The appearance of cell theory in the middle of the XIX century in the middle of the XIX century, the authors of which were Shleden and Svann, became a real revolution in the development of all the areas of biology without exception.

Another Creator of the Cell Theory, R. Virchov, is known for such aphorism: "Schwann stood on Shleiden's shoulders." The great Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov, whose name is known to everyone, compared science with a construction site, where everything is interconnected and for all there are its previous events. "Building" of cell theory shared with official authors of all predecessor scientists. At whom the shoulders were they?

Start

Creating a cell theory began about 350 years ago. Famous English scientist Robert Guk in 1665 invented the device called a microscope. The toy so it occupied him that he considered everything that came under his arm. The result of his passion was the book "Micrography". The GUK wrote her, after which he began to engage in completely different studies, and I completely forgot about my microscope.

But it was the record in his book under No. 18 (he described the cells of the usual traffic jam and called them cells - the English. Cells) glorified him as a cellular discoverer of the cellular structure of everything alive.

Robert Guk scored a passion for a microscope, but he was picked up by scientists with world names - Marcello Malpigi, Anthony Van Levenguk, Kaspar Friedrich Wolf, Yang Evankhelist Purkinier, Robert Brown and others.

The improved microscope model enables the Frenchman-Francois Brisso de Mirbel to conclude that all plants are formed from specialized cells united in tissue. And Jean Batist Lamark transfers the idea of \u200b\u200bthe intention and the organisms of animal origin.

Mattias Shleden

Mattias Jacob Shleden (1804-1881) At the age of twenty for twenty-six years, he pleased the family in that he threw a promising lawyer practice and went to study at the medical faculty of the same Ghettin University, in which he was educated a lawyer.

He did it not in vain - in 35 years old Mattias Shleden becomes a professor of the University of Jen's University, studies botany and plant physiology. His goal is to find out how new cells are formed. In his works, he correctly determined the kernel's primacy in the formation of new cells, but was mistaken at the expense of the mechanisms of the process and the lack of similarities of plants and animal cells.

After five years of work, he writes an article entitled "To the question of plants", proving the cellular structure of all parts of the plants. A review of the article, by the way, was the physiologist Johann Muller, whose assistant at that time, the future author of the cell's cell theory of T. Schwan is working.

Theodore Schwan

Svann (1810-1882) since childhood dreamed of becoming a priest. In Bonn University, he went to study in a philosopher, choosing this specialization as closer to the future career of the clergy.

But youthful interest in the sciences won. Theodore Svann graduated from the University at the Medical Faculty. Only five years he worked as an assistant of physiologist I. Muller, but over the years he made such a number of discoveries that would have enough for several scientists. Suffice to say that in gastric juice He discovered pepsin, in nerve endings - a specific fiber shell. A novice researcher re-opened yeast mushrooms and proved their involvement in fermentation processes.

Friends and comrades

The scientific world of Germany of that time could not not introduce future comrades. Both remembered a meeting for Lunch in a small restaurant in 1838. Shleden and Svann loosely discussed current affairs. Shleden spoke about the presence of nuclei in plants cells and its method to consider cells using microscopic equipment.

This message turned the life of both - Shleden and Svann become friends and communicate a lot. After a year of persistent study of animal cells, labor "Microscopic research on conformity in the structure and growth of animals and plants" (1839) appears. Theodore Schwan has managed to see the similarity in the structure and development of elementary units of animal and vegetable origin. And the main conclusion is the life in the cage!

It was this postulate that entered the biology as a cell theory of Shleiden and Schwann.

Revolution in biology

As well as the foundation of the construction, the discovery of the Cellian theory of Shleiden and Schwann launched the chain reaction of discoveries. Histology, cytology, pathological anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, embryology, evolutionary exercises - All sciences began to actively develop, revealing new interaction mechanisms in the living system. The German, like Shleden and Svann, the founder of Patanatomy Rudolf Virhov in 1858 complements the theory by the position of "every cell from the cell" (in Latin - Omnis Cellula E Cellula).

And Russian I. Chistyakov (1874) and Polyak E. Strasburger (1875) open mitotic (vegetative, not sex) cell division.

From all these discoveries, like bricks, a cellular theory of Schwann and Shleyden, the main postulates of which are unchanged today are built.

Modern cellular theory

Although one hundred and eighty years since the time when Shleden and Svann formulated their postulates, experimental and theoretical knowledge was obtained, noticeably expanding the borders of knowledge about the cell, the main provisions of the theory are almost the same and look brief as follows:

• The unit of all living is the cell - self-renewable, self-regulating and self-reproducing (thesis of the unity of the origin of all living organisms).
• All organisms on the planet have a similar cell structure, the chemical composition and processes of life (the thesis of homologous, the unity of origin of all living on the planet).
• The cell is a biopolymers system that can reproduce itself like that of not like himself (the thesis of the main property of life as a defining factor).
• Self-reproduction of cells is carried out by dividing the maternal (the thesis of heredity and continuity).
• Multicoloting organisms are formed from specialized cells forming fabrics, organs, systems that are in close relationships and mutual regulation (the thesis of the body as a system with close interstitial, humoral, nervous relationships).
• The cells are morphologically and functionally diverse and acquire specialization in multicellular organisms as a result of differentiation (thesis of totipotency, on genetic equivalence of multicellular system cells).

Ending "construction"

Years passed, an electronic microscope appeared in the arsenal of biologists, the researchers studied in detail the mitosis and meyosis of cells, the structure and role of the organelle, biochemistry cells, and even deciphered the DNA molecule. German scientists Shleden and Svann together with their theory have become support and foundation for subsequent discoveries. But it can exactly be said that the knowledge of the cell's knowledge is not yet completed. And every new discovery, brick to the brick, promotes humanity to the knowledge of the organization of all living on our planet.

In his hometown, he graduated from the gymnasium, and in 1824 he entered the Faculty of Law of Heidelberg University, intending to devote himself to advocacy. Despite the fact that he finished his studies with honors, he did not become a lawyer.

Then, in Göttingen University, Shleden studied philosophy and medicine. In the end, he became interested in biological sciences, devoting himself to physiology and botany. He published the first work on plants at the age of 33.

In 1837, Shleden proposed a new theory of formation of plant cells, based on the submission of a decisive role in this process of the cell nucleus. He believed that new cage As it blooms from the nucleus and then covered with a cell wall. Despite its fallacy, this theory was positive, because Attracted the attention of researchers to study the structure of the cell and the kernel.

It was then, together with the zoologist Theodore, Shwwan Shleden was engaged in microscopic studies, which led scientists to the development of cell theory of the structure of organisms.

In 1839, in Ien University, Shleden received a doctorate of Philosophy.

He received the degree of doctor of medicine in 1843 in the University of Tubingen, and from 1863 it consisted of Professor Phytochemistry (Sciences about chemical processes in living plants) and anthropology in Derpte, and also led scientific work In Dresden, Wiesbaden and Frankfurt.

From 1840 to 1862, a professor was a botanist in Jena, in 1863 he was invited to read anthropology and plant chemistry in Derptte, but already in 1864 refused this post and lived most of the way in Dresden and Wiesbaden. Brilliantly and multilaterally educated, perfectly owned by the pen, merciless in criticism and controversy, Cantian Shleden rebelled against the dominants then in the nerd directions, a narrow systematic-nomenclature and speculative, natural philosophical. Representatives of the 1st direction he called the gatherers of the Sena and no less criticized anything from the fantasy of naturophilosophers. Shleden demands that Botany stand at the same height as physics and chemistry, it should be inductive, with natural philosophical fabrications, it should not have anything in common; In the foundation of the morphology of plants, the study of the development of forms and bodies, their genesis and metamorphosis should be found, and not a simple listing of the anegous organs; Natural plant system will be correctly understood only when not only higher plants will be studied, but also mainly lower (algae and mushrooms). Both of these ideas of Shleiden quickly spread among the nerds and brought the beneficial results. Shleden is one of the main botanical reformers and the founders of the new (scientific) botany. In his writings, he brilliantly denied the old direction and presented so much tasks for Botany that they could be solved not to one person, but a whole generation of observers and thinkers. The ability of Shleyden, as a writer, contributed to the success of his popular writings, some of which have solved several publications and were translated into Russian: "Die Pflanze und Ihr Leben" (1 ed., Leipzig, 1847; Russian translation "Plant and his life") ; "Studien" (Russian translation of "etudes", 1860); "Das Meer" (Russian translation "Sea", 1867); "Für Baum Und Wald" (1870, Russian translation "tree and forest"); "Die Rose" (1873); "Das Salz" (1875), etc.

Being a progressive scientist, Shleden actively participated in public life. He published many popular science works. The work is known to the development and differentiation of the cellular structures of higher plants. In 1842, he first discovered nucleoli in the core. Among the most famous scientist works are the book "Basics of Botany" ("Grundzge der Botanik", 1842-1843), marked by the appearance of modern scientific botany. It was shleden, thanks to its discoveries in the field of physiology of plants, laid the onset of discussion between biologists, which lasted over 20 years.
Scientists did not want to recognize the justice of Shleiden's views. As an argument against the facts presented by the facts, it was reproached that his former work on Botanic contained errors and did not give convincing evidence of theoretical generalizations. Shleden has published a number of works on physiology and the anatomy of plants. In the book "Data on Fitogenesis" in the section on the origin of plants, Shleden presented his theory of the occurrence of the proceedings of cells from the maternal cell. The work of Shleiden pushed theodore Schwann to take up long and thorough microscopic studies, which proved the unity of the cellular structure of the entire organic world. The work of a scientist under the title "Plant and his life" was published in 1850 in Leipzig.

The main work of Shleiden "Basics of Scientific Botany in two volumes" was published in 1842-1843 in Leipzig and provided a huge impact On the reform of the morphology of plants based on ontogenesis. Ontogenesis distinguishes three periods in the development of a separate organism:
The formation of germ cells, i.e. Doeembrium period limiting to the formation of egg and spermatozoa;
Embryonic period - from the beginning of the division of the egg before the birth of an individual;
The postpartum period - from the birth of an individual before his death.
At the end of his life, Shleden left Botany and engaged in anthropology, i.e. science about differences in the appearance, structure and activities of organisms of individual human groups in time and space.

Mattias Shleden contributed to the biology significantly. It is considered a botany reformer.

Mattias Shleden Contribution to Biology briefly

Mattias Jacob Shleden is known in science as one of the authors of the cell theory. Mattias Shleden and Theodore Svann formulated a cell theory based on a variety of cage research (1838-1839).
Shleden and Svann, summarizing the knowledge of the cell, proved that the cell is the main unit of any organism. Animal, plants and bacteria cells have a similar structure. Later, these conclusions became the basis for evidence of the unity of organisms. T. Svann and M. Shleden introduced a fundamental idea of \u200b\u200bthe cell into science: There is no cell outside the cells.

The main works of Shleiden - According to embryology and anatomy of plants.

Shleden used and justified an ontogenetic method for studying the morphology of plants and was his active propagandist.

Shleden was considered one of the predecessors and supporters of Darwinism.

The main direction of scientific studies is shleyden - cytology and physiology of plants. In 1837, Shleden proposed a new theory of formation of plant cells, based on the submission of a decisive role in this process of the cell nucleus. The scientist believed that the new cell is blowing out of the nucleus and then covered with a cell wall.

In his hometown, he graduated from the gymnasium, and in 1824 he entered the Faculty of Law of Heidelberg University, intending to devote himself to advocacy. Despite the fact that he finished his studies with honors, he did not become a lawyer.

Then, in Göttingen University, Shleden studied philosophy and medicine. In the end, he became interested in biological sciences, devoting himself to physiology and botany. He published the first work on plants at the age of 33.

In 1837, Shleden proposed a new theory of formation of plant cells, based on the submission of a decisive role in this process of the cell nucleus. He believed that the new cell is blowing out of the nucleus and then covered with a cell wall. Despite its fallacy, this theory was positive, because Attracted the attention of researchers to study the structure of the cell and the kernel.

It was then, together with the zoologist Theodore, Shwwan Shleden was engaged in microscopic studies, which led scientists to the development of cell theory of the structure of organisms.

In 1839, in Ien University, Shleden received a doctorate of Philosophy.

He received the degree of doctor of medicine in 1843 in the University of Tübingen, and since 1863 he consisted of a professor of phytochemistry (science on chemical processes in living plants) and anthropology in Derpte, and also led scientific work in Dresden, Wiesbaden and Frankfurt.

From 1840 to 1862, a professor was a botanist in Jena, in 1863 he was invited to read anthropology and plant chemistry in Derptte, but already in 1864 refused this post and lived most of the way in Dresden and Wiesbaden. Brilliantly and multilaterally educated, perfectly owned by the pen, merciless in criticism and controversy, Cantian Shleden rebelled against the dominants then in the nerd directions, a narrow systematic-nomenclature and speculative, natural philosophical. Representatives of the 1st direction he called the gatherers of the Sena and no less criticized anything from the fantasy of naturophilosophers. Shleden demands that Botany stand at the same height as physics and chemistry, it should be inductive, with natural philosophical fabrications, it should not have anything in common; In the foundation of the morphology of plants, the study of the development of forms and bodies, their genesis and metamorphosis should be found, and not a simple listing of the anegous organs; Natural plant system will be correctly understood only when not only higher plants will be studied, but also mainly lower (algae and mushrooms). Both of these ideas of Shleiden quickly spread among the nerds and brought the beneficial results. Shleden is one of the main botanical reformers and the founders of the new (scientific) botany. In his writings, he brilliantly denied the old direction and presented so much tasks for Botany that they could be solved not to one person, but a whole generation of observers and thinkers. The ability of Shleyden, as a writer, contributed to the success of its popular writings, some of which have solved several publications and were translated into Russian: "Die Pflanze und Ihr Leben" (1 ed., Leipzig, 1847; Russian translation "Plant and his life") ; "Studien" (Russian translation of "Etudes", 1860); "Das Meer" (Russian translation "Sea", 1867); "Für Baum Und Wald" (1870, Russian translation "Tree and forest"); "Die Rose" (1873); Das Salz (1875), etc.

Being a progressive scientist, Shleden actively participated in public life. He published many popular science works. The work is known to the development and differentiation of the cellular structures of higher plants. In 1842, he first discovered nucleoli in the core. Among the most famous scientist works are the book "Basics of Botany" ("Grundzge der Botanik", 1842-1843), marked by the appearance of modern scientific botany. It was shleden, thanks to its discoveries in the field of physiology of plants, laid the onset of discussion between biologists, which lasted over 20 years.
Scientists did not want to recognize the justice of Shleiden's views. As an argument against the facts presented by the facts, it was reproached that his former work on Botanic contained errors and did not give convincing evidence of theoretical generalizations. Shleden has published a number of works on physiology and the anatomy of plants. In the book "Data on Fitogenesis" in the section on the origin of plants, Shleden presented his theory of the occurrence of the proceedings of cells from the maternal cell. The work of Shleiden pushed theodore Schwann to take up long and thorough microscopic studies, which proved the unity of the cellular structure of the entire organic world. The work of a scientist under the title "Plant and his life" was published in 1850 in Leipzig.

The main work of Shleiden "Basics of Scientific Botany in two volumes" was published in 1842-1843 in Leipzig and had a huge impact on the reform of the morphology of plants based on ontogenesis. Ontogenesis distinguishes three periods in the development of a separate organism:
The formation of germ cells, i.e. Doeembrium period limiting to the formation of egg and spermatozoa;
Embryonic period - from the beginning of the division of the egg before the birth of an individual;
The postpartum period - from the birth of an individual before his death.
At the end of his life, Shleden left Botany and engaged in anthropology, i.e. science about differences in the appearance, structure and activities of organisms of individual human groups in time and space.