The population of the provinces of northeastern China. Northeast China. Important cities of Northeast Shenyang and Dalian
In the north and east, the territory borders on Russia, in the south-east - on the DPRK. The southern part has access to the Yellow Sea. The population is over 121 million people.
Northeast China is home to the bulk of North Korean refugees.
see also
- The program of the administrative-territorial redistribution of the North-East
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Excerpt from Northeast China
Kutuzov, stopping to chew, stared at Wolzogen in surprise, as if not understanding what was being said to him. Wolzogen, noticing the excitement of des alten Herrn, [the old gentleman (German)] said with a smile:- I did not consider myself entitled to hide from your lordship what I saw ... The troops are in complete disarray ...
- Have you seen? Did you see? .. - Kutuzov shouted, frowning, getting up quickly and stepping on Wolzogen. “How you… how dare you! ..” he shouted, making threatening gestures with shaking hands and choking. - How can you, my dear sir, say this to me. You don’t know anything. Tell General Barclay from me that his information is incorrect and that the real course of the battle is known to me, the commander-in-chief, better than to him.
Wolzogen wanted to object to something, but Kutuzov interrupted him.
- The enemy is repulsed on the left and defeated on the right flank. If you saw badly, sir, then do not allow yourself to say what you do not know. Please go to General Barclay and convey to him the next day my indispensable intention to attack the enemy, - Kutuzov said sternly. All were silent, and one could hear one heavy breathing of the out of breath old general. - Repulsed everywhere, for which I thank God and our brave army. The enemy is defeated, and tomorrow we will chase him out of the sacred Russian land, - said Kutuzov, crossing himself; and suddenly sobbed from the coming tears. Wolzogen shrugged his shoulders and curled his lips, silently stepped aside, marveling at uber diese Eingenommenheit des alten Herrn. [to this tyranny of the old master. (German)]
Northeast China
The landscapes of Northeast China or Dongbei are represented by plains, sometimes hilly, sometimes flat and swampy, and the surrounding mountains in a horseshoe shape. Only in two places do the mountains have passages: one along the Songhua Valley leads to the northeast to the Amur, the other along the Liaohe Valley to the south to the Liaodong Bay. The mountains are covered with forests, which in the gentle foothills give way to a wide strip of forest-steppe, turning into the prairies and steppes of the plains. The relief of the mountains and plains developed in conjunction: the plains, underlain by the rigid massifs of the Chinese platform, experienced mainly subsidence, the mountains were uplifted. At the same time, in some cases, mountain uplifts rose as obliquely set blocks of the same platform (Big Khingan), and acquired asymmetry of slopes, and in others, as anteclises (Manchur-Korean mountains), in the form of extensive arches. As a result of vertical stresses, a series of large faults arose that crossed the territory of Dongbei, mainly in the meridional direction. In some places, volcanic eruptions have occurred in connection with deep rifts. In addition to the plains, basaltic lavas and volcanoes are found in the Manchu-Korean mountains, especially in their southeastern part, called the North Korean mountains, where large areas are covered with basalts and such volcanic massifs as Baitoushan (2744 m), the highest peak of Manchuria, rise. Korean mountains. The mountain rivers have done a great job, having covered the uneven bed of the Songliao plain with their sediments. Alluvium gradually replaced the lakes that existed here in the Pleistocene. Modern rivers wander among alluvial and lacustrine sediments, at times bypassing ancient basement ledges and volcanic outpourings. The plains of the Sungari-Nonni are almost perfectly flat lowlands (below 200 m) with hills and low ridges along the periphery. River valleys are often swampy and difficult to reclaim due to the almost annual summer floods during monsoon rains. Recently, the northern part of Songliao (Central Manchurian Plain) has been intensively developed for agricultural land. The South Manchurian Plain is located along the Liaohe River and is much more densely populated. Not only river valleys, but also watersheds are completely plowed up for rice, gaoliang, soybeans, garden and vegetable crops. Crossing it from north to south, you can see a wide variety of not only agricultural but also industrial landscapes. Around the coal and iron mining centers of Fushun, Fuxin, Benxi, Anynan and other large industrial cities and workers' settlements, huge quarries alternate with mountains of waste rock and chimneys of factories.
Climatic conditions in the north and south are quite different due to changes in latitude and orographic conditions. The Central Manchurian Plain is located in the rain zone in winter and is exposed to frequent invasions of cold air from Siberia and Central Asia. Cold winters are almost never interrupted by thaws, as in the South Manchurian Plain. The average January temperature in Harbin is -20 ° С (absolute minimum is -33 ° С). Precipitation, respectively, falls in the north of Songliao 550 mm and in the south 665 mm per year. During the summer rains, which account for up to 75% of annual precipitation, the rivers widely overflow and flood the surrounding areas, which maintains the regime of valley swamps and lakes. Only in winter, when rivers and lakes are covered with a thick layer of ice, communication from one bank to the other becomes unimpeded. There is almost no snow on the plains. By spring, the snow evaporates due to the dry air, so there is no spring flood on the rivers. Spring is cold, dry and windy. Summer begins: in May, and the heat abruptly replaces the cool spring days. The warmth immediately affects the lush development of vegetation. The Manchurian steppes develop on various meadow chernozem soils (leached, calcareous, saline in places) and thin chernozems. The soil-forming process on the plains occurs under the influence of high summer temperatures, high humidity (in some places up to 800 mm of precipitation) during the summer growing season. Long-term freezing of soils and soils and stagnation of water in soils close to the surface (top water) are also important. Even in elevated areas, the soils are very wet, often gleyed. Developing under a cover of lush grassy vegetation like the prairies of North America, they differ significantly from the soils that form under the steppes of the Russian Plain, mainly in their hydromorphic regime (waterlogging). As the moisture decreases to the west, chernozem soils, the most typical, of the plains are developed in the steppe regions at the foot of the Great Khingan and on its slopes. In the mountains, under the forests, mountain brown forest soils, often podzolized, develop. Their large massifs occupy the foothills and western slopes of the Manchu-Korean Mountains under mixed forests. The landscapes of the Greater Khingan in the west, Lesser Khingan in the north and the Manchur-Korean mountains in the east are different from each other. Occupying a different position with respect to the prevailing oceanic air masses in summer, dry and cold air masses in winter, the mountain uplifts are humidified to varying degrees. This mainly determines the especially lush development of the Manchu relict flora in the better humidified Manchurian-Korean mountains. Continuous tracts of dense mixed (coniferous-deciduous) forests on the slopes of these mountains constitute a great wealth of the country.
In the lower zone, in places dense oak-linden forests with rich undergrowth and lianas have survived. From a height of 700-800 m spruce trees appear in them, and above 1000 m spruce-fir forests already dominate. uplifted plateaus of the axial zone or crowned by high ridges stretching in parallel from the southwest to the northeast. The ridges are separated by wide longitudinal valleys alternating with narrower transverse ones. At the intersection of these valleys, wide intermontane basins are often located. On some of them there are traces of former lakes, later drained by rivers. This orographic scheme is complemented by the different heights of the ridges, their complex branching and the presence of a dense network of rivers. The Sungari and other rivers flow in all directions and receive numerous tributaries along the way on the high watershed plateau. The rivers are fast, have rapids and waterfalls formed by basalt dams. Large hydroelectric power stations have been built on some rivers, and intermontane basins are the most densely populated. Around major cities the forests are almost completely cut down. In the mountains, dense forests are well preserved; Korean cedars alternate with oaks (Quercus mongolica), lindens and flat-leaved and Daurian birches (Betula platyphylla, Betula dahurica). Cedar often forms pure stands and is the dominant species among conifers. Ayan and Siberian spruces are often found together with Siberian fir (Abies sibirica) and Daurian larch (Larix Gmelinii L. dahurica), forming mountain taiga forests. The Big Khingan has an asymmetric structure: the western slope is gentle, the eastern one is steep; its tops (up to 1750 m in height) flat river valleys have a transverse strike. In the north and south, the ridge loses its linearity, its asymmetric structure is no longer expressed. The mountainous relief acquires the features of low uplands without clearly defined watersheds. The proximity of the southern half of the Greater Khingan to Central Asia and the dryness of the air explain the saturation of its forests, forest-steppe and steppes with representatives of the Mongolian flora dominated by xerophytic plants. In the northern part of the ridge, the Daurian flora dominates. Taiga forests of Daurian larch (Larix dahurica) with an admixture of Mongolian oak (Quercus mongolica) and other deciduous species cover mainly the northern and northeastern slopes. The southern slopes and foothills are covered with deciduous forests and steppes.
Bibliography
For the preparation of this work were used materials from the site rgo.com
Perhaps the administrative division of China is as complex as its hieroglyphic alphabet and dialects. Most often you will come across such a concept as "traditional regions", further they will be designated.
The administrative division has three levels: provinces, counties (cities) and parishes (townships).
The country is divided into 22 provinces, 5 autonomous regions and 3 cities under the central government. Administrative units of provincial subordination or subordination of autonomous regions include autonomous regions, counties, autonomous counties and cities.
Volosts, national volosts and settlements are subordinate to a county or autonomous county. Central cities and major cities are divided into districts and counties, while the autonomous regions are divided into counties, autonomous counties and cities.
Autonomous regions, counties and counties are regions of national autonomy. Administrative districts, districts and aimags are not government bodies, but represent the power of the provinces and autonomous regions, which exercises jurisdiction over the respective counties (khoshuns) or cities.
District departments are also not government bodies, but represent urban areas or not divided into city districts. In some provinces, district administrative units were abolished, and in their place were the counties of regional subordination under the jurisdiction of the cities of provincial subordination.
The three cities of central jurisdiction are Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin.
Twenty-two provinces - Hebei, Shanxi, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi, Fujian, Henan, Hubei, Hunanch, Taiwangzhou, Gwandong.
The five autonomous regions are Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Xinjiang, Guangxi and Tibet.
These cities, provinces and autonomous regions have 31 autonomous region, 321 cities and 2046 counties.
There is also an economic approach, both geographic and climatic. The central regions of China, southern and northern regions differ in all respects. Let's dwell on the traditional approach, these names are most often found in tourist guides. We have compiled for you a list of the names of the country's regions tied to six economic regions:
- Eastern China:, Anhui, Fujian, Jiangsu, Shandong, Jiangxi, Zhejiang
- Northern China:, Tanjin, Hebei, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia
- Northeast China: Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning
- Northwest China: Gansu, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Xinjiang, Ningxia
- Central South China: Guangdong, Hainan, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Guangxi,
in the context of cross-border interaction with the Russian Federation
The northeastern region of the PRC, including the provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning and the eastern part of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (Chifeng Urban District, Khingan Aimak, Tongliao Urban District, Shilingol Aimak and Hulunbuir Urban District) -
one of the border regions of the country, the so-called "center of Northeast Asia", bordering on four foreign states (Russia, Mongolia, North Korea and Japan) and potentially capable of influencing the development of interregional ties and the situation in the transboundary regional system.
The choice of the North-Eastern region of the PRC as an object of study is not accidental and is due to the ever-increasing influence of Chinese territories on the border regions of the Russian Federation. So, about 22% of the foreign trade turnover between Russia and China falls precisely on the North-Eastern provinces. The influence of China's northeastern territories on Russian border regions is so great (China's share in foreign trade ranges from 39% in the Primorsky Territory to 96.1% in the Trans-Baikal Territory), which practically determines their "economic future" and economic specialization of development. This leads to the "erasure" of borders with China and an increasing dependence on the economic will of the "neighbor" (see). In this regard, the need for more detailed analysis strategies for the development of the Northeast region and assessing the results of their implementation through the prism of challenges and threats for the Russian border territories in the context of the intensification of interregional interaction between the Russian Federation and the PRC and the implementation of the Cooperation Program between the regions of the Far East and Eastern Siberia The Russian Federation and the Northeast of the People's Republic of China for 2009-2018.
The policy of reforms and opening up with a course towards a socialist market economy, proclaimed in 1978 at the III Plenum of the CPC of the 11th convocation and the course for the balanced development of the regions, put forward in 1995 at the 5th Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPC of the 14th convocation, predetermined the course of development of the regions China, with which they entered the 21st century.
The result of the regional policy of point growth was the intensive development of the central, coastal eastern and southern regions of the country and an increase in the differentiation of the socio-economic development of regions in the country as a whole. For the Northeastern region of the PRC, this state of affairs turned into a deterioration in its socio-economic situation in comparison with the Eastern regions of the country, in particular in such areas as: transport infrastructure, industry, trade, investment and innovation systems of the region.
The deteriorating socio-economic situation, fueled by the weak investment attractiveness of the Northeastern region of the PRC, led to a significant decrease in the share of industrial production. The region's contribution to the industrial production of the PRC over the years of reforms decreased from 17% in 1978 to 9% in 2002 (see) This is largely due to the legacy of the centrally planned economy and the presence of a significant number of state-owned enterprises here. In general, there has been a constant decline in the share of the GRP of the Northeast region in the PRC's GDP since the 1980s. XX century (for comparison: 1956 - 19.2%; 1980 - 13.86%; 1988 - 11.85%; 2002 - 10.44%) (see).
Formed in the middle of the XX century. branches of specialization of the region until now play a leading role in the sectoral structure of industrial production. The branches of specialization of the region are mainly represented by heavy industries that require large expenditures of energy and raw materials, which causes the following problems: 1) energy shortage - the region produces 7.7% of total Chinese electricity, while consumption is 8.2% of total Chinese. Energy consumption per unit of manufactured industrial products (worth 10,000 yuan) in the provinces of the Northeast (Heilongjiang - 2.34; Jilin - 3.25; Liaoning - 3.11 kW) is much higher than in the coastal provinces (Jiangsu - 1, 67; Zhejiang - 1.49; Fujiang - 1.45 and Guangdong - 1.08 kW), there is a shortage of some types of raw materials, in particular iron ore, alumina, oil and petroleum products. It is these positions that appear in imports; not only primary raw materials are purchased, but also secondary raw materials (products made of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, scrap metal).
To solve the existing problems in the region in November 2002, after the 16th Congress of the CPC Central Committee, the leadership of the PRC formulated a Strategy for the revival of old industrial bases in Northeast China (东北 地区 等 老 工业 基地 振兴 战略). In October 2003, at the 3rd Plenary Session of the 15th CPC Central Committee, a decision was made to stimulate the development of the provinces of the Northeast of the PRC and the "Plan for the revival of the old industrial bases of the Northeast provinces" was promulgated. Office of the Steering Group for the Regulation and Revitalization of Old Industrial Bases in Northeast China, and in 2007 the Northeast China Revival Plan (中国 东北 振兴 计划) was adopted for the 11th Five-Year Plan (until 2010) ... Thus, the idea, voiced back in the 1980s, about changing the mechanisms of management in the provinces of the Northeastern region of the PRC, figuratively considered in China as the “last bastion of the planned economy” (see), took shape in a politically and orderly manner.
The plan for the revival of Northeast China, which has been implemented since 2003 by the government of the PRC, is intended to accelerate the socio-economic development of the region. At the same time, the main provisions of this plan will determine the directions of development of the Northeastern region of the PRC up to 2020. The measures envisaged by the Plan pursue rather broad goals. Initially, it was about the reconstruction and re-equipment of "old industrial bases" with modern equipment, most of whose enterprises were built in the 1950s. XX century with the participation of the USSR. By the beginning of the implementation of the Plan, there were 156 such objects in the PRC, a third of them were located in Heilongjiang Province, including 25 enterprises in Harbin. However, by now the Plan itself has become an integral part of the mechanism for solving a more general task of the comprehensive development of the region and equalizing the level of socio-economic development of various regions of China.
The following have been proclaimed as targets for the revival of the region during the 11th five-year plan: modernization of the "social market economy"; maintaining fast and sustainable growth; restructuring of the public sector; increasing the degree of openness of border regions; restructuring the economy based on the accelerated development of the service sector; increasing the competitiveness of enterprises in the North-East of the PRC; development of environmental protection and the introduction of resource-saving technologies; development of the social sphere: education, medicine, culture, sports, etc.
According to the Plan, by the end of the 11th five-year plan, it is planned to achieve the following goals in the field of economic and social development in Northeast China:
Rapid economic growth based on the principles of "scientific development" and "knowledge economy"; structural reorganization of the region's economy; increased efficiency and overall reduction in energy consumption; doubling of GRP per capita by 2010 in relation to the indicator of 2002;
A significant increase in the share of regional industry in the country's GDP; growth of the non-state sector in GRP; an increase in the number of internationally competitive domestic companies with independent intellectual property rights and well-known brands as part of the region's innovation potential;
Creation of a powerful potential for sustainable development of the region; improving the efficiency of resource use and reducing the impact on the environment; reducing air and water pollution in areas along the Liao and Songhua Rivers; protection of the marine ecological environment;
Stimulating social development by improving the quality of public services in education, health care and social security; reduction in the number of the poor; improvement of the situation in the field public safety and labor protection; stimulating the construction of a new socialist village; the growth of the average per capita income of rural residents in relation to the income of the urban population; maintaining the unemployment rate among the urban population at a level below 5%;
Promotion of a policy of reform and opening up; development of the region's innovation system; completion of the reform of the "old industrial base"; increasing the degree of openness of coastal, border areas and large cities in the region; expansion of foreign trade; an increase in the volume of foreign investments and an increase in the efficiency of their use.
The specific results of the implementation of the Plan are concentratedly expressed in certain development indicators, distributed by areas of activity and classified according to the level of possibility of achievement (expected and obligatory for achievement) (see).
The measures taken against the provinces of Northeast China have never been more ambitious. Within the framework of the general Plan, each of the administrative units of the region has developed its own, generally similar in strategic focus, regional development programs. In addition, local administrations of a lower level (city and county) within general principles established by the plan, regularly develop their own instructions and recommendations for business entities. The Office of the State Council's Office of the Northeast China Regulatory and Revitalization Steering Group, in turn, seeks to coordinate and optimally combine the capacities and capacities of the individual administrative units in the region.
Within the framework of the Northeast China Revival Plan, regional programs are also being developed, aimed at solving specific problems in various spheres of the region's life. There are a number of programs in the areas of management, culture and tourism.
One of these strategic developments in relation to the Northeast region, an experiment is being made to create an enlarged region. The PRC government faced the need to search for new political solutions that would contribute to the successful implementation of the economic tasks of developing foreign sales markets and sources of raw materials, solving internal problems, and would allow to gain experience in conducting political reform nationwide.
The northeastern region of the PRC became the first experimental base for the study and development of a new system of territorial organization. In the northeast of the country, the possibility of creating a region uniting the provinces of Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang is being explored. The first step was the signing in July 2008 by the people's governments of Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjian provinces of a framework agreement on legislative cooperation, which is designed to coordinate the development of regulations in these three provinces.According to the framework agreement, regional cooperation will be based on 3 principles: 1) unity in solution the most important legislative problems in the field of management and the social sphere (formation of a single working group); 2) close interaction in solving legislative problems of general importance; 3) independence in resolving issues that do not affect the interests of the three provinces (see).
The creation of an enlarged region in the Northeast is aimed at ensuring that the systems of provincial regulations are more coordinated, not contradictory, which should entail lowering economic and social barriers between the provinces, reducing competition, reducing costs and accelerating the legislative process. Within the country, this step should compensate for the process of deepening market reform, accompanied by a weakening of state control over economic entities, in the international arena, Northeast China should become a region acting as a united front in the struggle for resources and sales markets. Political meaning experiment - search for new effective methods management of territories in a changing economic environment.
The experiment to create a system of legislative cooperation, carried out within the framework of the Revival Plan of the Northeastern Provinces, became the first example in the history of the PRC of creating a "horizontal" regional system of interaction in the political and legal sphere.
The border position of the Northeast region also determined the specifics of the cultural policy of the PRC in relation to this territory. The goal is to raise the level of culture of the backward outlying regions, which are becoming strategically important for the development of relations with neighboring countries; Implementation of the All-China Cross-Border Cultural Corridor (CRC) program.
The main goals of the construction of the PKK were declared to be the promotion of culture, the development of trade and economic activities, tourism, as well as assistance in strengthening the national defense. The formation of the PAC in China has already yielded first positive results, and the state plans to continue implementing this program. At the beginning of the XXI century. The Ministry of Culture of the PRC, together with other departments, approved the "Plan for the construction of an all-China" cultural corridor of border areas 10 thousand li long "for 2001-2010." According to the plan, the PRC has set the task of affirming the image of Northeast China as a cultural border region, so the promotion of culture is becoming a paramount task. The flourishing of the cities of Heihe, Suifenhe and Hunchun located here was convincing evidence of the progress made in the border area. So, located on an area of 460 sq. km, the city of Suifenhe, with 150 thousand inhabitants, is today considered one of the most advanced in the PKK. The Party Committee and the Heilongjiang Provincial Government took the initiative to turn it into "Northern Shenzhen" (see).
Another innovative project under the Northeast China Revival Plan is the Northeast Region Tourism Development Plan (东北 地区 旅游业 发展 规划), which aims to create and promote the Big Dongbei (大 东北 旅游 ”品牌) (see). The development of the Plan was carried out by the National Bureau of Tourism, Development and Reform of the PRC. The document was officially presented on March 17, 2010. The organizational and legal mechanisms for the implementation of the Plan were discussed by representatives of the regional elites of the Northeast provinces at the Tourism Forum held in Yichun, Heilongjiang Province on August 5-6, 2010.
Implementation of the "Plan for the development of tourism in the North-East region" in the period 2010-2015. aims to accelerate the development of the tourism industry in the region, which includes the provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning and the eastern part of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. At the same time, the main provisions of this plan will determine the directions of the industry development up to 2020.
The national tourism industry is called upon to take a significant place in the structure of the Chinese economy in the context of the processes of integration and globalization. The new model of mass tourism, being developed in the Northeastern region, does not require such consumption of natural resources as industry and is capable of creating the necessary number of jobs to reduce the unemployment rate, thus it can become an effective mechanism for the development of the region's economy. In addition, the North-East region has unique advantages in the development of tourism. The region has rich tourism resources (about 155 species); condition environment in general, creates a favorable basis for the development of ecotourism; geographical position region, the presence of land and sea borders with foreign states, create the necessary conditions for the development of interregional and international tourism.
According to the Plan, by 2015 it is planned to achieve the following goals in the development of the tourism industry in the North-East region of the PRC:
Ensuring rapid and sustainable growth of tourism: an increase in the share of the tourism industry in the GRP by 2 times in relation to the 2008 indicator.
Further optimization of tourism products: improving the tourism infrastructure of cities; development of 4 world-class winter tourism and recreation regions; creation of 10 brands of ecotourism, formation distinctive features cross-border tourism, cultural tourism, tourism in coastal areas; development of special tourism products in the face of increasing demand in the tourism market to meet the individual and diverse cultural needs of mass tourism;
More coordinated development of the spatial structure of tourism: development of tourist clusters based on the cities of the region; strengthening of cluster development "5 districts and 15 sub-regions" in the coastal zone of the North-East; implementation of the construction model "4 horizontal and 4 vertical" axes of regional tourism development.
Improving the quality of tourist services: modernizing the hotel network, increasing the transport capacity for the transportation of tourist flows; improvement of measures to ensure the safety of tourist services;
Implementation of innovations in the institutional organization of the tourism system of the region;
Strengthening regional and international cooperation in the field of tourism.
Key directions and goals of the "Tourism Development Plan for the North-East Region" are concentrated in the development indicators (see).
In general, the "North-East Region Tourism Development Plan" is a detailed strategy for the development of the industry, with the designation of the main directions, goals, principles and mechanisms for its implementation.
To date, more than seven years have passed since the proclamation of the course for the revival of the Northeastern region of the PRC, and certain results have been achieved in this direction, which represent a noticeable revival of the dynamics of the economic development of the region. Analysis of the data on socio-economic development allows us to summarize some of the interim results of the implementation of the Plan and assess the effectiveness of the measures taken.
It should also be noted that, taking into account the border position of the region, the Chinese authorities have provided for various mechanisms to strengthen interaction with the neighboring territories of neighboring states. Analysis of the "Plan for the revival of Northeast China", as well as programs for the development of individual spheres of the region's economy, developed in its mainstream, indicates that these documents consolidate the Chinese side's vision of interaction with the Russian border territories as one of the key tools for stimulating its own social economic development. A special place, both in the general Strategy for the development of Northeast China and in regional (provincial) plans, is given to expanding cooperation with the Russian Far East and Eastern Siberia, as one of their key partners of the PRC in the region.
The Russian border regions in the governing documents of Northeast China are considered, first of all, as sales markets for Chinese-made products, as well as a supplier of goods from the resource group. In addition, they are actively used for the employment of Chinese workers and the production of agricultural products for their subsequent sale on the territory of the Russian Federation. Russian scientists studying the strategies of modern regional development of the Northeast of the PRC (see) often conclude that large-scale transformations currently being carried out in the region will inevitably affect its interregional relations with the border regions of the Russian Federation and will largely determine external conditions of their regional development in the foreseeable future.
In 2007, on the initiative of the Chinese side, a bilateral commission was created to prepare an intergovernmental agreement "to combine the Federal Target Program for the Economic Development of the Far East and Transbaikalia with the program for the development of old industrial bases in Northeast China" (see). The main priorities of the Chinese side in this area are the expansion of imports of Russian raw materials; joint development of deposits of non-ferrous metals with their subsequent export; increasing the capacity of border checkpoints; development of a network of cross-border road and railways; an increase in the number of border shopping malls; attracting more Russian tourists to the PRC; export of Chinese labor to the Russian Federation; participation of the Chinese side in the implementation of the measures provided for by the FTP. All this is fully reflected in the "Program of cooperation between the regions of the Far East and Eastern Siberia of the Russian Federation and the North-East of the People's Republic of China for 2009-2018", approved on September 23, 2009 by Hu Jintao and Dmitry Medvedev, which, according to In the opinion of most experts, it is not intended to completely solve the problem of the existing asymmetry in the development of the border areas of the Russian Federation and the PRC. Moreover, some scholars are of the opinion that the bilateral cooperation program is a clear reproduction of the purpose of the Far East and Eastern Siberia as raw material base... On the territory of the Russian Federation, a number of mineral deposits and natural resources will be developed and an infrastructure for the export of these raw materials will be created, mainly in one direction - the Chinese one. On the other hand, on Chinese territory, industrial enterprises are being built focused on processing the resources extracted in Russia.
At the same time, it cannot be unambiguously concluded that the further expansion of interregional cooperation between the Russian Federation and the PRC will only have negative consequences for Russian side... Forest and energy resources are the most important article of Russian exports, the Chinese labor force and investment flows play important role in the development of the region, and the transit position provides opportunities for the development of transport infrastructure (see). The real configuration of the cross-border regional space and the transformation of Russian-Chinese border cooperation into a potential development factor for the eastern regions of Russia largely depend on the increase in the level of socio-economic development of the border territories of the Russian Federation and the development by regional elites of an effective regional policy that promotes economic development and cultural dialogue.
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- Cooperation program between the regions of the Far East and Eastern Siberia of the Russian Federation and the North-East of the People's Republic of China (2009-2018).
- Plan of Revitalizing Northeast China = Plan for Revitalizing Northeast China.
- Dongbei diqui lue fazhan guihua / Zhenxing dongbei 东北 地区 旅游业 发展 规划 / 振兴 东北 (Northeast Region Tourism Development Plan // Official Site of the Northeast Region of the PRC)
Dongbei (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning) Dongbei (Chinese 東北 ， 东北, that is, "northeast") is the name adopted in China for the northeastern part of this country, including the extreme eastern part of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Heilongjiang Province, ... ... Wikipedia
Northwest China- (Chinese trad. 西北, ex. 西北, pinyin: Xīběi) ... Wikipedia
East China- Eastern region in the People's Republic of China Eastern China (Chinese trad. 华东, exercise 华东 ... Wikipedia
North-Eastern Federal University- named after M.K. Ammosov (NEFU named after M.K. Ammosov) ... Wikipedia
North-Eastern Administrative District of Moscow- North East administrative District Squares ... Wikipedia
North-East and North-West passages- In the history of polar research, several moments can be distinguished, such as: the search for the north-east and north-west passages and then the exploration of the polar countries, carried out directly with a scientific purpose. For the latter see Polar countries. ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary F. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron
China- People's Republic of China, PRC (Chinese. Zhonghua renmin gunhego). I. General information Kazakhstan is the largest in terms of population and one of the largest states in the world in terms of area; located in Central and East Asia. In the east ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
China- The great Wall of China. The great Wall of China. China () a state in Central and East Asia. Area 9.6 million sq. km. The population is over 1.18 billion people. The capital is Beijing. China is one of ancient states the world. In the 2nd millennium BC ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary "World History"
China- People's Republic of China, PRC, state in the Center, and East. Asia. The name China adopted in Russia from the ethnonym Kidane (they are also Chinese) of the Mongol group. tribes who conquered the territory of the sowing in the Middle Ages. areas of modern. China and formed the state in Liao (X ... ... Geographical encyclopedia
North-Western Administrative District of Moscow- North-Western Administrative District Area ... Wikipedia
Books
- Russian Cossacks in Northeast China: Exodus, Resettlement and Political Struggle (1920–1937), GI Malyshenko. The monograph on the history of the Cossack emigration to Northeast China is based on a wide range of sources and special studies, both domestic, emigrant and foreign ... Buy for 550 rubles eBook
- On the distant lines, Melnikov Gennady Ivanovich. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, the Russian Empire pursued a very active policy in the Far East, seeking to strengthen and strengthen its influence in the region and, above all, in China. In 1898 ...