1. The connecting structures, which contain
there are additional remarks or clarifications introduced in the middle
Dinu or at the end of the sentence. Such constructions usually have
are connected by words even, especially, especially, for example,
in particular, mainly, including, moreover, and moreover,
and (in the meaning of "and moreover"), yes, yes, and, and in general, etc. For example: It was
very warm, even hot (Chakovsky); There are many blessings in people
kinship, a lot of love, selflessness, especially in women
(A. Ostrovsky); ... It seemed that everything, including forests and fields, was moving
it goes to the west, but it is impossible to go and go to the east (Kazakevich);

And Rudin spoke about pride, and spoke very efficiently (Turgenev);

What are you going to order a sculptor to do, and even a bad one? (Turge-
nev); Already in the Caucasus, I learned, and even then not from the captain, that he was four
he was seriously wounded several times ... (L. Tolstoy); There was only one road
and, moreover, wide and furnished with landmarks, so that it was
impossible (Korolenko); Let these people, and many others, remember
what happened; The fight for peace is important, and what's more,
a necessary task for all progressive people.

Punctuation also depends on syntactic function the words,
through which the turnover is added. Wed: Many developed
developing countries, and "Algeria in particular, receive disinterested
economic aid from Soviet Union(separated by commas
the whole turnover with words and in particular, a. not only with words in part
ness, since there are no homogeneous members in the sentence that
could be united by an alliance and) .- Some countries of the Front
Asia and, in particular, Algeria among the countries of North Africa has preserved
Are there traces of Arab rule (in particular - the introductory word,
and connects homogeneous members).

The connecting structure may not stand out from two
sides with commas, but only be separated by a comma from the preceding
parts of a sentence, if this construction is closely related in meaning
followed by a part from which it is not separated in pronunciation
pause, for example: It's too late now, and there is nothing to return to
to this question.

Note.

A comma is not put before the union, and even:

a) if it is used in a connecting meaning, for example:

So he went nuts into the forest and got lost (Turgenev);

b) in combinations of the type he took and said (with the same form of the
take a goal and another verb to indicate an unexpected
or arbitrary action), for example: They lived a year of a shower
into the soul, and for another year, take it and die (Ch. Uspensky);

c) in combination no-no yes and, for example: Such a smart pair-
niche, and suddenly something has quieted down, thought and no, no, and even a glance
not on me (Sholokhov).

2. Connecting structures can be switched on without connecting
call. For example: I saw the other day ". Crocodile tears" - the most mediocre
five-act rubbish (Chekhov); I was silent again, it must be
from amazement (Paustovsky).

Punctuation marks on words
grammatically unrelated

suggestions

Section 99
Introductory words and phrases

1. Introductory words and phrases are marked with commas. Diff-
There are several main groups of introductory words according to their meaning:

1) introductory words expressing the feelings of the speaker (joy,
regret, surprise, etc.) in connection with the message: fortunately,
unfortunately, fortunately, unfortunately, to joy, to chagrin,
unfortunately, unfortunately, unfortunately, unfortunately, to amazement,
to horror, to shame, for happiness, for joy, for trouble, what good,
there is nothing to hide, a strange thing, an amazing thing, the hour is uneven
and others. For example: ... Naydenov, to the amazement of Nagulny, in one second
Du brushed his leather jacket off his shoulders, sat down at the table (Sholokhov); Here, to unopened-
to Petya's insane admiration, on the old kitchen table was arranged
a whole locksmith mechanical workshop (Kataev);

1. Introductory words and phrases are not members of the proposal. With their help, the speaker expresses his attitude to the content of the statement (confidence or uncertainty, emotional reaction, etc.):

Example: Unfortunately he didn't have watercolors(Soloukhin).

The same function can be performed by introductory sentences.

For example: I dare say they loved me in the house(Turgenev) - structured as a definite personal one-piece sentence; In life, do you know, there is always a place for exploits(M. Gorky) - a two-part proposal in terms of structure; We, if you want to know, we came to demand(Gorbatov) - structured as a conditional one-part clause.

In writing, introductory words, phrases and sentences usually separated by commas.

Digits of introductory words by meaning

2. By their grammatical correlation, introductory words and constructions can go back to various parts speech and various grammatical forms:

nouns in various cases with and without prepositions;

Without a doubt, for joy, for happiness and etc.

adjectives in short form, in various cases, to the superlative degree;

Really, guilty, the main thing, in general, the most important thing, the least.

pronouns in indirect cases with prepositions;

Besides, besides, meanwhile.

adverbs in a positive or comparative degree;

Undoubtedly, of course, probably shorter, or rather.

verbs in different forms indicative or imperative mood;

I think if you believe, it seemed, they say, imagine, have mercy.

infinitive or combination with an infinitive;

Look, know, admit, it's funny to say.

combinations with gerunds;

To tell the truth, in short, to put it bluntly.

two-part sentences with a subject - a personal pronoun and a predicate - a verb with the meaning of expression of will, speaking, thought, etc.;

As long as I can remember, I often think.

• impersonal sentences;

  She thought we all remember it well.

• indefinite personal proposals.

  So they thought of him, as they usually talked about him.

That's why it is necessary to distinguish between introductory words and homonymous forms and constructions.

Note!

Depending on the context, the same words act either as introductory words (therefore, not members of the sentence), then as members of the sentence. In order not to be mistaken, it should be remembered that:

a) a question can be posed to a member of the proposal;

b) the introductory word is not a member of the sentence and has one of the above meanings;

v) introductory words can usually (but not always) be removed from the sentence.

Compare the sentences given in pairs:

This is true(Dostoevsky). - True, sometimes ... it's not too fun to wander along country roads (Turgenev).

During the summer, he can become attached to this weak, long-winded creature, get carried away, fall in love (Chekhov). - You may have thought that I was asking you for money!(Dostoevsky).

Listen we right went? Do you remember the place? (Kassil). - Donkey shouts: we will probably get along if we sit next to(Krylov).

In a number of cases, the criterion for distinguishing between introductory words and members of a sentence is the ability to add a word speaking.

By the way, he never came("By the way"); You, in fact, could not have come("as a matter of fact"); In short, the book is useful("shortly speaking"); I really don't want to go back to what I said.("in truth").

When defining the syntactic function and the placement of punctuation marks, in some cases it is necessary to take into account several conditions.

1) The word is probably introductory in the meaning of "probably, apparently":

The sisters are probably already asleep(Korolenko).

The word is probably a member of a sentence meaning "surely, exactly":

If i know(how?) maybe that I must die, then I'll tell you everything, everything!(Turgenev).

2) Finally, the word is introductory:

if it indicates a connection between thoughts, the order of their presentation (in the meaning of "and more"), completes the enumeration:

Opekushin was a native of the common people, at first a self-taught, then a recognized artist and, finally, an academician(Teleshov).

Often the word is finally preceded by homogeneous terms of the word Firstly Secondly or on the one hand on the other hand, in relation to which the word is finally the closing of the enumeration;

if it gives an assessment of a fact from the point of view of the speaker's face or is used to express impatience, to strengthen, emphasize something:

Yes, leave at last!(Chekhov).

Note!

Finally, the word is not introductory and serves as a circumstance in the meaning of “at the end”, “at last”, “after everything”, “as a result of everything”.

Gave three balls annually and squandered finally (Pushkin).

In this sense, the particle -to can usually be added to the word at last (with an introductory word, such an addition is impossible).

Wed: Finally got to the station (Finally got to the station). - You can finally ask your father for advice.(adding a particle -then impossible).

3) Distinguishing the combination in the end as an introductory one and as a member of a sentence - the circumstances are similar in terms of the terms of the word finally.

Wed: After all, in the end, we have not yet decided anything completely! (eventually denotes not time, but the conclusion reached by the speaker as a result of a series of reasoning). - Finally agreement was reached(meaning of the circumstance "as a result of everything").

4) However, a word is introductory if it appears in the middle or at the end of a simple sentence:

Heat and fatigue took, however, their(Turgenev); How clever I am, however(Chekhov).

At the beginning of a sentence (part complex sentence) or as a means of connecting homogeneous members, the word however has the meaning of an adversarial union (it can be replaced by the union but), therefore a comma is placed only in front of this word:

However, it is desirable to know - what kind of witchcraft did the peasant take such power over the whole district?(Nekrasov).

Note. In rare cases, however, the word is separated by a comma at the beginning of the sentence, approaching in meaning to the interjection (expresses surprise, bewilderment, indignation), for example: However, what a wind!(Chekhov).

5) The word, of course, is usually separated by commas as an introductory word:

Fyodor was still working in the rear, heard, of course, and read many times about “ folk heroes» (Furmanov).

But sometimes the word of course, pronounced in a tone of confidence, conviction, acquires the meaning of an affirmative particle and does not stand out punctually:

Of course it's true!; Of course it is.

6) The word really is introductory in the meaning of "yes, so, right, exactly" (usually it takes a position at the beginning of a sentence):

Indeed, from the battery, a view of almost the entire location of the Russian troops was revealed.(L. Tolstoy).

How an adverb really means "really, really, in reality" (usually it stands between the subject and the predicate):

I AM really is as you say(Dostoevsky).

7) The word is generally introductory if it is used in the meaning "generally speaking":

In general, one could agree with this statement, but it is necessary to check some data; In general, I would like to know what really happened.

In other cases, the word is generally used as an adverb in different meanings:

• in the meaning of "in general", "in general":

  Pushkin is for Russian art what Lomonosov is for Russian enlightenment generally (Goncharov);

• in the meaning of "always", "absolutely", "under all conditions":

  To light the fires he generally forbidden, it was dangerous(Kazakevich);

• in the meaning of "in all respects", "in relation to everything":

  He generally looked eccentric(Turgenev).

  This provision also applies to the form in general.

  Wed: In general, there is nothing to grieve about(introductory word, you can replace - generally speaking). - These are the terms generally simple process(meaning "in the end"); Made a few comments on various little things, but all in all highly praised(Garshin) (meaning "as a result").

8) Combination anyway is introductory if it has a restrictive and evaluative value:

Anyway, his surname was not Akundin, he came from abroad and performed for a reason (A.N. Tolstoy); This information, at least in short term , it will be difficult to check (the entire turnover is highlighted).

In the meaning "under any circumstances" this combination is not introductory:

You anyway will be informed about the progress of the case; I was firmly convinced that anyway I'll meet him at my mom's today(Dostoevsky).

9) The combination, in turn, is not distinguished by the employed, if it is used in a meaning close to the direct one, or in the meaning “in response”, “on its part”:

He in turn asked me(i.e. when it was his turn); The workers thanked their bosses for their help and asked them to visit them more often; in turn, representatives of the patronage organization invited workers to a meeting of the theater's artistic council.

In a figurative meaning, the combination, in turn, acquires the meaning of introductory and punctuation is highlighted:

Among newspaper genres, there are informational, analytical and artistic-journalistic genres; among the latter, in turn, stand out an essay, a feuilleton, a pamphlet.

10) The combination really in the meaning of "really" is not introductory. But if this combination serves to express bewilderment, indignation, indignation, etc., then it becomes introductory.

11) In particular, indicating the relationship between the parts of the statement, it is highlighted on both sides with commas:

He is interested, in particular, in the origin of individual words.

But if, in particular, it is part of the connecting structure (at the beginning or at the end), then it stands out as employed along with this structure:

Many will willingly undertake this work, and in particular me; Many will willingly undertake this work, and myself in particular.

If in particular is included in the design in general and in particular, then such a construction is not separated by commas:

Over tea, we started talking about the household in general and in particular about gardening(Saltykov-Shchedrin).

12) The combination is mainly introductory, if it serves to highlight a fact, to express its assessment.

For example: There was a wide alley ... and it was mainly the public who walked along it(Gorky) (it is impossible to form the combination "mainly to walk", therefore in this example combination mainly is not a member of the offer); The article should be corrected and mainly supplemented with fresh material. (mainly meaning "the most important thing"). The combination mainly that is part of the connecting structure (at the beginning or at the end) is separated by commas along with it, for example: With fifty people mostly officers crowded not far away(Pavlenko).

The combination is mainly not introductory in the meaning of "first of all", "most":

He achieved success mainly due to his hard work; The main thing I like about him is his sincerity.

13) The word main is introductory in the meaning of "especially important", "especially important":

You can take any topic for the story, but, most importantly, it should be interesting; Details can be omitted, and most importantly - to keep it entertaining.(You cannot put a comma after the conjunction a, and a dash is put after the introductory combination to strengthen punctuation).

14) The word means is introductory if it can be replaced with introductory words hence, therefore:

People will be born, get married, die; so it is necessary, so good(A.N. Ostrovsky); So you can't come today?

If a word means close in meaning to "means", then punctuation depends on the place it occupies in the sentence:

in the position between the subject and the predicate, it means serves as a means of communication between the main members of the sentence, a dash is placed in front of it, and no sign is placed after it:

To fight is to win;

in other cases, it means that it is not separated or highlighted by any signs:

if the word means is between the subordinate clause and the main clause or between parts of a non-union complex sentence, then it is separated from both sides by commas:

If he so stubbornly defends his views, then he feels that he is right; If you didn't save the child, then blame yourself.

15) The word is the opposite in the meaning of “as opposed to what is said or expected; opposite "is introductory and is separated by commas:

Instead of slowing down, he, on the contrary, stood on the trestle and desperately twirled the whip over his head.(Kataev).

If, on the contrary (after the union and) is used as a word replacing a member of a sentence or a whole sentence, then the following punctuation is observed:

when a member of a sentence is replaced, then no sign is placed in front of the union:

In the picture, light colors turn into dark ones and vice versa.(i.e. dark to light);

when, and vice versa, it joins a whole sentence, then a comma is placed before the union:

The closer the light source, the brighter the light it emits, and vice versa.(whole sentence is replaced: The farther away the light source, the less bright the light it emits.; a kind of compound sentence is formed);

when and vice versa joins subordinate clause, a comma before the union and is not put:

This also explains why what was considered criminal in ancient world considered legal in the new and vice versa(Belinsky) (as if homogeneous subordinate clauses are formed with a non-repeating conjunction and: ... and why what was considered criminal in modern times was considered legal in the ancient world).

16) A combination is at least introductory if it has an evaluative and restrictive meaning, that is, it expresses the speaker's attitude to the expressed thought:

Someone, driven by compassion, decided to at least help Akaky Akakievich with good advice(Gogol); Vera Efimovna advised to seek to transfer her to a political one, or at least to a nurse in a hospital(L. Tolstoy).

If the introductory combination is at least at the beginning of a separate turnover, then it is separated by commas along with it:

Nikolai Evgrafych knew that his wife would not return home soon, at least five o'clock! (Chekhov).

The combination is at least not separated by commas, if it has the value "not less than", "least":

From his sunburnt face it was possible to conclude that he knew what smoke is, if not gunpowder, then at least tobacco(Gogol); At least I will know that I will serve in the Russian army (Bulgakov).

17) A turnover that includes a combination from the point of view is separated by commas if it has the meaning “in opinion”:

Choosing a place for building a cottage, from my point of view, is successful.

If such a combination has the meaning "in relation", then the turnover with commas is not highlighted:

I know that a crime has been committed if you look at things from the point of view of general morality; From the point of view of novelty, the book deserves attention.

18) The word about is introductory in the meaning of "for example" and is not introductory in the meaning of "about".

Wed: I try about her, about("for example"), not thinking is impossible(Ostrovsky). - We are about("approximately") in these tones and with such conclusions they talked(Furmanov).

19) A word for example is associated with the following punctuation:

• separated by commas as introductory:

  Nikolai Artemyevich loved to argue persistently, for example, about whether a person could travel the whole Earth (Turgenev);

• stands out together with the turnover, at the beginning or at the end of which there is:

requires placing a comma in front of itself and a colon after itself, if it appears after a generalizing word before listing homogeneous members:

Some mushrooms are very poisonous, for example: pale toadstool, satanic mushroom, fly agaric.

Note!

Never are not introductory and the words are not separated by commas:

as if, as if, hardly, hardly, allegedly, almost, even, precisely, after all, only, certainly, here, just, after all, necessarily, all of a sudden.

3. General rules for setting punctuation marks for introductory words, combinations and sentences.

1) Basically, introductory words, phrases and sentences are separated by commas:

I confess that he did not make a pleasant impression on me.(Turgenev); You probably saw her at that evening(Turgenev).

2) If the introductory word comes after the listing of homogeneous members and precedes the generalizing word, then only a dash (without a comma) is put before the introductory word, and after it - a comma:

Books, brochures, magazines, newspapers - in a word, all kinds of printed matter were lying on his desk in complete disarray.

If the sentence is complex, then the comma in front of the dash is placed on the basis of the general rule for dividing parts of a complex sentence:

The men drank, argued and laughed - in a word, the dinner was extremely cheerful (Pushkin).

3) When two introductory words meet, a comma is placed between them:

What good, perhaps, and marries, out of tenderness of the soul ...(Dostoevsky); Therefore, in your opinion, should everyone, without exception, be engaged in physical labor?(Chekhov).

Amplifying particles are not separated from them by a comma during introductory words:

This is probably so, since there are no contraindications.

4) If the introductory word is at the beginning or at the end of a separate turnover (separation, clarification, explanation, attachment), then it is not separated from the turnover by any sign:

The swarthy, stocky captain calmly sips his pipe, apparently Italian or Greek (Kataev); Among the comrades there are such poets, lyrics or something, preachers of love for people(Bitter).

Introductory words are not separated from a separate turnover, even if they are at the very beginning or very end of the sentence:

Apparently wary of snow drifts, the leader of the group canceled the ascent to the top of the mountain; Leave these new arguments, unconvincing and contrived of course.

If the introductory word is in the middle of a separate turnover, then it is separated by commas on a general basis:

The child, apparently frightened by the horse, ran up to the mother.

Note!

It is necessary to distinguish between cases when the introductory word is at the beginning of a separate turnover, and cases when it is between two members of the sentence.

Wed: He had information seems to have been published recently (a separate turnover, the introductory word seems to be part of it). - In his hand he held a small, it seems, technical guide(without the introductory word, there would be no punctuation mark, since the definitions small and technical heterogeneous, the introductory word refers to the second of them).

In the presence of homogeneous definitions, when there may be a doubt to which of the homogeneous members, preceding or following, the introductory word located between them refers, the second definition, together with the introductory word, can form a clarifying construction.

This information is gleaned from the new, seems especially for the givencase drawn up, reference book(no introductory word between homogeneous definitions there would be a comma); Silence and grace reigned in this, obviously forgotten by god and people, corner of the earth(qualifying definition for demonstrative pronoun this).

If the introductory word is at the beginning of the turn, enclosed in brackets, then it is separated by a comma:

Both posts (apparently recently received) have attracted widespread attention.

5) If there is a compositional union before the introductory word, then the punctuation will be as follows. Introductory words are separated from the preceding compositional union by a comma if the introductory word can be omitted or rearranged in another place of the sentence without violating its structure (as a rule, with the unions and, but). If the removal or rearrangement of the introductory word is impossible, then the comma after the union is not put (usually with the union a).

Wed: The entire circulation has already been printed, and, probably, the book will go on sale in a few days. (The entire circulation has already been printed, and the book will go on sale in a few days.); This issue has already been considered several times, but, apparently, the final decision has not yet been made. (This issue has been considered several times, but the final decision has not yet been made.); Not coal can be used here, but rather liquid fuel (It can be used not coal, but liquid fuel). - The calculations were made in a hurry and therefore inaccurate.(impossible: The calculations were made hastily and inaccurately.); Maybe everything will end well, or maybe vice versa.(impossible: Maybe everything will end well, and vice versa).

Note!

Homogeneous term of the sentence after the introductory words and hence, and therefore, is not isolated, that is, a comma is not put after it.

For example: As a result, the strength of the electromagnetic field of the incoming signals, and hence the strength of the reception, increases many times; This scheme, and therefore the entire project as a whole, needs to be checked.

6) After the connecting union (at the beginning of an independent sentence), a comma is usually not put, since the union is closely adjacent to the introductory word following it:

And imagine, he staged this performance; And I dare to assure you, the performance was wonderful; And what do you think, he got his way; But one way or another, the decision was made.

Less often (with intonation highlighting of introductory words or introductory sentences, when they are included in the text by subordinate union) after the connecting union, a comma in front of the introductory construction is put:

But, to my great chagrin Shvabrin, usually condescending, decisively announced that my song was not good(Pushkin); And, as usual, they remembered only one good thing(Krymov).

7) Introductory words before the comparative turnover (with the union like), the target turnover (with the union so), etc., are separated from them on the basis of the general rule:

All this seemed strange to me, as well as to others; The son thought for a minute, probably to collect his thoughts(usually in these cases, the introductory word does not refer to the previous, but to the subsequent part of the sentence).

8) A dash may be used instead of a comma in introductory words, phrases and sentences.

Dash is used in the following cases:

if the introductory phrase forms an incomplete construction (some word is missing, which can be reconstructed from the context), then instead of one comma, a dash is usually put:

Chichikov ordered to stop for two reasons: on the one hand, to give the horses rest, on the other, to rest and refresh themselves.(Gogol) (the comma before the subordinate clause is absorbed by a dash);

a dash is placed in front of the introductory word as an additional decimal point if the introductory word is between two parts of a complex sentence and, in terms of meaning, can be attributed to either the preceding or the following part:

The dog disappeared - probably someone chased it from the yard(the dash emphasizes that not “the dog has probably disappeared”, but that “the dog has probably been driven away”).

Sometimes an additional sign emphasizes a causal or connecting relationship between parts of a sentence:

It was difficult to verify his words - obviously, the circumstances had changed a lot.

Sometimes a comma and a dash are placed before the introductory word at the beginning of a separate turn, and after it - a comma to avoid possible ambiguity:

Since there is still time, we will call someone additionally for the exam - for example, those who are re-taking (let's say in the meaning of "suppose", "say");

A dash is placed before the introductory word after the comma, if the part of the sentence following the introductory word summarizes what was said in the first part:

Chichikov asked with extreme precision who was the governor, who was the chairman of the chamber, who prosecutor, - in a word, did not miss a single significant person(Gogol);

using a dash, introductory sentences can be highlighted if they are quite common (have minor members):

To suspect Yakov Lukich of sabotage - now it seemed to him- it was not easy(Sholokhov); Let the enemy leave, or - as they say in the solemn language of military regulations- letting him come off is a big nuisance for the scouts, almost a shame(Kazakevich).

Often, when writing a text in Russian, the question arises of how to formalize the combination "in particular" according to the rules of punctuation. This phrase can play a different role in a sentence, and, accordingly, be differently highlighted with commas or not highlighted at all.

Consider the cases when "in particular" appears in a sentence as an introductory word or as a member of the sentence.

Introductory word "in particular" - features of punctuation

This introductory word indicates the sequence of thoughts of the author of the text, is located at the beginning, middle or end of a sentence and is always separated by commas. In such cases, the introductory word can be replaced with synonymous words:

• "especially";
• and etc.

The meeting brought together many people who came from the nearest cities and towns, which, in particular, suggests that the people are ready to fight for their future.

"In particular" is located in the middle of the sentence, separated by commas on both sides.

There was a wide variety of beautiful and rare plants in the flowerbed. In particular, Hawaiian chrysanthemum stood out among others.

Introductory word stands at the beginning of a sentence, followed by a comma.

When the combination "in particular" is not separated by commas

1 Is it separated with commas "in particular" or not, if it is in the composition, depends on its location in this turnover. The turnover itself is always highlighted with commas.

Many questions arose from me, in particular those that excite me as a mother of three children with an age difference of two years.

It is located at the beginning of a turn, so a comma is placed before it.

But compare:

Many different people was on his way, equally respecting him as a good teacher in particular.

Located at the end of a turn, no comma is placed before it.

If this combination is in the middle of the qualifying turnover, then it is highlighted with commas on both sides:

There is nothing better than relaxing by the sea, sipping on a hot summer day. , in particular, fruit cocktails from a straw, and swim in the warm sea, swaying on the waves.

2 Sometimes a phrase appears in a sentence with a noun with a preposition, in such cases “in particular” does not need to be isolated.

To make it easier to distinguish an introductory word from a noun with a preposition, you need to remember that, unlike the introductory word, the noun in the sentence plays syntactic role and you can ask a question to him.

I didn't go deep (into what?) In particular the profession of a pastry chef, except perhaps in the section on baking pies.

Here "in particular" answers the question "what time?" and may be replaced by "in detail", "in detail".

3 If the phrase is part of the structures "in general (in general) and ... in particular", then it does not need to be separated by commas:

The President spoke about improving health care policy in general, and in particular about the opening of new hospitals.

He was very responsive to all the people around him in general and to children in particular.

In the first two parts, we have already sorted out many issues of punctuation in introductory words and phrases. In the third part of the article, you will learn about the features of punctuation in constructions in particular, mainly, the main thing, it means, on the contrary, for example and at least. They can act not only as introductory, but also as ordinary members of the sentence, depending on this, punctuation marks are placed. Let's consider these words and phrases in more detail.

!!! Introductory words and phrases are separated by commas on both sides.

Combination in particular may indicate a relationship between parts of a statement, and in this case it is introductory.

We have considered the topic "Combination" in several articles, in particular, in the article "Subordinate relations in a word-combination".

However, the combination in particular can be part of the connecting structure. If it is at the beginning or at the end of this construction, then in this case it is separated by commas along with it.

I love Italian food, in particular spaghetti

!!! Design generally and in particular not separated by commas.

We talked about education in general and in particular about school education.

Mainly is introductory, if this combination is used to evaluate a fact, to highlight. Moreover, if the combination mainly is part of the connecting structure, then they stand out together.

The house has many rooms, but we mainly going to the living room.

About three hundred young people, mainly students gathered in the square(included in the connecting structure).

If the combination mainly has the meaning "most", "first of all", then it is not introductory.

Students achieve good results mainly thanks to their hard work.

Word main is introductory if it matters "Especially important", "especially important".

To successfully pass the exams, you need to prepare a lot, main, on one's own.

If the word means can be replaced with synonyms "Therefore", "therefore", then it is introductory.

If people are born, get married, die, means, so it is necessary, means, this is good.

Often a word means has a meaning close to " means», In this case the punctuation marks depend on the place occupied by the word means in the sentence.

1. If means is between the subject and the predicate, then a dash is placed in front of it, and no punctuation mark is placed after it.

Be in love - means understand and forgive.

2. Between parts of a non-union complex sentence or between parts of a complex sentence, the word means is separated by commas on both sides.

Spring is coming soon means, it will be sunny and warm.

If he's so persistent in his mistrust, means, he has a reason.

3. In other cases, this word is not distinguished by any signs.

You came and this means a lot for me.

If the word, on the contrary, is used as an introductory word, then it is highlighted with commas.

Instead of repenting, he vice versa, took an even more challenging pose.

Combination and vice versa can replace clause members and whole clauses.

This combination is highlighted with commas if it replaces a whole sentence by joining a non-subordinate clause (we can assume that a part of a compound sentence is being replaced).

The more we learn, the more we know and vice versa (the part “the less we learn, the less we know” is replaced)

If the substitution If there is a member of the sentence or a combination and vice versa is attached to the subordinate clause, in these cases commas are not needed.

We know there are holidays when women congratulate men. and vice versa (men congratulate women).

This handle can be rotated from left to right and vice versa (from right to left).

Word for example as an input, it is highlighted with commas on both sides.

I'm ready for you for example, explain the rule about alternating roots.

If the word for example stands at the beginning or end of a turnover, it stands out along with the turnover.

I was lucky to visit many countries, for example in Croatia.

Many were interested in this question, Socrates for example.

If after of this word enumeration of homogeneous members begins, then a colon is placed after it, and a comma in front of it.

We know there are many names for tea, for example: white, black, yellow, green, red.

Combination at least is not introductory if it means "At least", "not less than". If this combination helps the speaker to express his attitude to the utterance, has a restrictive and excretory meaning, then it acts as an introductory one and is highlighted with commas.

At least one someone at least, decided on a man's act(grade)

She was looking forward to these meetings, and he, along the edge at least, tried not to be late(grade).

At least I will know what to do in such situations.

Like other introductory words and combinations, the combination at least, being at the beginning or end of the turnover, it is highlighted together with the turnover.

I know that if they come to arrest me, I will not surrender alive and will have time to take many police officers with me, at least seven, that's for sure.

Punctuation for introductory words and combinations, as you can see, has many peculiarities, therefore difficulties often arise when performing tests or writing examination papers... Do not be upset if something does not work out for you right away! Desire and practice will bear fruit!

Good luck and beautiful, competent Russian language!

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In particular

introductory word

It is distinguished by punctuation marks, usually commas. For details on punctuation for introductory words, see Appendix 2. ()

Schellenberg in particular organized the supply of German units on the Atlantic Wall with British automatic weapons. Yu. Semenov, Seventeen Moments of Spring. The desire for the complete destruction of the failed life on the planet, which engulfed his descendants, was realized, in particular, in the flight of the Tormansian ancestors. I. Efremov, The Hour of the Bull.

The words "in particular" in the connection turnover are separated together with the words related to them.

But on the other hand, interest in outside world , in particular to books, and began to greatly change the memory. A. Chekhov, Chamber No. 6. I'm also used to writing down my thoughts on anything., in particular on cigarette boxes. K. Paustovsky, Golden Rose.

Punctuation marks are not required in the construction "... in general and ... in particular".

I thought about you, about attractiveness in general and yours in particular . I. Efremov, Razor Blade.

Punctuation Dictionary. - M .: Reference and information Internet portal GRAMOTA.RU. V. V. Svintsov, V. M. Pakhomov, I. V. Filatova. 2010 .

See what "in particular" is in other dictionaries:

CHAPTER Z: WHAT DOES THE HISTORY OF COOKING TEACH AND, IN PARTICULAR, THE HISTORY OF THE MENUS?- So, what conclusions can be drawn from the review of the development and change of the lunch menu of different classes of the population of Russia over the past 150-200 years? What conclusions can be drawn from that comparison of dishes that differ in composition and in their nutritional character ... ... Great encyclopedia culinary arts

in particular- for example, so, namely, at least, especially, for example, to say approximately, at least approximately, precisely, say, for example, say the Dictionary of Russian synonyms. in particular adverb, number of synonyms: 12 namely (10) ... Synonym dictionary

in particular- in particular, introductory. sl. The remarks, in particular, related to the style ... Together. Apart. Hyphened.

in particular- see particular; in zn. input word-of-mouth Control. to clarify, clarify what l. in the sign: precisely, especially. Pay attention to gait in particular. Change the production technology, in particular the order of operations ... Dictionary of many expressions

direct data exchange between bays, in particular for the implementation of high-speed functions such as online blocking- [Intent] Interface model of a substation automation system Logic interfaces at substation 1 ... Technical translator's guide

In particular- PRIVATE, and, well. Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

PHILOSOPHY OF MORALITY science, in particular in the Catholic. theology,- PHILOSOPHY OF MORALS science, in particular in Catholic. theology is the same as ethics. Philosophical encyclopedic Dictionary. 2010 … Philosophical Encyclopedia

in particular- in particular … Spelling dictionary-reference

without going into particular- adverb, number of synonyms: 5 at a gallop across Europe (17) without going into details (25) ... Synonym dictionary

In particular- adv. qualities. are. 1. Used when highlighting a homogeneous member of the sentence, which is more specific in relation to the more general homogeneous member, corresponding in meaning to the word: in particular, especially. 2. Used as ... ... Modern explanatory dictionary Russian language Efremova

Books

• Thoughts on history in general and Russian history in particular, Yu. Venelin. 1847, University Printing House, Moscow. Original cover. The preservation is good. Owner's notes on the cover. Thoughts about history in general and Russian in particular, and about the time of birth ... Buy for 11471.6 rubles
• A note on judicial reform in the Western Territory in general and in particular in the Kiev province, Kolmakov. Note on judicial reform in the Western Territory in general and in particular in the Kiev province / Comp. N. M. Kolmakov U 425/75 E 85/187: Kiev: typ. M.P. Fritz, 1872: Comp. N. M. Kolmakov Reproduced in ...