The richness of the language is determined primarily. Basic sources of language wealth. Phenomena

The word is one of the main units of the language. In a word, they call certain items, processes, actions, describe their condition. All phenomena and items have their own name languages. Famous linguist L.A.Vvedhenskaya claims that "the wealth of the language is determined by the semantic saturation of the word", which contributes to the phenomenon of multi-risk, homonymy, synonymy. This means that the word concluded a lot of meanings and the richness of the native language depends on its correct use.

Russian language is not just expressive, he is infinitely rich. There are many synonyms, allowing to diversify speech, reveal different sides of the concepts. In multivalued words, a whole world of meaning was concluded, since such words have both portable meanings.

In a sentence, the word "fell" was applied in a sentence of the text of the text.

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The multivalued word can be interpreted as "calm down" or "fall under weight". But in a concrete case, of course, there is a first meaning, because the hero's hand did not fall off. At the same time, an idea of \u200b\u200bsomething is irrevocably lost remaining in the depths of the reader's consciousness. Another time, the same word in the same meaning is mentioned in sentence 51 and again it speaks of a serious period in the life of Vladimir Mikhailovich. But in the second case, this word also emphasizes the opposition, because once the hand fell on the head of the loyal dog, and now - in the void.

When describing the actions of the dog, the author mentions how "Sweet" she squeezed (offer 14). He deliberately chooses exactly this adherence from possible options, since "Sweet" allows the reader to present the pleasure with which the dog was swaying from the speeches of the host, and at the same time it allows you to feel the sweet taste of the liver in the mouth.

Thanks to the latitude and multifaceted Russian languages, writers can express many different meanings.

Updated: 2017-02-19

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What determines the wealth of the tongue, including the language of a separate person?

The wealth of any language lies in the richness of the dictionary. Some researchers believe that the active dictionary of the modern person does not exceed 7-8 thousand different words, according to the estimates of others, it reaches 11-13 thousand words. People of lingvo-intensive professions, such as teachers, politicians, lawyers, doctors, managers, must have as much as possible in words and constantly take care of his replenishment.

Words - "weeds" do not carry any semantic load, do not possess informativeness. They not only clog speech, but also make it difficult to perceive, distract attention from the content of the statement. In addition, unnecessary words psychologically act on the listeners, annoy them.

The expressiveness of speech enhances the effectiveness of the speech: a bright question is of interest among the listeners, supports attention to the subject of the conversation, has an impact on the mind, feelings, the imagination of the listeners. Special artistic techniques, visual and expressive tongue, traditionally called paths (comparison, metaphor, methonymy, hyperbole, etc.) and the figures (antithesis, inversion, repeat, etc.) are helped by a figurative, emotional speaking , phraseological expressions, winged words.

The trails perform the following functions: emotionality give speech (reflecting a person's personal look at the world, express grades, feelings when comprehending the world); clarity (contribute to the visual reflection of the picture of the outside world, the inner world of a person); contribute to the original reflection of reality (show objects and phenomena with a new, unexpected side); allow you to better understand the internal state of the speaker (writing); attractive attractive speeches.

In order for the trails to perform the specified functions, improved the quality of speech, enhancing its impact effect, it is necessary to take into account a number of requirements: 1) the trails should not be contrived, unnatural (when the trail is based on signs or concepts that are not combined in life, nature); 2) when comparing objects, it is necessary to maintain the "Unity of the Sign", it is impossible to move from one basis to another; 3) the signs for which the comparison is carried out should be essential, characteristic; 4) The trails must respond to the laws of the language.

If the trails are used in the statement in violation of these rules, the communication efficiency is reduced. So, for example, in the fragment of the advertising message "A bouquet of thin smells, stimulating the effect of hair recovery, domestic shampoos" Lavender "," Natalie "," tenderness "... for the name of the main property of advertised shampoos used metaphorubet of thin odors. The used metaphor does not clarify the real, meaningful signs of the object, and shifts them, since the main thing in the shampoo is still not the smell, and its quality, especially since further in the report talks about the effect of hair recovery. In addition, the phrase "Bouquet ... odors, stimulating effect of rehabilitation ..." causes questions: Need effect of improvement or healing itself? Can the smell of healthy hair? Can a bouquet to improve their hair? In this phrase, the combination of words was broken, which led to the absurdity of the statement.

The trails are more common in artistic and journalistic speech, to a lesser extent they are characteristic of scientific speech. In formal business speech, the use of trails is unacceptable. In colloquial speech, general-language trails are more often used; The use of original, copyright paths depends on the individuality of the speaker, the topics of the conversation, the situation of communication.

Speech figures are special forms of syntactic structures that enhance the impact of speech on the addressee. Experts allocate three groups of figures: 1. Figures based on the ratio of words of words: antithesis (turnover, in which the words of the words are sharply opposed: "Where the table was the coffin, there is a coffin" (Derzhavin), gradation (the arrangement of words in which Each subsequent contains an increase in or decreasing the values: I do not regret, I don't call, I do not cry. (S. Yesenin), inversion (the location of words that violates the usual order: Amazing our people (I. Erenburg), Ellipsis (passing any implied member: Everyone said later: Boria did not do, because anti-Semites, and Misha did not do, because the fool. (A. Bondar). 2. Figures based on the repetition of the same elements: anaphor (repetition of the same words at the beginning of the sentence), epiphara (repetition individual words or revolutions at the end of the proposal), parallelism (the same syntactic construction of neighboring proposals), the period (rhythm model design, thought and intonation in which gradually increase, reaches the vertices, the topic gets OE permission, after which the intonation voltage is reduced). 3. Figures based on the expression of rhetorical addresses to the reader or listener: appeal, question, exclamation.

However, in my opinion, they do not exhaust the variety of expressive tools of their own speech. By resorting to them, we should not forget that all these "flowers of eloquence", as they called their prominent Master of Russian judicial eloquence P.S. Powers, good only when it seems unexpected for the listener. They cannot be, and it is not necessary to memorize, they can only be absorbed into themselves with the folk speech, developing and improving the speech culture, speech taste and flair.

The need to follow the accuracy of the expression of his thoughts said well L.N. Tolstoy: "The only means of mental communication of people is a word, and in order for communication to be possible, you need to use words so that with each word undoubtedly caused by all the relevant and accurate concepts."

The richness of speech testifies to the erudition of the speaker, its high intelligence. The wealth of an individual language makes it possible to diversify speech, give it accuracy and clarity, avoids repeats both lexical and syntactic.

What determines the wealth of language, including the language of a separate individual?

Wealth and variety of speech speaking or writing largely depend on how much it realizes is the identity of the native language, its wealth.

The richest source of replenishment of an individual vocabulary is synonymy. Synonyms attract a writer or talking by the fact that they, distinguishing with the shades of values \u200b\u200bor stylistic color, make it possible to formulate the thought with utmost accuracy, give speech conversational or book character, express positive or negative expression. For example, a word "brave"it has the following synonyms: brave, courageous, brave, daring, fearless, fearless, non-resistant, valiant, heroic; heroic (progress);dorned, bestingny (high.);dare (mouth high.);decisive (B. decision-making);not timid (ornot a cowardly) dozen, about two heads. Many in Russian words that transmit a positive or negative attitude of the spelling thoughts, i.e. Possess expression. So words bliss, luxurious, gorgeous, faintless, charmconclude positive expression, and words boltun, incoming, stupid, masculinecharacterized by negative expression.

Unusually rich in Russian language figurative phraseology.

The phraseology of the Russian language is diverse in its composition, has great stylistic capabilities. Phraseologisms help a few words to say a lot, because they define not only the subject, but also its sign, not only the action, but also its circumstances. The complication of the semantics of phraseologisomes distinguishes them from single synonyms. So, a steady combination on shiotkuya footit means not just "richly", but "richly, luxurious, not embarrassed in the means." Phraseologism to takedyit means not easy to "destroy, eliminate anything," and "eliminate, destroy what can serve as something else."

Phraseology is a steady expression with an independent value.

Phraseology attracts its expressiveness, a potential opportunity to positively or adversely assess the phenomenon, express approval orcondemnation, ironic, mocking or other attitude towards it. Especially bright this is manifested in the so-called characteristics phraseologism. For example: man with a capital letter, milk on the lips not dry, telegraph pole, master on all hands, andassurate zero, wind in the head, bright personality, mindchamber, white crow, prodigal son, not a timid ten, sobaka on the Seine, one field of berry.

The wealth of the dictionary and the phraseology of the Russian language makes it possible to avoid in the oral and written speech of the recurrence of the same words, phrases, diversify it, to make it richer.

There is a term in literary critic "Periprase",or " perifraper".It means the substitutional name of the subject or the phenomenon of the descriptive circulation, indicating one or more essential signs of what is called. Some of the periphyra over time, getting spreading in the language becomes stable combinations. For example, St. Petersburg, in addition to names itself Petrograd, Peter, Petersburg, Leningradcall North Palmyra, the city on the Neva, the Northern capital, hail (city) of Peter, a window to Europe. ABOUT The wealth of speech testifies the presence of proverbs and sayings in it. Proverbs and sayings are clots of folk wisdom, they express the truth, tested by the centuries-old history of the people, the experience of many generations. "The proverb is no wonder" - says folk wisdom. They are expressed in joy and grief, anger and sadness, love and hatred, irony and humor. They generalize various phenomena of the reality surrounding us, help to understand the history of our people. Therefore, in the texts of the proverb and sayings, they acquire special importance. They not only strengthen the expressiveness of speech, give sharpness, deepen the content, but also help to find the path to the heart of the listener, reader, conquer their respect and location.

The proverb is a brief folk redemption with edifying content, popular aphorism.

The saying is a brief stable expression, mainly a figurative, not constituting, in contrast to the proverb, completed statement.

The success of the use of proverbs in speech depends on how well they are chosen. It is not for nothing that says: "Good proverb in a way and in the suit."

Today at our disposal is a significant number of collections of folk verts. Among them, the collection V. I. Dalya "Proverbs of the Russian People". Of particular interest are modern thematic compilations of proverbs and sayings. So, the "School-Press" publishing house issued the Russian Proverbs and sayings learning dictionary. Folk sayings in it are combined by themes: "Man", "Life", "Love, Friendship, Family", "Wealth", "Trade" and others. The dictionary "Russian proverbs, sayings and winged expressions" V. P. Felitsina, Yu. E. Prokhorov. It contains 450 most commonly used in the modern Russian language proverbs, sayings and winged expressions.

Winged words - shaped, talked expressions, sayings included in general use.

Along with the proverbs and sayings about the wealth of speech, the winged words are evidenced - this is a labored, figurative expressions that have received the distribution that have become commonplace. They were known in distant antiquity.

For example, Homer "Wester" called words that quickly break off from the mouth of the speaking and fly to the ear of the listener. As a rule, winged words and expressions have a book origin. These include well-known quotes from artistic, scientific, journalistic literature, the statements of the famous people of the past and present: "His example isgIm science "(Pushkin); "There is from what to despair to come"(Griboedov); "Judushka Golovlov"(Saltykov-Shchedrin); "as would not happen "(Chekhov); "As a squirrel in the wheel"(Wings); "the best- the enemy is good(Voltaire); "Science of boys pimelt, the elders are fed. "(Lomonosov); "ON TIMEnNA! About the moral! "(Cicero); "Of the two angry, choose the smaller"(Aristotle).

Interesting material about the history of the winged expressions and words contains the book N. S. Ashukin and M. G. Ashukina "Winged words".

Wealth is a wide and free use of language units in speech, allowing you to optimally express information. Wealth and diversity, the originality of the speech of the speaking or writing depends largely on how much it realizes is the identity of the native language, its wealth.

The Russian language belongs to the number of the most developed and processed languages \u200b\u200bof the world with the richest book-written tradition. What is the richness of the Russian language, what properties of the lexic composition, grammatical system, the sound side of the tongue creates its positive qualities?

The wealth of any language is determined primarily by the wealth of the dictionary. The lexical wealth of the Russian language is reflected in various linguistic dictionaries. Thus, "the dictionary of the Church Slavonic and Russian language", published in 1847, contains about 115 thousand words. V.I. Dal included in the "Dictionary of the Living Great Russian language" more than 200 thousand words, D. N. Ushakov in the "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" - about 90 thousand words.

The "Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language" in 17 volumes consists of more than 120 thousand words. The speaker must have a sufficient stock of words to express his thoughts clearly and clearly. It is important to constantly take care of the expansion of this stock, try to use the riches of the native language. The richness of the language is determined by the semantic saturation of the word, i.e. meaningful. It is important, whether the word is chosen to express my thoughts? Does the listener understand what is we talking about, what does the speaker mean? Most often in speech, one of the meaning of the multivalued word is used. However, multi-consciousness can also be used as a reception enrichment. This allows you to make the content more capacious and expressive.

Very rich in the language synonyms, that is, close to your meaning. Synonyms make our speech more colorful, more diverse, help to avoid repetition of the same words, allow you to figure out the idea. Often synonyms, differing with a touch of values, allocate some one feature of the quality of the subject, a phenomenon or some kind of action and contribute to a deeper comprehensive description of the reality phenomena.

A lot in Russian words that transmit a positive or negative attitude of the thoughts speaking. Availability emotionally paintedwords are explained by the fact that our language is rich in various suffixes who transmit human feelings: affection, irony, disregard, contempt. M.V. Lomonosov wrote so much about this feature of the Russian language: "... the sacrificing names, like a courtyard, is swimming, the girl, not in any language is evenly satisfied. Russian and Italian are very rich, German Sudden, French is still meager. "

Unusually rich Russian language figurative phraseology. How many thin people's humor, irony, the richest history of the Russian people are concluded in them. Russian phraseology is represented in the "Russian phraseological dictionary" edited by A.N. Molotkova. It contains four thousand vocabulary articles. You can not pay attention to the amazing proverbs and sayings that contain Russian. So in the collection of proverbs of the Russian people at V.I. Delia is one of the topic "Motherland" is devoted to five hundred sayings.

The poor, the poor in the language is perceived as a negative characteristic of a person, testifies to its superficial knowledge, low speech culture, on the insufficient stock of words. But the main thing: poverty, sir, the monotony of the tongue is associated with poverty, gray and not the originality of thought.

Wealth and diversity, the originality of the speech of the speaking or writing depends largely on how much it realizes is the identity of the native language, its wealth is introduced by L. A., Pavlova L., Culture and the art of speech. Modern rhetoric. - Rostov-on-Don: Publishing House "Phoenix", 1996.

The wealth of any language is determined primarily by the wealth of the dictionary. The lexical wealth of the Russian language is reflected in various linguistic dictionaries. Thus, "the dictionary of the Church Slavonic and Russian language", published in 1847, contains about 115 thousand words. V.I. Dal included in the "Dictionary of Living Great Russian" more than 200 thousand words, D.N. Ushakov in the "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" - about 90 thousand words.

What could be the vocabulary of man? Answer this question is definitely very difficult. Some researchers believe that the active dictionary of the modern man usually does not exceed 7--9 thousand different words, according to the estimates of others, it reaches 11--13 thousand words. And now compare this data with the vocabulary of the great masters of the artistic word. For example, A.S. Pushkin used in his works and letters more than 21 thousand words (when analyzing, repeated words were accepted for one), and half of these words he used only one or twice. This testifies to the exclusive wealth of the vocabulary of the ingenious poet. We give information about the number of words in some other writers and poets: Yesenin - 18890 words, Cervantes - about 17 thousand words, Shakespeare - about 15 thousand words (according to other sources - about 20 thousand), Gogol - About 10 thousand words. And some people have a margin of words extremely poor. No wonder I. Ilf and E. Petrov in the famous "twelve chairs" ridiculed Ellochka-ogoodochny, "which was just thirty words. She was enough for her to talk to relatives, friends, acquaintances and unfamiliar. It is easy to imagine what this communication was.

The speaker must have a sufficient stock of words to express his thoughts clearly and clearly. It is important to constantly take care of the expansion of this stock, try to use the riches of the native language. The wealth of the language is determined by the semantic saturation of the word, i.e., its meaningfulness. It is important, whether the word is chosen to express my thoughts? Does the listener understand what is being said to mean talking?

Most often in the speech, one of the meaning of a multi-valued word is realized. If it were different, then people would often not understand each other or understood incorrectly. However, multi-consciousness can be used as an enrichment of speech content.

Of particular interest are cases when writing, using the word, takes into account his two values \u200b\u200band stipulates, emphasizes the intriguing reader, forcing him to think about the further content of the text. How to explain what the authors write about if the text begins: "London was shocked in the literal and figurative sense," the ruler burned out from his people and in the portable and in the literal sense, "" The first made an attempt to attach the flag extremely right. Carrying not only in the figurative sense, but in direct. "

What could shake London in the literal and figurative sense? It turns out, one of the skyscrapers collapsed. How could the ruler to have an extinguishable from the people in the literal sense? He "barricaded his residence as if the fortress." In the words of Russian language dictionaries, only one figurative meaning is noted - "take possession of anyone else's, assign." There is no other value. How can party kill the flag in the literacy? Subsequent text permits bewilderment. It turns out that members of the party are in the breast pockets of their coils from the star-striped fabric. The author expanded the semantic amount of the word, gave it a new meaning, quite motivated by its word formation structure.

Anyone who is interested in improving their speech must know the entire semantic amount of the word perfectly, all its values. It should be able to relate, to oppose not only words related to each other with a variety of semantic, thematic, associative relations, but also different meanings of one word.

Our language is very rich synonymous, i.e., words close to their meaning. Each of the synonyms, differing with a tint of the value, highlights some one feature of the quality of the object, phenomena or some sign of action, and in the aggregate synonyms contribute to a deeper, comprehensive description of the reality of the reality of Vinokur T.G. Talking and listening. Options for speech behavior. M., 2001.

Synonyms make speech colorful, more diverse, help to avoid repetition of the same words, allow you to figure out the idea. For example, the concept of a lot of things is transmitted by the words: a lot (apples), darkness (books), abyss (work), buzz (business), cloud (mosquitoes), swarm (thoughts), ocean (smiles), sea (flags ), forest (pipes). All the words given, with the exception of the word much, create a figurative idea of \u200b\u200blarge quantities.

A lot in Russian words, which transmit a positive or negative attitude of the spelling thoughts, that is, they possess expression. So, the words of bliss, the luxurious, magnificent, faintless, charm enclose positive expression, and the words of the Boltun, the insecurity, Prostlavshchina, the Mazne are characterized by negative expression.

The grammatical system of language is also solicing, flexibility and expressiveness. Take for example category of type. In contrast to the category of time, which indicates the ratio of action by the time of speech, the category of the species indicates a method of flowing. So, in a species pair to read - read the verbs characterize the action in different ways. The verb read (perfect view) indicates the action that has exhausted itself and continuously continue. The verb is read (imperfect) indicates an action that is not limited.

In responses about the style of good writers, you can hear: "What rich language!" And about a bad writer or speaker say: "He has such a poor language ..." What is the popular speech from the poor Klyuev E. V. Speech Communication: a tutorial for universities and universities. - M., 1998?

Number of words (active Dictionary). The very first criterion of wealth and poverty of speech is the number of words that the speaker uses. The active vocabulary of a person who comes to the public should be rich enough.

Multivality. A rich speech is also characterized by the right use of multivalued words. For example, a word house . In which values \u200b\u200bis it used by Pushkin? one) Gersonhouse Secluded, the mountain from the winds fenced, stood over the Ratchho " (house - "Building, Building"); 2) Scary to leave mefrom house (house - "Dwelling, where anyone lives"); 3) Allhouse Rules alone Parasha (house -"household"); four) Threeat home On the evening is called (house - "a family"); five) House Was in motion (house - "People living together"). Thus, different meaning of the words expand the boundaries of its use in speech. And we ourselves can increase the wealth of the native language, if you learn to open their new meanings in words.

Synonyms. Nothing enriches the speaker's speech as the synonyms of the native language. Completely unambiguous words in Russian quite a bit: linguistics - Linguistics.But the synonyms that have different semantic and stylistic shades are common. For example:

Laugh - giggle, laughing, laughing, dying with a laughter, roll-Xia from laughter, mad, burn, hurt, laugh to tears, until you fall.

Be in love - to be not indifferent, to feed the weakness, adore, burn with love, suffer by someone, sigh, dry, be crazy, soul does not care.

Not - relive, dismay, duds, for nothing, here, still, still, for any kind of rugs, keep your pocket wider, in no way! Never!

Transferring one or another thought, you should use the rich synonymic possibilities of the Russian language!

Comparison. Replenishing the vocabulary of the speaker also occurs due to comparisons. Comparisons create unique images.

D. Carnegie in the book "How to produce confidence and influence on people, speaking publicly" gives comparisons, for example, by the word cold:cold , as … frog, Shedding, Tomb, Salt, Autumn Rain, Clay, Ice Top

A successful comparison makes speech rich, decorates it.

Phraseologist. Special images in the speaker language create phraseological units, i.e. complex in composition language units that are sustainable ( break your head, thicken paint, cat cut, upside down).

The main condition for the correctness of speech is the use of phraseological units in accordance with their accurate value. Inattential speakers most often distort the composition of phraseologism. At the same time, they are mistakenly inserted into sustainable combinations unnecessary words, for example: Writer is inone foot sown time;The main thing The nail of the program at this evening was the performance of the magician. It is also unacceptable to mix phraseological units, for example: 3 Songs gatherednarrow a circlelimited of people (right: narrow circle or limited circle of people).

So, the wealth and diversity of public speech is created by a rich active dictionary, the use of multivalued words, synonyms, shaped comparisons, phraseologism.

Phenomena

At the tonas-speaking person, speech poverty, inability to express thought often adjacent to negative phenomena, "litters" speech. Among them Klyuev E. V. Rtorika: a tutorial for universities. - M., 1999:

1) "Brought" wording: more or less, ok, nothing;

3) Slang forms: outpad! cool! cool! Fuck! Through!

4) Reduction of words: communalcolus, B Mb-Ear, Vidk, Telik;

5) Phonetic deposits: thousand, right now, vrobo, what?

7) Orphoepic errors: * katlet, Incin. dent..

These phenomena are invalid in speech speaker.