Electro-mechanical computers

Firstly (the law is the law), after a long trial, the US Federal Judge Earl R. Larson (Earl R. Larson) was annulled by a patent previously issued to Eckert (Eckert) and Mauchly, officially recognizing Atanasov inventor of the first Electronic digital computer.

Secondly, both the computer of Atanasov and Enica the basis of its element base have electro-vacuum lamps. Recall the definition. "Electronics is a science of interaction of charged particles with electric field ... ". Electronic lamps are not the first electronic components and the first computing devices were created on the lamps, the work of which was based on electronic components. There was a whole class of computing machines - relay. Of course, you can talk about "fully electronic" and about "electro-mechanical" computing machines, but from the point of view of priority it is not so important.

Konrad Tsuze (it. Konrad Zide.; June 22, 1910, Berlin, German Empire - December 18, 1995, Hünfeld, Germany) - German Engineer, Companies Pioneer. Most known as the creator of the first truly operating programmable computer (1941) and the first programming language high level (1945).

Fig. 2.1. Konrad Tsuze

In 1935, Tsuze received the education of an engineer in the Berlin Higher Technical School in Charlottenburg, which today is called Berlin technical University. Upon graduation, he went to work at the Hayunkel's aviation factory in the city of Dessau, however, worked only for a year, quit, closely took by creating a programmable counting machine. Having experimentated with a decimal number system, a young engineer preferred to her binary. In 1938, the first operating development of the CUZUE, called Z1 appeared. It was a binary mechanical calculator with an electrically driven and limited opportunity Programming using the keyboard. The result of calculations B. decimal system Displayed on the lamp panel. Built on own funds and friends of friends and mounted on the table in the living room of the parental house, Z1 worked in unforgettable due to lack of accuracy component parts. Z1 model is the world's first digital mechanical computer with software control. The architectural features of the Z1 were also: binary encoding and a system of representing a floating point (or "half-fiber" system, if using the terminology of K. TsUZ). At the same time, the length of the number was 21 discharge, of which 1 discharge was discharged under the sign of the number, 7 discharges were intended for order and its sign, 13 discharges - for the mantissa.

The Z1 computing machine is essentially a test model that has never been applied to practical purposes. This car was reconstructed in Berlin himself K.Suse in the 1980s, now it is exhibited in the Berlin Museum of Transport and Technology.

Specifications Z1:

Frequency: 1 Hz

Arithmetic device: floating point, Length of the machine word 22 bits

Average calculation rate: 5 seconds for the operation of addition, 10 seconds to the multiplication operation

Memory: 64 Machine Words

Weight: 1000 kg

Fig. 2.2. Restable model Z1.

World War II made it impossible to communicate a basis with other enthusiasts for creating computers in the UK and the United States of America. In 1939, the CUZUE was called up for military service, but managed to convince the army bosses as necessary to give him the opportunity to continue his developments. In 1940, he received support for the research institute of aerodynamics (it. Aerodynamische verersuchsanstalt.), who used his work to create a manague. Thanks to it, the TsUZ has built a modified version of the calculator - Z2 based on telephone relays. In the Z2 machine, the arithmetic device and the control device were implemented on the relay, and the memory remained mechanical (from the model Z1).

Unlike Z1, the new car read the instructions with a perforated 35-millimeter film. She, too, was a demonstration model and was not used for practical purposes. In the same year, the CUZU organized ZUSE ApparateBau to produce programmable machines.

Specifications Z2:

Frequency: 5 Hz

Arithmetic device: with a fixed point of comma, the length of the machine word 16 bits

Average calculation rate: 0.8 seconds per single addition operation

The number of relays in the arithmetic device: 600

Memory: 64 Machine Words

Energy consumption: 1000 W

Weight: 300 kg

Satisfied with the functionality of Z2, in 1941, the CUZUE created a more advanced model - Z3. Model Z3 - the world's first binary electromechanical VM with software control. Work on the creation of a Z3 machine was started in 1939, and its installation was fully completed on December 5, 1941.

On May 12, 1941, in Berlin, Konrad Tsuze introduced the scientist's work Z3. The success of the demonstration was huge. It is not by chance that it is Z3 that is considered the first workable, freely programmable computer in the world (its "competitors", Mark I and ENIAC appeared after 1943). True, the program did not store the program in the memory of the Z3, for this, the memory of 64 words was small, and Tsuze did not strive for it. There was a drawback - the lack of realization of the conditional transition.

Fig. 2.3. VM Z3.

Fig. 2.4. Relay z3.

The Z3 machine was intended to perform operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, extraction of a square root and auxiliary functions (in particular, binary-decimal transformations of numbers). To represent numbers, a binary floating semicolon was used. The length of the number is 22 binary discharge, of which 1 discharge is a sign of the number, 7 of the discharges - the order or exponent (in the additional code), 14 discharges - mantissa (in normalized form). The speed of VM when performing addition - 3 or 4 operations in 1 sec., And the multiplication time of two numbers was 4 - 5 seconds.

However, the programmability of this binary computer assembled, as well as the previous model, based on telephone relays, was also limited. Despite the fact that the procedure for computing can now be determined in advance, conditional transitions and cycles were absent. Nevertheless, Z3 first among computing TsUZ computing machines received practical application and was used to design the wing of the aircraft.

but the main problem It was that the highest military ranks of the Wehrmacht did not doubt the rapid victory of the German weapons, and therefore they attached little to computers. Indicatively such a fact. Once a tsuze and his friend Helmut Schreyer, a specialty engineer, asked for help to generals, so that they helped with a computer financing created not on the relay, but on vacuum lamps (Schraira idea). The military, having heard that for the construction of such a computer, it will take about two years, rejected the idea of \u200b\u200bTsuz-Schreyere, stating that Germany will win much earlier, without the help of new electronic computing.

Table. 2.1. The main characteristics of Z3.

Until 1944, Z3 was successfully used for aviation calculations when after bombing, the computer was destroyed. Konrad Tsuze is taken for creating a fourth computer - Z4.

During Berlin's bombardments in 1944, all three cars, Z1, Z2 and Z3 were destroyed.

Z4.- Computing Machine of Conrad Cuisa, created by it based on the development of the first programmable computer Z3. CUZUE company prepared Z4 for mass production. Z4 knew how to avoid computing incorrect numbers - It made it possible to leave a computer in "loneliness" and day, and at night without human control. The computer was invented during the Second World War, afraid that the invention could be destroyed during the hostilities, Konrad TsUZ decides to disassemble and hide the computer. Partly finished Z4 was immersed on the fodder and transported to safe place In the Bavarian village. It is for this computer that the Central Tsuz has developed the world's first high-level programming language called Plankalkul (it. Plankalkül calculus plans).

Z4, in contrast to the predecessors, an enviable fate fell out. Cuzuz prepared Z4 for mass production, however, the fear of bombing forced a not finally debugged computer to take out from Berlin. The Tsuze hid the computer in a disassembled form in the Alpine Saraj hotel hinstone. The postwar years were a heavy test for the CUZU, which had to be almost anew to collect Z4. For the restoration of mechanical memory, iron canned cans left by the troops of the Anti-Hitler coalition.

In 1946, the CUZU organized a commercial company for the production of computers "Engineering Service Tsuz in Hopfefer" (Him. ZUSE-INNIEURBÜRO HOPFERAU). Venture capital was obtained from the Swiss Higher Technical School and IBM.

Fig. 2.5. Restored Z4.

In 1948, the restored Z4 was horses transported to the town of Hopfephu, where the Tsuze was visited by Professor Potfel from the Higher Technical School in Zurich (ETHZ). Until now, it's not entirely clear where the professor spent about Z4.

This meeting became a turning point for the future life of Conrad Tsuz. In front of the pistower, he wrote a program, made a champion and introduced the data in Z4. The result was correct. Inspired by this, the pistower offered to rent Z4. To sign a contract with ETHZ, TSUZ registered the company "ZUSE KG". I must say that the choice of the Zurich professor was not. At that time, he could only rely on Z4, since the American computers were impossible to get, and the TsUZ machine worked reliably (even despite the memory of metal plates), had a special unit for creating programs and a number of other advantages.

In September 1950, Z4 was finally completed and put in Eth Zürich. At that time, he was the only working computer in continental Europe and the first computer in the world, which was sold. In this Z4 for five months ahead of Mark I and ten - Univac.

Specifications Z4:

Table. 2.2. The main characteristics of Z4.

Arithmetic device: floating point, 32 bits, +, -, *, /, square root Average calculation speed: Operation of addition of 400 ms Energy consumption: 4000 watts.

Mass: 1000 kg

Elements: About 2500 Relay

Until 1954, Z4 worked in Zurich, then, until 1959 - in France (Institute "Franco-Allemand Des Recherches De St. Louis"). It is estimated that for five years of work (1950-1955) Z4 calculated about 100 different projects. It is worth noting that in the early 50s of the last century, only two computers worked on the territory of Europe: Z4 Conrad Tsuze and MESM Sergey Lebedev (USSR) 5.

Tsuze and his company were built by other computers, the name of each of which began with capital letter Z. The most famous for the Z11 cars sold by enterprises of the optical industry and universities, and the Z22 are the first computer with memory on magnetic media.

Currently, the fully functioning model of the Z3 computer is located in the "German Museum" of the city of Munich, and the Z1 calculator model was transferred to the German Technical Museum of Berlin. Today, a special exhibition dedicated to Conrad to Cuzu and his works is also discovered in the latter. The exhibition presents twelve of its machines, original documents on the development of the Language of Plankalkul and several paintings of the TsUZ.

All three cars, Z1, Z2 and Z3 were destroyed during Berlin's bombardments in 1944. And in the next, 1945, and the company created by the Central Community, the company ceased to exist. A little earlier partially finished was immersed on the fodder and transported to a safe place in the Bavarian village. It is for this computer that the Central Tsuz has developed the world's first high-level programming language called Plankalkul (it. Plankalkül calculus plans ).

In 1985, the Central Committee became the first honorary member of the German "Informatics Society", and since 1987 it began to assign "Medal of Conrad Cuisa", which became the most famous German award in the field of computer science. In 1995, the TSUZ was awarded the Order of the Cross for Merit to the Federal Republic of Germany. In 2003, on the ZDF channel, he was called the "Greatest" of those who lived Germans.

Politically, the Tsuze attributed himself to socialists. Among other things, it was expressed in the desire to put computers in the service of socialist ideas. Within the framework of the "equivalent economy", the TsUZ, together with Arno Peters, worked on the creation of a concept of a high-tech planned economy based on the management of powerful modern computers. In the process of developing this concept, the CUZU introduced the term "Computer Socialism". The result of this work was the book "Computer Socialism. Conversations with Conrad Tsuze "(2000), published in co-authorship.

After retirement, the TsUZE took up his favorite hobby - painting. Tsuze died on December 18, 1995 in Hünfeld (Germany), at the age of 85. Today, several cities of Germany have streets and buildings called him name, as well as a school in Hünfelde.

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Notes

Literature

• Jürgen Alex. Konrad Zuse: Der Vater Des Computers / Alex J., Flessner H., Mons W. U. A .. - Parzeller, 2000. - 263 S. - ISBN 3-7900-0317-4, KNO-NR: 08 90 94 10. (it.)
• Raúl Rojas, Friedrich Ludwig Bauer, Konrad Zuse. Die Rechenmaschinen von konrad zuse. - Berlin: Springer, 1998. - BD. VII. - 221 S. - ISBN 3-540-63461-4, KNO-NR: 07 36 04 31. (it.)
• ZUSE K. Der Computer Mein Leben. (it.)
• THE COMPUTER - MY LIFE. - Springer Verlag, 1993. - ISBN 0-387-56453-5. (eng.)
• Meet: Computer \u003d Understanding Computers: Computer Basics: Input / Output / Per. from English K. G. Bataueva; Ed. And with before. V. M. Kurochina. - m .: Mir, 1989. - 240 p. - ISBN 5-03-001147-1.
• Computer language \u003d Understanding Computers: Software: Computer Languages \u200b\u200b/ Trans. from English S. E. Morkovina and V. M. Khodukina; Ed. And with before. V. M. Kurochina. - m .: Mir, 1989. - 240 s. - ISBN 5-03-001148-x.
• WILFRIED DE BEAUCLAIR. Vom Zahnrad Zum Chip: Eine Bildgeschichte der DatenveRBeitung. - Balje: Superbrain-Verlag, 2005. - BD. 3. - ISBN 3-00-013791-2.

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• (eng.) B, Minnesota University

An excerpt characterizing the TsUZ, Conrad

"No, he is not a fool," Natasha said offended and seriously.
- Well, what do you want? You now have everything in love. Well, in love, so get married for him! - Laughing angrily, said the Countess. - With God blessing!
- No, mom, I'm not in love with him, I must not be in love with him.
- Well, so tell him.
- Mom, are you angry? You are not angry, Golubushka, Well, what am I to blame?
- No, yes what, my friend? Want, I'll go tell him, "said the Countess, smiling.
- No, I myself, just teach. Everything is easy for you, she added, answering her smile. - Calid you saw, how he said to me! After all, I know that he did not want to say this, but he really said.
- Well, all the same it is necessary to refuse.
- No, no need. I feel sorry for him! He is so cute.
- Well, then accept the offer. And then it's time to marry ITTI, "Mother said angrily and mockingly.
- No, mom, I feel sorry for him. I do not know how I say.
"Yes, you have nothing to say, I'll tell you myself," said the Countess, perturbed by the fact that they dare to look like a big one, on this little Natasha.
"No, never for what, I myself, and you listen to the door," and Natasha ran through the living room in the hall, where on the same chair, the keycorder, closing his face with his hands, sat Denisov. He jumped to the sound of her light steps.
"Natalie," he said, going to her quick steps, "decide my destiny." She is in your hands!
"Vasily Dmitrich, I feel so sorry for you! ... no, but you are so glorious ... but do not need ... it ... And so I will always love you.
Denisov bent over her hand, and she heard strange, incomprehensible sounds for her. She kissed him into a black, confused, curly head. At that time, hasty noise of the Countess Dresses was heard. She approached them.
"Vasily Dmitrich, I thank you for honor," said Countess with a confused voice, but which seemed to be strict Denisov, "but my daughter was so young, and I thought you were like a friend of my son, refer to me." In this case, you would not put me in the need for refusal.
"G" Athena, "Denisov said with her eyes lowered and guilty, wanted to say something else and stuffed.
Natasha could not calmly see him so pitiful. She began to sob loudly.
- G "Athena, I am to blame for you," continued Denisov with an intermittent voice, "but know that I am so bogwood" Yu your daughter and your whole family that I will give two lives ... "He looked at the Countess and, noticing her strict face ... "Well," Okoy, G "Athena," he said, kissed her hand and, without looking at Natasha, rapidly, decisive steps came out of the room.

On another day, Rostov conducted Denisov, who did not want to stay in Moscow anymore. Denisov was accompanied by Gypsy all of his Moscow buddies, and he did not remember how he was laid in Sani and how the first three stations were brought.
After the departure of Denisov, Rostov, waiting for money that did not suddenly collect the old graph, spent two weeks in Moscow, without leaving the house, and mostly in the room the ladies.
Sonya was more gentle and devoted to him than before. She seemed to want to show him that his loss was a feat for which she now loves him even more; But Nikolai now considered himself unworthy.
He wrote down the albums of girls with verses and notes, and not by anyone from his acquaintances, late all 43 thousand and having received the Mural of Dolokhov, left at the end of November to catch up with the regiment, which was already in Poland.

After his explanation with his wife, Pierre went to St. Petersburg. In Torzhok, there were no horses on the estate, or did not want their caretaker. Pierre had to wait. He does not undressing down on a leather sofa before round table, put his big legs on this table in warm boots and thought.
- Order suitcases to make? Bed to bed, tea will order? - asked Campner.
Pierre did not answer, because he did not heard anything and did not see. He even thought about the last station and everything continued to think about the same thing - about such an important thing that he did not pay any. The fact that was happening around him. He was not only not interested in what he later would come to St. Petersburg, or what would or would not be a place to relax at this station, but it was still in comparison with those thoughts that he occupied now, whether he will stay a few hours or a lifetime at this station.
A caretaker, a worker, Campner, Baba with Torzhovsky sewing went into the room, offering their services. Pierre, not changing his position of the sked legs, looked at them through glasses, and did not understand what they could be needed and how they could all live without allowing those issues that they occupied. And he was held all the same questions from the very day, as he after a duel returned from Sokolnikov and spent the first, painful, sleepless night; Only now in the privacy of the journey, they met with special strength to them. What he would be able to think about, he returned to the same issues he could not allow, and could not stop asking himself. As if, in his head, he was curled by the main screw on which his whole life was held. The screw did not enter further, did not go out, and spit out, not exciting anything, everything is on the same cut, and it was impossible to stop her twist.
A caretaker entered and humiliately began to ask his bencestracy to wait only two hours, after which he was for his beggar (which would be, then it would be) will give courier. The caretaker obviously blocked and wanted only to get extra money from the road. "Was it bad or good?", I asked myself Pierre. "For me, good, for another passing badly, and for him the very inevitable, because he has nothing to do: he said that he had an officer for it. And the officer nailed for the fact that he had to go rather. And I shot Dolokhova for what I found myself offended, and Louis XVI was executed for the fact that he was considered a criminal, and a year later they killed those who were executed, too for something. What is bad? What well? What should I love to hate? Why live, and what is me? What is life that death? What power manages everything? "He asked himself. And there was no answer to any of these questions, except for one, not a logical response, not at all on these issues. This answer was: "I will die - everything will end. I will die and you know everything, or stop asking. " But it was scary to die.
Torzhkovskaya traders offered his goods and in particular gantry shoes. "I have hundreds of rubles, which I have nowhere to do, and she stands in a tendered fur coat and looks at me," Pierre thought. And why do you need this money? Exactly on one hair can add happiness, calm the soul, this money? Can something in the world make it and less susceptible to evil and death? Death, which is all over and which should come now or tomorrow - all the same in a moment, in comparison with eternity. " And he again pressed on nothing exciting screw, and the screw is still spoken at the same place.
The servant him filed to him the Book of Roman's cut-down in the letters M M M M M M M M M. [Madame Susa.] He began to read about suffering and a virtuous struggle of some kind of Amelie de Mansfeld. [Amalia Mansfeld] "And why was she fighting against his seducer, he thought, - when did she love him? God could not invest in her soul aspiration, no other will. My ex-wife did not fight and maybe she was right. Nothing found, Pierre spoke again, nothing was invented. To know, we can only know what we know. And this higher degree Human wisdom. "
Everything in it itself and around him seemed to him confusing, meaningless and disgusting. But in this very disgusting to all of the surrounding Pierre found a kind of annoying pleasure.
"I dare to ask for your shine to sink a tiny, here for them," the caretaker said, entering the room and introducing another, stopped for the lack of horses passing. The passing was squat, wide, yellow, wrinkled old man with gray-haired eyebrows over shiny, uncertain grayish color, eyes.
Pierre removed his legs from the table, stood up and rushed to the bed cooked for him, occasionally glancing at the included, who, with a sullenly tired view, without looking at Pierre, was seriously undressed with the help of a servant. Having remained in the indoor nanny Tuluochka and in the woven boots on thin bony legs, the passage sat down on the sofa, leaning her very much and wide in the temples, a briefly blinded head and looked at Dumb. Strict, intelligent and insightful expression of this glance struck Pierre. He wanted to speak with passing, but when he was going to appeal to him with the question of the road, passing already closed his eyes and folding the old hands, on the finger of one of which was a big cast-iron ring with an image of the Adam's head, motionless sitting, or resting, or about Something deeply and calmly meditating, as the pierre seemed. The servant passing was all covered with wrinkles, too, yellow old days, without a mustache and beard, who apparently not siblive, and never grew by him. The ridiculous old man of the servant disassembled the cellar, prepared a tea table, and brought a boiling samovar. When everything was ready, passing discovered his eyes, moved to the table and ran into one cup of tea, poured another leafe with an old man and filed him. Pierre began to feel anxiety and necessity, and even the inevitability of joining the conversation with this passing.
The servant brought his empty back, an inverted glass with a non-slip piece of sugar and asked if he was not necessary.
- Nothing. Fend a book, "said passing. The servant filed a book that seemed to Pierre spiritual, and passing deepened in reading. Pierre looked at him. Suddenly, passing postponed the book, laid off her and, again, closing his eyes and climbing his back, sat down in his previous position. Pierre looked at him and did not have time to turn away, as the old man opened his eyes and stated his firm and strict look right in the face of Pierra.
Pierre felt embarrassed and wanted to deviate from this glance, but brilliant, senile eyes irresistibly attracted him to themselves.

"I am a pleasure to speak with the Count of Duzuhim, if I'm not mistaken," said leisurely and loudly. Pierre Silently, looked questioningly through glasses on his interlocutor.
- I heard about you, - continued passing, - and about you, my sovereign, misfortune. "He as if he stressed the last word, as if he said," Yes, the misfortune, as you call, I know that what happened to you in Moscow was misfortune. " - I am very sorry about my sovereign.
Pierre blushed and, hastily knocking his legs from bed, bent down the old man, smiling unnaturally and timidly.
- I did not mention it out of curiosity about it, my sovereign, but at more important reasons. - He paused, not releaseing Pierre from his gaze, and moved on the couch, inviting this Pierre gesture to sit beside himself. Pierre was unpleasant to join the conversation with this old man, but he involuntarily conquering him, approached and sat down beside him.
"You are unhappy, my sovereign," he continued. - You are young, I am old. I would want to help you with my strength.
"Oh, yes," said Pierre with an unnatural smile. - Thank you very much ... Do you please learn from? - The face of passing was not affectionately, even cold and strictly, but despite the fact, and the face of the new acquaintance of the new acquaintance was attractively acted on Pierre.
"But if for some reasons you have a unpleasant conversation with me," said the old man, "then you say, my sovereign." "And he suddenly smiled unexpectedly, a delicate smile."
"Oh no, no, there is no, on the contrary, I am very happy to meet you," said Pierre, and, looking once again on the hands of a new acquaintance, he looked closer to the ring. He saw on him Adam's head, sign of Masonry.
"Let me ask," he said. - Are you a Mason?
"Yes, I belong to the fraternity of free landing people, said Perezzhiy, getting deeper and deeper into the eyes of Pjar. - And from myself and from their name I stretch you with a fraternal hand.

Z1 Conrad Tsuza

The creator of the first operating computer with software control is considered the German engineer of Conrad Tsuz, who since childhood loved to invent and, even when he studied at school, designed the model of the machine for the change of money. About the car capable of performing tedious computing instead, he began to dream when was still a student. Not knowing about the work of Charles Babbja, the TsUZ soon began to create a device, in many respects such an analytical machine of this English mathematics. In 1936, the TsUZ resigned from the company where he worked to give more time to build a computer. Having received a certain amount of money from friends, he arranged a "workshop" on a small table in the corner of the living room in the house of the parents. When the sizes of the machine began to grow, the CUZUE first moved two tables to his workplace, and then moved to its device in the middle of the room. After about two years, the computer that occupied the area of \u200b\u200babout 4 m2 and was the intricateness of the relay and wires, was ready. The machine called by him Z 1 (from ZUSE - the names of the Tsuze, written in German), had a keyboard for data entry. The result of the calculations appeared on the panel - for this, a lot of small light bulbs were used. In general, the TsUZ was satisfied with the device, but he considered the input from the keyboard uncomfortable and slow. He began to search for other options, and after some time, the solution was found: the commands for the machine began to be administered using the used 35mm film, in which holes made their way. The car worked with perflective was named Z 2. And in 1941, Konrad Tsuze completed the construction of the relay computer Z 3, where the binary number system was used. These machine samples were destroyed in bombing during the war. The Z 4, which appeared in March 1945, remained in March 1945 (which was used for scientific settlements in the University of Göttingen), and later the TSUCH made another model Z 5. The main elements of all its computers were electromechanical relays, similar to those used then, for example, in telephone Switches.
In 1942, the Tsuz and the Austrian Electric Engineer Helmut Schreyer, who collaborated from time to time with the TsUZ, offered to create a fundamentally new type device. They were going to translate the Z 3 computer with electromechanical relays on vacuum electronic lamps that have no moving parts. The new car was supposed to act hundreds of times faster than any of the cars that had been in the warring Germany. However, this proposal was rejected: Hitler imposed a ban on all "long-term" scientific developmentbecause I was confident in fast victory. In the difficult post-war years, the CUZUE, without being able to continue to fully work directly above the computer, sent all its energy to the development of theory. He came up with an effective programming method, not only for a computer Z 4, but also for any other similar machine. Working alone, the TsUZ has created a programming system, called Plankalkul (Plancalculus, "Plans"). This language (superior "at certain points" in its capabilities appeared about 12 years later later algol) is called the first high level language. Tsuze prepared a brochure, where he told about his creation and the possibility of its use to solve a variety of tasks, including the sorting of numbers and performing arithmetic action in a binary number system (other computers of that time worked in the decimal system), and also presented several dozen fragments of programs on Placalkule for Estimates of chess positions. Without looking forward to seeing your language implemented on the computer, he noted: "Plankalkul was born solely as a result theoretical work, without any connection with the fact that there will be or not in the foreseeable future, the machines suitable for programs on Plankalkule. "
The whole work of the TsUZ was published only in the 1970s. This publication forced experts to think about what influence could have placled, be it widely known before. In the United States, the creation of relay computers was engaged independently of the Tsuz George Stibitz (Machines "Model I", ..., "Model V") and Howard Eiken (Mark 1 "and other computers). And one of the most perfect "pure relay" machines was PBM-1, designed and built under the direction of a specialist in the countable devices of Nikolai Ivanovich Bessonov in our country in the mid-1950s. The relay computers had a low speed of arithmetic operations and low reliability, which was due primarily to low speed and low reliability of their main counting and storage elements - electromechanical relays. In addition, these machines had the same disadvantage as the analytical machine of Babbjing: the lack of stored in the program's memory. However, they occupy a very honorable place in the history of computer technology, as they are the first operating automatic software-managed universal computers.

Konrad Tsuze - German Engineer, Companies Pioneer. The most famous as the creator of the first truly working programmable computer and the first high-level programming language. Years of life: 1910-1995.

Tsuze was born in Berlin and lived for a long time with his parents in the north of Saxony in the town of Hoyersverd.

In 1935, Tsuze received an engineer's education in the Berlin Higher Technical School in Charlottenburg, which today is called the Berlin Technical University. Upon graduation, he went to work at the Henchel Aviation Plant in Schönefeld, however, worked on only a year, quit, closely took by creating a programmable counting machine. Having experimentated with a decimal number system, a young engineer preferred to her binary. In 1938, the first operating development of the CUZUE, called Z1 appeared. It was a binary mechanical mechanical calculator with an electrical drive and a limited programming capability using a keyboard. The result of calculations in the decimal system was displayed on the lamp panel. Built on their own funds and money of friends, and, mounted on the table in the living room of the parental house, Z1 worked in detrimental due to insufficient accuracy of the composite parts. However, being an experimental model, it was not used for any practical goals.

World War II made it impossible to communicate a basis with other enthusiasts for creating computers in the UK and the United States of America. In 1939, the CUZUE was called up for military service, but managed to convince the army bosses as necessary to give him the opportunity to continue his developments. In 1940, he received support for the research institute of aerodynamics, which used his work to create managed missiles. The TsUZA has built a modified version of the calculator - Z2 based on telephone relays. In contrast to Z1, the new car read the instructions of the perforated 35-millimeter film swivel. She, too, was a demonstration model and was not used for practical purposes. In the same year, the CUZU organized ZUSE ApparateBau to produce programmable machines.

In 1941, the TsUZ has already created a more advanced model - Z3, which many people consider the first to be the first to be the first to be the first to be a programmable computer. However, the programmability of this binary computer assembled, as well as the previous model, based on telephone relays, was also limited. Despite the fact that the procedure for computing can now be determined in advance, conditional transitions and cycles were absent. Nevertheless, Z3 first among computing TsUZ computing machines received practical application and was used to design the wing of the aircraft.

All three cars, Z1, Z2 and Z3 were destroyed during Berlin's bombardments in 1944. And in the next, 1945, and the company created by the Central Community, the company ceased to exist. A slightly previously finished Z4 was immersed on the fodder and transported to a safe place in the Bavarian village. It was for this computer that the Central Committee has developed the world's first high-level programming language, named Plankalkul.

Plankalkul is the world's first high-level programming language created by the German engineer Conrad TsUZ in 1942. Translated into Russian, this name corresponds to the expression "planning calculus".

The language was developed as a basic means for programming a Z4 computer, however, it was also suitable for working with other computing machines similar to it.

Plankalkul maintained the assignment operations, calling subroutines, conditional operators, iterative cycles, floating-seafing arithmetic, array, hierarchical structures Data, approval, exception processing and many other completely modern means of programming languages.

Tsuze described the capabilities of the Language of Plankalkul in a separate brochure. In the same place, he described the possible application of a language for sorting numbers and performing arithmetic operations. In addition, the TsUZ amounted to 49 pages of planeculkule programs to assess the chess positions. Later, he wrote that he was interested in checking the effectiveness and versatility of Plankalkulyu in relation to chess tasks.

Work in the separation from other specialists in Europe and the United States led to the fact that only a minor part of his work became famous. Completely, the work of the TsUZ was published only in 1972. And it is possible that if the Language of Plankalkul became known earlier, the paths of development of computer equipment and programming could change.

The Tsuz himself did not create an implementation for his language. The first compiler of the Plankalkul language (for modern computers) was created in the Free University of Berlin only in 2000, five years after the death of Conrad Cuis.

After three years, in 1949, settling in the city of Hünfeld, Cuisa created ZUSE KG. In September 1950, Z4 was finally completed and put in Eth Zrich. At that time, he was the only working computer in continental Europe and the first computer in the world, which was sold. In this Z4 for five months ahead of Mark I and ten - Univac. The Tsuze and his company were built by other computers, the name of each of which began with a capital letter Z. The most famous for the Z11 cars sold by enterprises of the optical industry and universities, and Z22 are the first computer with memory on magnetic media.

In addition to the general purpose computing machines, the CUZU has built several specialized computers. Thus, the S1 and S2 calculators were used to determine the exact dimensions of parts in aviation Technology. The S2 machine, in addition to the calculator, also included measuring devices to perform aircraft measurements. The L1 computer and remaining in the form of an experimental sample was intended for a basis for solving logical problems.

By 1967, ZUSE KG supplied 251 Computer, worth about 100 million daiffers, however, due to financial problems, Siemens AG was sold. Nevertheless, the CUZU continued to conduct research in the field of computers, and worked as a specialist-consultant Siemens AG.

The Tsuze believed that the device of the universe was similar to a network of interrelated computers. In 1969, he published the "Computing Space" book (it. Rechnender Raum), translated in a year by employees of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology

In 1987--1989, despite the transferred heart attack, Tsuze recreated his first Z1 computer. The completed model consisted of 30 thousand components, cost 800 thousand German marks and demanded 4 enthusiasts for their assembly (including the CUCE himself). Project financing was provided by Siemens AG, along with five other companies.

For its contribution and first successes in the field of automatic computing, an independent offer of the use of a binary system and floating-point arithmetic, as well as the design of the first in Germany and one of the very first software-managed computers in 1965, Garry Hum memorial prize, a medal and 2000 dollars from Computer Society.

After retirement, the TsUZE took up his favorite hobby - painting. Tsuze died on December 18, 1995 in Hünfeld (Germany), at the age of 85. Today, several cities of Germany have streets and buildings called him name.

Konrad Tsuze

Creator of the first programmable digital computer

The first, well-operated device was the model Z-3, whose design was completed in Berlin, in 1941, and which I could provide specialists ... Today we know that this model was the first truly active computer.

Konrad Tsuze

Konrad Tsuze

One of the myths concerning initial period Computer history, usually contacted the research and development of American scientists and engineers. This myth was destroyed in 1969, when information regarding CUZUP computers became affordable in the United States and other countries.

His father, Emil Tsuze, was a postal official, earned a little, but with his wife Maria Tsuze, and the sister of Conrad - Liselotta, did everything that could to support the interest of the Son to the design of computing machines. It must be said that in childhood Konrad constructed the current model for the change of coins. In 1935, he graduated from the Higher Technical School (Technische Hochschule) in the specialty "Civil Engineering" and began working by the analyst in the Henschel Airlines. Working in this company, the TsUZ has encountered numerous tedious calculations related to the design of aircraft. In 1936, at the age of 26, he decided to design a computing device (computer), having accumulated ideas for this and the apartment of the parents as a "workshop".

He was going to build a series of computers, originally called VersuchsModell (experimental model). The first VersuchsModell, V-1, built in 1938, was completely mechanical, on 16 engine words and ranked 4 square meters. Meter (Restored version V-1 is located in the Verker Und Technik Museum in Berlin). A series of VersuchsModell Tsuze considered as a working tool for engineers and scientists who dealt with complex aerodynamic calculations.

At the beginning of the war, in 1939, the TsUZ was recruited into the army, but soon he and many engineers like him were released from military service And attached to engineering projects supporting military German power. Tsuze sent to the German Aviation research institute in Berlin.

Returning to his hometown, the scientist continued to improve the VersuchsModell series in the house of his parents, and to a greater extent at the expense of his own funds, although he worked at the institute, which was constructed by military aircraft for LuftWaffe. Helmut Schreyer, who collaborated with the CUZN, while creating computers, offered to use electromagnetic relays for the second VersuchSModell, V-2. Schreier showed a CUZE as these relays can be applied in the structure of a digital mechanical computer developed by the CU. Schreier, who left after the war in Brazil, also considered the possibility of using vacuum lamps to create computers, and ultimately, they developed a variety of "trigger scheme", now widely used in computer logic.

V-2 was, of course, very unreliable, but one of the rare cases of his normal work happened when Alfred Teichman, a leading scientist from German aviation Institute, visited the house of Tsuz, at his invitation. Tayhman was a specialist in the most important problem of aircraft - wing vibration. He immediately realized that a car similar to V-2 could help engineers solve this problem. The problem of vibration "disappeared under the touch of a finger", later recalled the TsUZ.

Tayhman helped Tsuze to get money for his work on creating computers, but the TsUZ continued to work in the house of his parents and never hired an extraneous assistant staff. With the help of Schraeer, the CUCC completed the world's first fully functional, program-managed computer at the end of 1941.

This third VersuchSModell was named V-3. It had 1400 electromagnetic relays in memory, 600 relays to manage calculations and another 600 relays for other purposes. The computer worked in a binary number system, the numbers were presented in a floating semicolon, the machine word length was 22 bits, the amount of memory is 64 bits.

The transaction of multiplication V-3 spent from three to five seconds. The problem most frequently solved V-3 was the calculation of the matrix determinant (i.e., the solution of a system of equations with several variables). V-3 was obviously the first computer that was used to record arithmetic expressions inverse Polish recording. The invention of this record is attributed to the Polish logic of Jan Lukasevich, but the TsUZ did not know about the contribution of Lukasevich, he simply invented the "Wheel", like many other scientists.

During World War II, the TsUZ Renamed his first three computers in Z-L, Z-2, Z-3, respectively, to avoid confusion with V-1 and V-2 missiles, developed by Werner Background Brown for war against England. Tsuze always wanted to make its computers of the Z series for a common destination, but still one computer became a specialized - S-1, version Z-3, which probably supported German military power.

Computer Z-3

This specialized computer, S-1, helped Henschel Aircraft Company to produce flying bombs, known as HS-293. Not so well-known and widely used bomb background Brown HS-293 was an unmanned airplane, wearable at the top of the bombarder. The pilot of the bombarder caught a goal in the field of his vision and dropped HS-293, and the crew of the Bombarder on Radio ruled its planning to the goal. The HS-293 exploded the ships of the allied troops after August 1943, and also destroyed bridges in Poland during the retreat of the Germans in 1945.

The S-1 computer reliably worked from 1942 to 1944 at the Henschel plant in Berlin, calculated the size of the wing and turning the height steering, important for HS-293. The workers were measured by the true sizes of the wings and the height steering; The results of these measurements were placed in S-1, which then calculated the angle of deviation of the HS-293 from the direct trajectory, if these parts are correctly collected. The TSUCH developed methods for programming their computer, which did not require a programmer to a detailed understanding of the internal organization of the computer. He tried to solve the problem that could be called the lack of leading global programmers, because the war pulled human resources. He asked the Society of Blind to send him a list of blind people who showed abilities in mathematics. From the list of TsUZ, he chose some Augustus a magazine, which then became a professional in programming.

Now that Z-3 gained recognition, the Tsuze wanted to build an even more powerful computer. He represented him with a large amount of memory for 500 numbers and with a 32-bit machine word. Z-4 was the most complex computer CUZUE. He could fold, multiply, divide or find a square root for 3 seconds. At this time, the Central Committee had already had the support of the German military command for the construction of general-purpose computers, although the Ministry of Aviation, which was ordered by the computer, was interested in the computer only for calculations related to the design of aircraft. By 1942, the TsUZ founded the company "ZUSE Apparatebau". For most of the war, he worked alone, but by the end of the war, 20 employees worked under his leadership. After a German defeat in February 1943, under Stalingrad, TsUZ became a convinced supporter that the war is over. Its computers could come in handy for peaceful purposes. But life was unstable, and he could not be sure if his cars would remain "live." Allies bombed Berlin every day. Z-3 was destroyed, a Z-4 before Escape from Berlin In March 1945, TsUZ had to be transported three times in the city to avoid bombing, which violated the efficiency of the device.

The TsUZA was allowed to leave Berlin in recent months of war. In March 1945, he and his assistant transported dismantled Z-4 by train to Göttingen, 100 miles west. By order of government, its equipment should be taken to the underground factories near Northeim, but after the first visit to the concentration camps, the TsUZ refused. He settled near the mountains, in the peaceful Bavarian village. The TsUZ was offered to leave Germany and move to England or to the United States. Then he could build computers for the British during the post-war years. But he stayed in Germany. He lived in Hinterstein until 1946, and its equipment was hidden in the farm basement.

In 1946, Tsuze moved to another alpine village, Hopfefer, near the Austrian border. There he lived for three years. It was time to think. Development hardware After the war he suspended, and the TsUZ returned to programming.

In 1945, he developed what he called the first programming language for computers. The programming system, he called Plankalkul ("calculus plans"). The TsUZ wrote a small essay, where he told about his creation and the possibility of its use for solving such tasks as sorting numbers and performing operations in binary arithmetic. Having learned to play chess, Tsuze wrote several fragments of Plankalkul programs, which allowed the computer to evaluate chess positions.

Many Plankalkul ideas remain unknown to a whole generation of programmers. Only in 1972, the work of the TsUZ was published entirely, and this publication forced specialists to think about what the Plankalkul could have influenced, whether he was known before. "Apparently, everything could turn into very differently, and we do not live in the best of the worlds," I noticed one scientist on this, criticizing the programming languages \u200b\u200blater.

In 1948, Professor E. Steafil from Technical University in Zurich ordered a Z-4 computer for his laboratory. And in 1949, the Tsuz founded a small company called ZUSE KG, which was supposed to develop computers for scientific purposes. It existed until 1966, when Siemens AG acquired it, but Tsuze remained in a new company to a freelance consultant. In the 50-60 years, new computers were created on the Z-5 and Z-11 relay, then together with ferrom and gyuch, it creates Z-22 on electronic lamps and Z-23 on transistors. One of its last developments were computers Z-25 and Z-31, as well as Z-64 grafomograph for automatic construction of drawings and cards. He wrote the book "History of Computing", published in German and English.

IN last years Tsuze lived in the village of Hesian in several hours from Frankfurt and his beloved occupation began painting, mostly abstract. His works were demonstrated at numerous exhibitions. Some of his paintings, he signed the pseudonym "Kone See".

On December 18, 1995, Conrad Tsuz did not. His merits, as one of the company's attributes of a computer era, are indisputable.

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