Fet, Athanasius Afanasyevich (1820-1892), the poet 72 is not a lorn sorry with a tomitious breath, - what life and death? And sorry for the fire that he spawned over the whole worldly, and in the night goes, and crying, leaving. "BUT. L. Grazka "(1879) Fet, p. 322 73 Oh, if I used to affect the soul it was possible! "Like midge

Philologist, born in the Romena district of Poltava province, on September 10, 1835, in the noble family. Seven years P. was given to the Radom Gymnasium and, thanks to this circumstance, he studied the Polish well. In 1851, P. entered the University of Kharkov, at the Faculty of Law, but next 1852 moved to historical and philological. At the university, he lived in a casinic student at the boarding house and subsequently recalled with pleasure about this period of his life and found good sides in the then student hostel. At the University of P. near the student M. V. Neochsky; Neochsky had a special Malorussian library, which was used by P. Teaching staff at the time in Kharkov University was not brilliant. Russian language was read by A. L. Metlinsky, according to P. Good and a pretty man, but a weak professor. His "Collection of South Russian People's Songs", according to P., was the first book who learned him to look closely to the phenomena of the language, and it was undoubted that the pretty Personality of Metlinsky and his literary experiments had an impact on P., while putting love in it to language and literature; In particular, the beneficial effect on P. produced the collection of folk small songs compiled by Metlin. At the University of P. listened to two famous Slavists, P. A. and N. A. Lavrovsky, and with gratitude subsequently recalled them as scientific leaders. P. graduated from the course at the University in 1856 and, according to the advice of P. A. Lavrovsky, began to prepare for the Master's exam. At the same time, he served as a classroom warden in the Kharkov 1st gymnasium, but was soon determined by an overwhelmed senior teacher of Russian literature. According to N. A. Lavrovsky, P. familiarized himself with the works of Mikloshich and Karadzhich. According to the protection of master's thesis "On some symbols", P. was appointed by the Adjunct of the Kharkov University, with dismissal from the post of teacher of the gymnasium, and in 1861 there were theoretical studies on pedagogy; At the same time, he was secretary of the historical and philological faculty. In a master's thesis, it was brightly discovered by his philosophical study of language and poetry and to the definition of symbolic values \u200b\u200bin the word. The essay does not cause imitations; But the author himself later turned to him many times and later developed some of his departments with greater details and depth scientific analysis. The inclination to the philosophical psychological study of the system of speech and history of the language was particularly brightly discovered in the extensive article P. "Thought and language", printed in 1862 in the "magazine Minister. Nar. Pros.". In 1892, already in the death of P., the essay is reissued by the widow of the deceased, M. F. Plebny, with the portrait of the author and a small preface written by prof. M. S. Drinov.

In 1862, P. was sent abroad for two years, but soon missed his homeland and returned in a year. P. visited Slavic lands, listened to Sanskrit from Weber and personally met a microtech. At this time, it was already quite clear and clearly determined its views on the importance of nationalism in the science and life of nationalism, as a few large letters of P. to Belikov (are stored in the manuscript of prof. M. E. Khalansky).

Since 1863 P. was an associate professor of the Kharkov University. To this, approximately, the time belongs to his differences with Peter A. Lavrovsky, the literary residue of which is provided by the harsh criticism of Lavrovsky for the composition of P. (1865) "On the mythical value of some rites and belief", printed in "Mosk's readings. Society. East . and ancient. Ross. " 1866 P. wrote a response that was not printed by the editor of the "readings" O. M. Bajansky and was preserved in the manuscripts of P. In 1874, he defended his doctoral dissertation in Kharkov University: "From the notes in Russian grammar", in 2 parts; In 1875, approved by the extraordinary and in the same year in the fall - an ordinary professor. Thesis was preceded by a number of other works on philology and mythology: "On the relationship of some ideas" - in Philol. Notes "1864," On Full Pagrain "and" On the Sound Features of the Russian Nareki "(in" Philol. Notes "1866)," Notes on the Malorussian Naschay "(IB. 1870)," On the share and splinters with her beings "(in" Antiquities "Mosk. Archaol. Society., Vol. I) and" On Kupal's Fires "(in the" Archaeological Bulletin "of 1867). In these articles, many actual material was collected, a lot of valuable conclusions were made. In particular, large origin P. - For philologists are "Notes on the Malorussian Institutes", and for mythologists and ethnographers - an essay "On the mythical meaning of some rites and beliefs". Doctoral thesis: "From the notes in Russian grammar" consists of 2 parts - administration (in 157 p.) And research on composite members of the proposal and their replacements in Russian. The second edition of this dissertation, corrected and supplemented, was published in 1889. This essay was very commendable reviews of I. I. Szrevnevsky, A. A. Kotlyarevsky, I. B. Yagich, V. I. Lamansky, A. S. Budilovich and I. V. Ruffle. O These are collected in the book "Memory of A. A. Perebny", published in 1892 by the Kharkov historical and philological society. Szreznevsky was surprised by the readiness of P. and its widespread reality. G. Yagich notes its extensive knowledge, independence of thinking, thoroughness and caution in the conclusions; Budilovich puts P. According to merit next to Yakov Grimm. G. Lamansky considers him above Mikloshich, calls "one of the most precious gifts of Russian education", "deep-well-knowledge", "highly gifted".

Of late philological studies P. Wonderful: "To the history of the sounds of the Russian language" - in 4 parts (1873-1886) and "Multiple numbers in Russian" (1888). In these studies, along with valuable comments on phonetics, there are very important observations about the lexical composition of the Russian language and, in connection with them, ethnographic observations and learning. If on the phonetics of the Malorussian language, along with the writings of P., it is possible to put the works of Mikloshich, Ogonovsky, P. Zhtetsky, then in relation to the study of the lexical composition of the Malorussian language P. occupies the only place, out of comparisons, almost without predecessors, except for Maximovich, and without followers , without successors. P. revealed the caches of the artistic activities of the people in certain words and in their song combination. With many dark words, it is raised to the bedspread, hiding their important historical and domestic importance.

From studying the lexic composition of the tongue, one step remains before the study of folk poetry, mainly songs, where the word retains all its artistic strength and expressiveness, - and A. A. Festa, the most natural way moved from the work of philological to the wider and vibrant work of historical and literary work, It is more accurate to say - to the study of folk poetic motifs. Already in 1877, in the article about the collection of songs of Golovaksky, he expressed and developed his opinion on the need for a formal foundation of folk songs and in subsequent writings everywhere highlights the size of the studied songs and distributes them to discharges and departments .

With the light hand of Ma Maksimovich, who began when studying the word about Igor's regiment, to determine the historical and poetic connection of South Rus to the present time with the Domongolian South Rus in individual poetic images, expressions and epitheats, this interesting work in large sizes is produced by hives in the notes to the "Word About the regiment of Igor ", who came out in 1877, recognizing, like many scientists, in the" Word "work is personal and written, he finds it incredible that it is composed of on the finished Byzantine-Bulgarian or other pattern and indicates an abundance of national poetic poetic Elements. Determining the features of the similarity of the "Words" with works of oral literature, P. On the one hand explains some dark places "Words", on the other - it builds some people's poetic motifs to time no later than the end of the twelfth century and thus makes a well-known share of chronology in The study of such parties of folk poetry as symbols and parallelism.

In the 1880s. P. missed a very major study: "Explanation of Malorusk and Society Folk Songs", in two volumes. The first volume (1883) includes spring, in the second (1887) carols. For any, seriously engaged in the study of folk poetry, these works P. are extremely important, according to the method of scientific research, according to the scientific conclusions assembled on the basis of this material. In addition to clean scientific Labors and research, edited by P. The excellent publication of the compositions of the Malorussian writer G. F. Kvitka (Kharkov. 1887 and 1889) in compliance with the stress and local peculiarities of the Kharkov Counsel, in the "Kiev Starin" of 1888. The compositions of Artemovsky-Gulak , according to the author's genuine manuscript, in compliance with his spelling, and in Kievan Starin, 1890. Malorussian hospitals of the XVIII century were published.

A tireless labor life, and maybe some other circumstances were P. not by the years. In almost any easy cold, he resumed bronchitis. From the fall of 1890 and the whole winter P. felt very bad and almost could not leave the house; However, not wanting to deprive students of their lectures, he invited them to his home and read from the 3rd part of his "notes in Russian grammar", although his reading was already noticeably tired. This 3rd part of the "notes" especially took care of P. and he did not stop working on it to the most recent possibility, despite the disease. A trip to Italy, where he spent two year old months of 1891, a little helped him and, returning to Kharkov, he began to lecture at the university in September, but on November 29, 1891 died.

In posthumous papers, P. turned out to be many (twenty folders) of bulk and valuable works on the history of the Russian language and on the theory of literature. The most processed work is the III-th volume of "Notes in Russian grammar" - an essay of a philosophical nature, which refers to the tasks of linguistics, about nationalism in science, on the development of the Russian word in connection with the Russian thought, humanity common concepts And so on. These notes were in 1899 published in the form of the 3rd volume. An overview of the content of Dan was G. Kharciyev in the V release of "works of the Pedagogical Department of the Kharkov Historical and Philological Society", (1899).

Most of the materials remaining after P. can be divided into three departments: materials for etymology (dictionary), for grammar and mixed notes.

In the manuscripts, it was found, by the way, the translation of the part of Odysseas to the Malorussian language of the original script. Judging by the rippers, P. wanted to give a transfer to a purely popular language close to the style of Homer; And therefore the beginning of the translation made by him represents labor, very interesting both in literary and scientific relations.

As a teacher, A. A. Phebenza enjoyed great respect. The listeners saw in him a man deeply devoteed science, hardworking, conscientious and talented. In each of his lecture, a personal conviction sounded and the original attitude towards the subject of research, thoughtful and felt.

For 12 years (1877-1890), P. was the chairman of a historical and philological society in the Kharkov University and promoted his development.

After the death of Pothebni, his article was published: "Language and nationality" in the "Bulletin of Europe" (1893, Saint.); "From the lecture on the theory of literature: Bassnya, saying, proverb" (1894); Disaster of the dissertation dissertation of Sobolevsky (in the "Izvestia of the Academy of Sciences", 1896); 3th Tomi. "Notes in Russian grammar" (1899).

Linguistic studies Pothebni, especially the main work, "notes", according to the abundance of the actual content and method of presentation, belong to it difficult to access, even for specialists, and therefore has a considerable importance to their scientific clarification in publicly available forms. In this regard, the first place occupies the works of prof. D. N. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky: "Pottnya, as a linguistic and thinker," "language and art", "to psychology artistic creativity". A relatively more simplified popularization of the findings of Pothebni serves a brochure of Vommet" Language, poetry, art. "Review and assessment of ethnographic works of Plebeni are given by prof. N. Schetsov in 1 t." Modern Little Russian ethnography. "

Collection of articles and necrologologists about Plesertda was published by Kharkov Eastor.-Philol. Society in 1892; Bibliographic pointers of the articles of Pottny: G. Sumsyova - at 3 t. "Collection of East.-Phil. Society. 1891, Voltaire - at 3 tons. Collected. Acade. Sciences 1892 and the most detailed G. Vodukhova - 1898 G. - in "Rus. Philol. Vestn. ", KN. 3-4. From the articles published at the output of the book" Memory A. A. Plebni ", ed. Khark. Easter.-philologist. Society, issued in magnitude and circumstance: D. N. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky in "Kiev. Star. "1903, Ave. N. F. Sumsyova - in 1 t." Notes Imper. Kharkovsk. University "1903, V. I. Harzeiva - in V." Labor Pedagogy. Department "1899, A. V. Vommet - in" Russian. Philol. Bulletin "1898, Kashmensky in the" Peaceful Work "of 1902, KN. I, and V. I. Harzeiyev in the" Peaceful Work "of 1902 BN 2-3.

Prof. N. F. Heads.

(Polovtsov)

Pottnya, Alexander Afanasyevich

Famous scientist; Maloross on origin and personal sympathy, genus. September 10, 1835 in the poor noble family of the Poenal County of the Poltava lips.; He studied at the Radom Gymnasium and the University of Kharkov at the Historical and Philological Faculty. At the University of P. enjoyed advice and benefits of P. and N. Lavrovsky and was partly influenced by prof. Metlinsky, great admirer of the Malorussian language and poetry, and a student Neochsky, one of the earliest and diligent collectors of Maloruski songs. In the youth P. also collected folk songs; Part of them entered the "works of Etn.R. Ex." Chubinsky. For a short time after a teacher of Russian literature in Kharkov 1 gymnasium, P., on the protection of master's thesis: "On some characters in Slavic folk poetry" (1860), began to lecture in Kharkov University, first as an adjunct, then as a professor. In 1874 he defended his doctoral dissertation: "From the notes in Russian grammar." He consisted of the chairman of the Kharkov historical and philological society and a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences. In Kharkov, he died in Kharkov on November 29, 1891. Extremely mentioned, necrologists were printed by professors V. I. Lamansky, M. S. Drinovov, A. S. Budilovich, m. M. Alekseyenk, M. E. Khalansky, H. F. Sumitov, B. M. Lyapunov, D. I. Bagalyem and MN. Dr.; They are collected by Kharkov historical and philological society and published in 1892 by a separate book. Other bibgrafical data on P. see "Materials for the History of the University of Kharkov", N. Svietsova (1894). The publicly available statement of Linguistic provisions of P. is given in an extensive article by prof. D. N. Ovsyaniko-Kulakovsky: "P., as a languid-thinker" (in "Kievan Starina", 1893, and separately). A detailed overview of ethnographic works P. and the estimate of them, see I vol. "Modern Malorussian ethnography" N. Sumytsova (p. 1 - 80). In addition to the aforementioned dissertations, P. wrote: "Thought and language" (a number of articles in "Zhurn. Min. Nar. Pr.", 1862; The second posthumous edition was published in 1892), "On the relationship of some ideas in the language" (in "Philologist . Notes ", 1864, vol. III)," On the mythical meaning of some rituals and belts "(in 2 and 3 kN." Readings Mosk. Society. East. And ancient. ", 1865)," Two studies about the sounds of the Russian language "(in the" philologist. Notes ", 1864-1865)," On the share and splinters with her beings "(in the" Ancientities "Mosk. Archaeol. Societies", 1867, vol. II), "Notes on Malorussian Naschai" (in "Philological Notes", 1870, and separately, 1871), "To the history of the sounds of the Russian language" (1880-86), the analysis of the book P. Lyattsky: "Overview of the sound history of the Malorussian adverb" (1876, in the "Sservs of Uvarovsky Prizes"), "Word about Igor's regiment" (text and notes, in "philologist. Notes", 1877-78, and separately), analysis "People . Songs Galitsky and Ugrian Russia, "Golovakovsky (in 21" on the report on the Uvarovsky Prizes ", 37 tons." Notes of the Academy of Sciences ", 1878)," Explanations of Malorussian and Skred People's Songs "(1883-87) and others under his ed. The writings of G. F. Kvitka (1887-90) and "Tales, Proverbs, etc., I. I. Mangzhur (in" Collection of Kharkov Eastor.-philologist. Societies ", 1890). After the death of P. The following items were published: "From lectures on the theory of literature. Bass, Proverbia, saying "(Kharkov, 1894; Excellent etude on the theory of literature), review about the composition of A. Sobolevsky:" Essays from East. Russian Yaz. "(in 4 kN." Izvestiya Rus. Jaz. and words. Imp. Acad. Sciences ", 1896) and an extensive philosophical article:" Language and nationality "(in the" European Herald ", 1895, Saint.) . Extremely large and valuable scientific studies of P. remained in manuscripts unfinished. V.I. Harciyev who broke the posthumous materials P., says: "There is a stamp of a sudden break. The overall impression of watching papers P. can be expressed by the Malorussian Proverb: Winter on the Region, and death for the shoulder ... There is a number of questions that are more interesting in your novelty and a strictly scientific decision, already, but waiting for only the last finish. "Kharkiv The historical and philological society offered the heirs of P. The gradual publication of the main handwritten research P.; Later, the Academy of Sciences expressed his willingness to appoint a subsidy for the publication. These proposals were not adopted, and precious studies of P. are still waiting for publication. The most processed labor P. is the III Tom " Notes on grammar. "" Notes "These are in close connection with an early essay of P." Thought and language ". The background of all work is the ratio of thought by the way. The modest title of labor does not give a complete idea of \u200b\u200bthe wealth of his philosophical and linguistic content. Author paints Here is the ancient system of Russian thought and its transitions to complex receptions of the modern language and thinking. According to Harziyev, This is "the history of Russian thought under the coverage of the Russian word." This major work P. After his death was rewritten and partly edited by his students, so it is generally quite cooked for printing. Such a threshold, but the other work of P. is much less separated. - "Notes on the theory of Literature". There was a parallel between the word and poetic work, as homogeneous phenomena, the definitions of poetry and prose, their meanings for the authors and for the public, examined in detail the inspiration, are given test analyzes of the techniques of mythical and poetic creativity and, finally, a lot of space is assigned to various forms of poetic allegoric And everywhere found an unusually rich erudition of the author and quite distinctive points of view. In addition, P. left large vocabulary, many notes about the verb, a number of small historical and literary and cultural articles and notes, testifying to the versatility of his mental interests (about L. Tolstom, V. F. Odoyevsky, Tyutchev, Nationalism, and others .), Original transformation experience to the Malorussian language "Odyssey". According to V. I. Lamansky, "The profound, the original researcher of the Russian language, P. belonged to a very small Pleiad of the largest, original figures of Russian thought and science." A deep study of the formal side of the tongue goes from P. next to a philosophical understanding, with love for art and poetry. A thin and thorough analysis developed on specially philological works was successfully applied by P. to ethnography and to the study of Malorussian folk songs, mainly carol. The influence of P., as a person and professor, was deep and beneficial. In his lectures, a rich margin of information, carefully thought out and critically proven, was heard a living personal passion for science, everywhere was found to be the original world-based, which was based on high degree In conscientious and implanial attitude towards a person's personality and to the collective personality of the people.

N. Hegsov.

(Brockauz)

Pottnya, Alexander Afanasyevich

Philologist, literary critic, ethnographer. Rod. In the family of a small nobleman. He studied in classical gymnasium, then in Kharkov Un-Those on the historical and philological faculty. After his end, he taught literature in the Kharkov gymnasium. In 1860 he defended his master's thesis "On some symbols in Slavic folk poetry ..." in 1862 he received a scientific business trip abroad, where he stayed in the year. In 1874 he defended his doctoral dissertation "from notes in Russian grammar." In 1875 he received the department of the history of the Russian language and literature in Kharkov Un-Thu, Kupu and held to the end of his life. P. was also chairman of the Kharkov historical and philological organization and a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences. In 1862, a number of Articles P. appeared in the "journal of the Ministry of Folk Enlightenment", and then in the book "Thought and Language". In 1864, his work was published in the "philological notes" "on the connection of some submissions in the language." In 1874, the 1st volume was published from the notes in Russian grammar. In 1873-1874 in the "ZHMP" printed 1st h. "To the history of the sounds of the Russian language," in 1880-1886-2-I, 3rd and 4th CC. ("Russian Philological Bulletin"), in 1882-1887 - "Explanations of Malorussian and Society People's Songs" in 2 TT. However, a significant part of the works of P. was published after his death. Were released: 3 HC. "From the notes in Russian grammar"; "From lectures on the theory of literature" (composed. According to records of listeners); "From the notes on the theory of literature"; "Black Notes about L. N. Tolstom and Dostoevsky" ("Questions theory and psychology of creativity", vol. V, 1913).

Lit-Aya activity P. covers the 60-80s. Among the literary crimes of that era P. is a mansion. He is alien to both the bourgeois sociologism of the cultural and historical school (diversity, etc.) and the bourgeois positivity of the comparative historical method of Veselovsky. The well-known influence on P. provided a mythological school. In his works, he pays a pretty prominent place of myifu and its ratio with the word. However, P. criticizes those extreme conclusions to which supporters of mythological school came. In Russian literary critic and linguistic, the era of P. was the founder of the subjective psychological direction. The philosophical roots of this subjective idealistic theory are upgraded through Humboldt to German idealistic philosophy, ch. arr. To the philosophy of Cant, agnosticism, the refusal to know the essence of things and portray in poetic images the real world permeate the entire worldview of P. The essence of things, from its point of view, is not known. Cognition is dealing with chaos of sensual sensations in which a person makes order. The word in this process plays a far from the last role. "Only the concept (and at the same time, and the word, as the necessary condition, it makes the idea of \u200b\u200blegality, the need, order to the world that a person surrounds himself and which he is destined to take for the actual" ("Thought and language", p. 131) .

From agnosticism P. goes to the main provisions of subjective idealism, stating that "the world is only as a course of changes in ourselves" ("from notes on the theory of literature", p. 25). Therefore, coming to the process of knowledge, Flebenza limits this process to the knowledge of the inner world of the subject.

In views of the language and poetry, this subjective idealism manifested itself as a pronounced psychologist. By putting the main questions of linguistics, P. is looking for them permits in psychology. Only approximate linguistics with psychology, it is possible, according to P., to develop fruitful and the other science. The only scientific psychology of P. considers the psychology of herbart. Linguistics Plebenza is based on the theory of herbart representations, considering the formation of each word as the process of appeping, judgments, that is, the explanations of the newly cognized after the previously known. Recognizing the general form of human knowledge of the explanation of the newly learned first known, P. from the word stretches the threads to poetry and science, considering them as a means of knowledge of the world. However, in the lips of the subjective idealist P. The situation that poetry and science are the form of knowledge of the world, has a completely different meaning than in the mouths of the Marxist. The sole purpose of both the scientific and poetic work is, according to P.'s views, "modifying the inner world of man." Poetry for P. There is a means of knowing not an objective world, but only subjective. Art and Word are a means of subjective association of disparate sensual perceptions. Artistic image does not reflect the world existing independently of our consciousness; This world, from the point of view of P., do not know, he only denotes part of the subjective world of the artist. This subjective world of the artist, in turn, do not know for others and is not expressed, but only designated artistic way. The image is a symbol - allegory - and valued only by the fact that everyone can invest its subjective content. Mutual understanding is essentially impossible. Every understanding is at the same time misunderstanding. This subjective and idealistic approach to art, consideration of the image only as a symbol, as a permanent response to variables, subject to P. in the theory of poetry to psychologism, to the study of the psychology of creativity and psychology of perception.

We will not find the systematic presentation of the views of P. on literature in its writings, so the presentation of his views on literature is a well-known difficulty. It is necessary to set on the system P., based on its language work, draft notes and lectures recorded by students and published after the death of P.

In order to understand the essence of the views of P. for poetry, it is necessary to initially get acquainted with his eyes.

Developing mainly the views of the German List of Humboldt in the language as an activity, P. considers the language as a body of creating thought, as a powerful factor of knowledge. From the word as the simplest poetic work P. goes to complex artwork. Analyzing the process of education of the word, P. shows that the first step of education of the word is a simple reflection of the feeling in sound, then sound awareness and finally the third stage is awareness of the content of thought in sound. From the point of view of the sweebni in each word there are two contents. One of them after the appearance of the word is gradually forgotten. This is his nearest etymological importance. It contains only one sign of all the variety of features of this subject. So, the word "table" means only the post-in, the word "window" - from the word "OKO" - it means that it looks or where the light passes, and does not contain any hint not only on the frame, but even on the concept of the opening. This etymological value of the word P. calls the inner form. Essentially, it is not the content of the word, but only a sign, a symbol, under which we are mentioned in fact the content of the word: It may include a wide variety of features of the subject. For example: How was the black color called the ravene or blue blue? From the Raven or Pigeon images that are the focus of a number of signs, one was allocated, it was their color, and this sign and was called again to know - the color.

We know unknown to us with the help of apperception, i.e., we explain it with the former our experience, the margin of the knowledge already learned by us. The inner form of the word is a means of Apperception precisely because it expresses general featurepeculiar to both the explanatory and explaining (still experience). Expressing this general feature, the inner form acts as an intermediary as something third between two compared phenomena. Analyzing the psychological process of Apperception, P. identifies it with the process of judgment. The inner form is the ratio of the content of thought to consciousness, it shows how his own thought appears to be ... So, the thought of clutch was represented by the people under the form of one of their signs - exactly what she absorbs water or pours out her Where did the word "cloud" [("TU" root - drink, pour), "thought and tongue"].

But if the word is a means of Apperception, and the apperception itself is not. What other, as a judgment, the word, regardless of its combination with in other words, is the expression of judgment, a bouncer, consisting of an image and its presentation. Consequently, the inner form of a word, K-paradium expresses only one sign, it does not matter itself, but only as a form (not by chance, P. It is called by the inner form), the sensual image of which is conscious. The inner form only indicates all the wealth of the sensual image concluded in a learned subject and out of connection with it, that is, outside of judgment does not make sense. The inner form is important only as a symbol, as a sign, as the substituent of the variety of sensual image. This sensual image is perceived by each differently depending on his experience, and therefore the Word is only a sign in which everyone invests subjective content. The content that thinks by singing the same word, for each person different, therefore there is no and can not be complete understanding.

The inner form, expressing one of the signs of a knowledgeable sensual image, not only creates the unity of the image, but also gives knowledge of this unity; "It is not an image of the object, but the image of the image, i.e. the view," says P. Word by allocating one sign summarizes sensual perceptions. It acts as a means of creating a sensual image unity. But the word except the creation of the unity of the image gives more knowledge of his community. Child Different Perceptions Mother calls the same word "mother". Having a person to the consciousness of the unity of the sensual image, then to the consciousness of his community, the word is a means of knowledge of reality.

Analyzing the Word, P. so. arr. It comes to the following conclusions: 1. The word consists of three elements: an external form, i.e. sound, inner form and value. 2. The inner form expresses one character between compared, that is, between the newly known and previously disabled items. 3. The inner form acts as a means of appersonation, the appeping is the same judgment, therefore the inner form is the expression of judgment and is not important in itself, but only as a sign, the symbol of the word value that is subjective. 4. The inner form, expressing one character, gives the consciousness of the unity and community of sensual image. 5. The gradual oblivion of the inner form turns the word from the primitive poetic work to the concept. Analyzing the symbols of folk poetry, viewing their inner form, P. comes to the idea that the need to restore the forgotten inner form and was one of the reasons for the formation of symbols. Kalina became a symbol of the girl because the maiden is called Red - according to the unity of the main representation of fire-light in the words "Maiden", "Red", "Kalina". Studying the symbols of Slavic folk poetry, P. places them in the unity of the main representation concluded in their names. P. By detailed etymological studies, it shows how to come closer, finding compliance in the language, the growth of wood and the genus, root and father, a wide sheet and mother's mind.

From the word of the primordial, the words as the simplest poetic work P. proceeds to the paths, to the sync, to epithetia and metonymy, to the metaphor, to comparison, and then to the Basna, proverb, and saying. Analyzing them, he seeks to show that the three elements inherent in a primary word as an elementary poetic product make up an integral entity in general poetic, works. If in the Word we have an external form, inner form and value, then in every poetic product it is also necessary to distinguish the form, image and value. "The unity of the directions of the poetic work is correspond to the unity of the directions of the poetic work, under which not one sound, but also a verbal form, significant in its constituent parts" ("notes on the theory of literature", p. 30). Representation (i.e. inner form) in the word corresponds to the image (or known unity of images) in the poetic product. The meaning of the word corresponds to the content of the poetic work. Contained by the artwork of P. Meet those thoughts that are called in the reader in this way, or those that serve as the author of the soil to create an image. The image of an artistic work, as well as the inner form in the Word, is only a sign of those thoughts that were from the author when creating an image, or those that arise from the reader in his perception. The image and shape of the artistic work, as well as the external and inner form in the Word, are, according to the teachings of P., inseparable unity. If the connection between sound and meaning is lost for consciousness, the sound ceases to be an external form in the aesthetic value of this word. So for example. To understand the comparison, "Clean water flows in a clean river, and faithful love in the right heart" we lack the legality of the relationship between the external form and the meaning. The legal connection between water and love will be established only when it is possible, without making a jump, move from one of these thoughts to another when for example. In consciousness there will be a connection of light as one of the epithets of water with love. This is the forgotten inner form, that is, the symbolic value of the expressed first two-oful water image. In order to compare water with love with love, it is necessary to restore this inner form, the connection between water and love. To explain this thought, the sweebnia leads the spring Ukrainian song, where the saffron wheel looks from the date. If you perceive only the external form of this song, t. e. understand it literally, then there will be a nonsense. If you restore the inner shape and tie a yellow saffron wheel with the Sun, the song takes aesthetic significance. So, in the poetic product, we have the same elements as in the Word, the relations between them are similar to the relationship between the elements of words. The image indicates the content, is a symbol, a sign, the outer form is inextricably linked with a way. When analyzing the words it was shown that it is for P. to the anemia of the Apperception, the cognition of the unknown, through the known, expression of judgment. The same means of knowledge is both a complex artwork. It is primarily necessary for the creator-artist himself for the formation of his thoughts. The artwork is not so much the expression of these thoughts as a means of creating thoughts. Humboldt's point of view, which language is an activity, the formation body of thought, P. spreads to any poetic work, showing that the artistic image is not a means of expressing ready-made thought, and, like the word, plays a huge role in creating these thoughts. In his book "From lectures on the theory of literature" P., dividing the views of the lesing on the definition of the essence of poetry, criticizes his idea that moral approval, morality precedes the artist's consciousness to create a fable. "In applied to the tongue, it would mean that the word first means a number of things, for example, the table at all, and then in particular this thing. However, to such generalizations, humanity comes to for many millennia," says P. Then he shows that the artist It does not seek to always bring the reader to moral. The immediate goal of the poet is a certain point of view on a valid private case - to psychological subject (since. The image is an expression of judgment) - by comparing it with another, also a private case told in the Basna, with psychological legend. This is a legend (the image enclosed in the bass) remains unchanged, and the subject changes, since the fable applies to different cases.

The poetic image is due to its allegum, due to the fact that it is permanent to many variables subject to many variables, makes it possible to replace a lot of various thoughts with respect to small values.

The process of creating any, even the most complex work P. brings under the following scheme. Something unclear for the author, existing in the form of a question ( h.), seeks a response. The author can find only in previous experience. Denote by the last through "A". From "A" under the influence h. repel all for this h. Not suitable, the glitter is attracted, this last is connected in the image "A", and a judgment occurs, that is, creating an artistic work. Analyzing the works of Lermontov "Three Palm", "Sail", "Palestine Branch", "Hero of Our Time", P. shows how the same thing that tormented the poet is embodied in various images. it h., cognized by the poet, there is something extremely difficult in relation to the image. The image never exhausts this. x."We can say that h. In the poet, it is inexpressible that what we call an expression is only a number of attempts to designate this h.And not express it, "says P. (" From lectures on the theory of literature ", p. 161).

The perception of the artwork is similar to the process of creativity, only in reverse order. Understands the reader the work as much as he participates in its creation. So, the image serves only a means of transforming another self-content, which is in thought of understanding. The image is important only as an allegory as a symbol. "The artwork is similar to the word there is not so much expression, how much to create a thought, the goal of it, like words - to produce a well-known subjective mood in both the speaking and understanding," says P. ("Thought and language", p. 154) .

This allegorization of the image can be two birth. Firstly, allegum in close sense, i.e., the carrier, metaphoricity, when the image and value are far from each other, as for example. Outdoor nature and human life. Secondly, artistic typical, when the image becomes in the idea of \u200b\u200ba number of similar and homogeneous images. The purpose of the poetic works of this kind, it is - a generalization, achieved when the understanding learns knows them. "The abundant examples of such knowledge with the help of the types created by the poetry represents life (i.e., the application) of all the outstanding works of new Russian literature, from" inexpensive "and to Satir Saltykov" ("from notes on the theory of literature", p. 70).

The inner form in the Word gives the consciousness of unity and the generality of the sensual image, that is, the whole content of the word. In the artistic product, this role of the uniform, collector of various interpretations, various subjective contents performs the image. The image is united and together endlessly, infinity is it precisely in the inability to determine how much and what content will be invested by perceived.

Poetry, according to P., fills the imperfection of scientific thought. Science, from the point of view of the agnostic P., can not give knowledge of the essence of objects and a whole painting of the world, since each new fact that did not enter the scientific system, according to P., destroys it. The poetry discovers the harmony of the world unattainable for analytical knowledge, it indicates this harmony with its own images, "replacing the unity of the concept by the unity of the presentation, it will certainly reward for the imperfection of scientific thought and satisfies the congenital man needs to see everywhere whole and perfect" ("Thought and language and language ").

On the other hand, poetry prepares science. The word originally the simplest poetic work turns into a concept. Art, from the point of view of P., "there is a process of objectifying the initial data of mental life, the science is the process of objectification of art" ("Thought and language", p. 166). Science is more objective, from the point of view of P. than art, since the basis of art is the image, the understanding of which every time is subjectively, the basis of science is the concept that is composed of an image objectified in the word signs. The very concept of objectivity is interpreted by P. from subjectively idealistic positions. Objectivity or truth, according to P., is not the correct reflection of our objective world, but only a "comparison of personal thought with the general" ("thought and language").

Poetry and science as a different kind of later human thinking preceded the stage of mythical thinking. Myth is also an act of knowledge, i.e. explanations h.by means of a totality, before referring. But in the myth, the newly known to be identified with the previously known. The image is entirely transferred to the value. So for example. Between the lightning and the snake, the primitive man set a sign of equality. In poetry formula, the snake acquires the character of comparison. In poetic thinking, a person distinguishes the newly known from previously known. "The appearance of a metaphor in the sense of consciousness of the heterogeneity of the image and the meaning there is thereby disappearance of the myth" ("from notes on the theory of literature", p. 590). Putting great importance to myif as the first stage of human thinking, from which poetry grows, P. However, far from those extreme conclusions, to which representatives of mythological school came in the person of the German researcher M. Muller and Russian scientist Afanasyev. P. criticizes their view that the source of the myth was incorrectly understood metaphors.

Building her poetics on a psychological and linguistic basis, considering the newly created Word as the simplest poetic work and stretching the threads from him to complex artworks, P. made enormous efforts so that all kinds of paths and complex artworks to bring under the judgment scheme, decompose as before Movement and means of knowledge - image. It is not by chance that the analysis of poetic works from P. did not further be the analysis of the simplest forms: Basni, proverbs and sayings, since to fit under the word scheme a complex work was extremely difficult.

The rapprochement of poetics with linguistics on the basis of the consideration of the word and the artistic work as a means of knowledge of the inner world of the subject, and hence the interest in the problems of psychology, and there was the new one that contributed to the linguistic and literary criticism of P. However, it was in these central issues of the theory of P. " and the vanity of its methodology.

The subjective-idealistic theory of P., aimed at the inner world, interpreting imagery only as allegorizing and cutting off the way to the literature as a definite social reality, in the 60-80s. Reflected in Russian literary criticism of the decadent trends of the noble intelligentsia. The progressive layers of both bourgeois and petty-bourgeois intelligentsia in that era stretched either to a historical and cultural school or to the positivism of the School of Veselovsky. It is characteristic that P. himself felt the relativeness of his views with the philosophical foundations of the representative of the noble poetry, the predecessor of the Russian symbolism of Tyutchev. In the 900s. Symbols - Russian decades expressions - brought their theoretical constructions with the main provisions of P. poetics. So, white in 1910 in the "Logos" devoted the article to the main work of P. "Thought and language", where he does P. Spiritual Father Symbolism.

The ideas of P. popularized and developed by his students grouped around the collections "Questions of theory and psychology of creativity" (ed. In 1907-1923, ed. Lezina in Kharkov). The most interesting figure from P. P. P. was Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky, who tried psychological method Apply to the analysis of the creativity of Russian classics. Later, Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky largely departed from the system P. towards bourgeois sociologization. The remaining disciples P. were essentially epigons of their teacher. Hornfeld focused on the problems of the psychology of creativity and psychology of perception ("the flour of the word", "future art", "about the interpretation of the artistic work"), treating these problems with subjective idealistic positions. Rainins popularized the aesthetics of Kant. Other students P. - Lesin, Engelmeier, Harziev - developed the teachings of P. in the direction of Mach and Avenarius empiricism. P. Theory, considered the word and poetic work as a means of cognition through the designation of a variety of content in one way-symbol, was interpreted from the point of view of thinking. Pupils of Pothebni, considered science and poetry as form of thinking, according to the principle of the smallest costs, with exceptional clarity, found the subjectively idealistic foundations of Fetabnanism and thereby all his hostility to Marxism-Leninism. Playing his historical role in the fight against old scholastic language, the attention of science on literature on the psychology of creativity and psychology of perception, on the problem of the artistic image, which binding poetics with linguistics, Fetabnanism, vicious in its methodological basis, washed, then with Machism, discovered everything Your reactionibility. All the more unacceptable attempts by individual students P. Combine Fabunanism with Marxism (Article Levin). In recent years, some of the students P. are trying to master the principles of Marxist-Leninist literary criticism (Belletsky, M. Grigoriev).

Bibliography: I. Essential works: Full Cathed. Sochik., T. I. Thought and language, ed. 4, Odessa, 1922 (original in "ZHMNP", 1862, part 113, 114; 2, 3, 5 ed.-1892, 1913, 1926); From the notes on the theory of literature, Kharkov, 1905: I. On some characters in Slavic folk poetry. TI. About the relationship of some ideas in the language. III. About Kupali Fires and Surgious Presentations. IV. On the share and federals with her creatures, Kharkov, 1914 (originally printed separately in 1860-1867); From lectures on the theory of literature, CC. 1 and 2, Kharkov, 1894 (ed. 2, Kharkov, 1923); From the notes in Russian grammar, CC. 1 and 2, ed. 2, Kharkov, 1889 (initially in magazines 1874); The same, part 3, Kharkov, 1899.

II. Memory A. A. Pothebni, Sat., Kharkov, 1892; Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky D. H., A. A. Phebenza as a linguistic, thinker, "Kievan Starina", 1893, VII - IX; Vetukhov A., language, poetry and science, Kharkov, 1894; N. F., A. A. Phebenz, "Russian Biographical Dictionary", Tom Madiers - Primo, St. Petersburg, 1905, pp. 643-646; White A., Thought and language, Sat. "Logos", KN. II, 1910; XARCYEV V., Basics of poetics A. A. Pothebni, Sat. "Questions of the theory and psychology of creativity", vol. II, vol. II, St. Petersburg, 1910; Shklovsky V., Pottnya, Sat. "Poetics", P., 1919; Gornfeld A., A. A. Pestbaznaya and modern science, "Chronicle of the House of Writers", 1921, No. 4; Bulletin editorial commituet for Viddana creativity O. Pottenі, part 1, Kharkiv, 1922; Gornfeld A. G., Pottnya, in the book. the author "Combat responses for peaceful topics", Leningrad, 1924; T., Fleebnaya, P., 1924. See Sat. "Questions of the theory and psychology of creativity", Tom I - VIII, Kharkov, 1907-1923.

III. Bully S., theory of literature, annotated bibliography, I, L., 1929, p. 78-85; Rainins, A. A. Pottnya, P., 1924; Khalansky M. G. and Bagaly D. I. (Ed.), Historical Philology. Faculty of Kharkiv University for 100 years, 1805-1905, Kharkov, 1908; Languages \u200b\u200bD., Overview of the Life and Labor of Russian Writers and Writers, Vol. XI, St. Petersburg, 1909; Piccans N. K., two centuries of Russian literature, ed. 2, M., 1924, p. 248-249; Memory A. A. Pothebni, Sat., Kharkov, 1892.

E. Drozdovskaya.

(Lit. ENZ.)

Pottnya, Alexander Afanasyevich

Cultureologist, linguist, philosopher. Rod. in p. Gavrylovka Romensky County of the Poltava lips., In the noble family. In 1851 he entered Kharkov UN-T to jurid. Ft, however, after the 1st year, Ist.-Philol was transferred. Ft, who graduated from 1856. I passed the master exam in Slavic philology and was left at Un-Those. In 1862 was one of the first sent by Kharkov University for internship abroad. He studied in Germany, in Berlin. Before defending the dock. diss. ("From the notes on rus. Grammar." Ch. I and II) P. was Ass., Then - extraordinary and ordinary prof. According to the Department Rus. Language and literature. All life and scientific Creation. P. passed in the walls of the Kharkov University. On the formation of democratic, freedom-loving politics. Reviews of P. Great influence was provided by the tragic fate of his brother - Andrei Afanasyevich Pothebni, - an active member of the "Earth and Will", who died during the Polish uprising 1863. Democratic sympathies of P., who did not hide the perch, served as a wops attitude towards him with The parties of the official authorities. GL Scientific Interest P. lying in the field of studying the ratios of the language and thinking. He develops a doctrine, according to the roma, every word in its structure is the unity of a self-separated sound, internal. Forms of the word and abstract meaning. Internal The word shape is associated with the closest ethimo-logic. The meaning of the word and serves as a representation, communication channel between sensually and abstract meaning. Word with his internal. The form serves as a means of "transition from the image of the subject to the concept." According to P., "Language is a means not to express the finished thought, but to create it", that is, the thought can be carried out only in the elements of the language. Many thoughts and ideas of P., expressed in general and, as it were, "along the course of the case" and clearly formulated later by Dr. thinkers, formed the basis of many Sovr. oblast Humanite. knowledge. So happened, for example, with the ideas expressed by P. On the need to distinguish between the language and speech, synchrony and diachrony in the language. P. was the creator or stood at the origins of the Birth of East. Grammar, East. dialectology, semiotics, sociolinguistics, ethnopsychol. Philos. Lingwi-Stich. The approach allowed P. to see in myth, folklore, the literature is spawned. Symbolic symbolic systems, derivatives in relation to language. So, myth, with t. S. P., does not exist outside the word. Decisive for the occurrence of myths was internal. The form of the word, K-Parades acts as a mediator between what is explained in myth and what he explains. At the same time, etymatics, language resources of the native speakers are acting as explanatory, in which their economic and production experience is captured. Myth is an act of "explanations of unknown (x) by means of a combination of these features, combined and confined to consciousness or way (a)." Of great importance for philos. Views of P. have categories "People" and "Nativity". Stripping from the ideas of Von Humboldt, P. considered the people of the Creator of the Language. At the same time, he emphasized that it was the language that occurred, determines the further development of the culture of this people. With t. S. P., nowhere is so fully and brightly manifested by the spirit of the people, as in his nar. Traditions and folklore. It is here that the Spirit is created. Values, which then nourish professional art and work. P. himself was a tireless collector Rus. and Ukrainian Folklore, made a lot in terms of the dock of the unity of basic folklorno-mythologics. The plots of two fraternal Slavic peoples. The problem of "Language - Nation" was developed by the problem in the works of D.N. Zashyanniko-Kulikovsky, D.N. Kudryavtseva, N.S. Trubetsky, G. Supet. Issh. P. in the region. Symbols of language and art. Creation. attracted in the XX century. The closest attention of theoretics of symbolism. Numerous rolls with ideas P. are contained in the works of Vyach.Ivanov, Andrei White, V. Brussov and others. Symbolists.

Op.: From the notes on the theory of literature.(Poetry and prose. Trails and figures. Thinking poetic and mythical). Kharkov, 1905 ; On some characters in Slavic folk poetry. 2nd ed. Kharkov, 1914 ; From lectures on the theory of literature. 3rd ed. Kharkov, 1930 ; From the notes in Russian grammar. 3rd ed. T. 1-2. M., 1958 ; From the notes in Russian grammar. 2nd ed. T.3. M., 1968 ; Aesthetics and poetics. M., 1976 ; Word and myth. M., 1989 (here: Section I -"Philosophy of language", Section II.- "From the word to the symbol and myth"); Theoretical poetics. M.,

A.V.Ivanov

Large biographical encyclopedia. 2009 .

• Biographical Dictionary

Ukrainian and Russian philologist Slavist, member of the correspondent of St. Petersburg An (1877). Brother revolutionary A. A. Pothebni. He graduated from Kharkov ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

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Alexander Afanasyevich Plebnia is an outstanding Ukrainian and Russian philologist. From his scholars-contemporaries A. A. Phebenzni was distinguished by an extraordinary latitude of scientific interests and encyclopedism of knowledge. This clearly manifested itself in his writings: they are devoted to Russian grammar (the main work - "from the notes in Russian grammar" in 4 volumes), the sound of the Russian language, the differences in the southern and northern Russians, the history of Ukrainian and Russian languages, their comparative analysis, History of basic grammatical categories. Especially significant results obtained by A. A. Polebnaya with a comparative study of the syntax of East Slavic languages.

In these works, an extensive material is used, which is disassembled with such a thoroughness, even with meticulousness, with the attraction of such numerous sources, which, for many decades, the work of A. A. Plebni remained an unsurpassed model of linguistic studies.

And this is only part of the scientific creativity of a talented scientist. He considered as a component of culture, spiritual life of the people. Hence the interest of A. A. Plebny to rites, myths, songs of Slavs: After all, here the language is embodied in a variety of, sometimes bizarre forms. And Frebenza carefully examines the beliefs and customs of Russian and Ukrainians, compares them with the culture of other Slavic peoples and publishes several capital work that has contributed not only to linguistics, IO and in folkloristic, art history, ethnography, history of culture.

A. A. Polebania was vividly interested in the link language and thinking. This problem is devoted to one of its first books - "Thought and language" (1862). Here A. A. Pothebnia - And he was only 26 years old - not only showed himself to thinking and mature philosopher of the language, not only discovered a striking readiness in special studies (domestic and foreign authors), but also formulated a number of original and deep theoretical provisions. So, he writes about the organic unity of matter and the shape of the word, at the same time insisting on the principal distinction between the external (sound) form of the word and the inner (only many years later, this provision was issued in linguistics in the form of opposition to the expression plan and the content plan). Exploring the features of thinking, which, according to Pothebni, can only be carried out in the Word, it distinguishes poetic (shaped, symbolic) and prosaic types of thinking. With the development of thinking, A. A. Plebenza is the evolution of the language.

In the creative method A. A. Plebni, attention to the smallest facts of language history was organically combined with interest in fundamental, indigenous issues of linguistics. He was deeply interested in the history of the categories of noun and adjective, opposition name and verb in Russian and other Slavic languages. He reflects on the general issues of the origin of the language, over the processes of language update during its historical Development And the reasons for changing some of the ways of expression by others, more perfect. "New languages," he wrote in one of his works, "in general, the most advanced organs of thought than ancient, for the first to enter into themselves a greater capital of thought than the last."

In times, A. A. Plebeni prevailed an "atomic" approach to learning a language; In other words, every fact, each language phenomenon Often, they were considered by themselves, in the separation from others and on the overall movement of language development. Therefore, truly innovative, the leading time was the thought of sweebni that "there is a system in languages", something or another event in history history should be studied in its relations and relationships with others.

The fame of the sweebni-scientist was much survived by the honey. Some of his works were published posthumously (for example, "from notes on the theory of literature" - in 1905, the 3rd volume of "Notes in Russian grammar" - in 1899, and the 4th - most recently, in 1941 ). And so far, scientists are opening fresh thoughts, original ideas in the creative heritage of the great philologist, learning how to carefully analyze language facts.

Department of Russian Classical Literature and Theoretical Literary Sciences of the Yelets State University

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Magazine "Philosophy Questions" Institute of Philosophy of the USSR Academy of Sciences Philosophical Society of the USSR

Editorial Council of the Series "From the History of Patriotic Philosophical Thought"

V. S. Stepin (Chairman), S. S. Averintsev, G. A. Ashurov, A. I. Volodin, V. A. Lectorec, D. S. Likhachev, N. V. Motroshilova, B. V. Raushenbach , Yu. P. Senokosov, N. F. Utkin, I. T. Frolov, N. 3. Chavchavadze, V. I. Shinkaruk, A. A. Yakovlev

Drawing, text preparation and notesA. L. Torskova

Responsible editorA. K. Bayburin

PrefaceA. K. Bayburin

On the front-site: A. A. Phebenza

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© Publishing House "Pravda". 1989 compilation, preface, notes.

A.A. Hardware: language philosophy and myth

Alexander Afanasyevich Plebnay (1835-1891), like most of the domestic thinkers of the last century, left a deep mark in different areas of scientific knowledge: linguistics, mythology, folkloristic, literary criticism, artificial knowledge, and all the problems he was engaged in, and his philosophical sound was acquired. The subsequent interest in one or another aspects of his work has always been correlated with the state of public thought. It was more often a narrow linguist specialist; less often perceived as a philosopher.

This publication is focused on the work of Plebni, dedicated to the philosophical problems of the language and myth. Published in Tom, the autobiographical letter of Pothebni (p. 11-14) makes it possible not to consider it specifically life Path. We indicate only on the main factors that influenced the formation of Pothebni as a scientist.

Even in early childhood, he owned two languages \u200b\u200b- Ukrainian and risk. This bilingualism will have fundamental importance to it. The Ukrainian language provided heaven a sense of initial communication with the best examples of Slavic People's Poetry (it is not by chance in his analyzes of song creativity, he most often begins with Ukrainian texts). At the same time, Russian language for him is the language of science, everyday communication. Dialogue of these languages \u200b\u200bturned out to be solely fruitful 1

Gymnasium in the provincial Polish city of Radom He graduated from not only with honors, but also with the wonderful knowledge of Polish, German and Latin. And in the future, Flebenza used all the opportunities for him to study languages. Commanded by the Ministry of Education in 1862 abroad to familiarize themselves with European science, he is mainly engaged in Sanskrit in Berlin University. During the trip to Slavic countries, Czech, Slovenian and Serbohorvatsky languages \u200b\u200bstudies.

The tragic fate of his brother Andrei Afanasyevich Pothebni was an undoubted and deep influence on the worldview of Pothebni - act

1 Although the sweebnik himself in the article "Language and Nationality" argued that bilingualism at an early age makes it difficult to form the wholeness of the worldview and serves as a hindrance of the scientific abstraction (see: Flender A. A. Esthetics and Poetics. - M., 1976. - P. 263 )

member of "Earth and Will", who died during the Poland uprising in 1863. A. A. Perebnaya and himself shared the ideas of freedomiff; The moral charge received in his youth, he retained forever - it was noted that I knew the elegant. But the same reasons were at the heart of a watched attitude towards him by the authorities, which most likely led his "Helicing", which lasted until the end of life.

In Plebane, a folklist-collector woke up early, a thinly feeling of a folk word fabric. He made the first records of Ukrainian folk songs at the age of 17 from his aunt - Praskovi Efimovna Pothebni, and after 10 years (in 1863) a collection of Ukrainian songs in the records of A. Plebni 2 came out. In a letter to Czech Slavist A. O. Patera (dated 11 Dec. 1886), the scientist wrote: "The circumstances of my life are agreed that with the scientific studies of my original point of mine, sometimes noticeable, sometimes unnoticed for others, was Malorussian and Malorussian People's literature. If this starting point and the feeling associated with it was not given to me and if I grew out of connection with the legend, then it seems to me that I could hardly have a science "3.

Folklore's hobby contributed to the overall situation of the 50s - 60s of the last century - the spirit of democracy, the movement of populism, a sharp increase in the national self-consciousness in Ukraine, appeal to the origins embodied in folklore works.

In these years, the exchange of scientific achievements with the West increases. In Russia, the ideas of Cant and Hegel are recently discussed, writings of V. Humboldt, who had such a noticeable impact on the heated. It is at this time that the specific syntheticism and the philosophonicity of scientific knowledge is emerging. An expressive of such an approach and one of its founders will fully be considered A. A. Polebania.

His scientific findings of Festomy began with a response to questions set by German philosophy and linguistics (in particular, V. Humboldt). The main one is about the ratio of language and thinking. When reading his work, it seems that, responding to these questions, the sweebnik foresaw foresaw exactly the collisions that will excite the subsequent generations of Humanitarians. Hence the non-recognition of his merit

2 The compilation published anonymously above the name "Ukrainian Pisni, Vidali Koster O. S. Balino" (SPB., 1863). Most recently published a wonderful collection "Ukrainian Nativeii PISNI in Oleksandra Pothebni records" / Stage, Statta I Primit. M. K. Dmitrenka. KYA, 1988. Not only previously published records of A. A. Plebeni entered, but also stored in the archives.

3 Oleksandr Opanasovich Perebnika: Juvileini Zbhrinnik to 125-pitch of the day of the people. - Kyiv, 1962. - P. 93.

some contemporaries, but hence the amazing modernity of his works. Many thoughts and ideas of Pothebni, expressed by him in general and "along the course of the case" (the importance of which he himself was most likely not aware), formulated later by other researchers, will revolve in some areas of knowledge. This will happen, for example, with the ideas of the delimitation of language and speech, synchronize and diachrony (the latter - further 8 more modern than F. de Sosurira, understanding). He was the creator or stood at the origins of modern approaches to historical grammar, historical dialectology, semyasiology, ethno and sociolinguistics, phonetics. The ability to perceive the world through the prism of the tongue, the conviction is that the language forms the thought, allowed him to see in myth, folklore, literature derivatives in relation to the language modeling systems. After a hundred years, the Tartu-Moscow School of Semiotics 4 will come to similar ideas.

The exceptional fruitfulness of the theoretical spanings of Pottny is largely due to the fact that the language is not an isolated phenomenon for it. It is inextricably linked to the culture of the people. Following Humboldt, Flebenza sees the mechanism in the tongue, generating thought. In the language, as it were originally laid creative potential. The thought is manifested through the language, and each act of speaking is a creative process, in which the ready-made truth is not repeated, but a new one is born (see Nas, ed., P. 155 - 156).

When considering the philosophical concept of Pothebni, attention is rarely drawn to the fact that, in addition to categories of language and thinking, such categories as "people" and "peoples" have paramount importance for him. Pebby people are the Creator of Language. Language - the production of "People's Spirit". At the same time, the language determines the national specifics of the people, in terms of Pottni - "Nature". The problem of "language and nation" (with a bias in ethnopsychology) was developed in the works of D. N. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky, D. N. Kudryavsky, N. S. Trubetsky, G. G. Shpet.

Appeal to the concept of "people" in solving the problem of language and thinking explains the persistent interest to the ratio of collective and individual psychology, understanding and misunderstanding, psychology of perception of artistic images. These issues were then especially actively developed by students and followers of Pothebni - D. N. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky, V. I. Harzeyev, A. G. Gornfeld, A. L. Pogodyn, etc. From 1907 to 1927, Kharkiv Potabnians (representatives The psychological direction) issued 8 volumes of the most interesting collections "Questions of theory and Psychology of Creativity", in which the ideas of Plebeni developed not only in linguistic and literary, but also in other directions.

The pulbe they were often reproached in ignoring the communicative language function. It is not quite fair. In his concept, communicativeness is expressed by the most public nature of the language. The word, according to Pothebni, is a product not only an individual consciousness. In order for a certain totality of sounds to have a language phenomenon, it is necessary to introduce these sounds into social life, for "Society

4 See the "Works on Signal Systems published in Tartu.

preceded the beginning of the language "(Nasty, ed., p. 95). The communicative process is dialogic, and understanding always implies misunderstanding, since every speech statement is a creative act and carries a print of uniqueness. The justice of this paradox is confirmed by the latest data of the theory of communication and studies on the structure of the text (mismatch of the address and addressee codes).

The idea that language forms the thought, made it possible to put the study of thought on an accurate factual (language) basis. The movement of linguistic facts and the development of grammatical categories was considered as a form of motion of thought. Hence the main task of the history of the language: "Show in fact the participation of the words in the formation of a consistent series of systems that hugs the relationship of personality to nature ..." (NAS, ed., P. 155). Such systems of Filden attributed folklore, mythology and science. Thus, the history of the language from a specific task concerning one area of \u200b\u200bknowledge turned into a grandiose program of historical study of thought embodied in various kinds of verbal texts. To this list, the ethnographic context (rites, believing, etc.), literary forms of verbal activity should be added to this list, literary forms of verbal activity in order to present latitude and scope.

The theory of sweebni is dramatically allocated against the background of other concepts of language history. The main principle is all perk semantic. Identify the evolution of values \u200b\u200b- pathos of all the work of Pothebni, whatever he dealt - the history of language, mythology or literary works.

In this sense, its studies in the field of grammar are very important - the main topic of its linguistic styles. According to V. V. Vinogradov, it was here that Plebenza showed himself as an authentic innovator 5. For sweebits, grammatical categories are the main categories of thinking. The space of intersection of grammatical categories is the proposal. The structure of the proposition is similar to the structure formulated in it. Therefore, Festa believed that the detection of the evolution of the types of supply would be simultaneously historical typology of thinking.

This task in the root changed the look at such a traditional area of \u200b\u200blinguistics as grammar, and opened interesting prospects. Those stories that were previously interested in specialists acquired completely different quality. For example, the idea of \u200b\u200bsweebni about the growth of predicativeness as the language develops, it is characterized not only by the evolution of the language, but also the evolution of consciousness: the process category, the dynamics are becoming increasingly characteristic of thought when driving from antiquity to modernity. Such a lot of "grammatical" ideas later found a response to the works of N. Ya. Marra, I. I. Meschaninov, G. Shujardt (the so-called ergivity theory), but clearly did not exhaust themselves and are waiting for development at the new level.

5 See: Vinogradov V.V. The history of Russian linguistic teachings. M., 1978. - P. 94.

Fleebnika one of the first applied the anti-rope to describe both the language phenomena and the content of the early states of the world and thereby was the immediate predecessor of the structural methods for describing the language and the semiotic approach to the outbagne phenomena. It was the sweebnik that outlined the main set of semiotic oppositions of the Slavic picture of the world (the proportion - no life, life - death, etc.).

The semantic principle is consistently carried out by hobs and with respect to the word. It will be more accurate to say that it was the word that was the main object of its semantic spokes. Starting from the earliest works ("On some symbols in Slavic folk poetry", "On the relationship of some ideas in the language", etc.), Festa insists on the need to study semantic rows of words in a wider context of the development of language and thinking.

Another fruitful thought of Pothebni - about the influence of the language on mythological consciousness. This influence becomes especially tangible when crossing different language and mythological systems, as happened, for example, with the "imposition" of Christianity to Russian paganism. This direction of linguistic studies is currently associated with the Cepira-Wharf hypothesis, but the first steps were taken by the floors 6.

When studying the Language of Flebenza expanded the range of sources and facts to be interpreted. Primates of the word persisted, but the inclusion of the word in the ethnographic context (ritualized fragments of life, rites) made it possible to switch to a new level of rationales and evidence inherent in modern studies on ethnolinguistics. In the late essays "to the history of the sounds of the Russian language" (1876 - 1883), his desire to give its semyasiological research to the cultural and historical character 7 was fully manifested.

Attention to extrallinguistic data, the inclusion of materials of other Slavic traditions in combination with a reconstruction plant is all, as shown by the course of further development of the science of Slavic (and Indo-European) antiquities, allows one of its founders in the sleet. Research E. G. Kagarov, O. M. Freudenberg, V. V. Ivanova, V.N. Toporova, N. I. Tolstoy and others, being nauseous among themselves, in the main continued and deepened that tradition, the origins of which stood Sweebantia.

Linguistic theory of Pothebni was the foundation for its buildings in the field of poetics and aesthetics. It is not by chance that its most important ideas in this area (about the isomorphism of the word artistic work, the inner form of the word - the image in the artistic work, etc.) are based on linguistic categories 8.

6 of numerous specific developments in this area, directly continuing the line A. A. Perebedni, see above all: Assumption B. A. Influence of the language for religious consciousness // Proceedings on iconic systems. - Vol. IV. - Tartu, 1969. - P. 159 - 168.

7 Vinogradov V.V. History of Russian linguistic teachings. - M., 1978.-s. 185.

8 Read more about the contribution of A. A. Pothebni to Linguistic Poetics and Aesthetics See: Chudakov A. P. A. A. Festa // Academic Schools

Studies of Pothebni in the field of symbols of the language and artistic creativity were attracted at the beginning of the 20th century the closest attention of theoretics of symbolism. Andrei White dedicated him a special article in which the Thoughts of Slebni are considered as the theoretical basis of symbolism 9. Numerous rollbacks with the ideas of sweebni are contained in the compositions of Vyach. Ivanova, V. Brysov and other symbolists. Each of them found Kebdeni confirmation to his thoughts: A. White - about "mystic words", "the theurgical function of art"; V. Bryusov - about the poetic product as a synthetic judgment; Vyach. Ivanov on the connection of poetry with folklore 10, etc. As for the idea common for symbolists about the need to return to the folk element of myth-making, it is just inconspicuous, which believed that modern languages \u200b\u200bare not less poetic than ancient 11.

As can be seen even from such a brief statement, the philosophical linguistic concept of Pothebni was and remains a working concept. It is natural that it attracts close attention not only to historians of science and linguists, but also cultural scientists, semiotics, specialists in the field of poetics and aesthetics.

The theory of the myth of Pothebni is part of its common, emphasized the diachronic concept of the language and thinking. As part of this general theory, the myth is a kind of point of reference, the beginning began the entire further evolution of the spiritual spirituality. SUB SPECIE: Myth -\u003e Poetry -\u003e Prose (Science), the work of the sweebancy itself to some extent corresponds to this scheme. Mythology is devoted mainly to its first work: "On some symbols in Slavic folk poetry" (1860), "On the connection of some ideas in the language" (1864), "On the mythical meaning of some rites and belts" (1865), "On the share and federals With her creatures "(1867) and others again to this topic of Festomy drawn in the late 70s and in the 80s 12. In addition, a lot of valuable considerations about the theory of myth

in Russian literary court. - M., 1975. - P. 305 - 354; Presnyakov O. Poetics of knowledge and creativity. The theory of literature A. A. Pothebni. M., 1980; Ivano I., Forenema A, aesthetic concept A. Pothebni // Flender A. A. Aesthetics and poetics. M., 1976, - pp. 9 - 31. Fizer J. Alexander A. Potebnja "S Psycholinguistic Theory of Literature. A Metacritical Inquiry. - Cambridge, 1988.

9 A. white. Thought and language (philosophy of the Language of Pothebni) // Logos, 1910. - KN. 2.- FROM. 240-258.

10 A. white. Symbolism. - M., 1910. - P. 481, etc.; V. Bryusov. Synthetics of poetry // Cons. cit. T. 6. M., 1975. - P. 557 - 570; Vyach. Ivanov. On the stars. - St. Petersburg., 1909; He is: furrows and mezh. - M., 1916.

11 See Read more: Presnyakov O. Decree. cit. P. 150.

12 In 1878, his work was published in "Philological Notes" "The Word about the regiment of Igor. Text and notes ", filled with folk-mythological parallels. In 1880 - Review of the CN. J. F. Golovakovsky "People's Songs of Galitsky and Ugrian Russia." In 1883, the first volume was published, and in 1887 - the second volume of work "Explanations of Malorussian and Surgious People's Songs".

it was expressed in lectures on the theory of literature, the records of which were published after his death (from the notes on the theory of literature. - Kharkov, 1905).

Following its common rationalistic concept, Flebenza sees in mythology the first and necessary stage in the progressive evolution of the types of knowledge of reality. The evolution of the myths, in his opinion, testifies not to fall (like representatives of mythological school), but about the elevation (more precisely - complication) of human thought. Analogy between myth and scientific activities It is manifested in both of them for them orientation for the knowledge of the surrounding world and in the nature of the explanation: both the myth and science use the general principle of explanation by analogy.

Mythological thinking, from the point of view of Pothebni, was distinguished from the following forms that it did not have a separation of the image of a thing from the thing itself, objective from the subjective, internal ones. In the mythological picture of the world in an abused form, they contain those knowledge that will be classified as scientific, religious or legal (cf. syncreticity theory A. N. Veselovsky). At the same time, the myth is not an arbitrary journey of false or true information: "... For a thought that creates a mythical image, this image is definitely the best, the only possible in this time Answer an important question. Every act of mythical and in general there are really artistic creativity together an act of knowledge. The most expression "creativity" could not be replaced by another, more accurate, or it should be the designation and scientific discoveries. A scientist who opens a new one does not create, does not invent, but watches and informs his observations as accurate as possible. Like this, the mythical image is not a fiction, a non-consciously arbitrary combination of data ever in the head, and such a combination of their combination that seemed like the most faithful reality "(NAS, ed., P. 483).

For sweebni myth, it is primarily a specific word. Speaking by the language of modern science, he was not interested in syntagmatics (plot, the principles of deployment) of the myth. It was completely focused on his paradigmatic (semantic) aspects. According to Pothebni, the myth is born as a result of a double mental procedure: first, earth objects and phenomena served as a response to the question of the device of the heavenly world, and only after that there was a question about the Earth Objects themselves. The answer to it is the idea of \u200b\u200bthe heavenly world. In other words, the man first creates the model of the heavenly world on the basis of his earthly experience, and then explains the earthly life with the help of the model of heavenly life. Moreover, the heavenly symbolism for sweebni is not the only one (as followed by the adherents of the solar theory of myth - A. Kun, V. Schwartz, A. N. Afanasyev, O. F. Miller), and only one of several levels of mythological text. Such an understanding of the semantics of myth is closely approaching modern views.

With the theory of myth directly related to the location of the sweebni in the field of symbols of folklore. The origin of the characters, from its point of view, is caused by the progress itself of the evolution of the language and thinking. Words

stepodo loss their inner form, its nearest etymological significance. On its recovery and are oriented by the symbols used in folk poetry. The idea of \u200b\u200bmanifestation of the original meaning of words in various kinds of poetic formulas and trails has gained special importance in modern heights in the field of etymology. Plebenza believed that in the same image there may be various ideas, up to the opposite 13. Therefore, the filling of characters it turned out to be much more comprehensive than in the predecessors (for example, N. I. Kostomarova) 14. Multivality turned out to be their natural property. In modern studies, symbols this provision has become an axiom, and the first to substantiate him in the theoretical plan and widespread in specific developments precisely.

Each of the mentioned sweebancy ideas not only has a continuation (often not one), but also to the end did not exhaust the meanings in it. The creative potential of the philosophical heritage of Pothebni is so great that you can not doubt his long life.

A. Bayburin

13 Pottnya A. A. Explanation of small and society folk songs. T. I. - Warsaw, 1883. - P. 41 - 42.

14 Kostomarov N. I. On the historical meaning of Russian folk poetry. - Kharkov, 1843. This book, according to Pothebni, had an impact on his master's thesis "On some symbols in Slavic folk poetry". Later, N. I. Kostomarov reworked her, and it was reprinted in a substantially expanded form. See the last edition: Kostomarov N.I. The historical significance of the South-Russian folk song creativity // Cons. cit. St. Petersburg, 1905. KN. 8. T. 21. P. 425-1084.

N. Hegsov.

Pottnya, Alexander Afanasyevich

Philologist, born in the Romena district of Poltava province, on September 10, 1835, in the noble family. Seven years P. was given to the Radom Gymnasium and, thanks to this circumstance, he studied the Polish well. In 1851, P. entered the University of Kharkov, at the Faculty of Law, but next 1852 moved to historical and philological. At the university, he lived in a casinic student at the boarding house and subsequently recalled with pleasure about this period of his life and found good sides in the then student hostel. At the University of P. near the student M. V. Neochsky; Neochsky had a special Malorussian library, which was used by P. Teaching staff at the time in Kharkov University was not brilliant. Russian language was read by A. L. Metlinsky, according to P. Good and a pretty man, but a weak professor. His "Collection of South Russian People's Songs", according to P., was the first book who learned him to look closely to the phenomena of the language, and it was undoubted that the pretty Personality of Metlinsky and his literary experiments had an impact on P., while putting love in it to language and literature; In particular, the beneficial effect on P. produced the collection of folk small songs compiled by Metlin. At the University of P. listened to two famous Slavists, P. A. and N. A. Lavrovsky, and with gratitude later recalled them as scientific leaders. P. graduated from the course at the University in 1856 and, according to the advice of P. A. Lavrovsky, began to prepare for the Master's exam. At the same time, he served as a classroom warden in the Kharkov 1st gymnasium, but was soon determined by an overwhelmed senior teacher of Russian literature. According to N. A. Lavrovsky, P. familiarized himself with the works of Mikloshich and Karadzhich. According to the protection of master's thesis "On some symbols", P. was appointed by the Adjunct of the Kharkov University, with dismissal from the post of teacher of the gymnasium, and in 1861 there were theoretical studies on pedagogy; At the same time, he was secretary of the historical and philological faculty. In a master's thesis, it was brightly discovered by his philosophical study of language and poetry and to the definition of symbolic values \u200b\u200bin the word. The essay does not cause imitations; But the author himself later turned to him many times and later developed some of his departments with greater details and depth scientific analysis. The inclination to the philosophical psychological study of the system of speech and history of the language was especially brightly discovered in the extensive article P. "Thought and language" printed in 1862 in the magazine of the Minister. Nar. Pros. ". In 1892, already in the death of P., the essay is reissued by the widow of the deceased, M. F. Plebny, with the portrait of the author and a small preface written by prof. M. S. Drinov.

In 1862, P. was sent abroad for two years, but soon missed his homeland and returned in a year. P. visited Slavic lands, listened to Sanskrit from Weber and personally met a microtech. At this time, it was already quite clear and clearly determined its views on the importance of nationalism in the science and life of nationalism, as a few large letters of P. to Belikov (are stored in the manuscript of prof. M. E. Khalansky).

Since 1863 P. was an associate professor of the Kharkov University. To this, approximately, the time belongs to his differences with Peter A. Lavrovsky, the literary residue of which is provided by the harsh criticism of Lavrovsky for the composition of P. (1865) "On the mythical value of some rites and belief", printed in "Mosk's readings. Society. East . and ancient. Ross. " 1866 P. wrote a response that was not printed by the editor of the "readings" O. M. Bajansky and was preserved in the manuscripts of P. In 1874, he defended his doctoral dissertation in Kharkov University: "From the notes in Russian grammar", in 2 parts; In 1875, approved by the extraordinary and in the same year in the fall - an ordinary professor. Thesis was preceded by a number of other works on philology and mythology: "On the relationship of some ideas" - in Philol. Notes "1864," On Full Pagrain "and" On the Sound Features of the Russian Nareki "(in" Philol. Notes "1866)," Notes on the Malorussian Naschay "(IB. 1870)," On the share and splinters with her beings "(in" Antiquities "Mosk. Archaol. Society., Vol. I) and" On Kupal's Fires "(in the" Archaeological Bulletin "of 1867). In these articles, many actual material was collected, a lot of valuable conclusions were made. In particular, large origin P. - For philologists are "Notes on the Malorussian Institutes", and for mythologists and ethnographers - an essay "On the mythical meaning of some rites and beliefs". Doctoral thesis: "From the notes in Russian grammar" consists of 2 parts - administration (in 157 p.) And research on composite members of the proposal and their replacements in Russian. The second edition of this dissertation, corrected and supplemented, was published in 1889. This essay was very commendable reviews of I. I. Szrevnevsky, A. A. Kotlyarevsky, I. B. Yagich, V. I. Lamansky, A. S. Budilovich and I. V. Ruffle. O These are collected in the book "Memory of A. A. Perebny", published in 1892 by the Kharkov historical and philological society. Szreznevsky was surprised by the readiness of P. and its widespread reality. G. Yagich notes its extensive knowledge, independence of thinking, thoroughness and caution in the conclusions; Budilovich puts P. According to merit next to Yakov Grimm. G. Lamansky considers him above Mikloshich, calls "one of the most precious gifts of Russian education", "deep-well-knowledge", "highly gifted".

From the later philological studies of P. Wonderful: "To the history of the sounds of the Russian language" - in 4 parts (1873-1886) and "Multiple Number Values \u200b\u200bin Russian" (1888). In these studies, along with valuable comments on phonetics, there are very important observations about the lexical composition of the Russian language and, in connection with them, ethnographic observations and learning. If on the phonetics of the Malorussian language, along with the writings of P., it is possible to put the works of Mikloshich, Ogonovsky, P. Zhtetsky, then in relation to the study of the lexical composition of the Malorussian language P. occupies the only place, out of comparisons, almost without predecessors, except for Maximovich, and without followers , without successors. P. revealed the caches of the artistic activities of the people in certain words and in their song combination. With many dark words, it is raised to the bedspread, hiding their important historical and domestic importance.

From studying the lexic composition of the tongue, one step remains before the study of folk poetry, mainly songs, where the word retains all its artistic strength and expressiveness, - and A. A. Festa, the most natural way moved from the work of philological to the wider and vibrant work of historical and literary work, It is more accurate to say - to the study of folk poetic motifs. Already in 1877, in the article about the collection of songs of Golovaksky, he expressed and developed his opinion on the need for a formal foundation of folk songs and in subsequent writings everywhere highlights the size of the studied songs and distributes them to discharges and departments .

With the light hand of Ma Maksimovich, who began when studying the word about Igor's regiment, to determine the historical and poetic connection of South Rus to the present time with the Domongolian South Rus in individual poetic images, expressions and epitheats, this interesting work in large sizes is produced by hives in the notes to the "Word About the regiment of Igor ", who came out in 1877, recognizing, like many scientists, in the" Word "work is personal and written, he finds it incredible that it is composed of on the finished Byzantine-Bulgarian or other pattern and indicates an abundance of national poetic poetic Elements. Determining the features of the similarity of the "Words" with works of oral literature, P. On the one hand explains some dark places "Words", on the other - it builds some people's poetic motifs to time no later than the end of the twelfth century and thus makes a well-known share of chronology in The study of such parties of folk poetry as symbols and parallelism.

In the 1880s. P. issued a very large study: "Explanation of Malorussian and Society Folk Songs", in two volumes. The first volume (1883) includes spring, in the second (1887) carols. For any, seriously engaged in the study of folk poetry, these works P. are extremely important, according to the method of scientific research, according to the scientific conclusions assembled on the basis of this material. In addition to pure scientific papers and research, edited by P. The excellent publication of the compositions of the Malorussian writer G. F. Kvitka (Kharkov. 1887 and 1889) in compliance with the stress and local characteristics of the Kharkov Council, in Kievan Starne, were published in 1988. The compositions of Artemovsky-Gulak, according to the author's genuine manuscript, with respect for his spelling, and in the "Kievan Starin" 1890. Malorussian hospitals of the XVIII century were published.

A tireless labor life, and maybe some other circumstances were P. not by the years. In almost any easy cold, he resumed bronchitis. From the fall of 1890 and the whole winter P. felt very bad and almost could not leave the house; However, not wanting to deprive students of their lectures, he invited them to his home and read from the 3rd part of his "notes in Russian grammar", although his reading was already noticeably tired. This 3rd part of the "notes" especially took care of P. and he did not stop working on it to the most recent possibility, despite the disease. A trip to Italy, where he spent two year old months of 1891, a little helped him and, returning to Kharkov, he began to lecture at the university in September, but on November 29, 1891 died.

In posthumous papers, P. turned out to be many (twenty folders) of bulk and valuable works on the history of the Russian language and on the theory of literature. The most processed work is the III-th volume of "Notes in Russian grammar" - the composition of a philosophical nature, which refers to the tasks of linguistics, about nationalism in science, on the development of the Russian word in connection with the Russian thought, about the humanity of common concepts, etc. These notes Were in 1899 published in the form of the 3rd volume. An overview of the content of Dan was G. Kharciyev in the V release of "works of the Pedagogical Department of the Kharkov Historical and Philological Society", (1899).

Most of the materials remaining after P. can be divided into three departments: materials for etymology (dictionary), for grammar and mixed notes.

In the manuscripts, it was found, by the way, the translation of the part of Odysseas to the Malorussian language of the original script. Judging by the rippers, P. wanted to give a transfer to a purely popular language close to the style of Homer; And therefore the beginning of the translation made by him represents labor, very interesting both in literary and scientific relations.

As a teacher, A. A. Phebenza enjoyed great respect. The listeners saw in him a man deeply devoteed science, hardworking, conscientious and talented. In each of his lecture, a personal conviction sounded and the original attitude towards the subject of research, thoughtful and felt.

For 12 years (1877-1890), P. was the chairman of a historical and philological society in the Kharkov University and promoted his development.

After the death of Pothebni, his article was published: "Language and nationality" in the "Bulletin of Europe" (1893, Saint.); "From the lecture on the theory of literature: Bassnya, saying, proverb" (1894); Disaster of the dissertation dissertation of Sobolevsky (in the "Izvestia of the Academy of Sciences", 1896); 3th Tomi. "Notes in Russian grammar" (1899).

Linguistic studies of Pothebni, especially the main work - "notes", according to the abundance of actual content and the method of presentation, belong to it difficult to access, even for specialists, and therefore has a considerable importance to their scientific clarification in publicly available forms. In this regard, the first place occupies the works of prof. : "Fleeting, like a linguist and thinker", "language and art", "to the psychology of artistic creativity". A relatively more simplified popularization of the findings of Pottny is a brochure of Vommet "Language, poetry, art." Overview and evaluation of ethnographic works of Pottni Dana prof. N. Schatsov in 1 t. "Modern Malorossiysk ethnography."

Collection of articles and necrologologists about Plesertda was published by Kharkov Eastor.-Philol. Society in 1892; Bibliographic pointers of the articles of Pottny: G. Sumsyova - at 3 t. "Collection of East.-Phil. Society. 1891, Voltaire - at 3 tons. Collected. Acade. Sciences 1892 and the most detailed G. Vodukhova - 1898 G. - in "Rus. Philol. Vestn. ", KN. 3-4. From the articles published at the output of the book" Memory A. A. Plebni ", ed. Khark. Easter.-philologist. Society, issued in magnitude and circumstance: D. N. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky in "Kiev. Star. "1903, Ave. N. F. Sumsyova - in 1 t." Notes Imper. Kharkovsk. University "1903, V. I. Harzeiva - in V." Labor Pedagogy. Department "1899, A. V. Vommet - in" Russian. Philol. Bulletin "1898, Kashmensky in the" Peaceful Work "of 1902, KN. I, and V. I. Harzeiyev in the" Peaceful Work "of 1902 BN 2-3.

Prof. N. F. Heads.

Biographical Dictionary (ed. Polovtsova)

Pottnya, Alexander Afanasyevich

Lit-Aya activity P. covers the 60-80s. Among the literary crimes of that era P. is a mansion. He is alien to both the bourgeois sociologism of the cultural and historical school (diversity, etc.) and the bourgeois positivity of the comparative historical method of Veselovsky. The well-known influence on P. provided a mythological school. In his works, he pays a pretty prominent place of myifu and its ratio with the word. However, P. criticizes those extreme conclusions to which supporters of mythological school came. In Russian literary critic and linguistic, the era of P. was the founder of the subjective psychological direction. The philosophical roots of this subjective idealistic theory are upgraded through Humboldt to German idealistic philosophy, ch. arr. To the philosophy of Cant, agnosticism, the refusal to know the essence of things and portray in poetic images the real world permeate the entire worldview of P. The essence of things, from its point of view, is not known. Cognition is dealing with chaos of sensual sensations in which a person makes order. The word in this process plays a far from the last role. "Only the concept (and at the same time, and the word, as the necessary condition, it makes the idea of \u200b\u200blegality, the need, order to the world that a person surrounds himself and which he is destined to take for the actual" ("Thought and language", p. 131) .

From agnosticism P. goes to the main provisions of subjective idealism, stating that "the world is only as a course of changes in ourselves" ("from notes on the theory of literature", p. 25). Therefore, coming to the process of knowledge, Flebenza limits this process to the knowledge of the inner world of the subject.

In views of the language and poetry, this subjective idealism manifested itself as a pronounced psychologist. By putting the main questions of linguistics, P. is looking for them permits in psychology. Only approximate linguistics with psychology, it is possible, according to P., to develop fruitful and the other science. The only scientific psychology of P. considers the psychology of herbart. Linguistics Plebenza is based on the theory of herbart representations, considering the formation of each word as the process of appeping, judgments, that is, the explanations of the newly cognized after the previously known. Recognizing the general form of human knowledge of the explanation of the newly learned first known, P. from the word stretches the threads to poetry and science, considering them as a means of knowledge of the world. However, in the lips of the subjective idealist P. The situation that poetry and science are the form of knowledge of the world, has a completely different meaning than in the mouths of the Marxist. The sole purpose of both the scientific and poetic work is, according to P.'s views, "modifying the inner world of man." Poetry for P. There is a means of knowing not an objective world, but only subjective. Art and Word are a means of subjective association of disparate sensual perceptions. Artistic image does not reflect the world existing independently of our consciousness; This world, from the point of view of P., do not know, he only denotes part of the subjective world of the artist. This subjective world of the artist, in turn, do not know for others and is not expressed, but only designated artistic way. The image is a symbol - allegory - and valued only by the fact that everyone can invest its subjective content. Mutual understanding is essentially impossible. Every understanding is at the same time misunderstanding. This subjective and idealistic approach to art, consideration of the image only as a symbol, as a permanent response to variables, subject to P. in the theory of poetry to psychologism, to the study of the psychology of creativity and psychology of perception.

We will not find the systematic presentation of the views of P. on literature in its writings, so the presentation of his views on literature is a well-known difficulty. It is necessary to set on the system P., based on its language work, draft notes and lectures recorded by students and published after the death of P.

In order to understand the essence of the views of P. for poetry, it is necessary to initially get acquainted with his eyes.

Developing mainly the views of the German List of Humboldt in the language as an activity, P. considers the language as a body of creating thought, as a powerful factor of knowledge. From the word as the simplest poetic work P. goes to complex artwork. Analyzing the process of education of the word, P. shows that the first step of education of the word is a simple reflection of the feeling in sound, then sound awareness and finally the third stage is awareness of the content of thought in sound. From the point of view of the sweebni in each word there are two contents. One of them after the appearance of the word is gradually forgotten. This is his nearest etymological importance. It contains only one sign of all the variety of features of this subject. So, the word "table" means only the post-in, the word "window" - from the word "OKO" - it means that it looks or where the light passes, and does not contain any hint not only on the frame, but even on the concept of the opening. This etymological value of the word P. calls the inner form. Essentially, it is not the content of the word, but only a sign, a symbol, under which we are mentioned in fact the content of the word: It may include a wide variety of features of the subject. For example: How was the black color called the ravene or blue blue? From the Raven or Pigeon images that are the focus of a number of signs, one was allocated, it was their color, and this sign and was called again to know - the color.

We know unknown to us with the help of apperception, i.e., we explain it with the former our experience, the margin of the knowledge already learned by us. The inner form of the word is a means of Apperception precisely because it expresses a general characteristic of both the explanatory and explaining (still experiment). Expressing this general feature, the inner form acts as an intermediary as something third between two compared phenomena. Analyzing the psychological process of Apperception, P. identifies it with the process of judgment. The inner form is the ratio of the content of thought to consciousness, it shows how his own thought appears to be ... So, the thought of clutch was represented by the people under the form of one of their signs - exactly what she absorbs water or pours out her Where did the word "cloud" [("TU" root - drink, pour), "thought and tongue"].

But if the word is a means of Apperception, and the apperception itself is not. What other, as a judgment, the word, regardless of its combination with in other words, is the expression of judgment, a bouncer, consisting of an image and its presentation. Consequently, the inner form of a word, K-paradium expresses only one sign, it does not matter itself, but only as a form (not by chance, P. It is called by the inner form), the sensual image of which is conscious. The inner form only indicates all the wealth of the sensual image concluded in a learned subject and out of connection with it, that is, outside of judgment does not make sense. The inner form is important only as a symbol, as a sign, as the substituent of the variety of sensual image. This sensual image is perceived by each differently depending on his experience, and therefore the Word is only a sign in which everyone invests subjective content. The content that thinks by singing the same word, for each person different, therefore there is no and can not be complete understanding.

The inner form, expressing one of the signs of a knowledgeable sensual image, not only creates the unity of the image, but also gives knowledge of this unity; "It is not an image of the object, but the image of the image, i.e. the view," says P. Word by allocating one sign summarizes sensual perceptions. It acts as a means of creating a sensual image unity. But the word except the creation of the unity of the image gives more knowledge of his community. Child Different Perceptions Mother calls the same word "mother". Having a person to the consciousness of the unity of the sensual image, then to the consciousness of his community, the word is a means of knowledge of reality.

Analyzing the Word, P. so. arr. It comes to the following conclusions: 1. The word consists of three elements: an external form, i.e. sound, inner form and value. 2. The inner form expresses one character between compared, that is, between the newly known and previously disabled items. 3. The inner form acts as a means of appersonation, the appeping is the same judgment, therefore the inner form is the expression of judgment and is not important in itself, but only as a sign, the symbol of the word value that is subjective. 4. The inner form, expressing one character, gives the consciousness of the unity and community of sensual image. 5. The gradual oblivion of the inner form turns the word from the primitive poetic work to the concept. Analyzing the symbols of folk poetry, viewing their inner form, P. comes to the idea that the need to restore the forgotten inner form and was one of the reasons for the formation of symbols. Kalina became a symbol of the girl because the maiden is called Red - according to the unity of the main representation of fire-light in the words "Maiden", "Red", "Kalina". Studying the symbols of Slavic folk poetry, P. places them in the unity of the main representation concluded in their names. P. By detailed etymological studies, it shows how to come closer, finding compliance in the language, the growth of wood and the genus, root and father, a wide sheet and mother's mind.

From the word of the primordial, the words as the simplest poetic work P. proceeds to the paths, to the sync, to epithetia and metonymy, to the metaphor, to comparison, and then to the Basna, proverb, and saying. Analyzing them, he seeks to show that the three elements inherent in a primary word as an elementary poetic product make up an integral entity in general poetic, works. If in the Word we have an external form, inner form and value, then in every poetic product it is also necessary to distinguish the form, image and value. "The unity of the directions of the poetic work is correspond to the unity of the directions of the poetic work, under which not one sound, but also a verbal form, significant in its constituent parts" ("notes on the theory of literature", p. 30). Representation (i.e. inner form) in the word corresponds to the image (or known unity of images) in the poetic product. The meaning of the word corresponds to the content of the poetic work. Contained by the artwork of P. Meet those thoughts that are called in the reader in this way, or those that serve as the author of the soil to create an image. The image of an artistic work, as well as the inner form in the Word, is only a sign of those thoughts that were from the author when creating an image, or those that arise from the reader in his perception. The image and shape of the artistic work, as well as the external and inner form in the Word, are, according to the teachings of P., inseparable unity. If the connection between sound and meaning is lost for consciousness, the sound ceases to be an external form in the aesthetic value of this word. So for example. To understand the comparison, "Clean water flows in a clean river, and faithful love in the right heart" we lack the legality of the relationship between the external form and the meaning. The legal connection between water and love will be established only when it is possible, without making a jump, move from one of these thoughts to another when for example. In consciousness there will be a connection of light as one of the epithets of water with love. This is the forgotten inner form, that is, the symbolic value of the expressed first two-oful water image. In order to compare water with love with love, it is necessary to restore this inner form, the connection between water and love. To explain this thought, the sweebnia leads the spring Ukrainian song, where the saffron wheel looks from the date. If you perceive only the external form of this song, t. e. understand it literally, then there will be a nonsense. If you restore the inner shape and tie a yellow saffron wheel with the Sun, the song takes aesthetic significance. So, in the poetic product, we have the same elements as in the Word, the relations between them are similar to the relationship between the elements of words. The image indicates the content, is a symbol, a sign, the outer form is inextricably linked with a way. When analyzing the words it was shown that it is for P. to the anemia of the Apperception, the cognition of the unknown, through the known, expression of judgment. The same means of knowledge is both a complex artwork. It is primarily necessary for the creator-artist himself for the formation of his thoughts. The artwork is not so much the expression of these thoughts as a means of creating thoughts. Humboldt's point of view, which language is an activity, the formation body of thought, P. spreads to any poetic work, showing that the artistic image is not a means of expressing ready-made thought, and, like the word, plays a huge role in creating these thoughts. In his book "From lectures on the theory of literature" P., dividing the views of the lesing on the definition of the essence of poetry, criticizes his idea that moral approval, morality precedes the artist's consciousness to create a fable. "In applied to the tongue, it would mean that the word first means a number of things, for example, the table at all, and then in particular this thing. However, to such generalizations, humanity comes to for many millennia," says P. Then he shows that the artist It does not seek to always bring the reader to moral. The immediate goal of the poet is a certain point of view on a valid private case - to psychological subject (since. The image is an expression of judgment) - by comparing it with another, also a private case told in the Basna, with psychological legend. This is a legend (the image enclosed in the bass) remains unchanged, and the subject changes, since the fable applies to different cases.

The poetic image is due to its allegum, due to the fact that it is permanent to many variables subject to many variables, makes it possible to replace a lot of various thoughts with respect to small values.

The process of creating any, even the most complex work P. brings under the following scheme. Something unclear for the author, existing in the form of a question (x), is looking for an answer. The author can find only in previous experience. Denote by the last through "A". From "a" under the influence of x is repelled all for this x not suitable, the glitter is attracted, this last is connected in the image "A", and judgment occurs, that is, creating an artistic work. Analyzing the works of Lermontov "Three Palm", "Sail", "Palestine Branch", "Hero of Our Time", P. shows how the same thing that tormented the poet is embodied in various images. It is x, knowable by the poet, there is something extremely difficult in relation to the image. The image never exhausts this x. "We can say that x in the poet is inexpressible, that what we call the expression, there are only a number of attempts to designate this x, and not express it," says P. ("from lectures on the theory of literature", p. 161).

The perception of the artwork is similar to the process of creativity, only in reverse order. Understands the reader the work as much as he participates in its creation. So, the image serves only a means of transforming another self-content, which is in thought of understanding. The image is important only as an allegory as a symbol. "The artwork is similar to the word there is not so much expression, how much to create a thought, the goal of it, like words - to produce a well-known subjective mood in both the speaking and understanding," says P. ("Thought and language", p. 154) .

This allegorization of the image can be two birth. Firstly, allegum in close sense, i.e., the carrier, metaphoricity, when the image and value are far from each other, as for example. Outdoor nature and human life. Secondly, artistic typical, when the image becomes in the idea of \u200b\u200ba number of similar and homogeneous images. The purpose of the poetic works of this kind, it is - a generalization, achieved when the understanding learns knows them. "The abundant examples of such knowledge with the help of the types created by the poetry represents life (i.e., the application) of all the outstanding works of new Russian literature, from" inexpensive "and to Satir Saltykov" ("from notes on the theory of literature", p. 70).

The inner form in the Word gives the consciousness of unity and the generality of the sensual image, that is, the whole content of the word. In the artistic product, this role of the uniform, collector of various interpretations, various subjective contents performs the image. The image is united and together endlessly, infinity is it precisely in the inability to determine how much and what content will be invested by perceived.

Poetry, according to P., fills the imperfection of scientific thought. Science, from the point of view of the agnostic P., can not give knowledge of the essence of objects and a whole painting of the world, since each new fact that did not enter the scientific system, according to P., destroys it. The poetry discovers the harmony of the world unattainable for analytical knowledge, it indicates this harmony with its own images, "replacing the unity of the concept by the unity of the presentation, it will certainly reward for the imperfection of scientific thought and satisfies the congenital man needs to see everywhere whole and perfect" ("Thought and language and language ").

On the other hand, poetry prepares science. The word originally the simplest poetic work turns into a concept. Art, from the point of view of P., "there is a process of objectifying the initial data of mental life, the science is the process of objectification of art" ("Thought and language", p. 166). Science is more objective, from the point of view of P. than art, since the basis of art is the image, the understanding of which every time is subjectively, the basis of science is the concept that is composed of an image objectified in the word signs. The very concept of objectivity is interpreted by P. from subjectively idealistic positions. Objectivity or truth, according to P., is not the correct reflection of our objective world, but only a "comparison of personal thought with the general" ("thought and language").

Poetry and science as a different kind of later human thinking preceded the stage of mythical thinking. The myth is also an act of knowledge, i.e. explanations x by means of a totality before referring. But in the myth, the newly known to be identified with the previously known. The image is entirely transferred to the value. So for example. Between the lightning and the snake, the primitive man set a sign of equality. In poetry formula, the snake acquires the character of comparison. In poetic thinking, a person distinguishes the newly known from previously known. "The appearance of a metaphor in the sense of consciousness of the heterogeneity of the image and the meaning there is thereby disappearance of the myth" ("from notes on the theory of literature", p. 590). Putting great importance to myif as the first stage of human thinking, from which poetry grows, P. However, far from those extreme conclusions, to which representatives of mythological school came in the person of the German researcher M. Muller and Russian scientist Afanasyev. P. criticizes their view that the source of the myth was incorrectly understood metaphors.

Building her poetics on a psychological and linguistic basis, considering the newly created Word as the simplest poetic work and stretching the threads from him to complex artworks, P. made enormous efforts so that all kinds of paths and complex artworks to bring under the judgment scheme, decompose as before Movement and means of knowledge - image. It is not by chance that the analysis of poetic works from P. did not further be the analysis of the simplest forms: Basni, proverbs and sayings, since to fit under the word scheme a complex work was extremely difficult.

The rapprochement of poetics with linguistics on the basis of the consideration of the word and the artistic work as a means of knowledge of the inner world of the subject, and hence the interest in the problems of psychology, and there was the new one that contributed to the linguistic and literary criticism of P. However, it was in these central issues of the theory of P. " and the vanity of its methodology.

The subjective-idealistic theory of P., aimed at the inner world, interpreting imagery only as allegorizing and cutting off the way to the literature as a definite social reality, in the 60-80s. Reflected in Russian literary criticism of the decadent trends of the noble intelligentsia. The progressive layers of both bourgeois and petty-bourgeois intelligentsia in that era stretched either to a historical and cultural school or to the positivism of the School of Veselovsky. It is characteristic that P. himself felt the relativeness of his views with the philosophical foundations of the representative of the noble poetry, the predecessor of the Russian symbolism of Tyutchev. In the 900s. Symbolists - expressants of the Russian decades - brought their theoretical constructions with the main provisions of poetics P. So, in 1910, he dedicated the article by the main work of P. "Thought and language", where he does P. Spiritual Father Symbolism.

The ideas of P. popularized and developed by his students grouped around the collections "Questions of theory and psychology of creativity" (ed. In 1907-1923, ed. Lezina in Kharkov). The most interesting figure from the students P. was Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky, an attempting psychological method to apply to the analysis of the creativity of Russian classics. Later, Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky largely departed from the system P. towards bourgeois sociologization. The remaining disciples P. were essentially epigons of their teacher. Hornfeld focused on the problems of the psychology of creativity and psychology of perception ("the flour of the word", "future art", "about the interpretation of the artistic work"), treating these problems with subjective idealistic positions. Rainins popularized the aesthetics of Kant. Other students P. - Lesin, Engelmeier, Harziev - developed the teachings of P. in the direction of Mach and Avenarius empiricism. P. Theory, considered the word and poetic work as a means of cognition through the designation of a variety of content in one way-symbol, was interpreted from the point of view of thinking. Pupils of Pothebni, considered science and poetry as form of thinking, according to the principle of the smallest costs, with exceptional clarity, found the subjectively idealistic foundations of Fetabnanism and thereby all his hostility to Marxism-Leninism. Playing his historical role in the fight against old scholastic language, the attention of science on literature on the psychology of creativity and psychology of perception, on the problem of the artistic image, which binding poetics with linguistics, Fetabnanism, vicious in its methodological basis, washed, then with Machism, discovered everything Your reactionibility. All the more unacceptable attempts by individual students P. Combine Fabunanism with Marxism (Article Levin). In recent years, some of the students P. are trying to master the principles of Marxist-Leninist literary criticism (Belletsky, M. Grigoriev).

Bibliography: I. Essential works: Full Camp. Sochik., T. I. Thought and language, ed. 4, Odessa, 1922 (original in "ZHMNP", 1862, part 113, 114; 2, 3, 5 ed.-1892, 1913, 1926); From the notes on the theory of literature, Kharkov, 1905: I. On some characters in Slavic folk poetry. TI. About the relationship of some ideas in the language. III. About Kupali Fires and Surgious Presentations. IV. On the share and federals with her creatures, Kharkov, 1914 (originally printed separately in 1860-1867); From lectures on the theory of literature, CC. 1 and 2, Kharkov, 1894 (ed. 2, Kharkov, 1923); From the notes in Russian grammar, CC. 1 and 2, ed. 2, Kharkov, 1889 (initially in magazines 1874); The same, part 3, Kharkov, 1899.

II. Memory A. A. Pothebni, Sat., Kharkov, 1892; , A. A. Plebnika as a linguist, thinker, "Kievan Starina", 1893, VII - IX; Vetukhov A., language, poetry and science, Kharkov, 1894; N. F., A. A. Phebenz, "Russian Biographical Dictionary", Tom Madiers - Primo, St. Petersburg, 1905, pp. 643-646; White A., Thought and language, Sat. "Logos", KN. II, 1910; XARCYEV V., Basics of poetics A. A. Pothebni, Sat. "Questions of the theory and psychology of creativity", vol. II, vol. II, St. Petersburg, 1910; Shklovsky V., Pottnya, Sat. "Poetics", P., 1919; Gornfeld A., A. A. Pestbaznaya and modern science, "Chronicle of the House of Writers", 1921, No. 4; Bulletin editorial commituet for Viddana creativity O. Pottenі, part 1, Kharkiv, 1922; Gornfeld A. G., Pottnya, in the book. the author "Combat responses for peaceful topics", Leningrad, 1924; T., Fleebnaya, P., 1924. See Sat. "Questions of the theory and psychology of creativity", Tom I - VIII, Kharkov, 1907-1923.

III. Bully S., theory of literature, annotated bibliography, I, L., 1929, p. 78-85; Rainins, A. A. Pottnya, P., 1924; Khalansky M. G. and Bagaly D. I. (Ed.), Historical Philology. Faculty of Kharkiv University for 100 years, 1805-1905, Kharkov, 1908; Languages \u200b\u200bD., Overview of the Life and Labor of Russian Writers and Writers, Vol. XI, St. Petersburg, 1909; Piccans N. K., two centuries of Russian literature, ed. 2, M., 1924, p. 248-249; Memory A. A. Pothebni, Sat., Kharkov, 1892.

E. Drozdovskaya.

Literary encyclopedia: in 11 tons. - M., 1929-1939.