Unicellic (The simplest, lat - protozoa) - the organisms whose body consists of one cell, while at the same time independent holistic organism with all the features inherent in it. In terms of organization, unicellites belong to prokaryotam (bacteria, archaeus) and eukaryotes (some algae, simplest, mushrooms).

Unlike the cells of the multicellular organism, unicellular organizations have organoids special purpose. These are organides of the movement - Fallencoas - pseudopodia; flagella, cilia.

There are organo-osmoregulation organides - contractile vacuoles. There are specialized organs providing irritability.

There are three main types of simplest:

1) Sarkozhogutonsky (including 2 classes: sarcodic and flagella)

2) Spores 3) Infusoria

• Organisms with an elongated oval or pear-shaped body make up a class zhgutikov They are about 1000 species. Orgella movement - flagella, which various class representatives can be from 1 to 8 or more.
• The reproduction occurs most often by dividing the input: usually one person gives rise to two subsidiary.

Spores

• Sea and water bodies
• It is part of benthos - organisms living in the thickness of water, at various depths.
• There are components of the marine plankton of the bottom inhabitants.
• The soil
• Multicellular living organisms, including a person

Value

Positive:

1. Room in the power chain

2. Maintaining soil fertility

3. The remains of the dead plants and animals, lowering on the bottom, pick up the bottom simplest.

4. Digestion of cellulose in the body of vegetation animals

5. The skeletons of the simplest form the basis of sediment rocks

Value

Negative:

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Presentation on the topic: Variety of single-celled organisms

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The structure of the simplest, their body consists of 1 cell operating as a whole organism. The cells of the simplest are capable of independent nutrition, movement, protection against enemies and to the experience of unfavorable conditions. The cell of the simplest organism is limited to the outer membrane. Most species of the simplest under the membrane have a dense elastic shell - pellicula. Sometimes pellicula is missing and its functions performs a more dense homogeneous surface layer of cytoplasm - an ectoplasm surrounding a more liquid and grain endoplasm. In a number of other types of simplest, except for pellicula, a thicker outer sheath is formed, performing a protective and reference function. In the endoplasm there is a kernel (or several nuclei), cellular organoids (ribosomes, an endoplasmic network, a Golgi complex, Mitochondria, etc.), as well as some special organides and inclusions. The cells of the simplest are sizes from 3 μm to 3 mm (an average of 50-150 microns). In most cases, their body shape is asymmetric, some having a more dense skeletal structure are built on radial radial, spiral or double-sided symmetry.

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The reproduction of non-cellular reproduction can be carried out by simply division, which is called mitosis. It is typical for Ameb and infusories. Soryogony, or multiple division, is a breeding form that has developed from the previous one. In case of sidesogony, a multiple division of the core without cytokinesis occurs, and then the entire cytoplasm is distributed on particles, inspired around the kernel. Many subsidiaries are formed from one cell. The connection is that a small tubercle containing the kernel is originally formed on the maternal cell. The kidney is growing, reaches the size of the maternal individual and then separated from it. The construment is found in animals belonging to the type of simplest, the class of disputes. The dispute is one of the stages of the life cycle, which serves for breeding, it consists of a cage covered with a shell protecting against adverse conditions of the external environment.

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Unicellular (protozoa, lat - protozoa) - organisms whose body consists of one cell, while being with the independent holistic organism with all the functions inherent in it. In terms of organization, unicellites belong to prokaryotam (bacteria, archaeus) and eukaryotes (some algae, simplest, mushrooms).

Unlike the cells of the multicellular organism, unicellites have special purpose organo. These are organides of the movement - Fallencoas - pseudopodia; flagella, cilia. There are organo-osmoregulation organides - contractile vacuoles. There are specialized organs providing irritability.

Birchtop organisms with an elongated oval or pear-shaped body make up a class of flavored, there are about 1000 species. Orgella movement - flagella, which various class representatives can be from 1 to 8 or more. The reproduction occurs most often by dividing the input: usually one person gives rise to two subsidiary.

Sarkodic class includes a variety of aquatic unicellites: ameb, sunburn, radiation. Among the AmeB, except for forms that do not have a skeleton or shells. Sarcodes are characterized by a non-permanent body shape. Breathing is carried out by its entire surface. Power - heterotrophic. Reproduction is an intimate, there is also a sexual process.

The value is positive: 1. Power chain link 2. Maintaining soil fertility 3. The remains of the dead plants and animals, descending to the bottom, pick up the bottom simplest. 4. Digestion of cellulose in the body of vegetative animals 5. The skeletons of the simplest components of sediment rocks

Lecture: Variety of organisms: single-celled and multicellular; AutoTrophy, heterotrophs, aerobes, anaerobes

Kingdom of living organisms

Living organisms are divided into various parameters of the structure, vital activity, metabolism into different groups. According to the features of the structure and the peculiarities of life - on the largest groups - kingdoms. Currently there are 7 kingdoms of living organisms.

Distinctive features are:

1. The presence of lipid lipids in the membranes with simple ether bond;

2. Do not form a dispute;

3. Do not synthesize fatty acids.

Cells may have an unusual form - for example, to be flat and square. Live everywhere - in the intestines of warm-blooded, hot springs, salted lakes, oceans. Reproduction is punish.

Cells are small, ribosomes, nucleoids and cytoplasmic membrane are found from organoids. The nucleoid is a non-emblem structure in which one ring-shaped DNA molecule is located. Have a cell wall of Minein.

Bacteria with a thicker cell wall are called gram-positive. The gram-negative wall is 10 times thinner. Disputes and cysts can form a delayed metabolism forms to survive unfavorable conditions. Do not have sexual reproduction.

Protista. This kingdom includes organisms on the residual principle that it is difficult to attribute certainly to any other kingdom. These are mushroom organisms, some of the algae, the simplest. These include eurlen, foraminifera, malaria plasma, infusoria, tribanosomes. Unicellular and colonial organisms that have a lot different propertiescharacteristic of other kingdoms in unexpected combinations. It is believed that they relate evolutionary to transitional forms. Currently, representatives of the kingdom of chromists are related to them.

Plants. Common signs for them, distinguishing from other kingdoms, are:

1. The presence of cellulose cell wall;

2. Special organelles - plasts;

3. Lifestyle - attached;

4. Stock starch;

5. Grow throughout life;

6. The regulatory function is performed by phytohormones.

Distinctive signs of the kingdom are:

1. Oogamia is a sexual process in which men's and female gamets are very different from each other with dimensions and shape.

2. The presence of tissues;

3. The presence of stages of Blastuly and Gastrul in embryonic development;

4. The spare cell of the cell is glycogen. No cellulose cell wall. Have limited growth - up to a certain size. Available complicated structure Intracellular membranes, outer shell - glycocalix.

The distinctive features of the kingdom are:

1. The genome on primitiveness is close to the procarnible;

2. The vegetative body - mycelium, has unlimited growth, fixedly enshrined;

3. Reproduction of sexual, disputes;

4. Have a cell wall of chitin;

5. Multi-core cells, it is possible to divide without separation of the kernel, the kernel can move between the cells;

6. May, in contrast to animals, synthesize lysine.

Spare substance is glycogen.

Types of food

By type of food, all living organisms are divided into two groups:

Avtotrophny. These include phototrophropes - green plants, and chemotrofas - some rubbers, mushrooms and bacteria. These are organisms that are produced producing organic substances from inorganic. They are sketchically on the first stage of the ecological pyramid.

Heterotrophic. These are organisms that feed organic substancesproduced by their other types. In the ecological pyramid, all levels are engaged in the lower, on which the autotrophic is located. In turn, heterotrophic organisms are divided into consumers - consumers and renders, decomposing the organications to simple organic and inorganic substances. At the same time, herbivorous animals are first-level heterotrofas, predators who eaten by herbivorous - second-level heterotrofas, predators feeding with predators - the third and so on.

Since when energy transitions from one level of the ecological pyramid on another is lost up to 90% stored in chemical bonds Energy substances, fourth-order heterotrophy and higher is quite rare. Consultations of the 4th order are, for example, predatory birds.

In relation to oxygen, living organisms are divided into four large groups:

Bond aeroboms - those who cannot live without oxygen, because cellular respiration processes are impossible. These include most animals and green plants.

Microeerophilov- Either some kind of bacteria, which requires a small amount of oxygen for vital activity - about 2%.

Optional anaerobov - These include living organisms that can do without oxygen, but are capable of switching to oxygen breathing. These are oily acid and lactic acid bacteria, yeast.

Bonde anaerobov - These organisms are dying in an oxygen medium. These include chemeosynthetic bacteria and archaeys.

Anaerobic bacteria play important role In the cycle of substances, making it accessible to other participants environmental Systems. Biologically, an anaerobic method for producing energy is much less effective than oxygen breathing. For example, when breathing is formed from one glucose molecule 38 of the ATP molecules, and with an oxygenous fermentation of it - 2 molecules.

Basic provisions evolutionary theory Ch. Darwin

The evolutionary theory of Darwin is a holistic doctrine of historical development organic world. It covers a wide range of problems, the most important of which are evidence of evolution, identifying the driving forces of evolution, the definition of paths and patterns of the evolutionary process, etc.

The essence of the evolutionary teaching is the following basic provisions:

All kinds of living beings inhabiting the Earth have never been created by someone.

Arriving naturally, organic forms slowly and gradually transformed and improved in accordance with the surrounding conditions.

The transformation of species in nature is the properties of organisms as heredity and variability, as well as the natural selection that is constantly occurring in nature. Natural selection is carried out through the complex interaction of organisms with each other and with the factors of inanimate nature; These relations of Darwin called the struggle for existence.

The result of evolution is the fitness of organisms to the conditions of their habitat and the diversity of species in nature.

Simplest. Classification. Specific traits Organizations. Meaning for medicine

The common features of the organization of the simplest are the following:

Most of the simplest are unicellular, less often colonial organisms. Their unicellular body has functions of a holistic organism, which are performed by the general purpose orgella (kernel, an endoplasmic network, the Golges complex, lysosomes, mitochondria, ribosomes, etc.) and special (digestive and contractile vacuoles, flagella, cilia, etc.). Consistently functioning, they provide a separate cell the possibility of existence as an independent organism.

The covers of the simplest are represented either only the plasma membrane, or also a dense, rather flexible and elastic shell - a pellicula that gives them the relative constancy of the body shape. In the cytoplasm, two layers are clearly distinguished: superficial, more dense - ectoplasm, and internal, more liquid and grainy - endoplasm, in which organelles of the simplest. Thanks to the colloidal properties of the cytoplasm, these two layers can mutually move into each other.

Most Organo Movement of Most Views - Falls, Flashing, Flaws or Numerous Short Cilia.

Freshwater unicellites have 1- 2 contracting vacuoles, the main function of which is to maintain the constancy of the osmotic pressure carried out for

An irrigate of the simplest manifests in the form of Taxis.

Most of the simplest has the ability to transfer adverse conditions in a state of resting stage - cysts. In this case, the cell is rounded, retracts or discarding the organoids of movement and is covered with a dense protective sheath. The stage of the cyst makes it possible to easily not only worry in an inactive condition of adverse conditions, but also to settle. Once in favorable conditions, the simplest leaves the ciste shell and begins to eat and multiply.

The simplest are divided into classes: root, flagella, infusories, disputes.

Manifold and the value of unicellular

Some harness, for example, Volvox - colonial organisms. The Sharovid Colony of Valvox combines from 8 to 10 thousand windows, semi submersible in a student, filling the cavity of the ball. All colony cells are interconnected by cytoplasmic bridges, thanks to which it is possible to coordinate the beating of flavors and the movement of the colony.

Free-lived auto-beerotrophic flagellas play a huge role in the life of water bodies, being initial links food chains, and formed by them during photosynthesis oxygen satuates the aqueous medium and is used to breathe hydrobionts.

The simplest is the most ancient type of animals. The most ancient classes of this type are taken to attribute roynozhki and flagella, which are believed to occur from the primitive, extinct group of eukaryotic heterotrophic organisms. It is assumed that all multicellular organisms lead from flaky (through colonial forms).