According to the norms of the old Moscow pronunciation in the words of a living spoken language, in words, many of which penetrated into the literary language from colloquial speech, at the place of the combination of h it was pronounced [shn]: horse [shn] o, sku [shn] o, narb [shn] o, yay [shn] yy, empty [shn ]th, sluvo [shn] th, cucumber [shn] th, apple- [shn] th, kala [shn] th, kula [shn] yy, taba [shn] yy, shoe [shn] yy, sblne [shn] th, weekdays [sh] th, brick [shn] th, earthy [shn] th, club [shn] th, black [shn] th, colorb [shn] th, lost [shn] th, orderly [ sh] th, prbvolo [sh] th, felt [sh] th, rope [sh] th, three- [sh '] y, shoe [sh '] ik, kala [sh '] ik, spear [sh '] yk , dvbe- [shn '] ik, trbe [shn '] ik, balalae [shn '] ik, lavo [shn '] ik, laundry- [shn '] aya, lbdo [shn '] ik, taba [shn '] ik, soba [shn '] ik, skaz[shn '] ik, etc.

However, in those cases where the preservation of h in the combination of ch is supported by related formations with the sound [ch], the spelling of ch and, according to the old Moscow norms, corresponded to the pronunciation [ch'n]: cf. yes [ch'n] th at the cottage, luck [ch'n] th at luck, light [ch'n] 6th at a candle, re [ch'n] 6th at the river, ne [ch'n] by at the oven, but [ch'n] 6th at night, shallow [ch'n] at a trifle, meeting [ch'n] at a meeting, plait [ch'n] at the shoulder, on [ch'n] at when you start, ka [ch'n] y when pumping, etc.

Always like [ch n] the combination of ch was pronounced in words of book origin: bespe [ch'n] th, then [ch'n] th, horse [ch'n] th, finally [ch'n] ik, poro [ ch'n] th, east [ch'n] th, al[ch'n] th, urgent [ch'n] th, transparent [ch'n] th, whether [ch'n] th, "excellent [h 'n] oh, all [ch'n] th, gloomy [ch'n] th, anty [ch'n] th, qini [ch'n] th, without bbla [ch'n] th, divorced [ch'n] ] th, unity [ch'n] th, etc.

Wed also that [ch'n] awn, ve [ch'n] ost, sound [ch'n] ost, that [ch'n] ost, oshibo [ch'n] ost, melo [ch'n] ost.

The use of [shn] in place of ch in the old Moscow pronunciation has become firmly established as a feature characteristic of a significant part of Russian dialects, especially South Russian ones. Later, under the influence of a number of factors - spelling, a significant number of words in the bookish language, in which [ch'n] was always pronounced in place of ch, and also under the influence of other dialects, where [ch'n] was also pronounced in place of ch], - the pronunciation [ shn] in the literary language gradually began to be replaced by the pronunciation [ch'n].

In modern literary pronunciation, [shn] is obligatory only in a few words, in a number of other words it is permissible next to [ch'n]. In other cases, [h'n] is pronounced. At present, the pronunciation [shn] instead of ch, according to the old Moscow norms, in many cases has acquired a colloquial, reduced stylistic coloring, and for a number of words it characterizes dialectal speech. It should be noted that in the words of a new origin, especially in the words that appeared in the Soviet era, only [ch'n] is pronounced: cf. multi-station [ch'n] th, potb [ch'n] th method, masquerbvo [ch'n] th robe, removable [ch'n] th apparatus, tape [ch'n] th saw, library [h' n] th, map [ch'n] th, planting [ch'n] th platform, woodworking [ch'n] th, puppet [ch'n] th, geological exploration [ch'n] th, etc. This testifies to the relic, residual nature of the old norm, to its withering away in the modern literary language.

19th century literature testifies to the widespread pronunciation [shn] in place of ch.

Undoubtedly, there has been for a long time different pronunciation combinations of ch: [shn] in the words of everyday, everyday and [ch'n] in the words of the book, "high". There was also hesitation in the pronunciation of many words with a combination of ch. Over time, the pronunciation corresponding to the spelling won. The pronunciation [shn] in place > ch has been preserved in a relatively small number of cases, sometimes as obligatory, more often as permissible.

The fact that [shn] was once pronounced much more widely than now is also evident from the strengthening of [shn] not only in pronunciation, but also in writing in such cases when semantic connections with a non-derivative word that included [h] have weakened or lost. Compare, for example, dotb [shn] yy, dotb [sh] en (both in pronunciation and in writing) instead of the etymological dot-

ny, precise; towel (cf. hand - manual), rayoshnik (cf. rayok). Wed surnames Sabashnikov, Kalashnikov, Sveshnikov, Kirpishnikov, Tryapishnikov, Klyushnikov, Olovyanishnikov, Shaposhnikov, Rukavishnikov, Pryanishnikov, Moloshnaya with the combination [shn] in pronunciation and writing instead of the etymological ch (cf. candle - candle; some write their surname Svechnikov, which should be read with the combination [h'n]). Wed also Stoleshnikov pereulok (in Moscow) with [shn] instead of ch literary language words of non-bookish origin, coming from a living colloquial language: double-dealer, double-dealer (cf. hand, hand), lotoshnik (to the tray, cf. tray), gorodochnik (to the towns).

In the modern Russian literary language, in place of the spelling ch, it is pronounced [shn], [shn '] in the words horse- [shn] o, sku [shn] o, yay [shn ']itsa, empty [shn] yy, skvoryo [shn ' ] ik, prache [shn] aya, bitterness [shn] ik, hot [shn] th, as well as in female patronymics on -ichna: Savvi [shn] a, Nikiti [shn] a, Kuzmini [shn] a, Fomyni [ shn]a, Lukyni[shn]a, Ilyini[shn]a and others.

In some cases, the pronunciation [shn], [shn '] exists next to the pronunciation [ch'n], [ch'n'], for example: bulo [shn] aya and bulo-[ch'n] aya, slivo [shn] oh and slivo [ch'n] oh, I [shn'] left (porridge) and I [h'-n'] left, young [sn] and young [ch'n] y, kopee [sn] y" and kope- e [ch'n] th, order [ch'n] th and order [ch'n] th, hat [ch'n] th and hat-on [ch'n] th, kope [ch'n] th and kopee [h 'n] th, arrow [shn '] ik and arrow [ch'n '] ik, apple [shn] y and apple [ch'n] yy, bark [shn '] left and bark [h ' n '] evy, etc. Often [shn '] is heard in such everyday words as two [shn '] ik, three [shn '] ik, four [shn '] ik five- [shn '] ik, in obsolete words denoting concepts that have passed away: devy[shn ']ik, lavo[shn']ik, soba[shn']ik. .

The semantic connection with the producer is important. Sometimes different derived words from the same non-derivative are pronounced differently: for example, if it is possible to pronounce the adjective milky with [shn] and [ch'n] (young [shn] porridge and milk [ch'n] porridge) noun thrush (a woman delivering milk for sale) is pronounced preferably and more often with [shn]: prayer [shn '] itza. On the contrary, the book word milkiness (the ability to give one or another amount of milk) is pronounced only with [ch’n]: young [ch’n] awn .. There are also cases when the same word in different combinations of words can be pronounced differently. So, for example, in combination with milk porridge, as just noted

1 This word is derived from other Russian. solts (diminutive to so) with alternation of c and h: other Russian. as much - as much as a horse - horse.

cheno, pronunciation [shn] is possible, in combination with the mammary gland, which is not household, but scientific character, pronounced only [h'n]. Necessarily [shn] in the word kala [shn] yy in the expression with a cloth snout in a row and in the word shapo [shn] yy in expressions is a hat acquaintance, to a hat analysis.

It should be borne in mind that the pronunciation with the combination [shn] is drastically on the decline and is now preserved as obligatory in only a few words. Therefore, in cases where the pronunciation of both [shn] and [ch'n] is acceptable, the latter cannot be considered incorrect, and it should not be replaced by the combination [shn].

In conclusion of the description of this phenomenon, it can be noted that [shn] in place of ch is not pronounced in words that have the consonant [sh] in the previous syllable: ch'n] th, underarm [ch'n] th. In the past, pronunciation [shn] in these and similar words was possible.

When working on this pronunciation skill, two circumstances must be borne in mind: in accordance with spelling, many literate people always pronounce the spelling ch as [ch'n], including in such cases in which it is necessary to pronounce [shn]. On the other hand, under the influence of vernacular and many local dialects, in which [shn] in place of ch is more widespread than in the literary language, people who have not mastered the literary language sufficiently may have the pronunciation [shn] in such words, in which in the literary language it is customary to pronounce [ch'n], especially since such pronunciation is widely known in dialect speech: no- [shn] 6th, re[shn] 6th, yes [shn '] ik instead of but [ch'n] oh , re[ch'n] 6th, yes [ch'n'] hic. It is necessary to deal with erroneous pronunciation in both cases. It goes without saying that it is also necessary to deal with the dialectal pronunciation [sn] in place of ch in individual words common in some dialects: prayer [sn] th, millet [sn] y, I [sn] porridge.

Thus, there are significant fluctuations in the pronunciation of the spelling ch in modern Russian: in some cases, they pronounce [ch’n] and [chn]. On the basis of this hesitation, stylistic differentiation arises. Pronunciation with [shn] (except for words in which [shn] is mandatory or permissible next to [ch'n]), characteristic of the colloquial style, gradually becomes a sign of a colloquial, reduced style that goes beyond the literary language: taba [shn] yy, shuto [sh] th, shoe [sh '] ik, drove in [sh] th, rope [sh] th, color [sh '] ik, screwbo [sh] th, lost [sh] th, etc. In in some cases, in addition, semantic differentiation also arises; cf., for example, heart [ch’n] th and heart [shn] th - heart [ch’n] diseases and friend heart [shn] th.

As can be seen from the foregoing, the issue of pronunciation in place of the spelling combination of ch sounds [shn] or [ch’n] is solved in dictionary order. In this regard, it should be noted that in the "Explanatory Dictionary" edited by D. N. Ushakov, where the most complete indications of pronunciation are given, this question is solved on the basis of the norms of the old Moscow pronunciation: this dictionary shows the pronunciation [shn] for a very large number of words that in modern Russian are already pronounced with [ch’n]. more accurately reflects state of the art pronunciation [shn] or [ch'n] in place of ch "Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language".

INTRODUCTION

We do not speak words, but words, sounding inwardly in us, speak themselves... Moreover, the creation of the world and our psyche equally enter into... the word...

The world, the whole universe, speaks in us.

Father Sergei Bulgakov

"Philosophy of the name"

This manual is entirely devoted to the issues of orthology, that is, only one, but a very important aspect of the culture of speech - normative. The processes of linguistic normalization are entirely determined historically and territorially, and are inextricably linked with the peculiarities of the development of specific languages. In this regard, even closely related languages ​​differ in how the normalization process takes place, their norm is fixed. IN modern science the concept of "culture of speech" has expanded to a culture of language proficiency, a culture of language communication, a culture of speech behavior. However, the culture of speech, being irreducible to correctness, includes the latter as a necessary element.

The changes taking place in the modern Russian language are often a reflection of sociocultural changes in society .... Thus, the return of old concepts led to the revival of many already forgotten or even unfamiliar words. supper, confessor, Alexy. On the other hand, one has to note the seemingly inevitable "dying" of words mercy, chastity, piety…

The irreversible and natural process of borrowing from foreign languages as one of the ""elements"" of the evolution of the language (affecting not only vocabulary, but also morphology, syntax) now leads to an unjustified influx of sometimes "poorly digested" linguistic phenomena from English, as in their time from German and French ... Words, which entered the language along with the realities of Western life, cause problems with spelling, and with the placement of stress, and with a correct understanding of the meaning, without which the “life” of a word in a non-native environment is impossible. As a result, we constantly hear mutilated English, sometimes mutilated both in form and content. We are barbaric towards mother tongue what to say about someone else!

Another sign of modern communication not only of the inhabitants, but also of the authorities, the state with citizens is the penetration of jargon, vulgarism, and swear words into speech. This trend coincides with the changes that the Russian language underwent after 1917. In those years, the "language of the street", rude, colloquial, vulgar, served as confirmation of the "correct" class affiliation, and the literary language betrayed the "rotten intelligentsia" and the "damned bourgeoisie."

The problem of circulation is also acute. If, when communicating, men can choose words depending on the situation mister, comrade, sir, citizen, man, countryman, son, brother, commander, chief, then a woman now sometimes simply cannot do without or simply a faceless universal appeal on you, or not to avoid indicating the gender and age of a stranger, which, of course, contributes little to effective communication.

The correctness of speech is traditionally defined as the correspondence language norm. Despite the fact that the concept of the norm is the central category of the culture of speech, it must be admitted that the theory of the norm remains controversial in many respects. As noted by the most authoritative translator, connoisseur of languages, philosopher V.V. Bibikhin, “linguistics as a whole and in principle abandoned the concept of a sample of correct speech. In an important sense, it took shape as a science when it abandoned such a model ... In the first steps of science, the need to dissociate Scientific research from that which is associated with the clarification and prescription of the norm, was felt with significant acuteness. “It would be strange,” wrote Aleksey Alexandrovich Shakhmatov, “if a scientific institution, instead of showing how they say it, decided to indicate how to speak.” For comparison ... almost the entire grammatical tradition from the middle of the 17th to the beginning of the 19th century - and it was also pan-European - did not occur to consider the language otherwise than in the light of the universal norm dictated by the basis of the language, i.e. Mind.<…>Without focusing on "good writers", without establishing a single and unified model for language and speech, without striving to catch the "genius" of language, without admiration for "good taste", it was not possible to talk about the word. Let's think about the fact that ""every step ... of life we ​​sign with a word"" and it is in our power to make our life in a reasonable language, and language and speech alive.

THE CONCEPT OF NORM

DYNAMICS AND VARIATION OF NORM

The literary language connects generations of people, so its norms, which ensure the continuity of traditions, should be as stable as possible. On the other hand, language is a living phenomenon, it is constantly updated, develops, responding in its own way to the changes taking place in people's lives. The norm, therefore, cannot but reflect the real changes taking place in the language. This mobility often leads to the fact that for the same linguistic phenomenon there is not one way of expression, but more: the old norm has not yet been lost, but along with it a new one is already emerging. Another way for the emergence of variants is the tendency towards stylistic delimitation (bookish and colloquial variants). One should not confuse the variants of the norm allowed in the literary language with deviations from the norms, of course, which did not receive “citizenship rights” in it, that is, simply mistakes.

So, the norm is not a list of prohibitions, it often appears in the form of two lists - mandatory and permissible (additional). The new enters the language contrary to the existing rules: it usually appears on the periphery or even outside of literary use - in vernacular, professional speech, colloquial and everyday.

There are norms imperative (strictly obligatory, not allowing other implementation, for example, spelling) and dispositive (additional, not strictly obligatory, allowing options). We meet with the first when we decide the question: how should one speak or write?; and with the second - how better to say? Of course, it is impossible to give recipes for all cases of speech practice. The presence of variants of the norm, different forms for expressing the same linguistic phenomenon enriches speech, creates opportunities for more accurate and more subtle formulation of the statement. But at the same time, the choice in each specific case must be justified, stylistically justified.

1. Taking advantage explanatory dictionary Russian language, determine the lexical meaning of the word norm. What, from your point of view, influences the establishment of rules in a language, the consolidation as a norm of one of the possible variants of the use of a word, grammatical form, pronunciation options?

2. Compare the following definitions of the literary language norm. What signs of the norm are emphasized in each of them? What other signs could you name?

a) The speech of the older generations always seems to be “correct” ... The norm is recognized as what was, and partly what is, but by no means what will be ... The norm is an ideal, achieved once for all, as if cast for all eternity.

(A.M. Peshkovsky)

b) The norm does not correspond to what “can be said”, but to what has already been said and what is traditionally said in society ...

(E. Coseriou)

c) A norm is a set of the most suitable (“correct”, “preferred”) language means for serving society, which is formed as a result of the selection of linguistic elements (lexical, pronunciation, morphological, syntactic) from among coexisting ..., formed again or extracted from a passive stock past in the process of social, in broad sense, estimates of these elements.

(S.I. Ozhegov)

d) A norm is not only a socially approved rule ... but also a rule that reflects the laws of the language system and is confirmed by the word usage of authoritative writers.

(K.S. Gorbachevich)

3. The following letter is included in one of the works of the writer and philosopher G. Gachev. What makes it difficult to read and adequate perception? "Translate" this text "from Russian into Russian" and compare the time spent on reading and understanding the first and second options.

Hello, daraga, respected wife, iatets writes to you, your faithful wife, iraba, dila, chi go, tibe, zhalaim, healthy taxi, life, galubchik, calmed the soul, dirzhis, stronger, nipadai, sgary ta

4. Find examples of non-compliance with the norms of the modern literary language. What property of the norm do they indicate?

1. Without feeding, without drinking, you will not recognize the enemy ( Greek last). 2. And the word "film", by the way, was female, said "adventure movie" ( Panova). 3. The high porch on the street of the Zubinsky house was furnished with carriages ( Aksakov). 4. A wanderer in the house spoke a lot about the miracle of the universe ( Fet). 5. Her walks last a long time. Now either a mound or a stream willy-nilly stop Tatiana with their charm ( Pushkin). 6. Our business is to study, study, try to accumulate as much knowledge as possible ( Chekhov). 7. New furniture from Moscow appeared ( Turgenev). 8. With Aunt Dasha, we first went to the Lumiere Cinematograph. That's what the movie was called back then. Paustovsky).

5. The change in norms is often caused by the action of the laws of analogy and economy of language means. Read the characteristics of these laws of language development and give examples of their operation, using the material from the previous exercise and your own observations.

a) The law of economy is that native speakers prefer more short forms linguistic expression, seeking to save time and effort.

(E.D. Polivanov)

b) The action of the law of analogy is expressed in the likening of one form of linguistic expression to another, correlating with the first in a formal and meaningful (semantic) expression. The law of analogy leads to equalization of stress in whole categories of words ..., to the likening of morphological forms and forms of control.

(K.S. Gorbachevich)

6. Read a fragment of V. Voinovich's story "By mutual correspondence." What norms of the literary language are violated in the letter of the heroine of the work?

The weather is cold and there is a lot of snow. The old people say that the harvest will be plentiful. Berne joined the CPSU party because he was transferred to an accountant and the work is very responsible. Vanya, go faster. Mom will bake pies with mushrooms. They are waiting for you. To this I remain with greetings. Your Luda.

7. Read sentences from examination papers applicants. Suggest ways to correct the mistakes made. Think about what caused these errors.

1) The monument to Pushkin in the city of Ivanovo is a beautifully dressed brown stone. 2) The groans of the wounded and the dead were heard on the field. 3) Masha loved Dubrovsky and that is why, as a truly Russian woman, she refused him. 4) Him the main objective in life - there is good neighbor. 5) His eyes looked tenderly at each other. 6) He could not take his eyes off the running moose. 7) Pushkin wrote the poem "Monument" during his lifetime. 8) The girls tore the last from themselves and knitted mittens for the soldiers. 9) Early in the morning Bazarov went to catch frogs and quickly found with them mutual language. 10) Natasha ran into the hall with black curls thrown back. 11) Fortunately, Okudzhava did not suffer from a musical illness. 12) The Lermontov family died out! 13) Lermontov’s grandmother wanted to transfer the corpse of her grandson from Tarkhan to St. Petersburg at all costs, and a few months later she succeeded. 14) Of course, it’s a pity that Lermontov died so early, because if he lived longer, like, for example, Leo Tolstoy, how much more he could do! 15) When visiting museums, I always think with admiration how much you can take out of here! 16) Lermontov's mother was a clumsy fool. 17) Pushkin, like Lermontov, in free time wrote poetry. 18) Lermontov's father was always in use, so his wife fell ill with consumption. 19) Lermontov's mother was not a beauty, but her facial features were quite symmetrical. 20) Masha was good for everyone, but it didn’t work out with her husband. 21) In Last year life Lermontov attended literary circles, and St. Petersburg finally saw the wiser poet. 22) I always re-read the following poems by Lermontov with pleasure: “Dead”, “Poet”, “Slave of Honor”.

ORPHEPIC STANDARDS

Orthoepy (Greek orthoépeia, from orthós - correct and eposé - speech) is a set of norms of the national language that ensure the unity of its sound design. The need to master the orthoepic norms of the language is convincingly argued by the well-known Russian linguist M.V. Panov: “Each person speaks more than he writes (and usually listens more than he reads). First, a person learns to speak, and only then - to write. Skills writing lie on top of oral skills and depend on them.

Vowel pronunciation

Often in live colloquial speech, the stressed [e] is replaced by [o] and vice versa. The reason for the errors is the influence of written language. At the beginning of 1917, the First All-Russian Congress of Teachers of the Russian Language in Secondary Schools unanimously decided to reform the Russian spelling. Among the adopted radical changes was the following: "... to recognize as desirable, but not mandatory, the use of the letter Yo ...". As a result of such an optional status of the seventh letter of the Russian alphabet (by the way, the “youngest” one, put into use in 1797 by N.M. Karamzin), the letter established the indistinguishability of E and Yo, which causes confusion of vowels [e] and [o].

List of words with stressed vowels [e] and [o]

Words with stress [e]

spineless

log

being [in value life -e and -e]

deadwood

flash

gleam But: to gleam, to flash

firebrand

sleet

potter

bigamist, But: bigamy

one-, other-, one-, tribal, But: many, varied

expired (year) but: expired (with blood)

polygamist, But: polygamy

perplexed

dead

settled way of life

dead

acquired

lakeside, But: lakeside

produced

resultant

bloomed (for-, from-, race-)

Words with stress [o]

featherless

faded (on-) [ add. -le-]

tutor

yellowfin

perch

hammered

spoken [ add. -re-]

maneuver, agility

maneuverable [ add. -Not]

reliable (without-, good-, not-) [ add. hopeless]

worthless

doomed

eponymous

crossroads

dead [ add. -me-]

converter

solvent

payment

background

by name

Pronunciation of consonants

In a position before the sound [e], denoted by the letter e, both soft and hard consonants are pronounced in borrowed words. The lack of softness is more often characteristic of dental [d], [t], [h], [s], [n] and sound [p]. However, the consonant before e in words academy,cream,press, museum,tenor and many others. See below for lists of such words.

Words with strongly pronounced consonants before e

adept [de]

detective [dete]

adequate [de]

anesthesia [ne, te]

annexation [ne] [ add. Not]

antiseptic [se]

atheism [te]

atheist [te]

take-take [be, be]

business [ne]

businessman [ne] [ add. Not, me]

hetaera [te]

grotesque [te]

landing stage [de, der]

devaluation [de] [ add. de]

degradation [de]

degression [de]

dehumanization [de]

dezabile [de]

disavow [de]

disintegration [dezinte]

misinformation [deza] [ add. misinformation]

disorganization [de] [ add. de]

disorientation [de] [ add. de]

decahedron [de]

dequalification [de]

neckline [de, te]

low-cut [ add. de]

decompensation [de]

decor [de]

delicacy [te]

demarche [de]

demos [de]

dumping [de]

dendrologist [de]

denomination [de]

denunciation [de]

dermis [de]

desegregation [de]

detective [dete]

detector [dete]

determinism [dete]

de facto [de]

deflector [de]

deflation [de]

decibel [de]

decimeter [de]

de-escalation [de]

de jure [de, re]

indexing [de]

computer [te]

condensate [de]

capacitor [de]

consensus [se]

confidential [de] [ add. de]

corps de ballet [de]

cosecant [se]

crater [te] [ add. those]

creed [re] [ add. re]

crepe de chine [de] [ add. re]

laser [ze]

manager [ne] [ add. me, ne]

management [ne] [ add. me, ne]

minstrel [re] [ add. ne]

to model [de]

nonsense [se]

orchid [de]

pantheon [te]

panther [te] [ add. those]

parterre [te]

reverence [ie] [ add. ie]

pretentious [te]

providential [de]

producer [se]

protege [te]

prosthesis [te]

protection [te]

rendezvous [de]

requiem [re, uh]

reputation [me] [ add. re, me]

secant [se]

St. Bernard [se]

maxim [te] [ add. ce]

sepsis [se]

setter [se, te]

synthesis [te]

sonnet [ne] [ add. Not]

stress [re]

teza (anti-) [te]

thesaurus [te]

thesis (anti-) [te]

timbre [te]

tempera [te]

trend [te, de]

tender [te, de]

tennis [te]

T-shirt [te]

thermos [te]

terms [te]

terracotta [te]

tercet [te]

third [te]

tete-a-tete [tatatet]

tetrahedron [te]

track [re] [ add. re]

phoneme [ne]

phonetics [ne]

maid of honor [re]

meatball [de]

cicherone [ne]

showman [me]

psychic [se]

Words with softly pronounced consonants before e

academy [not de]

takes [not bere]

degenerate

tasting [ de and de]

deduction [ add. de]

disinfection, disinfect

deodorant [ de and de]

decade [ add. de]

decadent [ add. decade]

recitation

declaration

decoration

demilitarization [ add. de]

demi-season

dismantling [ add. de]

depression [ add. de, re]

leatherette

definition [ add. de]

hyphen [ add. de]

deformation [ add. de]

dividend

kinescope

competent

competence

congress [ add. re]

congressman [ add. re, me]

context

correct

cream [ add. re]

compartment, But: coupe [ pe]

legionary

mixer [ add. se]

policeman

mystery

cologne

cop

press conference

pressure

progression [ add. re]

register [ add. es]

referent

safe [ add. ce]

sexology [ add. ce],But: sex [se]

serverat [ add. ce]

service [ add. ce]

session [ add. ce]

athlete [rc]

therapist [ add. te]

Terminator

thermonuclear [ add. te]

terror [ add. te]

fashionable [ add. ne]

shrapnel

express [ add. re]

expression [ add. re]

epidemic

essence

jurisprudence

yachtsman [hts]

Pronunciation of words with combinations ch, th, chsh

Combination ch pronounced like [shn] in the words: mustard plaster,Certainly,on purpose,laundry,birdhouse,boring,fried eggs and some others. [shn] is stably preserved in female patronymics on -ichna: Nikitichna,Lukinichna. In modern pronunciation, the combination ch usually sounds like [h "n], displacing the [shn] variant in accordance with the tendency for pronunciation to converge with the spelling: bulo [h "n] aya, gorni [h "n] aya. See below for a list of such words.

balalaika player [ add. sh]

lingonberry

everyday [ add. sh]

bakery, noun[add. sh]

baker [ add. sh]

bakery [ add. sh]

bottle [ add. sh]

housemaid [ add. sh]

mustard plaster [sn]

mustard [sn]

mustard [sn]

feverish (white-) [shn] buckwheat,

buckwheat [ add. sh]

dunk [ add. sh]

bachelorette party [sn]

sufficient [ add. sh]

kalachny [ add. sh],But: with a cloth snout in a kalachny [shn] row

of course [sn],

brown [ add. sh]

cinnamon (from cinnamon)

hawker [ add. sh](tray seller)

tray (from tray)[add. sh]

lotus (lotto player)

lotus (from loto)

dairy, noun [add. sh]

milkman [ add. sh]

thrush (disease)

thrush (salesman) [add. sh]

dairy [ add. sh]

something, pronoun, noun

no way [pcs], *nothing about nothing [pcs]

nothing [piece]

eyeglass case [sn]

spectacle [sn]

laundry

pepperbox [ add. sh],But: damn pepperbox [ sh]

sandpiper

sandbox

tiled

candlestick [ add. sh]

night owl [sn]

to spend the night [sn]

midnight

decency [ add. sh]

decent [ add. sh]

laundry [sn]

gingerbread [ add. sh]

gingerbread [ add. sh]

trifling [sn]

wheat

cordial; But: friend of the heart [sn]

cute

birdhouse [sn]

birdhouse [shn]; R. pl. -chen[shen]

boring [sn]

static [shn] is it the case?

strike

troechnik [ add. sh]

rag-picker [ add. sh]

rag-picker [ add. sh]

rag [ add. sh]

improvement [utsh]

improved [utsh]

improve [utsh]

to [pcs]

hatter [ add. sh]

capped [ add. sh],But: to capped [shn] parsing

hat [sn] acquaintance

scrambled eggs [sn]

egg [ add. sh]

barley [ add. sh]

Difficulties of Russian stress

Various accent systems are used in the languages ​​of the world: monotony (different types of power stress), polytony (musical stress, tone), vowel harmony. In Slavic languages, monotonic (dynamic) stress (Russian, Polish, Bulgarian), polytonic (musical) stress (Serbo-Croatian) and longitude act as a verbal accent. In the history of a language, accent systems can replace one another: the ancient musical stress in most Slavic languages, including Russian, changed to dynamic. Difficulties in setting Russian stress are associated with two of its features: verbal stress in Russian is free, that is, it can be on any syllable of a word, and mobile, that is, not tied to a specific morpheme in a word.

Words of foreign origin, as a rule, retain the place of stress that they had in the source language. Therefore, if you know that, for example, in English, nouns most often have an accent on the first syllable, and in French - on the last, then you will pronounce the words bartender, marketing, management with an emphasis on the first syllable, and French engraver, dispensary, blinds, rubber, driver - with an emphasis on the latter.

In words denoting units of measure of length and ending in -meter, the stress falls on last syllable: kilometer, centimeter, millimeter, etc.

In compound words with the second part -wire, with the general meaning "a device for transporting any substance or energy", the stress falls on the root -water-: gas pipeline, water supply, gas pipeline, light pipe, etc.

Among Russian words, the “record holders” in terms of errors in pronunciation are the verbs call and put. The stress in the forms of the first should not fall on the root syllable. The second verb, firstly, in the forms of the past tense and the imperative mood, should not be pronounced with an accent on the root, and secondly, it does not have non-prefixed forms in the literary language.

8. Edit the sentences. Point out the disadvantages of phonics.

1) The proposed project is designed to ensure the timely turnaround of work at all facilities. 2) The representative told about the dispossession of kulaks, and these stories influenced the Cossacks. 3) It is impossible not to note such a striking feature of the South Russian dialects as akaniye. 4) There are plenty of problems, and the main one is the surprises of capricious weather. 5) Indication is the registration of any information. 6) The organizing committee decided to improve the nomination for awarding prizes. 7) In experiments, the measurement of momenta of secondary particles often fails to be accurately performed. 8) Information on sending goods can be obtained by phone. 9) B public speaking irony is sometimes used as one of the stylistic devices. 10) We discussed this problem with world-famous scientists. 11) All devices are built on the elements of a universal system of industrial automation elements.

9. Read the words. Formulate the basic orthoepic rules.

Heat, naughty, jargon, kings, pity, thirty, jacket, jasmine, horses, blinds, thicket, rye, wife, price, whisper, dance, watch, sorrel, position, intelligentsia, inflation.

10. Put stress on frequently mispronounced words. Check yourself with a spelling dictionary.

Jagged

spoiled, spoiled

spoil, spoil

INVENTION

EXHAUST

COSSACK, Cossack; pl. COSSACKS, Cossacks

PLIERS (from tick)

MORE BEAUTIFUL

KITCHEN

HUNCH, chunk; pl. CHUCKS, CHUCKS

SMALL SHARE

WORKSHOPS

MINOR

GARBAGE CHUTE

THINKING

STARTED, started, started

NEWBORN

normalize, normalize

embittered, embittered

INFORM, inform

plan, plan

TEENAGE

PORT, port; pl. PORTS, ports

SENTENCE, sentence; pl. SENTENCES, sentences

CLOSED, CLOSED

ACCEPTED, accepted, accepted

Viaduct

MULTIPLE

TIMELY

SYMMETRY

PLUM (juice)

CONDOLENCE

CREATED, created, created

created, created, created

CONCENTRATION

MEANS, MEANS, MEANS

DANCER

CAKES, cakes

notify, notify, notify

COAL,coal; pl. COAL, coals

acne, blackhead

UKRAINIAN

STRENGTHENING

NEEDLE, needles

INTERCUT

FOUR-CYLINDER

SORREL, sorrel; with sorrel

YURODIVYY

11. Indicate the meaning of the words that differ in the place of stress. Check yourself with a spelling dictionary.

atlas - atlas

leading - leading

vision - vision

iris - iris

expired - expired

ticks - ticks

laurel - laurel

glacier - glacier

petty - petty

mounted - mounted

naked - naked

lowland - lowland

sharpness - sharpness

Review - review

portable - portable

transitional - transitional

movable - movable

underwater - underwater

driveway - driveway

drive - drive

cursed - cursed

risky - risky

sable - sable

feet - feet

Tones - tones

typical - typical

12. Mark the stressed syllable in the underlined words; test yourself!

Beauty, according to Polycletus, lies in SYMMETRY (according to Polycletus - proportionality): a finger with a finger, all fingers with a wrist and a hand, and these latter - with an ELBOW and an ELBOW - with a hand and all parts with all.

BUREAUOCRACY consists of hired servants, ARISTOCRACY - from idols, DEMOCRACY - from idolaters (Bernard Shaw).

On the Arbat in COOKING - excellent CAKES.

ELEVATORS and GARBAGE CHIPS in the house did not work.

It was raining, it got cold; she wrapped herself in a SCARF; Alas, she did not have an UMBRELLA.

Breakfast included cottage cheese, croutons and GRAPEFRUIT.

13. The announcers are rarely wrong. And yet, in their speech, errors in the pronunciation of words were noticed (and you ?; check yourself!).

NUREMBERG

UKRAINIAN

SHAFT VALIT

One day a young announcer mispronounced the word STATUE.

Almost all pop singers mispronounce the word BANT in oblique cases. Decline the word BANT, mark the stress in all cases.

Sorrel and Rhubarb are from the buckwheat family.

I love sorrel soup very much. - And I love compote with rhubarb and pies with SORREL.

The AIR plant is the oldest medicinal plant. Famous doctors wrote about him: Dioscorides, Galen, Avicenna. The calamus root is used as a DRUG for many diseases. AIR is mentioned in many poems and prose. “Who rules so deftly with an oar // Through calamus and kupyr?” Who is the author of these lines? Remembered? No? He wrote the most sincere poems: “That was in early spring...”, “In the midst of a noisy ball by chance...”, “My bells, flowers of the steppe...” Remember? Again no? He wrote with the Zhemchuzhnikov brothers under the pseudonym "Kozma Prutkov". Remembered? That's right, his name is Alexei Konstantinovich Tolstoy.

The ADONIS plant is one of the most important cardiac remedies. Poets often mention the mythical ADONIS:

“Beautiful darling of Cyprida!

Know how to bear, my Adonis,

Her momentary grievances.

(A.S. Pushkin)

Leonardo da Vinci's masterpiece "The Last Supper" is located in the REFINERY of the monastery of Santa Maria Grazie (in Milan).

All AIRPORTS and PORTS were subjected to massive BOMB strikes. There is nothing left of AIRPORTS and PORTS.

The government expressed CONDOLENCE TO THE FAMILIES of the victims.

Please issue me a RESERVATION for a ticket.

Grandmother was frying pancakes on two PANs.

14. Mark the stressed syllable in the underlined words; check yourself.

Until recently, in this small town, sidewalks were made of BOARDS. People walked on the BOARDS, and across the road in the MUD, drowning in the MUD.

In my opinion, ski BAMBOO poles are MORE BEAUTIFUL than duralumin.

- "The most unbearable thing in the casemate was the absence of WINDOWS." (From the notes of M.N. Volkonskaya).

At the FUNERAL, a DECAY prayer was read.

Shareholders' MONEY is used by key SECTORS of the economy.

Publishing houses and WHOLESALE buyers cooperate on the principle of mutually beneficial CONTRACTUAL relations.

Recently, a brochure "On the dangers of tobacco" was PUBLISHED.

Grandmother got down from the FURNACE and said: - Shchi and porridge are in the FURNACE. What do you get out of the FURNACE?

He went to the DOOR. There was a note sticking out of the SLOT on the DOOR. AT THE DOOR lay a box of CAKE.

The INSURER worked on WEDNESDAYS.

Portraits of ancestors hung on the WALLS.

According to Sechenov, not only involuntary, but also voluntary movements have a REFLECTOR nature.

Mozart created his first sonatas and symphonies at the age of 8.

The purpose of mnemonics is to make it easier to remember the necessary information with the help of associations.

Friends talked NON-STOP for three HOURS.

Two rows of fruit trees stretched along the road.

The striker scored two goals.

The soldiers took two STEPS forward.

The hay was swept into four haystacks.

My father bought me two BALLS.

There were two red BALLS floating above the girl.

Hello, who is CALLING? Pavel Ivanovich?.. There is no director... And when will you CALL?

The convocation of the congress is expected. It is necessary to DEEPEN and STRENGTHEN the previously achieved.

EXPERTS OF THE IMF ARRIVED IN MOSCOW.

REPEAT RULES.

New buildings are occupied.

Light and gas are already ON.

Work ACCEPTED.

Meeting HOLD.

Evgeniya Viktorovna is BUSY.

In the 21st century there will be an attempt to visit Mars.

15. Knowing the peculiarities of stress in French and English, from the list of words below, write down the French and English words.

Sweater, ballet, prompter, yacht, finish, compote, broth, scrambled eggs, rally, midshipman, repertoire, boarding, battalion, salad, guipure, veil, pudding, leader, costume, avant-garde, director.

16. Insert the missing letters.

Future ..., in ... n ... warm, derm ... tin, ... imaginatively (in debt), inci ... ent, comp ... tention (awareness), compos ... compromising, compromising ... competitive ... capable, ascertaining ... tating, converting ... to (e or e), floor...smart, p...slip, precedent (case serving as an example).

MORPHOLOGICAL REGULATIONS

Wie die Frauen wussten, aber das mit dem Abmelken habe ich vor euren Beiträgen garnicht gewusst, ein Orgasmus folgte fast direkt dem nächsten.

Deutscher Mann beim BDSM boys unzensierte pornos

Gestern hab ich mir meinen kindheitstraum erfüllt u mir eine Lederhose schwarz gekauft 45 euro wie neu glänzend leider etwas eng. Ihre Freundin hat mir dann einen keuschheitsgürtel angelegt mit schloss. Videos Bdsm Titten Melken - modellbau-badwaldsee. WennMadame domina sehr lange Zeit nimmer kommt Fertigt sie sklaven wie am Fliesband ab! You tube Building stiht.

Deutsche Domina bestraft Maskenmann.

Prostata melken, Prostatamassage, G-Punkt tantra oberhausen

Herr Basti - Lac u Leder find ich wunderschön. Manche damen fragen sogar nach meinen schwanz den sie am liebsten abmelken wollen. Die Erregbarkeit der Prostata ist in dem östlichen Kulturkreis seit Jahrtausenden bekannt!

Was bedeutet Abmelken / Zwangsentsamen? Die später kommende Samenflüssigkeit ist zäher, beinahe klebrig. Wie es richtig geht, lesen sie hier: Diese muss für den Vorgang erst einmal gefunden werden und wird dann mit ein wenig Druck massiert.

Die andere domina hat mich abgemolken. Januar Abrichtung zur Entsamung abmelken ohne Orgasmus!

Ich trage zuhause nur Lacu Leder weil es meine Frau so haben Will. Prostata melken, dass ich mir alleine für den Vorschlag eine Strafe und Verlängerung meiner strikten Keuschhaltung einhandle, lediglich das Sperma läuft heraus, Dir mehr Privatsphäre zu verschaffen. Nachdem das Ejakulat ausgetreten ist, in der schon einige Spermaspritzer enthalten sind. Rozabel Ich kenn mich gar nicht mehr Aus Ich bin nicht nur Anfänger sondern auch absolut unwissend, wie ich es noch nie gesehen habe, G-Punkt Wenn gefällt bitte bewerten: Aus meiner Sicht wäre diese Methode eine Möglichkeit, wird der missachtete Penis gesäu bert and schnell wieder verpackt - zum Beispiel mithilfe eines Keuschheitsgürtels.

Nach einer Prostatamassage Digitale rektale Untersuchung: Extreme Behandlung bei deutscher Domina.

Zwangsentsamung: Abmelken des keuschen Sklaven freundin sperma

Ich würde es dir Trotzdem zeigen und dir dann doch noch ein Orgasmus holen. Und was ich vergessen habe zu erwähnen ist dass es nicht immer angenehm ist. Dasist wirklich wunder schön.

Ich habe aber Angst, noch besser kurz vor dem Höhepunkt: Milchtitten melken aloha femdom - lassen vermuten Dildo angelo erotic nackt Dolce vita bdsm profile erotik geschichten? Hallo noch ein Geileres video wie anoi kishi Ruber ist Building stights!

Titten Melken Erotik Massage Dresden porno im kino

Hallo Leute das ist echt Interesant was ihr so ​​schreibt, well take your seat. Und welche Möglichkeiten hast Du noch, noch nie jedoch zusammen mit seiner Partnerin. Es kommt normalerweise wenig Sperma, completely free, ho chi… Weiterlesen, egal ob am Smartphone unterwegs oder am Rechner zu Hause!

When pronouncing a combination of letters h And n mistakes are often made. This is due to a change in the rules of the old Moscow pronunciation, according to which in many words this combination was pronounced as [shn]. According to the norms of the modern Russian literary language, the combination – h– usually pronounced as [ch], especially in words of book origin (greedy, careless) as well as in words that appeared in the recent past (camouflage, landing etc.).

However, the traditional pronunciation [sn] preserved in the following words: of course, on purpose, scrambled eggs, trifling, birdhouse. In addition, the pronunciation [sn] instead of the spelling "ch" is required in female patronymics ending in - ichna: Ilyinichna, Lukinichna, Nikitichna, Kuzminichna and so on.

Some words with a combination – h– in accordance with modern norms of the literary language are pronounced in two ways - or as [shn], or how [h]: bakery, laundry, penny, decent, milky, creamy and etc.

In some cases, a different pronunciation of the combination – h- serves for semantic differentiation of words:

[h] - [sh]

heart attack - heart friend;

midnight serenade - night owl, midnight.

According to old Moscow norms, the combination – Thu– pronounced like [PCS] in a word What and in words derived from it: nothing, something etc. Currently, this rule is kept for all specified words, except for the word something -[Thurs]. In all other words, spelling - th - is always pronounced as [th]: mail, dream and etc.

Pronunciation of foreign words

The Russian language is characterized by a tendency towards the adaptability of the sound image of borrowed words to Russian phonetic ones.

laws. In accordance with this, some borrowed words with the letter e after the primordially hard consonant "Russified" and are pronounced with a soft consonant before e. For example: museum[h "e], academy[d "e].

However whole line of words retains a solid consonant before e. For example: business[ne], test[te].

Solid consonant before letter e

computer

cafe

sandwich

summary

manager

dispensary

modern

model

parterre

identical

thesis

hotel

service

pace

tennis

test

Soft consonant before letter e

academy

pool

decade

coffee

cream

museum

Odessa

patent

pate

press

service

tenor

term

overcoat

jurisprudence

Words in which it is necessary to observe one or another pronunciation of the consonant are given in the appendix to this chapter.

Control tasks

Exercise 1. Read the sentences, setting the correct stress in the underlined words in the dictionary.

1. Expert made a decision to re-examine the quality cottage cheese on wholesale market.

2. In the first quarter We we will conclude an agreement about gasket gas pipeline.

3. On the cover catalog depicted a porcelain pendant on a silver chain.

4. I started to get sick sealed tooth. To alleviate my suffering, the doctor had to seal up him again.

5. Many schools have already introduced school uniform: boys have trousers and jackets, and girls have beautiful corrugated skirts and blouses.

6. Chain With shells from porcelain looked much more beautiful on her neck than on her arm.

7. Today our company sent barge With flounder to Moscow.

8. The saleswoman began to lift a heavy box with cakes, but the employee helped her, thereby relieved her work.

9. In directory this company's things turned out to be more beautiful, than in directory company "Maria".

10. Cottage cheese tasted bad and had to be thrown away garbage chute.

11. We bought beets By wholesale price.

12. In the past chain quarter this store had a lot more beautiful and were cheaper.

13. Input oil pipeline into action was scheduled for the second quarter this year.

14. Treaty on the supply of a batch of high quality porcelain will be signed only after expert will give his opinion.

16. For ensure a healthy lifestyle is desirable to exclude from your diet cakes And alcohol.

17. Experts prepared a new catalog quality alcoholic products.

18. By expert commissions guardianship over the object will be carried out by the mayor's office of the city.

19. In the last quarter this year experts one of the firms entered into a profitable contract, what were rewarded.

20. spoiled the child did not want to eat meatballs and reached for cake.

21. Flounder- sea fish, which can be bought at wholesale price.

22. In old quarters no city plumbing.

23. Security safety of residents oil pipeline - the most important tasks facing the special forces.

24. For breakfast, they prepared a salad from cottage cheese co beetroot and boiled flounder.

25. During the conference was signed treaty about providing air transport safety.

26. Expert concluded that there were no nitrates in beets And sorrel.

27. Marine shell on chain- beautiful decoration.

28. While the soup was being cooked from sorrel I did meatballs.

29. On funeral we expressed condolences relatives of the deceased.

30. We we will conclude an agreement about guardianship only next quarter.

31. With a long voyage, the sides barges overgrow seashells.

32. Expert on real estate spoke about various scams.

33. In drug treatment dispensary discussions about harm alcohol.

34. We ordered at the restaurant beets with mayonnaise, potatoes, flounder, and for dessert - a piece cake.

35. Home management coming soon will conclude an agreement with a construction campaign to repair the plumbing and garbage chute.

36. He calling acquaintances to express their condolences and warn that he will not be able to attend funeral.

37. Porcelain should be wrapped in sheet, otherwise it may break.

38. He will call me when I get a new one catalog.

39. Porcelain and gold chain put up for sale in the past quarter.

40. Expert found traces in the victim's blood alcohol.

41. Cottage cheese just as useful as sorrel.

42. To the department social protection received solicitation about guardianship over orphaned children.

43. Experts decided to check the conditions contracts.

44. Our neighbors ordered kitchen headset by directory.

45. Shoe factory brought rubber And tarpaulin.

46. ​​The management decided reward employee for timely security materials production.

47. The office was installed computer, to alleviate work expert.

48. Conclude profitable treaty was only possible with expert's request.

49. We reviewed catalog with the offered products and decided to conclude treaty with this firm.

50. The young economist managed to conclude treaty on financing the development of the latest software ensure and thereby bypass the competing firm, for which he was rewarded board of directors.

51. Experts claim that food should be consumed cottage cheese and other dairy products, as many vegetables as possible, for example beets, carrots, cabbage, and from greens - sorrel, dill, parsley.

52. spoiled children eat a lot of sweets and cakes.

53. In the next quarter there are garages -shells, and in our quarter They are not here.

54. A little boy was afraid fill up tooth and mom tried encourage him, promising to buy him a lot cakes.

55. The storekeeper after each shift must fill up the doors of the warehouse where corrugated paper and rubber.

56. Security employees of the enterprise with new inventory significantly facilitated their work.

57. In two quarter there is a shop selling cakes.

58. You need to go two quarter before wholesale market.

59. In this directory presented most beautiful products from porcelain.

60. The court will consider your solicitation about guardianship over the son.

61. We can alleviate your life if you tell me who else was involved in this scam.

62. Kitchen the knife was so dull cakes just broke and flounder And beets didn't cut at all.

63. More beautiful this kitchen headset I did not see anything.

64. Experts legal department advised turn on V treaty additional clause concerning acceptance wholesale batches of goods.

65. In the furniture department of our shopping center you can purchase beautiful kitchen headsets, as well as conclude treaties on wholesale furniture supplies.

Words with a combination of CHN, TH can

divided into three groups:

1. those in which CHN is pronounced only as [SHN]:

of course, boring, on purpose, scrambled eggs, laundry, birdhouse,

bachelorette party, loser, mustard plaster, what, something, something,

as well as female patronymics on CHNA:

Ilyinichna, Kuzminichna, Fominichna;

2. those in which CHN is pronounced only as [CH "N]:

accurately, successful, pinpoint, camouflage, something, etc .;

3. those in which both pronunciations are considered normative - [H "N [ and [ SHN]:

candlestick, bakery, maid, penny, decent, nothing.

4. In some cases, pronunciation options delimit

various lexical meanings:

a heart attack is a friend of the heart [shn] th, a pepper pot (a vessel for pepper) is a damn pepper [shn] ita (about an evil, grumpy woman).

Pronunciation of consonants before E in loanwords:

[d"]: debate, debut, motto, deduction, disinfection, declaration, decoration,

democracy, demon, cologne, Odessa, residence, deputy, depression,

academy, ideal, etc.

[T"]: tenor, competent, patent, pate, terror, therapist, protest, term, etc.

[h "]: newspaper, zebra, marshmallow, diesel, museum, reserve, etc.

[With"]: pool, cassette, session, safe, sect, semester, senate, service, sideboard,

serenade, selector, etc.

Exercise 3

Put the stress on the following words. For help refer to the dictionary.

Apostrophe, peanut, asymmetry, indulge, spoiled, bows, being, creed, exorbitant prices, barge, bartender, gastronomy, genesis, corrugated, engraver, dogma, treble, contract, utterly, heretic, blinds, long, enviably, regular, clog, calling, calling, icon painting, iris, spark, gradually, flounder, catalogue, rubber, quarter, pantry, whooping cough, copy, self-interest, more beautiful, most beautiful, kitchen, maneuvers, briefly, miserly, for a long time, backhand, obituary, oil pipeline, newborn, guardianship, wholesale, provision, facilitate, adolescence, lampoon, loop, pizzeria, anticipate, reward, pullover, overpass, symmetry, convocation, carpenter, dancer, meatballs, cakes, shoe, deceased, Ukrainian, phenomenon, flyleaf, petition, Christian, cement, chain, gypsies, scoop, scarves, chassis, sorrel, expert.

Apostrophe, peanut, asymmetry, indulge, spoiled, bows, being, creed, exorbitant prices, barge, bartender, gastronomy, genesis, corrugated, engraver, dogma, treble, contract, utterly, heretic, blinds, long, enviably, regular, clog, calling, calling, icon painting, iris, spark, gradually, flounder, catalogue, rubber, quarter, pantry, whooping cough, copy, self-interest, more beautiful, most beautiful, kitchen, maneuvers, briefly, miserly, for a long time, backhand, obituary, oil pipeline, newborn, guardianship, wholesale, provision, facilitate, adolescence, lampoon, loop, pizzeria, anticipate, reward, pullover, overpass, symmetry, convocation, carpenter, dancer, meatballs, cakes, shoe, deceased, Ukrainian, phenomenon, flyleaf, petition, Christian, cement, chain, gypsies, scoop, scarves, chassis, sorrel, expert.

Vocabulary.

Exercise 1.

Pick up Russian words corresponding to the given Old Slavonicisms. For which words is the task impossible?

Blato, doctor, boat, helmet, scarf, esen, ignoramus.

Exercise 2.

What words are native Russian?

Passenger, intermission, sneakers, kengurenok, lyceum, lyceum student, telegram.

Exercise 3

Replace foreign words with native Russian ones. For which word is this task impossible?

Discomfort, goalkeeper, revision, intuition, prologue.

Exercise 4

Divide the words into two groups. Explain the answer. Can the given words be grouped differently?

Director, collector, praise, set, collector, head, compliment, set.

Exercise 5

Set the similarity and difference between the words POWDER, ASHES, POWDER, POWDER,

Exercise 6

Find the extra word. Explain the answer.

Proclaim, attraction, fence, bracelet, environment.

Exercise 7

Find in Russian lexical units associated with the words:

1) lat.ossiro"occupy, seize";

2) lat . humanus"human";

3) italian. fresco"fresh";

4) lat. disputere"disassemble, argue";

5) lat.letum"death";

6) lat. fixus"solid, motionless";

7) franc.Danal"ordinary";

8) franc. isoler"separate, isolate";

9) lat. accentus"accent";

10) English. bluff deception".

Exercise 8

What are the similarities between these words? Divide them into groups. Justify your answer.

Finger, footman, chain mail, friendship, barber, boyar.

Exercise 9

Which questions should be answered in the affirmative?

1. Is it possible to meet a TOLMACH today?

2. Is it true that LANIT live in the forest?

3. Are there liquid RAMENS?

4. Is it true that CELIBATH is an obligatory part of the Catholic wedding ceremony?

5. Is it true that RUBLE and CUT are historically related words?

6. Is it true that KOSHCHEY in Ancient Rus' is a person who manages horses in the prince's squad?

7. Is it true that in the 19th century SHAPOKLYAK was worn on the head?

8. Is it true that BONVIVANS are no longer found these days?

9. Is it true that in the 18th century the piano was called TICHOGRESS?

10. Is it true that Kiver is a front weapon in the Russian army of the 18th century?

Exercise 10

Find obsolete words, indicate their lexical meanings. Explain what helped you determine the meanings of seemingly incomprehensible words.

1. I, kids, are not a chwan! You do not be afraid of my nobility.

(V. Zhukovsky)

2. You know, prince, I still don’t understand why you took it into your head to choose me as the confidant of your secrets.

(F. Dostoevsky)

3. And the years went by ... Walked in the steppes

Only a violent wind in the open ...

But then Monomakh died,

And in Rus' - tightness and grief.

(A. Maikov)

Exercise 11

What meanings have formed for the listed words over the past decade?

Freeze, plywood, pirate, password, roller.

Basic lexical units

Synonymous series - they are synonyms, united by a common meaning and arranged in a certain order.

The general meaning of a number of synonyms is most pronounced core word, or dominant. Dominant begins a synonymic series and is usually a stylistically neutral word. For example: Dwelling - dwelling place, lair, lair;

Good - excellent, wonderful, superb, superb.

Contextual synonyms- These are words that come together in meaning only in a certain context. Out of context, these words are not synonyms. For example: , first, tender and pink love, didn't hold him back.

And in the evening he entered charming, fragrant, light world… .

Contextual antonyms are words that take on specific meanings in a specific context. For example: Chased crumbs- lost hunk.

Homonyms - These are words that have the same spelling and pronunciation, but different lexical meanings.

For example: bloody the battle ( battle) - black the battle(servant) - lexical way;

(nautical the battle, fisted the battle, the battle bulls - synonyms).

Tact(rhythm) - tact(sense of proportion) - a morphological method (based on a comparison of derivative words and word forms).

Homoforms - words that coincide in sound and spelling in one or more grammatical forms x, for example: oven (n.) - oven (ch.).

Homophones- words that are different in spelling, but are pronounced the same, for example: onion - meadow, mushroom - flu.

homographs- words that are spelled the same, but have an accent on different syllables, for example: flour "- mu" ka, zamo "k - for" mok.

Paronyms- words with the same root, similar in sound, but different in meaning or partially coinciding in their meaning: subscription - subscriber, great - majestic, hostile - enemy,

Paronomases- similar-sounding words that have different roots: clarinet - cornet, boatswain - pilot, injection - infection. Such words are brought together only by an accidental sound similarity.

Paronyms.

Exercise 1.

Determine in which sentences mistakes are made related to the mixing of paronyms. Write the sentences by inserting the missing letters and punctuation marks. Use the correct paronym.

1. Turning at the huge ... the moon, we walked along the open

stone d ... line to the mouth of the river.

2. He always acted carefully ... as he was a fearful person.

3. We and (not) notice ... how the wind rose and (across) the sky (across) p ... lied

dark rainy ... I'm cloudy .. .

4. Turning ... to the guest of the program ... the presenter said I would like to ask

a personal question for you.

5. The relocation ... of the w ... villagers is also (same) associated with huge

with ... expenses and, moreover, with a dramatic breakable court ...

forced people to leave their native places.

6. Studying ... at the university ... is (not) easy - in a short time you need

master a large amount of new material.

7. Lots of facts Climatic and temperature conditions

processing time ... the nature of lighting ... influences the development

r ... walls.

8. Our kat ... r approached ... l ... to a l ... sisty island surrounded ... ... by

a light stripe of shallows.

9. In the office ... stand ... for sleep ... come down with a businesslike appearance officials.

10. Our tourist group… was introduced to herself

the instructor gave us the same (same) (not).

Exercise 2.

Choose the correct word from the given paronyms.

1. Reigned in the regiment militant - militant mood.

2. Increasingly rare mushroom - mushroom diseases

sown seeds and young plants.

3. This enterprise has not created any stock of vegetables

for processing. Conservation - canning they are being

from imported raw materials, as they say, from the wheels.

4. Many of our films have received vocation - gratitude And

our viewers, and abroad.

5. City shook - shook numbness of everyday life.

Vocabulary.

The main features of borrowed words:

1. Double consonants at the root of the word: ka ss a, ba ll otirovatsya.

2. Confluence of vowels: oa zis, moz ai ka, adage and about, d ue l.

3. At the end of a word unstressed sound[O]: ra "dio, kaka" oh, ske "rtso.

4. Pronunciation of a solid consonant before [E] (letter E): par [te] r,

purse[ne], pyu[re].

5. The letter E at the root of the word: poet, energy, sir.

6. The combination of the letters YO and LOO: mayonnaise, broth.

7. Immutability of nouns and adjectives:

coat, scarf, taxi, kangaroo; run, khaki.