Yakov Alexandrovich Slashchev-Krymsky(Russian doref. Slashchov, December 29, 1885 - January 11, 1929, Moscow) - Russian military leader, lieutenant general, an active participant in the White movement in southern Russia.

Biography

He was born on December 29 (according to another version - December 12), 1885 in St. Petersburg in the family of hereditary nobles Slashchev. Father - Colonel Alexander Yakovlevich Slashchev, hereditary military man. Mother - Vera Alexandrovna Slasheva.

In 1903 he graduated from the Gurevich real school with an additional class.

Imperial Army

In 1905 he graduated from the Pavlovsk military school, from where he was released as a second lieutenant in the Finnish Life Guards Regiment. December 6, 1909 promoted to lieutenant. In 1911 he graduated from the Nikolaev Military Academy in the 2nd category, without the right to be assigned to the General Staff due to an insufficiently high average score. On March 31, 1914, he was transferred to the Corps of Pages with the appointment of a junior officer and enrollment in the Guards Infantry. In the Corps of Pages he taught tactics.

On December 31, 1914, the Finnish Regiment was re-assigned to the Life Guards, in the ranks of which he participated in the First World War. He was wounded twice and wounded five times. Awarded with the St. George weapon:

and the Order of St. George 4th degree:

On October 10, 1916 he was promoted to colonel. By 1917 - assistant commander of the Finnish regiment. On July 14, 1917, he was appointed commander of the Moscow Guards Regiment, a position he held until December 1 of the same year.

Volunteer army

• December 1917 - joined the Volunteer Army.
• January 1918 - sent by General M. V. Alekseev to the North Caucasus to create officer organizations in the region of the Caucasian Mineral Waters.
• May 1918 - chief of staff of the partisan detachment, Colonel A. G. Shkuro; then the chief of staff of the 2nd Kuban Cossack division, General S. G. Ulagay.
• September 6, 1918 - Commander of the Kuban Plastun Brigade as part of the 2nd Division of the Volunteer Army.
• November 15, 1918 - commander of the 1st separate Kuban plastun brigade.
• February 18, 1919 - brigade commander in the 5th Infantry Division.
• June 8, 1919 - brigade commander in the 4th Infantry Division.
• May 14, 1919 - promoted to major general for military distinctions.
• August 2, 1919 - Head of the 4th Infantry Division of the Armed Forces of South Russia (13th and 34th consolidated brigades).
• December 6, 1919 - commander of the 3rd Army Corps (13th and 34th consolidated brigades deployed in divisions, numbering 3.5 thousand bayonets and cavalry).

He enjoyed love and respect among the soldiers and officers of the troops entrusted to him, for which he earned an affectionate nickname - General Yasha.

Defense of Crimea

• December 27, 1919 - At the head of the corps, he occupied the fortifications on the Perekop Isthmus, preventing the capture of the Crimea.
• Winter 1919-1920 - Head of the defense of the Crimea.
• February 1920 - Commander of the Crimean Corps (former 3rd AK)
• March 25, 1920 - Promoted to lieutenant general with the appointment of commander of the 2nd Army Corps (former Crimean).
• On April 5, 1920, General Slashchev submitted a report to the Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army in the Crimea and Poland, General P.N. Wrangel, indicating the main problems at the front and with a number of proposals.
• From May 24, 1920 - Commander of a successful white landing at Kirillovka on the coast of the Sea of ​​Azov.
• August 1920 - After the inability to liquidate the Kakhovka bridgehead of the Reds, supported by large-caliber guns TAON (heavy artillery for special purposes) of the Reds from the right bank of the Dnieper, he submitted a letter of resignation.
• August 1920 - At the disposal of the commander in chief.
• August 18, 1920 - By order of General Wrangel, he received the right to be called "Slashchev-Krymsky".
• November 1920 - As part of the Russian army, he was evacuated from the Crimea to Constantinople.

In Moscow alleged burial place of White General Yakov Slashchev-Krymsky discovered. This is a park on the Falcon on the territory (destroyed in the 1930s) of the Fraternal Cemetery, where the heroes of the First World War, the ranks of the White Army, the victims of the Red Terror, and the soldiers of the Red Army were buried. On the occasion of the 98th anniversary of the end of the First World War, relatives a modest slab of Reconciliation and Memory with a list of the dead was installed at the Fraternal Cemetery whose burial sites have been identified. Eat in this list General Slashchev.

November 11, 2016 marks the 98th anniversary of the end of the First World War. And in 2018, almost all European countries will celebrate the 100th anniversary of its completion. To this date, a symbolic tombstone was erected in the Sokol district " PLATE OF RECONCILIATION AND MEMORY", with a list of participants in the First World War, officials of the White movement and fighters of the Red Army, buried at the Fraternal Cemetery. The plate was created by relatives of the buried, volunteers of the Volunteer Corps, the Public Council "Assistance in the restoration of the Moscow military Fraternal cemetery of the heroes of the First World War", a group of local residents and parishioners of the Church of All Saints in All Saints on Sokol, which is on Leningradsky Prospekt. Shlikhter S.A.), located along Novopeschanaya Street near the cinema "Leningrad". This park was laid out in Soviet times on the territory of the Fraternal Cemetery, where since 1915 the participants of the First World War were buried, and during the Civil War - victims of the Red Terror, prisoners of war of the White Army and soldiers of the Red Army who died of wounds and diseases.

Text on marble board: "Plate of reconciliation and memory. Priest Peter Verkhovsky, sister of mercy Olga Rauer, cadet of the women's death battalion Yevgenia Nekrasov, privates Fyodor Putin, Petr Naryshkin, Romanian Marin Berende, Serbian Svetozar Moich, ml. non-commissioned officer of the Czech-Slovak squad Dmitry Regen, ensigns Prince Ilya Shakhovskoy, Belgian Vladimir Uitenhoven, Sergey Postnikov, French lieutenant Alexander Bouillon, military journalist Sergey Mamontov, captain Nikolai Kavelin, Colonel Friedrich Bredis, generals Vladimir Folimonov from the Cossacks, Ivan Gogoberidze, Yakov Slashchev-Krymsky, ranks of the White Army Cossack Ignat Basakin, Abdul Khatapov, Hungarian Gustav Mart, soldiers of the Red Army Nikolai Ivanov, Fritz Matus, Berta Mauche, tsarist ministers of the Ministry of Internal Affairs Alexei Khvostov, Nikolai Maklakov, watchman of the Fraternal Cemetery Ivan Weiss".

BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL DATA OF THE DEAD, WHOSE NAMES AND SURNAMES ARE LISTED ON THE PLATE OF RECONCILIATION AND MEMORY.

YAKOV SLASHCHEV-KRYMSKY- lieutenant general, hero of the First World War, one of the prominent participants in the White movement in the South of Russia and the defense of the Crimea in 1919-1920. He was fearless, constantly leading troops to attack by personal example. He had nine wounds, the last of which (a concussion in the head) was received at the Kakhovka bridgehead in early August 1920. By order of General Wrangel, he received the right to be called "Slashchev-Krymsky". In November 1920, as part of the White Army, he was evacuated from the Crimea to Constantinople, where, being in poverty, he was engaged in gardening. But outside of Russia, albeit Soviet, he did not see himself. The final decision to return to their homeland matured in the early summer of 1921. The Cheka agent reported this to Moscow. Dzerzhinsky submitted to a meeting of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) the question of organizing the return of Slashchev and his further use in the interests of the Soviet government. November 21, 1921 Slashchev returned to Sevastopol, from where he left for Moscow. He addressed the soldiers and officers of the White Army with an appeal to return to the USSR. In 1924 he published the book "Crimea in 1920. Fragments from Memories". From June 1922 he was a teacher of tactics at the Shot Command School, located in Lefortovo. Slashchev teaches students to fight against landings, to conduct maneuver operations. The journal "Military Affairs" regularly publishes his articles: "Actions of the avant-garde in a meeting battle", "Breakthrough and coverage of a fortified area", "The significance of fortified zones in modern warfare and their overcoming". His students were the future Marshals of the USSR Vasilevsky, Tolbukhin, Malinovsky. According to the memoirs of General Batov, "he taught (Slashchev) brilliantly, there were a lot of people at the lectures, and the tension in the audience was sometimes like in battle"; "Many listener commanders themselves fought against the Wrangelites, including those on the outskirts of the Crimea, and the former White Guard general spared neither causticity nor ridicule when analyzing this or that operation of our troops."

On January 11, 1929, Slashchev was shot in the back of the head and in the back by unknown assailants in his school room. According to the official (extremely doubtful) investigative version, Slashchev was shot dead by a certain Kolenberg (declared mentally ill after the murder) - allegedly out of revenge for his hanged brother. In time, this murder coincides with the beginning of the first wave of repressions and executions that hit the military experts of the Red Army and former White officers.

Slashchev's body was burned in the crematorium of the Donskoy Monastery. There was no official funeral, where he is buried is not exactly known. According to one version Slashchev's ashes were buried on the territory of the Fraternal Cemetery. It's indirect confirm several (miraculously preserved) extracts from funeral cards (discovered in the archives of the architect A.V. Shchusev and the Moscow City Archive), which list persons buried in the Bratskoye Cemetery. In one of these extracts, the surname, initials, years of life and the place of burial of Ya.A. Slashchev are indicated.

Archival extracts from the funeral cards of the Fraternal Cemetery, made by various researchers in the period from 1924 to 1930, one of which reads " Slashchev Ya.A. 1886-1929 Fraternal school":

OLGA RAUER- sister of mercy of the Amur Red Cross infirmary, 45 years old, Orthodox. A native of the Perm province, the wife of the senior doctor of the Amur infirmary. Killed by a bomb dropped from a German airplane near the town of Senyavka. She died on July 31, 1916. The burial place is located (on the right) 3 meters from Schlichter's grave.

PETER VERKHOVSKY- priest of the camp church on Khodynka field, Orthodox, 57 years old, died on March 11, 1919. Buried at the Fraternal Cemetery.

EVGENIA NEKRASOVA- Junker of the Moscow Women's Death Battalion at the Alexander Military School. A resident of the city of Kovel, Volyn province. She died on September 6, 1917 from cardiac arrest in the Moscow Consolidated Evacuation Hospital No. 86. She was buried at the Fraternal Cemetery not far from the burial place of Schlichter.

FEDOR DMITRIEVICH PUTIN- Private of the 83rd Infantry Samur Regiment, 20 years old, Orthodox. He died of sepsis on July 12, 1916 in the Moscow Basmanny Hospital No. 1672. He was buried at the Bratsk Cemetery: plot 50, row 3, burial No. 9441.

PETER VASILIEVICH NARYSHKIN- private of the 97th infantry regiment of Livonia, 25 years old, Orthodox, psalm reader. Personal honorary citizen. He died after being wounded on June 3, 1915 in the Solyansky hospital at the Moscow Exchange and Merchant Society. Buried at Br. cell on site 2, row 204, burial No. 1197.

PETER ALEXANDROVICH NARYSHKIN- private of the 664th foot squad, 42 years old, Orthodox. Tradesman of the city of Galich, Kostroma province. He died on June 22, 1917 in Moscow Hospital No. 1153 from stomach cancer. Buried at Br. cell on site 70, row 1, burial No. 14815.

NOTE. In 2013, a two-volume book about the Fraternal Cemetery was published under the editorship of the leading specialist of the Historical Museum Maria Katagoshchina. According to the lists published in it, people were buried in this cemetery, whose surnames coincide with the names of the top leaders of the Russian Federation. At the request of the leadership of the "Volunteer Corps" and the Public Council to the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation and the State Duma, they were informed that "they do not provide information about the relatives of the first persons of the state," but at the same time unofficially hinted that the patriots " looking in the right direction". Be that as it may, but it is hardly a mere coincidence that after that, starting in 2013, State Duma Speaker Sergei Naryshkin, representatives of the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation and the Mayor's Office of Moscow began annually on August 1 (on the day the First World War began) to officially lay wreaths and flowers at the Fraternal Cemetery at the obelisk "To the Fallen in the World War of 1914-1918".

MARINE BERENDE- private of the Romanian army, 34 years old, Catholic. A resident of the Romanian city of Bralyshtitsa. He died on May 12, 1917 in Moscow Hospital No. 96. He was buried on Br. cemetery.

SVETOZAR MOICH- private of the 2nd Serbian regiment, 28 years old, Orthodox. Resident of the city of Nis (Serbia). He died on October 23, 1916 from pneumonia in the Moscow hospital of the Tereshchenko family. He was buried near the site of Public figures, where Schlichter was buried.

DMITRY REGEN- junior non-commissioned officer of the Czech-Slovak squad, 23 years old, Orthodox. He died on July 3, 1917 from a gunshot wound to the left shoulder and left side in the Moscow Hospital of the Kyiv Regiment No. 1038. He was buried on Br. cemetery.

ILYA SHAKHOVSKOY- Prince, Ensign of the 219th Kotelnichesky Regiment, 29 years old, Orthodox. From the nobles of the Tver province. Wounded near Nadarzhin. He died on May 20, 1916 at Molodechno station from a cerebral hemorrhage. The burial is located on the Central officer's site, 100 meters from the grave of Schlichter.

VLADIMIR UITENHOVEN- Volunteer, ensign of the 210th Infantry Bronnitsky Regiment, 20 years old, Orthodox. Belgian subject. Killed on September 19, 1916 near Lutsk on the Southwestern Front. Buried on the "Aviators' Alley" under the wall of Br. cemetery 150 meters from Schlichter's grave.

SERGEY POSTNIKOV- participant of the Russian-Japanese and First World Wars, 35 years old, Orthodox, chief officer's son. He served in the Transcaucasus in the Alexander Fortress Artillery. Graduated from the Telavi ensign school. During the First World War, he fought in the Turkish theater of operations. In 1918, he participated in the activities of the Moscow monarchist group of officers of the underground organization "Union for the Defense of the Motherland and Freedom". Under the leadership of officers Prince Mikhail Lopukhin and Vladimir Belyavsky, he participated in an unsuccessful attempt to save Sovereign Nikolai Alexandrovich Romanov and his family from prison when they were in Tobolsk. He was arrested in Moscow by officers of the Cheka. Together with other officers of the monarchist group, he was shot in September 1918 and buried in an unmarked common grave for all the executed, located near the brick fence of Br. shcha on the "Aviators' Alley" (not far from the grave of Schlichter).

Sergey Postnikov is one of the alleged authors of the White Guard anthem "God bless Russia!":

God bless Russia
Save and save from troubles,
And the spirit of the almighty truth,
Bless for the right fight. (Chorus).

Forward in the hearts of carrying hope,
Holding bayonets at the ready.
Into the battle for Russia, for Freedom,
We are the sons of the White Guard!

The Lord is our witness under the banner,
To go to death, as to a parade,
Under the white-blue-scarlet banner,
More expensive than all earthly awards.

Let's rise with the spirit of the Russian will,
Let's raise our heads from our knees.
It's better than a bullet in an open field,
Than slave life red captivity. (Next, the chorus follows at the end of the anthem.)

ALEXANDER BOUILLON- Frenchman from Alsace, lieutenant of the 18th Vologda Infantry Regiment, 32 years old, Orthodox. Mortally wounded on July 2, 1916 at a position near the village of Dalnee Skorbovo near Baranovichi. He was buried on the Alley of Pilots under the brick wall of Br. church 80 meters from Schlichter's grave.

SERGEY MAMONTOV- military journalist, staff captain of the 18th army corps, 48 ​​years old, Orthodox. A nobleman of the city of Moscow, the eldest son of Savva Ivanovich Mamontov, a famous Russian businessman and philanthropist. Before the First World War, he was a well-known fiction writer, poet, playwright and theater critic. Published in the journals "Russian Word" and "Russian Vedomosti". Author of a talented book: "There were dreams. Stories and poems", published in 1902. Being at the front of the First World War, as a military journalist, he published under the pseudonym S. Matov in the Russian Word. He died on August 3, 1915 from pulmonary edema in the Gorno-Uralsk infirmary of the Red Cross. He was buried in the Central Officers' Plot, 30 meters from Schlichter's grave.

NIKOLAI KAVELIN- Captain of the 14th Georgian Grenadier Regiment, 31 years old, Orthodox. Nobleman of the Kaluga province. Killed March 4, 1915 in the battle near Prasnysh. Buried at the Central Officers' Plot Br. cemetery 25 meters from Schlichter's grave.

FRIEDRICH BREDIS- Colonel, 30 years old, Orthodox, comes from a peasant family. Georgievsky Cavalier. Front line scout. One of the most valiant officers and organizer of the first Latvian rifle battalions during World War I. Commander of the 1st Ust-Dvinsky Latvian Rifle Regiment. In 1918, he was the head of the anti-Bolshevik Latvian national underground group and the Moscow officer group of the Union for the Defense of the Motherland and Freedom. On July 23, 1918, the Cheka was arrested and imprisoned in the Lubyanka. He was shot on the personal orders of the deputy. Chairman of the All-Russian Cheka Peters on the night of August 27-28, 1918. Buried in the unmarked mass grave of the executed near the brick fence on the Alley of Pilots near the burial place of Schlichter.

VLADIMIR FOLIMONOV- Major General, 59 years old, Orthodox, from the Don Cossacks of the village of Zolotovskaya. Former commander of the 27th Artillery Brigade. He died of heart failure on December 6, 1919 in Moscow (Povarskaya st.). Buried at the Central Officers' Plot Br. a church near Schliter's grave.

IVAN GOGOBERIDZE- Major General, 57 years old, Orthodox. Commander of the 3rd Siberian Brigade. He died on August 2, 1916 near Riga (Skuinek Yard) from angina pectoris. He was buried in the Central Officers' Plot, 130 meters from Schlichter's grave.

IGNAT BASAKIN- a White Guard prisoner of war. Cossack of the Donskaya village of Esaulovskaya. He died in the Moscow Patronage No. 3 of the Collegium of Prisoners and Refugees. Buried May 12, 1919 at the Fraternal Cemetery.

ABDUL KHATAPOV- POW White Guard, Muslim. Presumably a member of the Wild Division. He died in 1919 (the exact date of death is unknown) in the Moscow Patronage No. 3. He was buried in Br. cemetery.

GUSTAV MART- a White Guard prisoner of war, a Catholic. Hungarian from the city of Budapest. He died on September 13, 1919 in Moscow, in patronage No. 3. He was buried in Br. church near Schlichter's grave.

NIKOLAY IVANOV - red army soldier Red Army ( 6th guard battalion). He was buried on April 14, 1919 at the site of Public figures, a few meters from the grave of Schlichter.

FRITZ MATUS – Red Army soldier of the Latvian Rifle Soviet Division, 25 years old, Lutheran. A resident of the Courland province of the Tukums district. He died on August 8, 1918 in the Khodynka hospital. Buried at Br. cl.

BERTA MAUCHE - fighter of the red army, Latvian, 15 years old. She died on July 23, 1920 from typhus at the Podmoskovnaya station (Nechaev's house). Buried in the Krasnoarmeisky section of Br. cl-shcha.

ALEXEY KHVOSTOV- Minister of Internal Affairs of the Russian Empire in 1915-1916, 46 years old, Orthodox. During the February Revolution, he was arrested and imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress. After the Bolsheviks came to power, he was left in custody and in August 1918 was transferred to Moscow. Shot as a hostage on September 5, 1918 on the first day of the Red Terror. He was buried on the Alley of Pilots in an unmarked common grave of the executed near the brick fence of Br. cemeteries.

NIKOLAY MAKLAKOV- Minister of Internal Affairs of the Russian Empire in 1912-1915, 47 years old, Orthodox. In February 1917 he was planted in the Peter and Paul Fortress. In the summer of 1918 he was transported by the Bolsheviks to Moscow. Shot on September 5, 1918, along with other hostages. He was buried at the Fraternal Cemetery in an unmarked common grave near a brick fence.

IVAN WEIS - caretaker of the Fraternal Cemetery, 57 years old, Catholic. He died on September 5, 1923. He was buried at the site of Public figures, 3 meters (to the right) from the grave of Schlichter.

HISTORY OF THE CREATION OF A SYMBOLIC TOMBSTONE OF RECONCILIATION AND MEMORY AT THE BROTHER CEMETERY.

In the vicinity of the Temple of All Saints on the Falcon and on the territory of the Memorial Park, where the Fraternal Cemetery of the heroes of the First World War was, until now ancient marble slabs are found in the ground, with chipped or broken corners at the edges. Apparently, these slabs are fragments of those monuments that were liquidated in the early 1930s. One of these marble slabs (white-pinkish) was found in the ground by the parishioners of the Church of All Saints (from among local residents) in the area of ​​Sandy Street, when the builders were digging trenches for laying underground utilities (pipes and cables). It is noteworthy that the foundations of the temporary wooden chapel, the burial places of the sisters of mercy, officers and generals in the central part of the Fraternal Cemetery, where the burial place of Sergei Schlichter is located, were lined with exactly the same marble boards.

Old photos of the wooden chapel, the graves of the sisters of mercy, officers' and generals' graves in the center of the Fraternal Cemetery.

The believers handed over the slab they found to the volunteers of the "Volunteer Corps" and the Public Council "Assistance in the restoration of the Moscow military fraternal cemetery of the heroes of the First World War." The discovered marble plaque was restored by the activists of the Public Council. Then a text was carved on it with the names of the heroes of the First World War (sisters of mercy, soldiers, officers and generals), officials of the White Army, soldiers of the Red Army, executed Tsarist ministers buried in the Fraternal Cemetery.

Placement of the text on the found ancient marble slab:

Transportation of the symbolic tombstone "Reconciliation and Memory" from the Church of All Saints on Sokol, on Leningradsky Prospekt, to the Memorial Park on the territory of the Fraternal Cemetery:

The erection of a memorial plate at the Bratskoye Cemetery at the surviving tomb monument to Sergei Schlichter:

In the photo, participants in the installation of the slab: (from left to right) Chairman of the Public Council and invalid of the 2nd group of the Great Patriotic War Lev Gitsevich, a parishioner of the Church of All Saints on Sokol and a relative of one of the buried soldiers Irina M., the oldest resident of the Sokol district, chairman of the Commission to Perpetuate the Memory of Heroes, Honored Film Director of Russia Boris Natarov, Executive Secretary of the Public Council Janis Bremzis, Chairman of the organization "Volunteer Corps" Leonid Lamm .

Immediately after the erection of the plate, an amazing phenomenon occurred. The edge of the sun peeked out from behind the clouds, and the "Slab of Reconciliation and Memory" became transparent around the edges and shone with a honey-yellow color.

Glowing at the edges (especially on the right) plate:

Other tombstones at the Schlichter monument, restored earlier at the request of relatives, at the burial site of the centurion Viktor Pryanishnikov and the sisters of mercy:

Text on plate: " Cossacks and all Russian people who died during the years of wars and repressions of the XX-XXI centuries. The plate was created by the Cossacks. Dedicated centurion Pryanishnikov V.I., buried on February 15, 1915 at the Fraternal Cemetery".

Plate "To the daughters of Russia who fell in the wars of the twentieth century. Konstantinova Lyubov Petrovna 1895 - 03/15/1917. Sister of mercy of an ambulance train. She died of typhus in Mogilev-Podolsky. Buried at the grave of Schlichter in the Bratsk necropolis. The plate was restored by relatives on the 100th anniversary of the outbreak of the First World War."

Inscription: "Sisters of Mercy. 19 years old. Olga Shishmareva 1896 - 03/28/1915. Vera Semenova 1897 - 08/23/1916. Buried at the grave of Schlichter in the area of ​​​​Public figures."

HISTORICAL REFERENCE. The Fraternal Cemetery was opened on February 15, 1915 at the initiative of the Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna, with the assistance of the Sovereign Emperor Nikolai Alexandrovich Romanov. More than 17.5 thousand participants of the First World War were buried on its territory. These are subjects of the Russian Empire of all faiths: Orthodox, Catholics, Lutherans, Buddhists, Muslims and Jews who died at the fronts and died of wounds in hospitals. More than 70% of the buried are Orthodox people - mostly Slavs: Russians, Belarusians and Ukrainians. The Cossacks are also buried here. On the opening day of the Fraternal Cemetery the centurion of the Kuban Cossack army Viktor Pryanishnikov was buried first who died in the battle of Sarykamysh. Among the buried Catholics and Lutherans, a significant percentage are Poles, Latvians, Estonians, Lithuanians. Serbs, Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Romanians, Belgians, French and British who fought in the Russian Imperial Army on the German front were buried at the Fraternal Cemetery. In 1916-1918, several dozen prisoners of war from Germany and Austria-Hungary, who died in a camp on the Khodynka field, were buried at the Fraternal Cemetery.

On November 13, 1917, cadets, cadets, students and high school students who died in battles with the Bolsheviks in Moscow were buried at the Fraternal Cemetery. The Civil War turned the Fraternal Cemetery into a bloody chopping block. Since 1918, at the Fraternal Cemetery and its environs, thousands of victims were buried (after execution) in unmarked graves " red terror". Among them are hostages from among the so-called "alien reactionary classes", military specialists ("military experts") from former tsarist officers and generals who served in the Red Army and Soviet institutions, police officers, highly skilled workers and production masters ("labor aristocracy"), prosperous peasants, intelligentsia, teachers of gymnasiums and universities, young students, members of opposition parties, clergymen, famous statesmen of the Russian Empire, leaders and activists of underground counter-revolutionary groups and organizations.

During the Civil War, prisoners of war of the White Guards who died from wounds of diseases in prisons, hospitals and patronages were buried at the Fraternal Military Cemetery. Together with them in the same areas of the Bratsk necropolis were dozens of Red Army soldiers and commanders of the Red Army were buried who died from wounds and diseases in Moscow hospitals. Among them " Latvian Riflemen". Buried here Moscow policemen who died in the line of duty. Until 1929, " red aviators who died in air crashes at the Khodynka airfield.

In the early 1930s, the crosses and tombstones at the Fraternal Cemetery were destroyed. This was done under the pretext of a class struggle against the hostile Orthodox symbolism of the "overthrown exploiting classes." Were even tombstones over the graves of soldiers of the Red Army, policemen and Soviet aviators were ruthlessly destroyed. Revolutionary nihilists did not spare the memory and their heroes. However, the burials in the ground were not affected and mostly survived. In the 1960s, a park was laid out on the site of the Fraternal Cemetery for citizens to relax and walk dogs.

To this day, on the territory of the Fraternal Cemetery since those times only one memorial remains. It's big red granite tombstone over the grave of a student of Moscow University Sergei Alexandrovich Schlichter, mortally wounded in the battle near Baranovichi in June 1916.

But the memory of the dead was not forgotten. Starting from 1988, several symbolic tombstones with the names of the heroes of the First World War, victims of the "Red Terror", officials of the White Army and soldiers of the Red Army buried at this place were erected at the Fraternal Cemetery (near the surviving monument to Schlichter).

A surviving monument over the grave of Schlichter, next to which are four marble tombstones, restored at the present time at the request of relatives at the burial place of their heroic ancestors.

These commemorative plates were made and installed by volunteers of the "Volunteer Corps" and the Public Council, at the request of the relatives and descendants of the heroes of the First World War, who were buried in the Fraternal Cemetery. The Moscow Patriarchate and the administration of the Church of All Saints of the Patriarchal Metochion in Vsekhsvyatsky, near the Sokol metro station, actively assisted the patriots in this holy cause.

Thanks to numerous letters and appeals from the Volunteer Corps, the Public Council and a group of descendants of World War I participants, the Moscow Government allocated funds for the construction of the Chapel Temple and the Memorial Complex, which were built on the territory of the Fraternal Cemetery in 1998. And the territory of the Memorial Park (at the address: Novopeschanaya St., vl. 12) near the cinema "Leningrad" was given the status of a protected zone of a cultural heritage object (historical monument) of regional urban significance - "The Fraternal Cemetery for the soldiers who died in the war of 1914, and for the sisters of mercy of the Moscow communities."

Memorial objects built at the Bratskoye Cemetery by the Government of Moscow since 1998:

In the period from 1996 to 2014, unscrupulous businessmen and officials (with the support of the Moscow Government) made repeated attempts to push through the decision about construction on the site of the cinema "Leningrad" and in the Memorial Park where was the Fraternal Cemetery, shopping and entertainment business center, underground parking, commercial indoor sports pavilions (like "mini-Luzhniki"), park attractions, restaurants and barbecue. Activists of the "Volunteer Corps" and the Public Council sent letters of protest against the blasphemous construction to the leadership of all parliamentary factions of the State Duma. Many deputies supported the patriots and sent requests to the prosecutor's office and the Government of Moscow, with a request "to prevent the construction of a shopping and entertainment business center" on the bones of 17.5 thousand heroes of the First World War. This story hit the media of the countries participating in the First World War. Under the threat of an international scandal, the Moscow oligarchs were forced to abandon the implementation of the development plan for the territory of the Fraternal Cemetery.

On April 30, 2015, a solemn ceremony of reburial of Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolayevich Romanov, the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of all the land and sea forces of the Russian Empire at the beginning of the First World War, took place in the Church-chapel of the Transfiguration of the Lord on the territory of the Fraternal Cemetery. The ceremony was attended by State Duma Speaker Sergei Naryshkin, His Holiness Patriarch Kirill of Moscow and All Rus', Moscow Mayor Sergei Sobyanin, Prince Dmitry Romanovich with his wife, and Prince Rostislav Rostislavovich. Metropolitan Hilarion of Volokolamsk celebrated the funeral litia. Soldiers of the guard of honor fired three volleys in memory of the Grand Duke, after which his ashes were interred in the chapel building.

And in these photos (taken at different times of the year) the Orthodox memorial "Reconciliation of peoples who fought in the World and Civil Wars", located on the territory (destroyed by the Soviet authorities) of the All Saints parish cemetery near the walls of the Church of All Saints on Sokol:

The symbolic tombstone "To the Generals of the Russian Imperial Army" and the White Movement, erected at the Church of All Saints on Sokol in 1994, as an element of the "Reconciliation of Peoples" Memorial:

On the same symbolic tombstone are the names of the leaders of the White movement and the Cossack chieftains, most of whom were generals during the First World War, while others became generals during the Civil War. This Alekseev, Denikin, Wrangel, Drozdovsky, Yudenich, Kornilov, Markov, Dutov, Kappel, Kaledin And Admiral Kolchak. Many members of the White movement at that time did not have graves at all, even symbolic ones. These are, for example, Kornilov, Markov, Kaledin, Kolchak, Drozdovsky, Dutov. Crosses and tombstones over their graves have not been preserved or have been destroyed. Therefore, data on their exact location was lost. The ashes of some of them were destroyed by the Bolsheviks after the opening and destruction of their graves, as, for example, happened with the burial and remains of General Kornilov.

Symbolic tombstone "To the Cossacks who fell for the Faith, the Tsar and the Fatherland in the First World War, conflicts and wars of the twentieth century."

The main element of the Orthodox memorial "Reconciliation of Peoples" is two symbolic tombstones "To soldiers and civilians who fell in the battles of peoples in the 1st and 2nd World Wars":

Transferred from the Fraternal Cemetery to the Church of All Saints on Sokol in 1998, "The foundation stone of the Temple-chapel of the Transfiguration of the Lord in memory of the defenders of Russia who fell in all wars for the Fatherland":

Cross to Archpriest John Vostorgov and Bishop Ephraim, who were shot on August 23 (September 5, according to a new style), 1918 at the Fraternal Cemetery:

Plate "Georgievsky Cavaliers" at the base of the Cross:

The main part of this memorial is also symbolic tombstones (erected in 1990-1998) in memory of the soldiers of Russia and other countries participating in the First World War and the Civil War, buried at the Fraternal Cemetery:

Commemorative plate "To soldiers, officers, generals of Russia, Serbia, Belgium, France, England, USA, who fell in the war of 1914-1919.

Plate with the text: "The best monument to a commander is the memory of his soldiers. A.A. Brusilov. To the Russian soldiers who fell on the fronts of the Great War, who died in captivity and in the rear, Eternal Memory.

Plate "Russian aviators" and "Sisters of mercy - the heroic daughters of Russia", who died in 1914-1918.

The text on the plate: "Lieutenant Teremetsky V.A. 1886-1916. He died in Galicia, was buried in the Bratsk necropolis. Dedicated to the soldiers who fell in 1914-18, 1939-45. The plate was created by a participant in the Second World War, Lieutenant Colonel Teremetsky E.V., the Church of All Saints, the council of the Sokol district and the school by N. Pavlov".

Text: "Sotnik Pryanishnikov V.I., senior non-commissioned officer Pankov F.I., corporal Anokhin A.I., private Gutenko E.I., private Salov Ya.D., sister of mercy Shishmareva O.I. To generals, officers, cadets, soldiers."

A touching inscription is carved on this plate: "Citizens! Do not forget that the ashes of our Brothers who gave their lives to defend the Motherland are buried here. THE MOSCOW BROTHER CEMETERY IS THE ALL-RUSSIAN MONUMENT of the war of 1914. It was opened on February 15, 1915. With the blessing of Patriarch Alexy II of Moscow and All Rus', this place was re-consecrated on the Day of the Exaltation of the Cross of the Lord nya 27.IX.1990 ".

Text: "M. Lopukhin, V. Belyavsky and all the officers of the Union for the Defense of the Motherland and Freedom, who were executed in 1918 at the Fraternal Cemetery."

Cross with the text: "Junkers. We died for our and your freedom. Moscow, October 1917."

At the base of the cross is a plate with the text: "Students of military, cadet and cadet schools, students and high school students who died in Moscow on 26.X-3.XI 1917. They were buried on 13.XI (old style) at the Fraternal Cemetery."

300 meters from Church of All Saints in the park on Halabyan street, broken in Soviet times on the site of the old military cemetery for invalids "Arbatets", There is Another one modest Orthodox memorial "Reconciliation and memory of Russian heroes". Historical data on the Arbatets cemetery are published in the materials: "The memorial "Reconciliation and memory of Russian heroes" was opened in Moscow, "A memorial sign was opened in the Arbatets square to the forgotten generals of the Brusilov breakthrough."

In the center of this memorial there is a small preserved ancient monument, to the left and to the right of which there are two symbolic tombstones erected by the "Volunteer Corps" and the Public Council:

Memorial in the park on the street. Alabyan, where there was an old military necropolis "Arbatets" of the 19-20th centuries, attributed after 1915 to the Fraternal cemetery.

The text on the plate, located to the left of the ancient monument: " Plate of reconciliation and memory of the Russian heroes of the battle for Sevastopol, Plevna, Shipka, Port Arthur, Osovets fortress and "Attacks of the Dead". There was a necropolis "Arbatets" at Alekseevsky, Alexandrovsky and Elizabethan shelters, where participants of the Crimean, Russian-Turkish for the freedom of Bulgaria, Russian-Japanese, World War I, White movement, junkers, police officers, soldiers of the Red Army and police, Soviet pilots, anti-aircraft gunners and defenders of Moscow were buried".

On the plate on the right, the text is carved: " To the heroes of the Bruslov breakthrough and disabled soldiers buried in the Sokol area. To the 100th anniversary of the offensive of the troops of the Southwestern Front in 1916, commanded by Generals Alexei Brusilov, Vladislav Klembovsky, Alexei Kaledin, Mikhail Khanzhin, Vladimir Sakharov, Dmitry Shcherbachev, Platon Lechitsky".

Yakov Alexandrovich Slashchev-Krymsky(in the old spelling Slashchov, December 29, 1885 - January 11, 1929, Moscow) - Russian military leader, lieutenant general, an active participant in the white movement in southern Russia.

He was born on December 29 (according to another version - December 12), 1885 in St. Petersburg. Father - Colonel Alexander Yakovlevich Slashchev, hereditary military man. Mother - Vera Alexandrovna Slasheva.

"General Slashchev, the former sovereign ruler of the Crimea, with the transfer of headquarters to Feodosia, remained at the head of his corps. General Schilling was expelled at the disposal of the Commander-in-Chief. A good combat officer, General Slashchev, having assembled random troops, did an excellent job with his task. With a handful of people, in the midst of general collapse, he defended the Crimea. However, complete, beyond any control, independence, the consciousness of impunity completely turned his head Unbalanced by nature, weak-willed, easily succumbed to the most base flattery, poorly versed in people, besides being addicted to drugs and wine, he was completely confused in an atmosphere of general collapse. outstanding persons who seemed to him (Wrangel P.N. Notes. November 1916 - November 1920 Memoirs. Memoirs.)"

• 1903 - Graduated from the St. Petersburg real school Gurevich.
• 1905 - He graduated from the Pavlovsk Military School and was released in the Finnish Life Guards Regiment (by 1917 he had risen to the rank of assistant regiment commander).
• 1911 - Graduated from the Nikolaev Academy of the General Staff in the 2nd category (without the right to be assigned to the General Staff due to a low average score).
• 1914 - He went to the front with the regiment (wounded five times and shell-shocked twice).
• 1915 - Awarded the St. George weapon.
• 1916 - Awarded the Order of St. George IV degree. November 1916 - Colonel.
• July 14, 1917 - December 1, 1917 - Commander of the Moscow Guards Regiment. December 1917 - Joined the Volunteer Army.
• January 1918 - Sent by General Alekseev to the North Caucasus to create officer organizations in the region of the Caucasian Mineral Waters.
• May 1918 - Chief of Staff of the partisan detachment, Colonel A. G. Shkuro; then the chief of staff of the 2nd Kuban Cossack division, General Ulagay.
• September 6, 1918 - Commander of the Kuban Plastun Brigade as part of the 2nd Division of the Volunteer Army.
• November 15, 1918 - Commander of the 1st separate Kuban plastun brigade.
• February 18, 1919 - Brigade commander in the 5th division.
• June 8, 1919 - Brigade commander in the 4th division.
• May 14, 1919 - Promoted to major general for military distinction.
• August 2, 1919 - Head of the 4th division (13th and 34th combined brigades).
• December 6, 1919 - Commander of the 3rd Army Corps (13th and 34th consolidated brigades deployed in divisions, numbering 3.5 thousand bayonets and cavalry).
• December 27, 1919 - At the head of the corps, he occupied the fortifications on the Perekop Isthmus, preventing the capture of the Crimea.
• Winter 1919-1920 - Head of the defense of the Crimea.
• February 1920 - Commander of the Crimean Corps (former 3rd AK)
• March 25, 1920 - Promoted to lieutenant general with the appointment of commander of the 2nd Army Corps (former Crimean).
• August 1920 - After the inability to liquidate the Kakhovka bridgehead of the Reds, supported by large-caliber guns of the Reds from the right bank of the Dnieper, he submitted a letter of resignation.
• August 1920 - At the disposal of the commander in chief.
• August 18, 1920 - By order of General Wrangel, he received the right to be called "Slashchev-Krymsky".
• November 1920 - As part of the Russian army, he was evacuated from the Crimea to Constantinople.

He was fearless, constantly leading troops to attack by personal example. He had nine wounds, the last of which - a concussion in the head - received at the Kakhovka bridgehead in early August 1920. He endured many wounds practically on his feet. In order to reduce the unbearable pain from a wound in the stomach in 1919, which did not heal for more than six months, he began to inject himself with an anesthetic - morphine, then he became addicted to cocaine, which is why the “glory” of a drug addict stuck to him ...

After emigration, he lived in Constantinople, living in poverty and doing gardening. In Constantinople, Slashchev sharply and publicly condemned the Commander-in-Chief and his headquarters, for which, by the verdict of the court of honor, he was dismissed from service without the right to wear a uniform. In response to the court decision in January 1921, he published the book “I demand the court of society and publicity. Defense and Surrender of Crimea (Memoirs and Documents).

Slashchev began to think about the wrongness of the white cause when, in the summer of 1920, his pregnant wife fell into the hands of Dzerzhinsky's Chekists, who knew who she was, and was released back to the general across the front line, despite the threat of Rozalia Zemlyachka, protege of Trotsky Commissar of the 13th Red Army, to shoot her.

According to some reports, in 1920 Slashchev personally came to negotiate with the Reds in the Korsun Monastery near Berislav, which they occupied, and was freely released by the plenipotentiary commissioner of Dzerzhinsky.

The chairman of the Cheka, Dzerzhinsky, was well disposed towards Slashchev, and Trotsky, Commander-in-Chief of the Red Army, hated him.

Having entered into negotiations with the Soviet authorities in Constantinople, he was amnestied. On November 21, 1921, together with the White Cossacks, he returned to Sevastopol, from where he left for Moscow in Dzerzhinsky's private carriage. He addressed the soldiers and officers of the Russian army with an appeal to return to the USSR. In 1924 he published the book "Crimea in 1920. Fragments from memoirs". Since June 1922 - a teacher of tactics at the Shot command staff school.

On January 11, 1929, he was killed by the Trotskyist Lazar Kolenberg in his room at the school - allegedly out of revenge for his brother, who was hanged on the orders of Slashchev, although in time this murder coincides with the wave of repressions that hit the former officers of the White Army.

In Moscow, General Ya. A. Slashchev, one of the active participants in the White movement, was killed in his apartment, who won a very sad memory for his exceptional cruelty and recklessness. Already in the Crimea, Slashchev tried to replace General Wrangel at the head of the army, and then in Constantinople he published a well-known pamphlet in which he demanded a trial of the commander-in-chief (Wrangel). From Constantinople, Slashchev moved to Moscow, the Soviet authorities willingly forgave him for his sins against her and appointed him a professor at the Military Academy. However, he did not manage to stay there due to the extremely hostile attitude of the listeners towards him. Slashchev was transferred to the shooting and tactical advanced training courses for command personnel (the so-called “Shot”), where he remained until his last days as a lecturer who managed to publish several works on military issues during his stay in the USSR. Slashchev's place of residence in Moscow was carefully concealed. The latest reports in the Berlin newspapers speak of the arrest of the killer, 24-year-old Kolenberg, who claimed to have killed Slashchev for the execution of his brother by Slashchev in the Crimea. Moscow claims that the murder was committed a few days ago, but they did not immediately dare to report it. Slashchev's body was burned in a Moscow crematorium. The burning was attended by Unshlikht and other representatives of the Revolutionary Military Council. (The Rul newspaper, Berlin, January 16, 1929)

Subsequently, it will become clear whether he was killed by a hand that was really guided by a sense of revenge, or which was guided by the demand for expediency and safety. After all, it is strange that the “avenger” for more than four years could not finish off a man who did not hide behind the thickness of the Kremlin walls and in the labyrinth of the Kremlin palaces, but peacefully, without protection, lived in his private apartment. And at the same time, it is understandable if, during the hours of a noticeable trembling of the ground under your feet, you need to eliminate a person known for his determination and ruthlessness. Here it was really necessary to hurry up and quickly use both some kind of murder weapon and the furnace of the Moscow crematorium, capable of quickly destroying the traces of the crime. (“For Freedom”, Warsaw, January 18, 1929)

In the twenties, there was, perhaps, no more colorful figure at the command courses "Shot" - the main "military academy" in the USSR at that time, than "Professor Yasha". Judge for yourself: a former guardsman, a graduate of the Nikolaev Academy of the General Staff, who went through the entire First World War in the trenches. In the Civil War he was the chief of staff of General Shkuro, in the Volunteer Army of Denikin and the Armed Forces of the South of Russia under Wrangel he commanded a brigade, division and corps, wore lieutenant general shoulder straps.
And now he teaches the mind-reason of the red commanders, whom he recently successfully beaten on the battlefields. He teaches, sarcastically sorting through all the mistakes and miscalculations of the authoritative army commanders and commanders of the army of workers and peasants.

At one of these classes, Semyon Budyonny, who became a legend during his lifetime, could not stand the caustic comments about the actions of his 1st Cavalry Army, and discharged a revolver drum in the direction of the former white general. And he just spat on his fingers, stained with chalk, and calmly threw in the direction of the hushed audience: "That's how you shoot, that's how you fight."

The name of this outstanding person was Yakov Aleksandrovich Slashchev.

Fight, fight like that

HE WAS BORN December 12, 1885 in a military family. His grandfather fought the Turks in the Balkans, and a little later, in the burning Warsaw, he pacified the swaggering gentry. My father rose to the rank of colonel and retired with honor. In 1903, Yakov graduated from one of the most prestigious secondary educational institutions in the northern capital - the St. Petersburg Gurevich Real School, after which he was admitted to the Pavlovsk Military School and, upon graduation, was assigned to the Finnish Life Guards Regiment.

The twenty-year-old second lieutenant did not have time to study Russian-Japanese. And, either out of annoyance, or on the advice of elders, he submitted documents to the Academy of the General Staff. There, the young man, who did not belong to the brilliant metropolitan youth, was not received too kindly: Slashchev was smart, but at the same time quick-tempered, painfully proud and very often unrestrained.

Having not found loyal friends among his classmates, Yakov did not put much effort into his studies, preferring the joys of noisy St. Petersburg life to the silence of academic auditoriums and libraries. But it was then that Slashchev, who was bored with maps and diagrams of classic campaigns and battles, for the first time began to "dabble" in the development of night operations unusual for his time - a kind of mixture of the actions of partisan detachments and flying sabotage groups.

Having completed his studies in the "second category", Lieutenant Slashchev was not assigned to the General Staff and returned to his native regiment, taking command of a company. Realizing that he would not be able to make a career through education, Yakov Alexandrovich, applying all the knowledge and skills of the capital womanizer, married the daughter of the regiment commander, General Vladimir Kozlov. So quietly and peacefully and went his promotion, if not for the outbreak of the First World War.
The general's son-in-law met the news of the beginning of the war at a friendly feast at a cafeteria table. Putting out his cigarette in a glass of champagne and pouring the entire contents of his purse onto a tray, Slashchev said: “Well, gentlemen, fight, fight like that. And then I began to forget how it's done, ”and left for my unit, which had already received an order to speak to the front line.

On August 18, 1914, the Finnish Life Guards Regiment moved to the front with all four battalions. Together with the rest of the guard, he was enrolled in the reserve of the Headquarters of the Supreme Commander. Don't let the word "reserve" fool anyone. Until July 1917, when almost all of them died in the battles near Tarnopol and on the Zbruch River, the Finns were used as a striking force in offensives, and in defense and during withdrawals - to plug holes in especially dangerous areas.

What is a company commander, and then a battalion commander of a fighting regiment for three years? It is unlikely that additional explanations are required for this line in Slashchev's service record. Let's just say that Yakov Aleksandrovich with his guardsmen participated in bayonet attacks in the Kozenitsky forests, led the battalion in all the oncoming battles of the Krasnostavsky battle. In 1916, near Kovel, when the offensive of the Russian infantry was already ready to choke, it was he who raised the Finnish chains in a suicidal attack. And, having passed through the swamps, putting down two-thirds of the personnel, with bayonets he won a victory in the area of ​​​​the division's breakthrough, paying for it with two of his wounds.

In total, Slashchev ended up in hospitals five times. He suffered two shell shocks on his feet, without leaving the location of the battalion. He met the February Revolution as a colonel and deputy regiment commander, holder of the Order of St. George 4th degree and holder of St. George's.

In the summer of 1917, soldiers of the reserve companies rebelled in Petrograd, not wanting to go to the front. In order to prevent a repetition of a similar incident in other cities, the Provisional Government recalled several energetic and strong-willed officers from the front and placed them at the head of the garrisons and guards regiments that remained in the capitals. Slashchev was one of them: on July 14, he took over the Moscow Guards Regiment and commanded it until December of the seventeenth year.
And then suddenly disappeared...

In Dobrarmiya

ON A COLD December morning in 1917, a tall officer with a pale face, on which all the muscles twitched nervously, entered the headquarters of the Volunteer Army in Novocherkassk. Pushing open the door where the sign “Personnel Commission” hung, he clicked his heels and, putting the documents on the table, dryly said to those sitting in the room: “Colonel Slashchev. Ready to take command of any unit." He was told to wait.

Going out into the street, Yakov Aleksandrovich decided to pass the time in one of the city cafes. And there, nose to nose, I ran into a fellow student at the academy, staff captain Sukharev. He was a guarantor of General Kornilov, one of the leaders of the Dobrarmia. After a short exchange of everyday news, the far from young staff captain looked at the thirty-two-year-old colonel. “Do you remember, dear friend, your academic passion for partisanship? Now this can be very useful ... "

At that time, cavalry detachments of the Cossack colonel Andrey Shkuro were walking with might and main in the Kuban, Laba and Zelenchuk. According to the plans of the command of the Volunteer Army, their spontaneous semi-partisan actions needed to be given an organized character in order to jointly clear the south of Russia from the Bolsheviks. It was difficult to find a more suitable candidate for this mission than Colonel Slashchev. And, obeying the order, Yakov Alexandrovich went to the Kuban.

With Shkuro, they quickly found a common language. Andrei Grigoryevich, an excellent cavalry commander, organically did not digest any staff work, preferring a dashing saber encounter to "crawling on the maps" and careful planning of operations. No wonder that Slashchev took over from him as chief of staff.

A few months later, the Cossack "army" of Shkuro, who had seriously battered the Reds, already numbered about five thousand sabers. On July 12, 1918, Andrei Grigorievich took Stavropol without much difficulty with these experienced fighters, who had gone through the fire of the world war, presenting it on a silver platter to the Volunteer Army approaching the city. For this, Denikin, who became the head of the “volunteers” after the death of Lavr Kornilov, awarded Shkuro and Slashchev the ranks of major generals. Soon Slashchev took command of an infantry division, carrying out successful raids on Nikolaev and Odessa with it, which allowed the White Guards to take control of almost the entire Right-Bank Ukraine.

Looking ahead, let's say that in the same 1918, Slashchev met a young man of desperate courage, St. George Cavalier Junker Nechvolodov, who became his orderly. It soon became clear that this name was hiding ... Nina Nechvolodova. For three years of the Civil War, Ninochka practically did not leave Yakov Alexandrovich, several times she carried him out of the battlefield wounded. In 1920 they became husband and wife.

Ironically, the uncle of the “Junker Nechvolodov” all these years was ... the head of the artillery of the Red Army! In the twentieth, the pregnant Nina, due to circumstances, remained in the territory occupied by the Reds, was arrested by the Chekists and transported to Moscow, where she appeared before the menacing eyes of Iron Felix. Dzerzhinsky acted more than nobly towards the wife of the white general: after several confidential conversations, Nechvolodov-Slashcheva was sent across the front line to her husband. These meetings of the wife with the head of the Cheka subsequently played a huge role in the fate of Yakov Alexandrovich ...

In the midst of the Civil War, when the scales leaned in one direction or another almost every month, Slashchev and his division, finding themselves in their native element, with equal success smashed the Reds, the Greens, the Makhnovists, the Petliurists, as well as all the other fathers and atamans against whom Denikin threw him. None of them could find an effective antidote against Slashchev's tactics of swift raids, night assaults and daring raids, which became the calling card and trademark of the desperate general.

All this time, Yakov Alexandrovich literally lived on the front lines, behaved extremely closed, practically did not appear at Headquarters, communicating only with his officers and soldiers. They literally idolized "General Yasha." And he, who added to the five wounds of the First World War another seven received in the Civil War, in the evenings in the staff car literally filled himself with alcohol to drown out the unbearable pain in his whole body and longing for dying Russia. When alcohol stopped helping, Slashchev switched to cocaine ...

And the flywheel of the Civil War continued to gain momentum. Yakov Alexandrovich, who was already at the head of the corps, reached the Podolsk province without a single defeat. It was here that an event little known even to military historians happened: almost the entire Galician army of Simon Petlyura surrendered to Slashchev without a fight, whose officers said that they were no longer going to fight for independent Ukraine and agreed to fight for the great and indivisible Russia.
But then Denikin's order was received to immediately transfer Slashchev to Tavria, where Nestor Makhno's uprising took place, under whose black banners almost a hundred thousand peasants stood up. The rear of the Dobrarmia was under serious threat.

By November 16, 1919, Slashchev concentrated the main forces of his corps near Yekaterinoslav and struck a sudden blow late at night. Armored trains with the fire of their cannons paved the way for the horsemen of the "mad general". Nestor Ivanovich, surrounded by his closest associates, barely managed to leave the city, the streets of which the Slashchevites “decorated” for three days with the bodies of the hanged Makhnovists. Cruel, of course, but the subordinates of Yakov Alexandrovich knew perfectly well how the same Makhnovists mocked the captured officers ...

After this terrible defeat, Makhno's army still continued to conduct military operations, but it was never able to enter its former strength.
Alas, this victory could not change the general course of the war: near Voronezh, the cavalry corps of Shkuro and Mamontov were defeated by the Reds, and Denikin's army inexorably began to roll back to the south. The last hope of the Volunteer Army was the Crimea, which received the remnants of the White Guards. It was there that the star of General Slashchev lit up.

Slashchev-Krymsky

AS A MILITARY specialist, Yakov Alexandrovich encountered the Crimea not for the first time. Back in the summer of 1919, when the peninsula was completely Bolshevik, a small detachment of whites tightly clung to a tiny bridgehead near Kerch. The Red Army tried to take their positions on a swoop, but were repulsed and calmed down, thinking that the enemy was in a mousetrap and had nowhere to go. And he unexpectedly organized a landing near Koktebel, received reinforcements, hit Feodosia and threw the Reds out of the Crimea. So, Yakov Slashchev led all this.

In December of the nineteenth, on the path of two armies of the Reds, numbering more than 40 thousand bayonets and sabers, only 4 thousand Slashchev fighters stood on Perekop. Therefore, the general had to rely only on the use of non-standard tactics that could somehow compensate for the tenfold (!) Superiority of the enemy. And Slashchev found such a tactic, although many considered his plan for the defense of the Chongar Peninsula and the Perekop Isthmus to be absurd. But he insisted on his own and proceeded to "rocking the Crimean swing" ...

Shortly after the appointment of the general in charge of the defense of the peninsula, the Reds took Perekop. But the next day they were driven back to their original positions. Two weeks later, a new assault followed - and with the same result. Twenty days later, the Red Army was again in the Crimea, some of the red brigade commanders and commanders even managed to receive the Order of the Red Banner for the capture of Tyup-Dzhankoy. And two days later the Bolsheviks were defeated again!
The thing is that Slashchev generally abandoned positional defense. In Crimea, there was an unusually fierce winter for those places, there was no housing at all on the Crimean isthmuses. Therefore, Yakov Aleksandrovich placed parts of his corps in settlements inside the peninsula. The Reds passed with impunity along the isthmuses, reported on the "capture of the Crimea", but were forced to spend the night in the steppe open to all winds. The general, meanwhile, raised his squadrons, hundreds and battalions, rested in the warmth, threw them into an attack on the stiffened enemy and threw him out.

Later, already in exile, Slashchev wrote: “It was I who dragged out the Civil War for a long fourteen months, which caused additional victims. I repent."

If, after the successful landing on Koktebel and the liberation of Feodosia, Yakov Alexandrovich officially received the right to write his last name with the prefix "Crimean", then for military and administrative activities on the peninsula in 1920 he was marked by the unofficial nickname "Hangman".
From Slashchev, who, in fact, became the military dictator of Crimea, everyone got it - from the Bolshevik underground, and anarchist raiders, and unprincipled bandits, and selfish speculators, and unbridled officers of the White Army. Moreover, the verdict for all was one - the gallows. And with bringing it into execution, Yakov Aleksandrovich did not delay. Once, right at his staff car, he even pulled up one of Baron Wrangel's favorites, convicted of stealing jewelry, while saying: "Shoulder straps should not be dishonored by anyone."

But, strange as it may seem, Slashchev's name in the Crimea was pronounced more with respect than with fear.
“Despite the executions,” General P. I. Averyanov wrote in his memoirs, “Yakov Aleksandrovich was popular among all classes of the population of the peninsula, not excluding workers. And how could it be otherwise if the general was everywhere in person: he himself entered the crowd of protesters without protection, he himself sorted out the complaints of trade unions and industrialists, he himself raised the chains to attack. Yes, they were afraid of him, but at the same time they also hoped, knowing for sure: Slashchev would not betray and sell. He possessed an amazing and for many incomprehensible ability to inspire confidence and devoted love to the troops.

Slashchev's popularity among the comfrey soldiers and officers was indeed prohibitive. Both of them called him “our Yasha” behind his back, which Yakov Aleksandrovich was very proud of. As for the local population, many Crimeans seriously believed that Slashchev was in fact none other than Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich, brother of the murdered emperor and heir to the Russian throne!

When Denikin left the post of Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia, there were two candidates for the vacant seat - Lieutenant General Baron Wrangel and Major General Slashchev. But Yakov Alexandrovich, who had shied away from any politics all his life, refused any struggle for the highest military position, having retired from Sevastopol to Dzhankoy, where the headquarters of his corps was located. Wrangel, realizing the full scale of Slashchev's personality and, most importantly, his importance for the continuation of the armed struggle, called Yakov Aleksandrovich back, instructed him to command the parade of troops in honor of his appointment as commander-in-chief, and even awarded him the rank of lieutenant general - equal to his own.

It seemed that all propriety was observed. But relations between the two most influential generals in the Crimea deteriorated day by day. Relations with the allies became a stumbling block: England, and later France, exerted strong pressure on Wrangel, and all the latest military operations were planned by the baron and developed by his headquarters, taking into account the interests of these countries. Slashchev fought exclusively for Russia...

When in the summer of 1920 the armies of Tukhachevsky and Budyonny were beaten near Warsaw and rolled back, Yakov Aleksandrovich proposed to strike from the Crimea to the north-west, towards the advancing regiments of Pilsudski, in order to finish off the demoralized enemy with joint efforts. But Wrangel moved the units that escaped from the peninsula into the operational space, including Slashchev’s corps, to the northeast, to the Donbass, where until 1917 most of the mines belonged to the French.

The Poles did not go beyond their borders. And the Reds pulled up fresh infantry and cavalry divisions from the central provinces. A famous battle took place near Kakhovka, which ended in a terrible defeat for the Whites, who did not have strategic reserves. Wrangelites began to methodically "drive" back to the Crimea.

In the second half of August 1920, the baron dismissed Slashchev, who did not stop pointing out to him about miscalculations in the strategy, and offered to leave the peninsula. Yakov Alexandrovich wrote on the telegram “Krymsky will not leave Crimea” and fell into a terrible binge.

On October 30, Frunze's regiments stormed Perekop, desperately defended by the Whites. Wrangel announced the evacuation. In the general chaos and confusion that reigned in Sevastopol, a clean-shaven, smoothed and absolutely sober Slashchev unexpectedly appeared to the baron. He offered to transfer military units loaded onto ships not to Turkey, but to the Odessa region and expressed his readiness to lead the landing operation, the plan of which had already been developed by the restless general, who always stood out among his colleagues for healthy adventurism and unconventional thinking.
Wrangel refused. And this day was the last day of the Civil War in the European part of Russia.

Outcast

Having planted his wife and little daughter on the Almaz cruiser, Slashchev gathered officers of his native Finnish Life Guards regiment in the Crimea for several days, inexplicably found a regimental banner somewhere in the wagon train, and in this environment literally left the burning peninsula on the last steamer.

Having set foot on Turkish soil, the general dismissed all the Finnish people. And he settled with his family on the outskirts of Constantinople in a shack made of boards, plywood and tin. He did not interfere in the political squabbles that torn apart the emigrant camp, he lived by his own labor: he grew vegetables and traded them in the markets, bred turkeys and other livestock. In rare hours of rest I read the press. He was remembered, they wrote about him, about his military operations with malice, but both Reds and Whites spoke with respect.

Analyzing what is happening in his homeland, Slashchev once spoke with his characteristic directness: “The Bolsheviks are my mortal enemies, but they did what I dreamed of - they revived the country. Whatever they call her, I don’t care!”

Around the same time, Wrangel's appeal was made for a new agreement with the Entente and preparations for an invasion of Soviet Russia. It was more than realistic, since at that time there were more than a hundred thousand people evacuated from the Crimea near Constantinople alone. Disarmed, but completely retaining the organizational structure of the military units settled in camps, maintaining strict discipline. The soldiers and officers were constantly instilled with confidence that the struggle was not over and that they would still play their part in overthrowing the Bolsheviks.

Slashchev, deviating from his principles, publicly declared the baron a traitor to national interests and demanded a public trial of him. Wrangel immediately issued an order to convene a court of honor for the generals. By his decision, Yakov Aleksandrovich was dismissed from service without the right to wear a uniform, and was excluded from the lists of the army. This deprived Slashchev of any financial support and doomed him to a beggarly existence. Among other things, he was deprived of all awards, including those received on the fields of the First World War. The confrontation between former comrades-in-arms has reached a peak point. And this did not go unnoticed by the Soviet secret services.

It must be said that by 1921 the Foreign Department of the Cheka and the Intelligence Directorate of the Red Army already had foreign residencies that were actively operating among the emigration. Chekists and military intelligence officers also worked in Constantinople. The All-Ukrainian Cheka, as well as the reconnaissance of the troops of Ukraine and the Crimea, subordinated to M. V. Frunze, had great operational capabilities in Turkey.

In general, on one of the dark nights of Constantinople, there was a knock on the door to Slashchev ...

Yakov Alexandrovich, with all the understanding of the doom of the White movement and personal hostility to many of its leaders, experienced serious hesitation in making a decision to return to Soviet Russia. Emigrant newspapers were full of reports of mass executions in the Crimea of ​​former officers, policemen and priests. Echoes of the Civil War were the Kronstadt rebellion, continued fierce battles with the Makhnovists, peasant uprisings in the Tambov region and Siberia. Slashchev knew about all this and was clearly aware that in such an environment his life would not be worth a penny. But even outside of Russia, even Bolshevik, he no longer saw himself.

The final decision to return to his homeland matured with him in the early summer of 1921. The agent who was in touch with the general reported this to Moscow. On October 7, after much deliberation, the chairman of the Cheka submitted to a meeting of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) the question of organizing the return of Slashchev and his further use in the interests of the Soviet government.

Opinions were divided. Zinoviev, Bukharin and Rykov voted against, Kamenev, Stalin and Voroshilov voted in favor. Lenin abstained. Everything was determined by the voice of Dzerzhinsky, who insisted on his proposal. Thus, the issue was resolved at the highest level. To think over the details and directly supervise the operation was entrusted to the deputy chairman of the Cheka, Unshlikht.

Meanwhile, Slashchev, together with his wife and several officers personally devoted to him, rented a dacha on the banks of the Bosphorus and organized a partnership for processing orchards. Soviet intelligence agents spread a rumor around Constantinople about the general's intention to leave for Russia, allegedly with the aim of uniting the insurgent movement and leading it in the fight against the Bolsheviks. This information, as intended, reached the Wrangel, French and British counterintelligence, lulling their vigilance.

Yakov Alexandrovich and his like-minded people managed to leave their home unnoticed, get into the port, and then on board the Jean. They were missed only a day later, when the ship was already halfway to Sevastopol. A detachment of Turkish police, led by the head of the Wrangel counterintelligence, went through the abandoned house, but, naturally, they did not find anyone or anything there. And the next day, a pre-prepared statement by Slashchev was published in the Constantinople newspapers: “At the moment I am on my way to the Crimea. Assumptions and guesses that I'm going to plot or organize rebels are meaningless. The revolution inside Russia is over. The only way to fight for our ideas is evolution. They will ask me: how did I, the defender of the Crimea, go over to the side of the Bolsheviks? I answer: I did not defend the Crimea, but the honor of Russia. Now I am also called to defend the honor of Russia. And I will defend it, believing that all Russians, especially the military, should be at the moment in their homeland. It was Slashchev's personal statement, not corrected by any of the Bolshevik leaders!

Together with Yakov Aleksandrovich, the former assistant to the Minister of War of the Crimean government, Major General Milkovsky, the last commandant of Simferopol, Colonel Gilbikh, the chief of staff of the Slashchev corps, Colonel Mezernitsky, and the head of his personal escort, Captain Voinakhovsky, returned to Russia. And, of course, the wife of General Nina Nechvolodova with her young daughter.

“What have you done to us, Motherland?!”

The emigration was shocked: the most bloody and most irreconcilable enemy of the Soviets returned to the camp of the enemy! Panic also broke out among the middle-level Bolshevik leadership: in Sevastopol, Slashchev was personally met by the chairman of the Cheka, Felix Dzerzhinsky, and in his carriage the “hangman general” arrived in Moscow.

The career path of Yakov Alexandrovich was destined at the same October meeting of the party leadership: no command positions, writing memoirs with a detailed analysis of the actions of both warring parties, an appeal to former colleagues in the White Army. And - as the peak of the loyalty of the new owners - the provision of a teaching position with full support, relying on the highest commanding staff of the Red Army.
And Slashchev began to serve Russia as earnestly and selflessly as he had done before. At the beginning of 1922, with his own hand, he wrote an appeal to Russian officers and generals who were abroad, urging them to follow his example, since their military knowledge and combat experience were needed by the homeland.
The authority of Yakov Alexandrovich among the comfrey officers was so great that almost immediately after the publication of this appeal, generals Klochkov and Zelenin, colonels Zhitkevich, Orzhanevsky, Klimovich, Lyalin and a dozen others came to Russia. All of them received teaching positions in the Red Army, freely lectured and published many works on the Civil War. In total, by the end of 1922, 223 thousand former officers returned to their homeland. The emigration was split, for which the leaders of the Russian All-Military Union sentenced Yakov Aleksandrovich to death in absentia.

Having become a teacher at the "Shot" courses, located in Lefortovo, Slashchev teaches students to fight against landings, to conduct maneuver operations. His articles are regularly published in the Voennoye Delo magazine, the titles of which speak for themselves: "Actions of the vanguard in a meeting battle", "Breakthrough and coverage of a fortified area", "The significance of fortified zones in modern warfare and their overcoming".

His students in those years were the future Marshals of the Soviet Union Budyonny, Vasilevsky, Tolbukhin, Malinovsky. General Batov, the hero of the Great Patriotic War, recalled Slashchev: “He taught brilliantly, lectures are always full of people, and tension in the audience is sometimes like in battle. Many listeners themselves recently fought against the Wrangelites, including on the outskirts of the Crimea, and the former White Guard general, not sparing causticity, sorted out the shortcomings in his and our actions. They gritted their teeth in anger, but learned!”

Armchair battles were now flaring up between yesterday's mortal enemies, disputes over tactics often moved from the classrooms to the dorm rooms of the command staff and dragged on well after midnight, turning into a friendly tea party. Of course, having gone into a rage, they also used stronger drinks ...

Nina Nechvolodova, the wife of Yakov Alexandrovich, also contributed to the education of the painters' committees. She organized an amateur theater at the Shot courses, where she staged several classical plays with the participation of the wives and children of the audience. In 1925, the film company "Proletarian Cinema" made a feature film about Baron Wrangel and the capture of Crimea. In this picture, the role of General Slashchev was filmed ... Slashchev himself, and in the role of "Junker N." - his wife!

Of course, Slashchev's position was far from ideal. He periodically filed a report with a request to be transferred to a command post in the troops, which, of course, he was denied. His lectures were increasingly booed by "politically conscious" listeners. Around Yakov Alexandrovich, incomprehensible and unpleasant personalities began to revolve. And "Professor Yasha" was seriously planning to go to Europe, intending to spend the rest of his days as a private person...

On January 11, 1929, he did not appear at the lectures. Until lunch, no one attached much importance to this fact: they decided that Yakov Aleksandrovich had “been sick” after regular gatherings. Although, on the other hand, he was always a disciplined person and even in a state of strong drunkenness he did not forget to warn his superiors about any temporary delays in his work.

The winter day rolled towards sunset, but Slashchev did not make himself felt. A group of fellow teachers who arrived at his dormitory found the former general dead. As the expert examination immediately determined, he was shot dead with several shots from a pistol, fired in the back of the head and in the back, almost point-blank.

The killer was soon caught. It turned out to be someone Kolenberg, a former White Guard, who said that he had avenged Slashchev for his brother who was hanged in the Crimea. The investigation considered this an acquittal, and a week later the killer was released.

And the body of the general, three days after the murder, was cremated on the territory of the Donskoy Monastery in the presence of relatives and close friends. There was no official funeral, where the ashes rested remained unknown. Yakov Aleksandrovich simply sank into oblivion!

The true reasons for the mysterious murder of Slashchev have not received a clear explanation from historians. Perhaps, the former officer of the Life Guards of the Finnish Regiment, I. N. Sergeev, spoke most accurately about them: “The alarming situation in Russia in the late 1920s forced its rulers to deal with the most active internal opponents and those who could lead the anti-Bolshevik resistance in the future.” And Yakov Alexandrovich could easily be among them ...

Be that as it may, but the lieutenant general of the White Army and the "red professor", the brilliant tactician and strategist Yakov Slashchev went down in history as a patriot of Russia, who fought all his life for its greatness and glory, and became one of the symbols of his time - bright, cruel, mistaken, but not broken.

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For many years his fate was surrounded in the USSR by a veil of secrecy.

Among the works of cinema about the Civil War, there are few films as popular as the film "Running", based on the play of the same name by Mikhail Bulgakov. General Khludov is especially remembered - the image is contradictory and tragic. Meanwhile, few people realize that the writer created it, having a very real prototype before his eyes.

Long before the end of the play "Running", in 1925, this man starred in the Crimea in the film "Wrangel" (unfortunately, which never saw the light), which was staged by the joint-stock company "Proletarian Cinema", in the role of ... himself! Namely, Yakov Alexandrovich Slashchov-Krymsky, lieutenant general, commander of the 3rd Army Corps, who stubbornly defended the last stronghold of the white movement in southern Russia and inflicted a number of sensitive defeats on the Red Army ...

“Who would hang, Your Excellency?”

The meeting at the railway station of Khludov, Commander of the Crimean Front, with the White Commander-in-Chief (he immediately guesses Lieutenant-General Baron P.N. Wrangel, who led the Russian Army in 1920) is one of the key in Bulgakov's drama. Remember how in response to the good-natured lamentations of the top boss that, they say, Khludov is unwell, and it is a pity that he did not heed the advice to go abroad for treatment, he bursts into an angry tirade: “Ah, that's how it is! And who, Your Excellency, would have your barefoot soldiers on Perekop without dugouts, without visors, without concrete, hold the rampart? And who would have Charnot that night with music from Chongar to Karpova Balka? Who would hang? Who would hang, Your Excellency?

It should be noted right away that, in reality, such a conversation on the eve of the collapse of the white Crimea in November 1920 could not be, by definition, because on August 19, Yakov Aleksandrovich was removed from command of the corps by special order No. 3505. The formal reason was the failure of his troops in the battles near Kakhovka, after which the commander himself wrote a resignation report. According to the famous historian A.G. Kavtaradze, P.N. Wrangel satisfied this request so willingly because he saw Slashchov as a dangerous rival and envied his military glory.

But in order to calm the public circles, dissatisfied with the removal of the popular general, Pyotr Nikolaevich did not stint on doxology.

The same order stated that the name of General Slashchov "will take an honorable place in the history of Russia's liberation from the red yoke."

In view of the “terrible overwork,” Wrangel wrote, Yakov Aleksandrovich was forced “to retire for a while,” but the commander-in-chief orders “the dear heart of Russian soldiers, General Slashchov, to continue to be called Slashchov-Krymsky.” By another order, issued on the same day, Wrangel, "as an exception to the general rules," enrolls the hero of the defense of Crimea, who was dismissed from his post, at his disposal "with the maintenance of the position of corps commander."

With the exception of this detail, all other details of those events are reproduced by Bulgakov very reliably. After all, as the main source in composing the play, Mikhail Afanasyevich used Slashchov's book, which denounced Wrangel, first published in the USSR in 1924 (and before that - in Constantinople in January 1921) and which became perhaps the main reason for the fantastic turn in his fate.

How did she develop?

Yakov Slashchov was born on December 29, 1885 (according to the new style on January 10, 1886) in St. Petersburg in the family of a retired lieutenant colonel of the guard (by the way, his grandfather, who died in 1875, also rose only to the rank of lieutenant colonel). After graduating from a real school, a representative of the officer dynasty entered the Pavlovsk Military School and was released in 1905 as a second lieutenant in the Finnish Life Guards Regiment. In 1911, Slashchov completed his education at the Nikolaev Academy of the General Staff, after which he taught tactics in the elite Corps of Pages. In January 1915 he returned to the Finnish regiment that fought on the Austro-German front, commanded a company and a battalion. He deserved all military officer awards, including the most honorary Order of the Holy Great Martyr and Victorious George of the 4th degree. He was wounded five times ... Having started the front line as a captain of the guards, in November 1916 he was already promoted to colonel. In July 1917 he was appointed commander of the Moscow Guards Regiment.

As a representative of the career officers, brought up in a monarchical spirit, Slashchov, by his own admission, "was not interested in politics, did not understand anything about it, and was not even familiar with the programs of individual parties."

However, in 1917, with the coming to power of the Bolsheviks, Yakov Alexandrovich immediately joined the ranks of their irreconcilable opponents. Recognized in December by the medical commission unfit for military service, on January 18, 1918, he arrived in Novocherkassk, where about 2 thousand cadets and officers gathered. These people, as Slashchov writes, “partly for ideological reasons, partly because there was nowhere to go,” signed up for the Volunteer Army, which was created by the former chief of staff of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, General of Infantry Mikhail Alekseev.

The chief Russian strategist of the First World War, Alekseev, immediately singled out Yakov Aleksandrovich, whom he knew from operations on the Austro-German front, among other associates. He became one of the emissaries sent to form new units of the anti-Bolshevik army. “The fate of these emissaries was no better than the fate of the Volunteer Army itself,” Slashchov later wrote, referring to the first half of 1918. - The masses did not follow them. The Cossacks were satisfied with the Soviet government, which took away the land from the landowners ... no matter how much I wandered through the mountains, nothing worked out: the organized uprisings failed. I had to hide and not enter any house.

But by June 1918, the situation had changed dramatically: the Bolshevik revolutionary committees closed the bazaars and began to withdraw "surplus" products, following the instructions of Moscow.

In addition, the so-called non-residents who returned from the front after demobilization, who had previously worked for the Cossacks or rented land from them, began to demand social justice and to carry out the redistribution of land without prior notice. As a result, the prosperous Cossacks, without any agitation, began to join the detachments created by volunteer emissaries in whole villages. One such detachment of five thousand people, formed from the Kuban Cossacks of the village of Batalpashinskaya and the surrounding area, was headed by the Yesaul from the local A.G. Shkuro, and Slashchov accepted the post of chief of staff of this formation. In July, the overgrown detachment was transformed into the 2nd Kuban Cossack Division, whose headquarters was still headed by Yakov Alexandrovich.

Since April of the following year, 1919, he, promoted to major general, commanded infantry divisions, and in November became commander of the 3rd Army Corps, which acted on the left flank of the Armed Forces of Southern Russia (VSYuR) against the Makhnovists and Petliurists. And, probably, he would have remained in the history of the Civil War just one of the corps commanders of the White Army (of which there were a total of several dozen), if not for the extremely difficult strategic situation created as a result of the counteroffensive of the Southern Front of the Red Army by the end of 1919.

Slashchov's corps was hastily sent to defend Northern Tavria and the Crimea. The Commander-in-Chief of the All-Union Socialist Republic, Lieutenant-General Anton Denikin, believed that such weak forces that were at the disposal of Slashchov (2200 bayonets and 1300 sabers, 32 guns) could not hold the peninsula. However, skillfully maneuvering reserves and "saddling" the isthmuses Slashchov during the winter - spring of 1920 repulsed all attempts of the 13th Red Army to break into the Crimea. The successful actions of his corps, which received the name “Crimean” from Denikin for its steadfastness, made it possible to transport the main forces of the defeated White Guard troops from the North Caucasus to the peninsula and create from them the Russian army of Baron Wrangel (who replaced Denikin as commander-in-chief in April 1920).

Who is Lieutenant General Slashchov (this rank, equal to his own, was already assigned to him by Wrangel), and how he defends the White Cause, the Crimeans learned from his orders, which were not only published in newspapers, but also pasted on leaflets for general information. “At the front, the blood of fighters for Holy Rus' is shed, and in the rear there is an orgy,” it was said, for example, in an order dated December 31, 1919. “I am obliged to keep the Crimea and for this I am vested with the appropriate authority ... I ask all citizens who have not lost their conscience and have not forgotten their duty to help me ... I declare to the rest that I will not stop at extreme measures ... "

The measures Slashchov envisaged are as follows: “Seal all wine warehouses and shops ... Mercilessly punish military personnel and civilians who appeared in a drunken state ... Immediately escort speculators and drunken brawls under escort to the Dzhankoy station to analyze their cases by a military field court, located directly with me, the sentences of which I will approve personally.

Of course, not only hucksters and brawlers were attacked by the general's punishing hand. Not without reason, the port workers in Sevastopol sang a ditty: “Smoke comes from the executions, then Slashchov saves the Crimea!”

It was just right to compose such slogans in Nikolaev, Kherson, Odessa, where Yakov Aleksandrovich also left a bloody trail, mercilessly destroying all those suspected of sabotage or Bolshevik agitation ...

The proletarian writer Dmitry Furmanov, who wrote a story about Chapaev and undertook to write a preface to Slashchov’s book, which he found “fresh, frank and instructive,” began his commentary with the words: “Slashchov the hangman, Slashchov the executioner: history has imprinted his name with these black stamps ... "

“I demand the court of society and publicity!”

From about the middle of Bulgakov's play, namely from the scene in Sevastopol before being loaded onto the ship (act two, dream four), Khludov is relentlessly haunted by a terrible vision: a soldier hanged on his orders in Dzhankoy, who dared to speak a word of truth about the atrocities he committed. He talks with the ghost as if he were alive, trying to explain his actions to him...

Did his prototype Slashchov experience such painful, on the verge of insanity remorse? Probably yes. Here is a portrait of Yakov Aleksandrovich after his resignation, Baron Wrangel left in his memoirs: “Due to his addiction to alcohol and drugs, General Slashchov became completely insane and was a terrible sight. His face was pale and twitching in a nervous tic, tears flowed from his eyes. He addressed me with a speech, which was eloquent proof that I was dealing with a person with a disturbed psyche ... ”The medical commission found an acute form of neurasthenia in Slaschov, which also testifies to his difficult experiences.

But, despite the mental disorder, his name was still surrounded by a halo of glory.

The Yalta City Duma awarded Slashchov the title of honorary citizen, placed his portrait in the building of the city government and transferred to his disposal a luxurious summer house in Livadia, which previously belonged to the Minister of the Imperial Court, Count V.B. Fredericks.

Yakov Alexandrovich lived there for about three months, working on a future book about the defense of the Crimea.

In November, when the Red cavalry was already entering the outskirts of Sevastopol, he was among the last to be evacuated to Constantinople, sailing on the icebreaker Ilya Muromets with the remnants of the Finland Regiment. Most of his luggage was occupied by ... the regimental banner of St. George, under the shadow of which he began his officer service and fought in the First World War.

Slashchov's emigre life was close to Bulgakov's recreated eerie existence of Khludov and his unfortunate comrades. Yakov Alexandrovich, according to the testimony of the politician A.N. Vertsinsky, also settled in “a small, dirty house somewhere in the middle of nowhere (Constantinople slum district of Galata. - A. P. ) ... with a small handful of people who remained with him to the end (we are talking, in particular, about the common-law wife of Slaschov, Nina Nikolaevna Nechvolodova, who accompanied him to the Civil War under the name of "Junker Nechvolodov", and then entered into a legal marriage with him. - A. P. )… He turned even whiter and haggard. His face was tired. The temperature has disappeared somewhere ... "

On December 14, 1920, mental fatigue did not prevent Slashchov from writing a sharp letter of protest to the chairman of the meeting of Russian public figures P.P. Yurenev about the resolution he passed, which called on all emigrants to support Wrangel in his further struggle against Soviet Russia.

A week after this decisive step, on the orders of Wrangel, a court of general honor met, recognizing Slashchov's act as "unworthy of a Russian person, and even more so of a general" and sentenced Yakov Aleksandrovich "to be dismissed from service without the right to wear a uniform." In response, Slashchov in January 1921 published in Constantinople the book “I demand the court of society and publicity!”. It contained such unflattering assessments of Wrangel's activities in the Crimean period that if a copy of it was found in the Gallipoli camp, where the arriving units of the Russian army were kept, this fact was regarded by counterintelligence as treason, with all the ensuing consequences for the guilty person ...

“I, Slashchov-Krymsky, call you, officers and soldiers, to submit to Soviet power and return to your homeland!”

Bulgakov's Khludov in the final scene (which the playwright repeatedly remade under pressure from agitprop censors) is tormented by grave doubts about whether he should return to his homeland in order to face Soviet justice. Serafima Korzukhina, Privatdozent Golubkov and General Charnota unanimously dissuade him from this crazy, as it seems to them, undertaking. “As a friend, I say, come on! - Charnot dissuades. - Everything is over. You lost the Russian Empire, and you have lanterns in the rear!” In the end, left alone, Khludov puts a bullet in his head. This is the end of the drama...

In life, however, the "lanterns" (meaning the crimes of Slashchov - hanged and shot on his orders) turned out to be not such an insurmountable obstacle to returning to Soviet Russia. When an urgent need arose, the Bolshevik leaders became pragmatists and compromised principles without much hesitation ...

Agents of the Cheka in Constantinople immediately informed the Lubyanka and the Kremlin about the acute conflict between the popular general and the white émigré elite. At the direction of the Chairman of the Cheka F.E. Dzerzhinsky, a special representative of the Cheka and the Intelligence Directorate of the Red Army, Yakov Petrovich Elsky, was sent to Turkey, hiding under the name Tenenbaum. He had the task of finding out about Slashchov's further intentions and letting him know that the Soviet government, in case of repentance and going over to its side, would forgive all sins, even the bloodiest ones ... The political gain if this, from the moral point of view, is far from flawless combination, would be huge.

Slashchov's public break with the White movement and his return to Soviet Russia made it possible to use the authoritative general to decompose almost 100,000 military emigration.

But it was precisely in her that Moscow then saw the main threat to the Bolshevik regime. In addition, the very fact that such a major figure from the hostile camp went over to the side of Soviet power would have a great political resonance ...

The question of forgiving Slashchov was discussed in Moscow at the highest level - in the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. The only one who abstained from voting was V.I. Lenin. The remaining members of the Bolshevik headquarters considered the idea put forward by Dzerzhinsky worthwhile and supported it. Through Tenenbaum, the general was told that the Soviet government allowed him to return to his homeland, where he would be amnestied and provided with a job in his specialty - teaching at a military educational institution.

It should be noted that Yakov Alexandrovich had every reason to doubt the sincerity of this proposal. The fact is that on the eve of the assault on Perekop by the troops of M.V. Frunze in 1920, emissaries of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks E.M. Sklyansky and I.F. Medyntsev, on behalf of General A.A., glorified in the First World War and now serving in the Red Army. Brusilov, who was unaware of the double game, had already turned to the Wrangelites with a similar promise of amnesty. Many officers believed this appeal and remained on the Crimean coast. “They fell into the hands not of mine, but of the raging Bela Kun (a Hungarian internationalist who headed the Special Department of the Southern Front. - A. P. ) ... shooting them in masses, - Brusilov, who found himself in an absurd, treacherous role, bitterly recalled those terrible days. - Judge me God and Russia! According to the estimates of modern historians, at least 12 thousand officers, soldiers and Cossacks who laid down their arms were then shot, drowned in the Black Sea without trial or investigation ...

And yet, after some hesitation, Slashchov, accompanied by Tenenbaum-Yelsky, his associates who followed him: the wife of N.N. Nechvolodova, her brother Captain Prince Trubetskoy, Major General A.S. Milkovsky, Colonel E.P. Gilbikh and another White Guard officer A.I. Batkina, whose brother served in the Cheka, left Constantinople on the Italian ship Zhanen on November 20, 1921. By the way, Slashchov did not know then that the All-Russian Central Executive Committee had already adopted a decree on his amnesty, which was still kept secret ...

In Sevastopol, Yakov Alexandrovich was already waiting for F.E. Dzerzhinsky. On the eve of his departure from emigration, the military leader who left its ranks sent a letter to the largest foreign newspapers explaining his act.

“If they ask me how I, the defender of the Crimea from the Reds, now went over to them, I will answer: I did not defend the Crimea, but the honor of Russia ... - he wrote. “I am going to do my duty, believing that all Russians, the military in particular, should be in Russia at the moment.”

Immediately upon arrival in his native land, in Dzerzhinsky's special wagon, Slashchov also wrote an appeal to the soldiers of the Wrangel army, which said: “The White government turned out to be insolvent and not supported by the people ... Soviet power is the only power representing Russia and its people. I, Slashchov-Krymsky, call you, officers and soldiers, to submit to Soviet power and return to your homeland! The general's companions joined his appeal, urging their compatriots "without any hesitation" to follow their example.

The effect of Slashchov's departure to Soviet Russia, which Lubyanka now lists in the gold fund of the special operations it carried out, turned out to be amazing. According to the writer A. Slobodsky, he "stirred, literally from top to bottom, the entire Russian emigration." It was followed by the return to their homeland of a number of figures of national culture, for example, Alexei Tolstoy (1923). But the military-political gain turned out to be even stronger. According to French intelligence, “Slaschov’s defection to the side of the Red Army dealt a heavy blow to the morale of the Russian officers… This was an unexpected change on the part of a military general… whose authority had great prestige… brought great confusion to the spirit of intransigence that had hitherto dominated among the officers and soldiers of the White Army.”

Following Slashchov, Generals S. Dobrorolsky, A. Secretev, Yu. Gravitsky, I. Klochkov, E. Zelenin, and a large number of officers returned to Soviet Russia. Of course, they were unaware that the nightmarish era of the Great Terror was still waiting for them in their homeland, when inquisitors with blue buttonholes would mercilessly remind them of sins against the Soviet government, both committed and invented ...

As for Slashchov, he was not destined to live up to this test. Since 1922, he was a teacher (and since 1924 - the main leader) of tactics at the Higher Tactical Rifle School for Command Staff of the Red Army (now the Higher Officer Courses "Shot"), proving himself to be a brilliant lecturer and talented scientist. Judging by the headlines and content of his articles in the periodical press (“Slogans of Russian Patriotism in the Service of France”, “Wrangelism”, etc.), he was completely disillusioned with the White Idea and was eager to serve his newfound homeland with all his heart. “A lot of blood has been shed... A lot of grave mistakes have been made. Immeasurably great is my historical guilt before workers' and peasants' Russia, - wrote Yakov Aleksandrovich. “But if in a time of difficult trials you again have to take out the sword, I swear that I will prove with my blood that my new thoughts and views are not a toy, but a firm, deep conviction.”

Unfortunately, Slashchov did not have such an opportunity.

On January 11, 1929, he was killed by a revolver shot in his room in the wing of house number 3 on Krasnokazarmennaya Street in the Moscow district of Lefortovo, where the teachers of the Shot school lived.

The killer, detained at the scene of the crime, gave his last name - Kolenberg, and stated that the murder was committed by him in order to avenge the death of his brother, a worker, who was allegedly executed by order of Slashchov in 1920 in the Crimea. The Krasnaya Zvezda newspaper the next day published a message about the death of Yakov Alexandrovich, adding that his "unexpected murder is a completely aimless, useless and politically unjustified act of personal revenge." On January 15, the same publication reported on the cremation of the body of the former white general in the Donskoy Monastery.

Modern researchers question the version of "personal revenge". After all, it was from 1929 that a wave of mass repressions began in the Red Army against former generals and officers, who again began to be called "bourgeois specialists." At the same time, the moloch of total annihilation, unwinding more strongly year after year, fell upon those who returned from emigration, served in the Life Guards, fought for the whites ... Even before 1937, about fourteen and a half thousand such military personnel were sacrificed on the altar of ideological dogmas.

In favor of the assumptions about the contract killing of General Slashchov is also evidenced by the fact that the investigation file against the killer, L. Kolenberg, has not yet been declassified and, moreover, even seems to have not been found in the Central Archive of the FSB! So it's been destroyed? This was done by Chekist archivists only in the most extreme cases, on special orders from the top leadership of the Lubyanka ...

But whatever the true reasons for the premature death of Yakov Slashchov, he is of interest to us regardless of them. It is no coincidence that Mikhail Bulgakov admitted that he wanted to show in the image of Khludov, who he portrayed, so to speak, according to the Slashchov "pattern", not an ordinary general, but "a sharply expressed human individuality." Both the literary hero and his prototype have the same best qualities: courage, courage, nobility, decency, love for Russia and the desire to defend its greatness ... And it’s not the fault of such people, but their misfortune that at a sharp turn in history they had to show their human essence in a senseless, fratricidal war, where there are no winners.

Special for the Centenary