weather begins to change in best side. In May, snow cover completely melts, the vegetation blooms.

In summer, in the south of the region, the weather becomes relatively hot. This is especially true of the steppe zone of Tuva, Khakassia and Transbaikalia. In July, the temperature here rises to +25 degrees. The greatest indicators are observed on flat terrain. In the valleys and on the highlands is still cool. If you take all the eastern Siberia, then the average temperature in the summer here is from +12 to +18 degrees.

Climate features in autumn

Already at the end of August, the Far East begin to envelop the first frosts. They are observed mainly in the northern part of the region at night. Day shines bright sunThe rains appear with wet snow, sometimes amplifying wind. It is worth noting that the transition to winter is much faster than spring by spring. In the taiga, this period takes about 50 days, and the steppe area is up to 2.5 months. All this specific traitswhich differs from other northern zones Eastern Siberia.

The climate in the fall is also represented by the abundance of rains coming from the West. From the east, the wet Pacific winds blow most often.

Level level

The circulation of the atmosphere in Eastern Siberia is replied by the relief. Pressure depends on it, and the speed of air flows. About 700 mm of precipitation falls per year in the region. The maximum indicator for the reporting period is 1000 mm, the minimum is 130 mm. The level of precipitation does not have a clear severity.

On the plateau in the middle lane rains are more often. Due to this, the amount of precipitation sometimes exceeds the mark of 1000 mm. The most arid area is the Yakutskaya. Here the amount of precipitation varies within 200 mm. The least of all the rains go from February to March to 20 mm. Western districts of Transbaikalia are considered optimal zones for vegetation.

Eternal Frost

To date, there is no place in the world that could compete with regard to continentality and meteorological anomalies with the region called Eastern Siberia. The climate in some bands is striking with its severity. In the immediate vicinity of the polar circle lies the zone of permafrost.

This area is characterized by minor snow cover and low temperatures throughout the year. Because of this, mountain weather and soil are losing great amount Heat, freezing on whole meters deep. Soil here is predominantly stony. Ground waters are small, often impaired for decades.

Vegetation of region

The nature of Eastern Siberia is mostly represented by Taiga. Such vegetation extends hundreds of kilometers from the Lena River to Kolyma. In the south of Taiga, it borders with the local ownership are intact man. Nevertheless, due to the arid climate over them always hangs the threat of large-scale fires. In winter, the temperature in the taiga descends to -40 degrees, but in summer the indicators are often rising to +20. The amount of precipitation moderate.

The nature of Eastern Siberia is also represented by the tundra zone. This zone is adjacent to the waters of the Ice Ocean. The soil here is bare, the temperature is low, the humidity is redundant. In the mountainous areas there are flowers like a fluffy, gravel, poppy, camneur. From the trees of the region you can allocate ate, willow, popols, birch, pines.

Animal world

Almost all areas of Eastern Siberia are not distinguished by the wealth of fauna. The reasons for this - the permafrost, the absence of food and underdevelopment of the deciduous flora.

The largest animals are brown bear, lynx, elk and wolverine. Sometimes you can meet foxes, ferrets, mountainous, badgers and lasoms. Cabargi, sable, deer and snow rams live in the central strip.

Because of the everlasting soil, there are only a few species of rodents: proteins, chipmunks, flying, beavers, syrches, etc. But the feathery world is extremely diverse: Ceremc, Klest, Ryabchik, Gus, Crow, Woodpecker, Duck, Keedrovka, Kulik, etc .

The Hydrographic Network of Eastern Siberia belongs to the North Ocean Basin and is distributed through the private pools of Kara, Laptev, East Siberian and Chukchi seas. By the nature of the relief, Eastern Siberia refers to mountainous areas, and here the mountains of medium height and extensive plateaus prevail, while only small spaces occupy lowlands.

Between Yeniseem and Lena, the Siberian Plateau Erosion is located. Its height is an average of 300-500 m above sea level; Only places among the plateau are highlighted higher raising - the Puratorna Ridge (1500 m), Vilyui Mountains (1074 m) and the Yenisei ridge (1122 m). In the upper part of the Yenisei basin is the Sayano Baikal Folded Country. This is the most high-altitude area of \u200b\u200bthe area, with heights up to 3480 m (Top Munka-Sardyk).

East of the lower flow of Lena extends a Verkhoyanskaya-Krymskaya mountainous country, characterized by sharp contrasts of low-mountain and mountain landscapes. On the right bank of the Lena stretches the powerful arc of the Verkhoyansky ridge with altitudes up to 2000 m, further to the east ridges the Cara Range - the mountain node with a height of 2000-3000 m, the Tas-Hayacht Ridge and others. Along with the mountain ranges, the Uoymakonskoye mountain range, Nevskaya and Yukagir plateau. In the south, the area of \u200b\u200bthe area is the ridges of appleary, becoming and modern, whose heights reach 2500-3000 m. In the east along the coast of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, the Kolyma Range stretches, or Gidan.

On the territory of Eastern Siberia there are also low-flared plains, among which it is allocated by their dimensions of the Leno-Vilyuy lowland, which is a grand syncinal deflection. The extreme north of the district, along the coast of the seasons, is occupied by the semi-barnoous lowland, the height of which does not exceed 100 m above sea level; The lowlands are also located in the lower reaches of Alasees, Kolyma and Indigir.

Porpolarore lowland is busy tundra and forest tundra. Most of the territory of Eastern Siberia belongs to the taiga area. In the forest landscape, the Daurgy larch prevails, most adapted to the harsh climate and the presence of permafrost; Significantly less pine here. The forests of Eastern Siberia are swamped weakly.

The taiga area on the territory of Eastern Siberia is dominant and extends far to the south; Plots of the steppe and forest-steppe were inserted into it in the form of spots (minusinskaya basin, wearing steppe, steppes of Transbaikalia).

In geological terms, the area is characterized by shallow occurrence of indigenous crystalline rocks, which often overlook the day surface. A large propagation, especially within the mid-Siberian plateau, has ancient erupted rocks - the trapps that form the characteristic vertical naval valleys in the form of columnar individuals (in local - pillars).

The Rivers of Eastern Siberia predominantly have the form of mountain streams; Packed by lowlands, they acquire a flat nature.

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Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "National Mineral-Raw Mountain University" Mountain "

Faculty of secondary vocational education

(College of geodesy and cartography)

TEST

by geography

Option number 8.

Performed:

student 1 Course PG-15Z Group

FULL NAME. Konyaev Arthur Georgievich

Lecturer: Dashicheva A.V

St. Petersburg-2015

Task 1: Biogenic Relief Forms. Relief-forming activities of animals and plants.

Task 2: Northeast Siberia of Russia, Physics and Geographical Characteristics

The relief is a set of forms of the earth's surface, various in the outlines, sizes, origin, age and development history. The relief affects the formation of climate, the nature and direction of the flow of rivers depend on it, the peculiarities of the spread of the vegetation and animal world are associated with it. The relief significantly affects the life and economic activity of man.

The value of organisms in the life of the Earth is great and varied. The processes of change of the surface of the Earth as a result of the activities of living organisms are called biogeomorphological, and the relief created with the participation of plants and animals is biogenic. This is mainly nano, micro and mesoform relief.

The grandiose process accomplished largely due to organisms - sedimentation (for example, limestone, caustobiolites and other breeds).

Plants and animals also participate in a complex universal process - weathering of rocks, both as a result of direct impact on rock rocks and through the products of their livelihoods. No wonder sometimes, along with physical and chemical weathelation, biological is distinguished.

Plants and animals have a significant impact on different natural processes, such as erosion. Destruction of vegetation on steep slopes, pulling plants by animals (the so-called "slaughter trails"), bursting of soils with nourishing animals - all this enhances erosion. This is especially dangerous on mountain slopes, where there is a distant pasture cattle breeding. Due to excessive pasture load, a variety of large-scale slope processes often come to life, the results of which are felt even in the foothills. The lull of the slopes (sowing meadow perennial long-air herbs) fastens the soil and reduces erosion.

Abundant water vegetation in rivers, as well as inhabitants of water bodies affect the channel processes. Beaver dams change the hydrological mode of rivers and geomorphological processes in the river bed. Due to the junction of rivers in areas above the beaver dams, wetlands are formed, shine floodplains.

Vegetation promotes lakes ingrowth, filling them with organic mass. As a result, on the site of the lake Kotlovin arise the aligned knocked surfaces of the swamps. In the tundra is very characteristic peat bumps.

Plants and animals are actively involved in creating some types of accumulative coast. In equatorial-tropical latitudes, mangrove coasts are formed, growing towards the sea due to the ignition of the plant mass. In moderate latitudes on the shores of the seas and the lakes there are similar reed shores.

On the coasts of the seas from animal shells with the participation of wave activity are created by crochetic beaches. Such accumulative relief forms like coral buildings are widely known: coastal, barriers (for example, a large barrier reef off the coast of Australia), ring atolls, which are many in the quiet and Indian oceans.

The formation of biogenic relief is also promoted. As a result of the emissions of the Earth, they create krotnins, Surchins, Baybachins - Hollys to a meter tall. The hills of fracters reach up to 4-5 m of heights at a diameter of 15-20 m and create a peculiar fine-walled relief in Australian and African savannas.

Animals and plants produce destructive work, which often manifests itself much more diverse and more difficult than similar activities of various agents of inanimate nature (wind, water, etc.).

The accumulative activity of animals and plants causes a wide variety of positive relief forms. It is possible, for example, to point to Koke-Surchins, which are soil emissions from Nor. However, the largest positive forms of relief are formed due to the accumulation of plant residues in the form of peat. On the surface of the ridges, the ridges are often found, composed of peat. Together with their separation (morality), they create a peculiar Grocery-Mountain Surface of the Swamps. The height of the garden above the surface of moods ranges from 15 to 30 cm and rarely reaches 50-70 cm.

As a result of livelihoods of animals and plants arise various forms Reliefs that can be divided into the following main groups:

relief shapes caused by their destructive activities;

relief shapes caused by their accumulatory activities.

Severe-delta Siberia is located in the extreme northeast of Eurasia at the junction of three lithospheric plates - Eurasian, North American and Pacific, which determined the solely complex relief of the territory. In addition, during a long geological history, the cardinal restructuring of textural and morphogenesis has repeatedly occurred.

If we assume that the territory of Northeast Siberia is consistent with the Latezozoic Upper-Chukotka folding-covered area, then its borders serve: in the West - the valleys of the Lena and the lower flow of Aldan, from where, crossing Jugjur border goes to the Sea Sea; In the south-east, the border passes along the lowland from the mouth of Anadyr to the mouth of the Penzhina; In the north of the Northern Ocean Sea; In the south and east - the sea of \u200b\u200bthe Pacific Ocean. Some geographers are not included in the Northeast Siberia Pacific coast, conducting the border on the watershed river rivers of the Northern Ice and Pacific Oceans.

In the Precambrian and Paleozoic, median arrays appeared in the form of individual microcontinents (Kolyom-Olonian, etc.), which during the Mesozoic folding were woven into the lace of folded mountains. At the end of the Mesozoic, the territory experienced a poisonization. At this time, there was a smooth warm climate with coniferous-wide forests, and on land, the North American flora penetrated here on the place of Bering Flora. During the alpine folding, mesozoic structures were split into separate blocks, some of which rose, while others dropped. The median arrays rose entirely, and where they split out, Lava came out. At the same time, the shelf of the Northern Ocean and Ocean and the terrain of Northeast Siberia acquired the appearance of the amphitheater. His highest steps are in the western, southern and eastern border of the territory (Verkhoyansky Ridge, Suuntar Hayat and Kolyma Highlands). The step below is the numerous plateaus at the site of the median arrays (Yanskoye, Elginsky, Yukagir, etc.) and the black ridge with the highest point of Northeastern Siberia - the Mountain of Victory (3003 m). The lowest stage is the wetlands of Jano-Indiigirskaya and the Kolyma lowland.

The zone of the Arctic desert.

Tundra zone.

Taiga zone.

The Arctic Desert is part of the Arctic Geographical Belt, the Northern Ocean Basin. This is the northernmost natural zones, characterized by the Arctic climate. Spaces are covered with glaciers, rubble and wreckage of stones.

Has low air temperatures in winter up to? 60 ° C, on average? 30 ° С in January and in July +3 ° С. It is formed not only due to low temperatures of high latitudes, but also in view of the heat reflection (albedo) in the bright time from snow and under the crust of the ice. Annual amount of precipitation up to 400 mm. In winter, the soil is impregnated with layers of snow and barely flawed ice, the level of which is 75-300 mm. [Source is not specified 76 days]

The climate in the Arctic is very severe. Ice and snow covers hold almost all year. In winter, there is a long polar night (75 ° C. sh. - 98 days; at 80 ° C. sh. - 127 days; in the area of \u200b\u200bthe pole - half a year). This is a very harsh season. The temperature drops to? 40 ° C and below, blowing strong hurricane winds, frequent tumans. In the summer, round the clock lighting, but there is little heat, the soil does not have time to fully utter. The air temperature is slightly higher than 0 ° C. The sky is often tightened with gray clouds, it rains (often with snow), due to severe evaporation of water from the surface of the ocean, thick fogs are formed.

Flora and fauna

The Arctic Desert (England Arctic Desert) is practically deprived of vegetation: there are no shrubs, lichens and mosses do not form solid cover. The soils are low-power, with a spotted (island) spread mainly only under vegetation, which consists mainly of the Osk, some cereals, lichens and moss. Extremely slow vegetation reducibility. Fauna mainly sea: walrus, seal, summer there are bird bazaars. Ground fauna Poor: Lescent, Polar Bear, Lemming.

Tumndra is a type of natural zones lying behind the northern limits of forest vegetation, space with the festive soil, not filled with marine or river waters. Tundra is the north of the taiga zone. By the nature of the surface, the tundra are swampy, peat, stony. The southern border of the tundra is taken for the beginning of the Arctic. From the north of Tundra is limited to the area of \u200b\u200bthe Arctic desert. Sometimes the term "tundra" is used to similar Antarctician natural zones.

Tundra in Alaska in July

Tundra is characterized by a very harsh climate (climate - subarctic), only those plants and animals that endure cold, strong winds. In the tundra, large fauna is quite rare.

Winter in Tundra is extremely long. Since most of the tundra is behind the polar circle, the Tundra in the winter is experiencing a polar night. The severity of the winter depends on the continentality of the climate.

Tundra is usually devoid of climatic summer (or it comes to a very short time). The average temperature of the warmer month (July or August) in the tundra is 5-10 ° C. With the arrival of summer, all the vegetation comes to life, as the polar day (or white nights occurs in those areas of the tundra, where the polar day does not occur).

May and September is spring and autumn tundra. It is in May that goes down the snow cover, and in early October, it is usually installed again.

In winter, the average temperature is up to? 30 ° C

There may be 8-9 winter months in the tundra.

Animal and vegetable world

The vegetation of the tundra is primarily lichen and mosses; Consisting of coated plants are low grass (especially from the family of cereals), shrubs and shrubs (for example, some dwarf species of birch and willow, berry shrubs of prince, blueberry).

Typical inhabitants of the Russian tundra - reindeer, foxes, snow rams, wolves, lemmings and hares - Rusaki. Birds are a bit: Lapland plantain, blonde rzhanka, red rusty, punch, punch, polar owl and white partridge.

Rivers and lakes are rich in fish (Nelma, Chir, Omul, Rapushka and others).

The tundra wetlafting allows to develop a large number of bloodsowing insects active in the summer. Because of the cold summer, there are practically no reptiles in the tundra: low temperatures limit the possibility of cold-blooded animal life

Taigam - Biom, characterized by the predominance of coniferous forests (boreal species of ate, fir, larch, pines, including cedar).

Pinezhsky forest.

The taiga is characteristic of the absence or weak development of the undergrowth (since there is little light in the forest), as well as the monotony of herbal-shrub tier and moss cover (green mosses). Types of shrubs (juniper, honeysuckle, currants, etc.), shrub (blueberries, lingonberry, etc.) and herbs (acids, pears) are not small both in Eurasia and in North America.

In the north of Europe (Finland, Sweden, Norway, Russia) prevail fir forests, in North America (Canada) - fir forests with admixture of larch Canadian. For the taiga of the Urals, light-killed forests from the pine ordinary are characteristic. In Siberia and the Far East dominates a rare-resistant larch taiga with a pixel from the cedar stabel, Rhododendron Dauro and more.

Animal peace Taiga is richer and more diverse than animal world tundra. Numerous and widespread: lynx, wolverine, chipmunk, sable, protein, etc. From hoofs there are northern and noble deer, Elk, Koslya; Numerous hares, burzubs, rodents: mice, firewalls, proteins and flying. From birds are common: Ceremonary, ordinary Ryakchik, Keedrovka, Klezti, and others. For the Taiga of North America, the American species of the same childbirth as in Eurasia are typical.

In the Tayth Forest compared to Festroy favorable conditions for animal life. Here is more sedentary animals. Nowhere in the world, except taiga, so many fur animals are not found.

In winter, the overwhelming number of invertebrate types, all amphibious and reptiles, as well as some types of mammals are immersed in anabiosis and winter hibernation, the activity of a number of other animals is reduced.

Thai types

According to the species composition, Svetlkhvoy (ordinary pine, Some American types of pine, larch Siberian and Dauroskaya) and more characteristic and common dark taiga (spruce, fir, cedar pine, Korean cedar). Wood rocks can form clean (spruce, larch) and mixed (spruce-fir) decontaneous.

Soil is usually a dend-podzolic. Moisturiziness sufficient. 1-6% humus.

Evaporation 545 mm, precipitation 550 mm, average temperature in July 17 ° -20 ° C, winter average January temperature in the west? 6 ° C, and in the east? 13 ° C

In the territory of Northeast Siberia, there is a sharply continental climate. Practically all Northeast Siberia lies within the limits of arctic and subarctic climatic belts. The temperature is on average below? 10 °.

Northeast Siberia can be divided into 3 climatic zones.

Hydrography

Northeast Siberia is dissected by a network of many rivers flowing towards the seas of Laptev and East Siberian. The largest ones - Yana, Indigirka and Kolyma - flow almost in the meridional direction from the south to the north. Slipping the mountain ranges in narrow deep valleys and taking numerous tributaries here, they, already in the form of multi-water flows, go to the northern lowlands, where the nature of the plain rivers acquire.

Most rivers eat mainly due to the melting of snow cover at the beginning of summer and summer rains. Some role in the nutrition of rivers is played by groundwater, melting of snow and glaciers in the high mountains, as well as forehead. More than 70% of the annual flow of rivers falls on three calendar summer months.

The largest river of Northeast Siberia is Kolyma (the area of \u200b\u200bthe pool - 643 thousand km2, the length is 2129 km) - begins in Verkhnekolum highland. Severally lower than the mouth of the river Corcodon Kolyma enters the limits of the kernel of lowland; The valley of it here is sharply expanding, the fall and the flow rate decreases, and the river gradually acquires the plain appearance. Near Nizhnekolimsk, the river width reaches 2-3 km, and the average annual flow rate is 3900 m3 / s (stock of about 123 km3 of water).

The origins of the second major river - Indigirki (length - 1980 km, the area of \u200b\u200bthe pool - 360 thousand km2) - located in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Oymyakon Plateau. Crossing the chile ridge, it flows into a deep and narrow valley with almost sheer slopes; In line with indigirs, thresholds are often found here. The river then goes to the equal imaging lowland plain, where it is broken on the sleeves separated by the sandy islands. Below the village of Chokurdah begins Delta, an area of \u200b\u200b7700 km2. Indigirka has stock for year over 57 km3 (average annual consumption - 1800 m3 / s).

Western countries of the country are drained to Yana (length - 1490 km2, pool area - 238 thousand km2). Her origins - the Dulgalah and Sartang rivers flow from the northern slope of the Verkhoyansky ridge. After their merger within the Yansk Plateau River flows in a wide valley with well-developed terraces. In the middle part of the current, where Yana crosses the spurs of the mountain ranges, the valley is narrowed, and thresholds appear in the row. The low-level Yana is located on the territory of the seaside lowland; When pushing into the sea of \u200b\u200bthe Laptev River forms a large delta (about 5,200 km2).

Yana is distinguished by a long summer flood, which is due to the gradual melting of the snow cover in the mountainous regions of its pool and the abundance of summer rains. Most high levels Waters are observed in July and August. The average annual consumption is 1000 m3 / s, and the stock for the year over 31 km3.

Most Lakes Northeast Siberia are located on the northern plains, indigracy and alasey pools. There are places where the area of \u200b\u200bthe lakes is not less than the area of \u200b\u200bthe sushi separating them. The abundance of lakes, which there are several tens of thousands, due to the small intersection of the relief of lowlands, difficult to flow conditions, the widespread spread of eternal permafrost. Most often, the lake occupy thermocarted basins or lowering in the floodplains and on the river islands. They all differ in small sizes, flat banks, small depths (up to 4-7 m). During the seven-eight months of the lake, the lakes are a powerful ice cover; Many of them in the middle of winter are freezing to the bottom.

On the territory of Northeast Siberia, there is: gold, tin, polymetals, tungsten, mercury, molybdenum, antimony, cobalt, arsenic, stone coal.

Unlike other parts of Siberia, the number of high-quality wood here is relatively small.

relief Siberia Russia

Literature

1. Lyubushkina S.G. General landography: studies. Manual for students of universities students on specials. "Geography" / S.G. Lyubushkina, K.V. Pashkang, A.V. Chernov; Ed. A.V. Chernova. - M.: Enlightenment, 2004. - 288 p.

2. N.A. N. Mikhailovsky N.I. Physical Geography of the USSR. Asian part. - 3rd ed., Act. and add. Tutorial for students geogr. Fact University. - M.: "Thought", 1978. 512 p.

3.Deavydova M.I., Rakovskaya E. M. Physical geography of the USSR. - M.: Education, 1990.- 304 p.

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