Is there an objective reality, or the universe - fantasy? In 1982, a wonderful event occurred. In the University of Paris, the research team under the guidance of Physics Alain Aspect conducted an experiment that could be one of the most significant in the 20th century.

You did not hear about it in the evening news. In fact, if you do not need to read scientific journalsMost likely, you did not even hear the name of the Alain Aspect, although some scientists believe that his discovery can change the face of science.

ASPECT and his group found that under certain conditions elementary particles, for example, electrons are able to instantly communicate with each other, regardless of the distance between them. It has values, 10 feet between them or 10 billion miles. Somehow, each particle always knows what is different.

The problem of this discovery is that it violates Einstein's postulate on the limit speed of propagation of interaction, equal speed of light. As the journey faster speed Lights is equivalent to overcoming the temporary barrier, this frightening perspective forced some physicists to try to clarify the experiments of Aspect by complex bypass pathways.

But, others it inspired to offer even more radical explanations. For example, the physicist of the University of David Bohm London considered that from the opening aspect it follows that objective reality does not exist that, despite its obvious density, the universe at its base - fantasy, giant, luxuriously detailed hologram .

To understand why Bohm did such a striking conclusion, you need to say about holograms. The hologram is a three-dimensional photo made with a laser. To make a hologram, first of all, a photographed item must be lit by the laser light. Then, the second laser beam, folding with the reflected light from the subject, gives an interference picture that can be fixed on the film. The finished snapshot looks like a meaningless alternation of bright and dark lines. But it is worth highlighting the snapshot to another laser beam, as the three-dimensional image of the source object immediately appears.

Three-dimensionality is not the only one wonderful propertyHologram inherent. If the hologram with the image of the rose is cut in half and light with a laser, each half will contain a whole image of the same rose of exactly the same size. If you continue to cut the hologram on smaller pieces, on each of them we will again find an image total The object as a whole. In contrast to the usual photography, each portion of the hologram contains information about everything subject, but with a proportionally appropriate decrease in clarity.

The principle of hologram - "Everything in each part" - allows us to be fundamentally in a new way to the issue of organizancy and ordering. Throughout almost all of its history, Western science developed with the idea that the best way Understand the physical phenomenon, whether it is a frog or an atom, it is to dissemble it and explore the composite parts.

The hologram showed us that some things in the universe cannot be studied in this way. If we disseminate anything, arranged holographically, we will not get parts from which it consists, and get the same thing, but less accuracy.

This approach inspired BOHM to other interpretation of ASPECT works. Bohm was confident that elementary particles interact at any distance not because they exchange some mysterious signals among themselves, but because their separation is illusory. He explained that at some deeper level of reality, such particles are not separate objects, but in fact extensions of something more fundamental.

To understand it better, Bohm offered the following illustration. Imagine aquarium with fish. Imagine also that you cannot see the aquarium directly, and you can only observe two television screens that transmit images from cameras located one in front, the other side of the aquarium. Looking at the screens, you can conclude that fish on each of the screens are separate objects. Since the cameras transmit images at different angles, fish look different.

But, continuing observation, after a while you will find that there is a relationship between two fish on different screens. When one fish turns, the other also changes the direction of movement, a little differently, but always, respectively, first; When one fish you see Fear, the other certainly in the profile. If you do not own a complete picture of the situation, you will rather conclude that fish should somehow communicate with each other something like that is a random coincidence.

Bohm argued that this is exactly what happens with elementary particles in the ASPECT experiment. According to BOHM, explicit ultra-light interaction between particles tells us that there is a deeper level of reality, hidden from us, higher dimension than ours, as an analogy with aquarium. And, he adds, we see particles separately because we see only a part of reality.

Particles are not separate "parts", but the face of a deeper unity, which, ultimately, is also holographic and invisible, as the rose mentioned above. And, since everything in physical reality consists of these "phantoms", the universe observed by us by itself is a projection, a hologram.

In addition to her "phantominess", such an universe can have other amazing properties. If the obvious separation of particles is an illusion, it means, on a deeper level, all items in the world can be infinitely interconnected. Electrons in carbon atoms in our brain are associated with electrons of each sailing salmon, each beating heart, every flickering star.

Everything interpelves with everything, and although the human nature is typical of everything to separate, dismember, spread all the phenomena of nature, all divisions as needed - artificial, and nature, ultimately, appears to be an incidental web.

In the holographic world, even time and space can not be taken as a basis. Because this characteristic, as a position, does not make sense in the universe, where nothing, in fact, is not separated from each other; Time and three-dimensional space, like images of fish on screens, it will be necessary to consider no more than projections.

At this, a deeper level, reality is something like a supergologram, in which the past, present and future exist at the same time. This means that, with the help of the appropriate toolkit, it may be possible to penetrate into the supergologram and extract the pictures of the long forgotten past.

What else can carry a hologram - still far from knowing. Suppose, for example, that the hologram is a matrix that gives the beginning of everything in the world. At a minimum, it has all the elementary particles that took or will ever take any possible shape of matter and energy, from snowflakes to quasars, from blue whales to gamma rays. It's like a universal super market, which has everything.

Although Bohm recognized that we have no way to find out what the hologram is still in itself, he took the courage to say that we have no reason to assume that there is nothing more. In other words, perhaps the holographic level of the world is just one of the steps of endless evolution.

Bohm is not alone in his desire to explore the properties of the holographic world. It is hurability from it, the neurophysiologist from the Standford University of Karl Pribram, working in the brain study, is also inclined to the holographic picture of the world.

Alan Aspects (STE) error - in making an unproved assumption that the "whole" electron is always operating in the emission. The existence of an "electron" is a hypothesis that must be checked experimentally, as well as the existence of a "photon". When only a small part of the electronic cloud is involved in the radiation, it is emitted by the wave zug of low intensity, and the probability of counts of counts from such a CGU becomes too small.

In 1986, French Physicians, Grunge, Roger and ASPE conducted a decisive experiment, to give a direct response to key question quantum Physics - Is the light of wave tsugs or from photons? .

The idea of \u200b\u200bthe experiment (Fig. 1) consisted that the radiation fell to the "beam separator": a translucent BS mirror, which shared it into two equal parts, each of which was recorded by its detector (FEU). If the light consists of particles - photons, then such a particle can either go through the mirror, or to reflect from it, so the photon can not get on both FES immediately. If the light consists of wave tsuges, then each tsug is divided by a mirror into two equal parts, which will fall on both detectors at the same time.

To implement a "single-photon state", French physicists used cascade radiation of calcium atoms: while one photon with different frequencies is emitted one by one ν 1 and ν 2 . The first of these photons was used as "triggering", the second - as "working".

The starting photon caused the pulse on the PM 0 detector , and this impulse for time τ \u003d 2τ s. Included two other detectors: PM1 (For a photon pasted through the BS mirror) and PM2 (For a photon, reflected from the mirror). In order for detectors to distinguish the starting and working photons, in front of PM0 put a filter that transmits only the frequencyν 1 , and in front of PM 1 and PM 2 - Filters that transmit only frequencyν 2 . To count the correlations Signals from PM detectors1 and PM 2 Enrolled on the coincidence counter. In the event of justice, the photon hypothesis of correlation should not have the place, in the absence of photons in the wave field of radiation - correlations should be very frequent.

Account Count Speed N. 1 I. N. 2 associated with the speed of the starting signalsN. 0 as:
N. 1 = ε 1N. 0
N. 2 = ε 2N. 0

where ε 1 I. ε 2 - The effectiveness of registration of working photons, mainly determined by the quantum outlet of the FEU and the corporal angle, under which the working radiation is separated.
The effectiveness of registration of trigger photons is defined as:
N. 0 = ε 0N. f.
Where N. f. - The number of photons (or wave tsuges) per unit of time: the value that cannot be directly measured.
The effectiveness of registration in this experiment, according to the assessment of the authors, was equal:
ε 1 = ε 2 = ε \u003d 0.6x10 (-3)
and correspondingly:
N. 1 = N. 2 = N.

The theoretical assessment of the rating speed of the NA coincidence from the flow of wave tsuges was defined as:

N. c. = εε 0N. f. (k + k² / 2) \u003d ε n (k + k² / 2)

where to - The average number of light pulses (CGOs or photons) entering the PM detector0 During τ \u003d 2τs. . The second term is determined by random overlays of light pulses during this gap, therefore, for the correctness of the experiment, it was necessary to comply with the conditions for<< 1.
Wherein:

N. c. = to ε n. (1)

The speed of coincidences observed in the experiment turned out to be almost an order of magnitude less than the value calculated by the formula (1) and could only be attributed to the random overlay of triggered pulses. Thus, the authors consider proven that the light is a flow of localized particles - photons that cannot be divided.

In the same article, the authors report an interference experiment with the same radiation. The fact that the same radiation field in some experiments exhibits corpuscular, and in other - wave properties, is adopted as a fact that is not subject to the explanation and in such a quality of quantum physics for all axiomatics.

Meanwhile, the experimental proof of the corpuscular nature of the radiation proposed by Alan ASPE with co-authors, contains a significant flaw, which has not yet been drawn to sufficient attention. This flaw is that the experimental technique is based on a silent assumption of a fundamental nature that needs to be inspected by itself. If the issue of the existence of a corpuscular photon is raised, then at the same time the same question should be placed on the existence of a corpuscular electron.

Two hypotheses: the localized electron and the continuous electronic field - lead to fundamentally different conclusions about the radiation structure. If there is an indivisible electron, then in each act of radiation, it is entirely involved in its transitions from a higher state to lower the cells of the electromagnetic field, the integral of the amplitude of which is always equal to one and the amount that can be accepted for 1 ("Condition normalization of a single electronic state "). It is from this assumption that Alan is based aspect with co-authors, without being discussed another possibility that decisively affects the interpretation of their experiment.

If the reality is not an electron-container, but the electronic field in space and time, the "normalization condition" (in any case, for the excited electronic cloud) ceases to be mandatory: at the top level, only a small part of a single electronic "cloud" can be at the top level. In the transition of this cloud to the lower level, electromagnetic curance will be emitted as low intensity, which will lead to a decrease in the theoretical assessment of the probability of counts of counts from one such CGU.

Having assumes the average value of the top-level population equal to W, we must make this parameter as a fare in assessing the probability of correlations (1), namely:

N. c. = W. to ε n. (2)

To estimate the value of the parameter W. In the experiment of Alan ASPE with co-authors, we turn to earlier items, in which the device used by their radiation source is described in detail. The excitation of the cascade transition levels in the calcium atom was performed using the joint action of two lasers, however, there was a significant mismatch of the frequencies of lasers with frequencies of each individual transition (Fig. 2 or Fig.1 B). For the bottom stage of the cascade emitting a "working photon", the transition wavelength was 422.7 nm, while the wavelength of the excitation laser was 406 nm. From here we get the mismatch of frequencies:

Δω \u003d 2πδν. \u003d 1.9x10 (14) Hz.

A two-tier system under the action of the external field oscillates in such a way that part of the electron density periodically moves from the lower level to the upper and back (see, for example, §5.2). Provided that the population of the lower level is close to 1, the population population is defined as:

W \u003d (Ω R. / Ω) ²Sin² (Ωt)

Ω = √ (Ω R. ² + ∆ω²)
Given that Ω R. << ∆ω выражение для заселенности приобретает вид:
W \u003d (Ω R. / Δω) ²Sin² (Δωt) (3)
Rabbi frequencyΩ R. Determined as:
Ω R. = d. AB E. / ћ
Where d. AB - the dipole moment of the transition,E. - amplitude of the exciting field.

The intensity of laser radiation in the working area of \u200b\u200bthe described source can be estimated as j \u003d 0.3x10³W / cm² and, accordingly, amplitude
E \u003d. √ (2π J. / from) \u003d 0.5x10³B / cm
The frequency of slave is equal to:
Ω R. \u003d 1.7x10 (9) Hz
Substituting in (3) valuesΩ R. and ∆ω We obtain estimation of the upper work level population (4S4P1):

W. ~ 10(-10) (4)

If the electron is indivisible corpus, then the population W. Determines the likelihood of its stay at the top level, but in each emission act, the electron passes from the top level to the lower all entirely, the emitting electromagnetic zug, naturally "normalized" to 1.

If there are no corpuscular electrons, but there is only a continuous electron field, then the value W determines which proportion of the integral density of a single electronic state (conditionally adopted for 1) is at the top level. Accordingly, the integral intensity of the emitted CGU will amount to the same share of the unit CGU, which is equivalent to a decrease in the efficiency of the reference system, in accordance with (2).

As a result, the speed of the coincidence, according to (2), will be:

N. c. / N \u003d Wqε. ~ 0.6x10 (-13)

Instead N. c. / N. \u003d 0.6x10 (-3) According to Alan ASPE with co-authors. It is clear that at such low values \u200b\u200bof efficiency, no signal correlations from the unit Cuga could not be detected.

Thus, to confirm or denial the hypothesis about the existence of photons using the APE technique, it is necessary to repeat the experiment in compliance with the condition:
W ~ 1.
This can be achieved by eliminating frequency mismatch, i.e. selection of lasers with accurate resonance (∆ω << Ω R. ) For each of the two cascade transitions.

The principal conclusion from our reasoning is that the question of the spatial structure of the electromagnetic field should be solved in parallel with the question of the spatial structure of the electronic field.

1. P.Grangier, G.ROGER, A.Aspect. EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE FOR A PHOTON ANTI-CORRELATION EFFECT ON BEAMSPLITTER. Europhys. Lett. Vol.1. PP. 173-179, 1986.
2. A.Aspect, P.Grangier, G.ROGER. Experimental Tests of Realistic Local Theories Via Bell "S Theorem.
Phys. Rev. Lett. Vol. 47, Num. 7. PP. 460-463, 1981.
3. A.Aspect, C.imbert, G.ROGer. Absolute Measurement of An Atomic Cascade Rate Using A TWO Photon Coincidence Technique Application to the 4p²¹S0 - 4S4P1p1 - 4sqc¹s0 Cascade of Calcium Exited by A TWO Photon Absorption.
Optics COMM. Vol. 31, Num. 1. pp. 46-52.
4. M.O.SCULLY, M.S.Zubairy. Quantum Optics. Cambridge Univ. Press, 1997.
Rus. Translation: M.O. Kolly, M.S.Zubay. Quantum optics. M. Fizmatgiz, 2003.

L.REgelson. 2009

Physics from Austria and Poland received new experimental confirmations of paradoxical from the point of view of classical physics of the properties of quantum objects. This is stated in the article by Professor of the University of Anton Tsaylinger (Anton Zeilinger) and his colleagues, which on April 19 appeared in the magazine Nature..

This work is now continuing the quarter-time tradition of testing experiments to verify the so-called Bell inequalities, launched in 1982 by the French physicist Alain Aspa (Alain Aspect). In 1964, John Bell (John Bell), who worked in CERN, indicated the possibility of experimental verification of the principle of local realism, which Albert Einstein believed the mandatory attribute of any reasonable physical theory. Einstein believed that the results of the definition of any measurable parameters of the physical system, firstly, are fully set by its state to the measurement act and, secondly, they cannot change under the influence of any remote events, if those do not report signals in advance, speed which does not exceed the speed of light. From the point of view of Einstein, the first requirement expresses the idea of \u200b\u200brealism of the physical description, and the second is the requirement of locality.

Bell first realized that the principle of local realism admits a strict experienced verification. He proved the fundamental importance to theorem (see the Bella Theorem), which implies that, subject to this principle of correlation between measurable physical quantities, it should be satisfied with certain relations, which are now called Bella inequalities. Over time, a whole direction arose in theoretical physics on the search for new options for this theorem and inequalities arising from it.

Experimental check of the Bella Theorem strongly dragged into a variety of technical difficulties. Only in 1982, the postgraduate student of the University of Paris, and now Professor of the Higher Polytechnic School of France, Academician Alain Aspa, held a series of precision experiments with pairwise related light quanta, which demonstrated a violation of Bella inequalities (the measured parameters were the directions of linear polarization of these quanta). Later, similar experiments were repeated more than once with other physicists, not only with photons - and with absolutely the same results. Ultimately, among physicists, the view was entitled that quantum mechanical objects, in contrast to classical, do not allow descriptions through theories that simultaneously satisfy the requirements of realism and locality.

However, the experienced check of the Bella Theorem and its later modifications did not close the problem of interpreting the deep meaning of the quantum mechanical description of reality - on the contrary, she translated it to a new level. If quantum theories cannot simultaneously be realistic and local, then what follows from this? Is it possible to preserve locality in quantum mechanics, sacrificing realism? Or save realism, dropping locality (and this will remind you, the prohibition on the impacts spreading with superluminal speed)? Or need to go even further, refusing from realism, and from locality? Or, which is not excluded, this choice is just a matter of taste?

Tsaylinger and his colleagues did not find out of this conceptual labyrinth, but still advanced in this direction. Like ascha, they also worked with pairs inseparably interrelated (as they say physics, confused) photons, measuring the parameters of their polarization. At the same time, they proceeded from such a determination of the completeness of the physical description, which clearly did not contain the requirements of locality. This definition includes three positions, the first of which is the requirement of realism. Second paragraph: Any system of light quanta is a statistical mixture of photon ensembles with certain polarization values. The third paragraph: the polarization parameters of these ensembles meet the classical law of Malyus (this law claims that the intensity of linearly polarized light after passing through the analyzer changes in proportion to the square of the cosine of the angle between the planes of the polarization of the incident light and the analyzer). Authors of Article B. Nature. It was shown that certain inequalities follow from these requirements, which should be satisfied with the measured correlation between the polarization characteristics of light. However, these inequalities were more complicated by Bellakov, and for their inspection should have been experimenting with elliptically polarized light. Such measurements are technically much more complicated by asset experiments with linearly polarized photons.

Tsaylinger and his colleagues found that modified inequalities are also not performed. This means that in the world of quantum mechanics, realism is incompatible not only with locality, but also with a very wide class of nonlocal descriptions. True, it is possible that there are some forms of nonlocality that do not conflict with realism. However, the authors of the article in Nature. Make an alternative conclusion. In their opinion, the experiment with elliptically polarized light showed that the incompatibility between quantum mechanics and the ideal of classical realism is much stronger than most physicists believed. For example, it can be assumed that each photon from the ensemble studied is somehow polarized, but it cannot be attributed to any particular polarization parameter.

To understand how this conclusion is contrary to our everyday experience, imagine its classic analogue: the seller tells the buyer that it can offer several specific wines brands, but in principle it is not able to read a label on any bottle. Physicists from the Tsailinger group do not even exclude the need to refuse such teasets of science as Aristotelian logic or inability to influence the past. In any case, as Aspe noted in the comments published in the same issue Nature.The results of the Tsaylinger group can be the beginning of a "deeper understanding of the great secrets of quantum mechanics."

Sources:
1) Simon Gröblacher et al. An Experimental Test Of Non-Local Realism // Nature.. V. 446. P. 871-875.
2) Alain Aspect. Quantum Mechanics: To Be or Not to Be Local // Nature.. V. 446. P. 866-867.

Alexey Levin

In 1982, the wonderful event was made. Research gppa under Alain Aspect ASPECT (Alain Aspect) is unique in papillary, which can be one of the most significant in the 20th century. You will not hear about it in the events. As soon as you did not even hear the name of the Alain Aspect, the Pazwe is that you have the custom to read the scientific zadas, although there are people who have repeatedly in his opening and able to change the face of science.

The aspect and its gouppand misunderstood that in the desired conditions, elementary particles, arrive, electrons, are able to instantly communicate a dpug with a dish regardless of the dancer between them. It has values, 10 feet between them or 10 millias miles.

Something around each particle always knows what to do. The applealty of this divergence is that it disrupts Einstein's postulate on the provisions of the interoperability of the interaction, the emergence of light. Since the journey of the rapid speed of light is in accordance with the underwent Bappy, this frightening period forced some physicists to try to explain the experiments aspect with complex bypass pathways. But dpuigi it inspired to put more passical explanations.

Happing, the physicist of London Unillpsite David Bom (David Bohm) believes that according to the digestion of aspect, there is no actual reality, and that non-impact on its obvious density, the universe at its basis - the fiction, gigantic, rocky-detailed hologium. To understand why Bom did such a subsequent conclusion, you need to say about the hologasm. The hologarm is made by a time-made photo of the film, altered with a laser.

To make a hologoamm, the full photo of the PRAMET should be lit by the Laseplace light. Then the second laser beam, folding with the exposed light from the priest, gives an intypeface capping, which can be locked on the film. The picture taken looks like a meaningless cepping of light and dark lines. But it is worth highlighting a snapshot with a lase lozen ray, when there is a time-dimensional tooltitude of the filmed period. Transpass - not the only wonderful property of the hologram.
If the hologium is to try in half and illuminate with a laser, each half will facilitate a whole peeping. If it is necessary to try to try a hologium into smaller pieces, on each of them we will reincarnate the inappreciation of the entire object as a whole. In contrast to the usual photo blog, each site of the hologarm is facilitated by all informations about the first.

The program of the Gogger "Everything in Each Part" allows us to approximately in a new way to approach the formation and expedience. Almost all of its voyage, Western science was made with the idea that the best way to understand the phenomenon, whether a frog or an atom, is to have it and explore the composite parts. The hologram showed us that some things in the universe cannot afford it. If we pump something, eliminated hologogically, we will not get parts, it consists of which it consists, but we get the same thing, but smallerly with a pazme.

These ideas inspired boma to other interesting aspects. The bom is invested that the elementary particles interact on any dassuity is not because they exchange mysterious signals among themselves, but because there is an illusion from the case. He explains that such particles are not separate objects at some deeper periods, but actually there is something more fundamental.

To better understand it, the bom will be the following illustration.

Insert the aqua with your breath. In general, also that you cannot see the AquaPium is not unimaginable, and you can only watch two teleexpans, which moved to the Camep from Camep, alone, dpumping the side of the aqua. Looking at the ecpans, you can conclude that our pieces on each of the ecpans are separate objects. But, podding observation, Cheapy therefore, you will rather have it that there is a relationship between the two bars on the practical ecopas.

When one pyb is changing, dpumping also changes, a little, but always continuously; When one Pyuba you see "in the FAS", the disgraced "in the contact". If you do not know that this is the same aqua, you will definitely conclude that our secrets should somehow communicate with a dpuch, than that is an accident.

The same, the bom, can be extended to the elementary particles in the experiment aspect.

According to boma, the explicit fresh interaction between the particles is coming to us that there is a deeper up of peculiarity, crushed from us, more highness than ours, by analogy with AquaPium. And, he adds, we see particles with subdels because we see only part of reality. Particles are not separate "parts", but the gpani of deeper unity, which is ultimately holly and invisible, like an object shot on a hologium. And since everything in physical perseverance is promoted in this "phantom", the universe itself is a pp production, a hologium.

In addition to her "phantominess", such a universe can have both dpugish amazing properties. If the part of the particles is an illusion, it means, on a deeper departure, all the priests in the mip are infinitely interrelated. Electropons in coal atoms in our brain are associated with electrons of each salmon, which floats, each segment, which knocks, and each star, which shines in the sky.

Everything mutually displays with everything, and although the human field is typical of everything to take away, to drag, to put on the shelves, all the phenomena of the contacts, all seductions are artificial and use in the end there is a spermatic web.

In the hologophic mit, even there is even underway and shakes cannot be taken as a basis. Because such a happiability, as a position, does not make sense in the universe, where nothing is separated by the dpug; While and trummerly shakes - as an expansion of the PS on the ecpans, which should be considered to be pp proges.

From this point of exploration, this is a soupgology, in which, in good, present, and the future there are simultaneously. This means that with the help of the appropriate instance, you can pon into the depth of this soup-hologram and see the capping of the distant one.

What else can carry a hologium - still unknown. It is necessary to put it that the hologarm is a matza, which gives the beginning of everything in the world, by the smallest mepe, there are any elementary particles that exist either that can exist - any fobma of mothers and eneptic is possible, from snowflakes to quasap, from blue whale to Gamma rays. It's like an universal soupmapple, in which there is everything.

Although the bom and pushing that we have no way to find out what the hologarm is still paying in itself, he runs the courage to concover, that we do not have it, so that it is no longer anything. Dropy words, perhaps, the hologophile up of the MPA has a very early stage of endless evolution.

Bom is not alone in his opinion. Hurability of the Neighpophysiologist from the Standfood UnillPsychotics of Karl Pribram (Karl Pribram), which is also inclined in the field of IOSGA study, is also inclined to the theory of MPA's overallity. Privories puzzled to this conclusion, painting over the mystery, where and how the memories are hurt in the brain. Numerous explications have shown that the info movement is not in some kind of lateral segment of the brain, but only throughout the volume of the brain. In the opinion of the experiment in the 20s of Karl Lashley (Karl Lashley) showed that, regardless of which portion of the brain, he removed, he could not achieve the disappearance of conditional peeflexes, taken from ksysy to oppo. Hickto could not explain the mechanism that meets this funny property of "all in each part".

Later, in the 60s, the godfaphia faces the stake and realized that he had found an explanation, which was looking for herpophysiologists. The stake claims that the memory is not available in nepons and not in the neponta goups, but in the separations of unpleasant impulses, circulating throughout the brain, just like a piece of hologamma, all exploration is completely. Dropy words, it is invested that the brain is a hologram.

The theochy of Pribrama also explains how the human brain can have so many memories in such a small volume. It is necessary that the human brain is able to remember the time for 10 million bits for a lifetime (which corresponds to the amount of info-movement, which is facilitated in 5 sets of the Britan encyclopedia).

It was preparing that another useful reader was added to the properties of the hologine - the fetal density of the recording. It is necessary to change the angle, under which the lasees illuminate the film, you can record many of the same inapplications on the same behavior. It is shown that one cubic centimep film is able to hry up to 10 millias of the info-motion bits.

Our tasteless ability to quickly find the necessary information from the GPomad volume becomes more understandable if you finish that the brain takes on the progress of the hologium. If the dpug spokes up you that you needed to mind the word "zeba", you do not need to move your entire words in order to find the answer. Associations in the "striped", "horse" and "live in Afrike" appear in your head instantly.

Indeed, one of the most amazing properties of human thinking is that each piece of info-motion is instantly intended to switch with any dpugim - another property of the hologarm. Since any section of the hologarm is infinitely interconnected with any dpuugim, it is quite possible that the brain is the highest occupation of the operating-co-related systems, demonstrated by the application. The location of memory is not the only one ispophysiological mystery, which has received a switter in the light of a holling diaphic model of the brain. Dpugging - this is how the brain is able to move such an avalanche of the frequencies, which it will take it with donges of feelings (frequency of light, sound frequencies, and so on) in our conquering for the MPE.

The coding and decoding of frequencies is exactly what the hologram is best suited. In the same way, the hologine is served by a lens, a lens, which can be able to attend a meaningless set of frequencies into a coherent inspection, and the brain, according to Pribrama, is facilitated by such a lens and uses the GologPaphy Principles for Mathematical Freight Freaks from the Fights in the internal MP .

Many facts suggest that the brain uses the GOG ROGPIFIC for functioning. Tempia Pribra is finding more and more chairs again with herpophysiologists.

The Hugo Zucarelli Hugo Zucarelli researcher (Hugo Zucarelli) recently used a hologo-spa model to the area of \u200b\u200bacoustic phenomena. Puzzled by the fact that people can lead a pressure on the sound source without turning the heads, even if only one ear, Plotelly miscondumed that the Goggopphian Principles are able to explain this ability. He also had a sound of the head of the head of sound, capable of taking sound cappotins with sweating pealism.

The thought of Pribra is about the fact that our brain creates a "tweaking" perfectness, relying on the input frequencies, also received a brilliant experimental distribution. It was found that any of our feelings of feelings possesses a large frequency range of reproductiveness than it was pant. Happing, the researchers have missed that our urges are filled with sound frequencies that our smell is somewhat depends on what is now called "Osmic" (OSMIC) frequency, and that even the cells of our body are sensitive to the chip-volitional frequency range. Such finds suggest that this is the work of the hologic part of our consciousness, which will use the podel chaotic frequencies in non-reactive.

But the most sweating aspect of the holocal model of the brain of the brain is detected, if you compare it with the theory of Boma. If what we see is only the displacement that in fact "there" is a set of hologophic frequencies, and if the brain is also a hologarm and only knocks out some of the frequencies and mathematically, they are applied in reality, which actually has objective prohibition ?

Let's say the nobility - it does not exist. How the Eastern Peregiy's time proof will come true, Matea is Maja, an illusion, and although we can think that we are physical and moving in physical mit, this is also an illusion. In fact, we are "Film" floating in a kaleidoscopic impeller, and all that we remove from this attempting and pushing into physical care, just one source from the set extracted from the hologarm.

This pantic new cappin, the synthesis of Boma's views and Pribrama is named a hologophic pagoadigma, and although many scientists have reached her skeptical, she inspired the dpug. Interesting, but the reservoir of the research researchers believes that this is one of the most accurate MPA models, until it is PP. Moreover, some hope they hope that it will help to have some kind of riddles, which were not more than explained by science and even to express paranoid phenomena as part of the use. Numerous researchers, including bom and Pribram, conclude that many papapsychological phenomena become more understandable in the Pamples of the hologuric papadigm.

In the universe, in which a separate brain, there is actually indivisible part of a large hologarm and infinitely connected with dpuugi, telepathy can be achieved by the achievement of a holling spa. It becomes more easier to understand how information can be delivered from the consciousness "a" to the consciousness "b" to any dusty, and explain many puzzles of psychology. In particular, the grief will explain that the hologphic pagoadigma will be able to translate the model to explain the many mysterious phenomena observed by people in the changed state of consciousness.

In the 50s, in the course of the study of LSD studies as a psychothetic code, Dr. Grof (Grof) had a female patient who suddenly puzzled that she was a female of the prehistical pepta. In this hallucination, she gave not only a richly detailed description of how it was to be a creature possessing such phosters, but also noted the color science on the head in the male of the same species. The grof was taught by the circumstance that in a conversation with the zoologist, the presence of color scales on the head of peptilius, I need an important POC for a bpader, although a woman did not have a concept about such subtleties.

The experience of this woman was not unique. In his studies, he came across patients who are built on the evolution stairs and identifying himself with the most practical species (on their basis, the person's postpoint scene in the monotonation in the film "Changed States"). Moreover, he found that such descriptions often collaborate zoological appropriateness, which should be accurate.

Unscrew to animals - not the only phenomenon described by grof. He also had patients, which, apparently, could be connected to their form of a collective or passing unconscious region. We suddenly obtained or low-friendly people suddenly gave detailed descriptions of the PRIP in the zoopaist PPPAKE or scene from Hindu mythology. In the dpuch experiments, people gave a convincing description of the endless travels, the forefront of the clutt of the future, picked incarnations.

In later studies, the grof revealed that the same phenomena phenomena was also in the on-description sessions, which do not include the proceedings. Since the general element of such expressions was the consciousness of consciousness for the Gpanitsa of PPOSPANECTION and PENEMEN, the Groch called such a pioneering "TPANSPECTIONAL EXPERIENCE", and at the end of the 60s thanks to him there was a new branch of psychology, called the "TPANSPECTION" psychology dedicated entirely to this region.

Although the newly created Association of Transexional Psychology, the rapidly excessive GUPPU of PPOFESSION like-minded people and became a respected branch of psychology, neither the grief itself nor his colleagues could put the mechanism explaining the phenomena psychological phenomena that they watched. This has changed with a hologophic papadigm.

As recently celebrated Grof, if the consciousness actually has a part of the continuum, the labipint, connected not only with each dpuchimi consciousness, existing or existing, but also with each atom, enognoms and an immense area of \u200b\u200bpunch and undermine, the fact that it may accidentally be called tunnels in Labipinte And the presence of TPANSPEX experience more does not seem so strain.

The hologophic papadigm also imposes a print on the so-called accurate science, using biology. Kate Floyd (Keith Floyd), the psychologist of College Intermont in Virginia, indicated that if there is only a holling illusion, then it is impossible to further come that consciousness is the function of the brain. Weekly, output, consciousness creates a brain - just like the body and all our conversion we integrate as physical.

Such a movement of our views on biological structures allowed researchers to indicate that medicine and our understanding of the recovery of recovery may also be changed under the influence of a hologuric papadigm. If the physical body is no more than the hologuric pp production of our consciousness, it becomes clear that each of us is more responsible for your health, which is allowed to achieve medicine. The fact that we now observe as the apparent treatment of the disease in reality can be done by changing the consciousness, which will make the appropriate co-descriptions in the hologium of the body.

Similarly, the altaparative treatment techniques, such as visualization, can be successful, since the hologuric essence of thought orders is ultimately just as perfect as "peeing".

Even the reverence and movement of the sweating becomes explained from the point of the new papadigm. Biologist Lyall Watson (Lyall Watson) in his book "Daphractions of the Unknown" describes an injury with an Indonesian woman-shaman, which, who counted the povenive dance, was able to make an instantly disappear in the thin mip of a whole staging of definition. Watson writes that while he and another surprised witness to observe her, she forced the definition to disappear and appear several PAs subad.

Sociable science is unable to explain such phenomena. But they become quite logical, if we assume that our "dense" perfectness is nothing more than a holled phaction. Perhaps we will be able to sf well the concepts of "here" and "there" more precisely, if they are late for a man's unconscious, in which all consciousnesses are endlessly interrelated.

If so, in general, this is the most significant consequence of the holocal papadigm, bearing in mind that the phenomena observed by Watson are not publicly available only because our puff is not clumsy to bring them, which could make them such. In the hologophic universe there are no possibility to change the fabric of the pee.

What we call reality is only a canvas, waiting for, while we work any capping on it, what we wish. Everything is possible from flexing spoons with effort of will, before the phantasmagoic scenes in the spirit of Castaneda in his classes with Don Juan, for magic, we own initially, no more and no less apparent than our ability to create any mint in their fantasies.

Indeed, even the majority of our "fundamental" knowledge is doubtful, while in the hologuric effect, the pribram indicates to which, even random events could be explained and turned on with the help of holling-phafypics. The coincidences and chance suddenly take meaning, and anything can be passed as a metaphoid, even the chain of random events is out of some kind of deep symmet.

The hologophic pagoadigm of Boma and Pribrama, whether it will receive further ending or will go into non-existence, one way or another one can concover, that it has already false a population in many scientists. Eenessed it would be found that the hologographic model does not describe the instantaneous interaction of elementary particles, according to the ones, as the Bayl Hiley Basil Hiley physicist (Basil Hiley) indicates, revealing aspects, "showed that we must be ready to express the factory new approaches to understand the permeability. .

Bella Theorem: Naive View of the Experimentator

Alain Aspect

Selected chapters. Translation from English: Putenikhin P.V.

Section sections 2-5 articles « Bell's Theorem: The Naive View of An Experimentalist », Alain Aspect.ArticlecloselyconnectedfromotherworkAlyonaAspect – descriptionfamousexperiment 1982 of the year: « Experimental Test Of Bell's Inequalities using Time-Varying Analysers.The aspect under consideration contains a detailed and intelligible description of the theoretical part of the experiment - the identification of the contradiction of quantum mechanics and the theory of local realism, a description of the conceptual model of the theory of the additional parameter in the light of the Bell Theorem:it is impossible to find the theory of an additional parameter that reproduces all predictions of quantum mechanics . The famous Bella inequality in the version is clearly derived.Clausera - Horn - Shimoni - Holta:Chsh is inequality.

2. Why are additional parameters? Mind Experiment Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Boma

2.1. Scheme of experiment

Let's consider the optical versiona mental EPR experiment in Boma version (Fig. 1). A source S. emits a couple of photons with different frequencies V 1 and V 2 flying opposite axis Oz.. Suppose that the polarization status vector describing a pair:

(1)

where | x\u003e and | Y\u003e - linear polarization states. This state is wonderful: it cannot be decomposed by two states tied to each photon, so we cannot attribute any specific state to each photon. In particular, we cannot assign any polarization for each photon. Such a state describing a system of several objects that can only think globally is confusing status.

We produce linear polarization measurements on these two photons analyzersI and II. Analyzer I. in the direction A. Equipped with two sensors and gives the results + or - if the linear polarization is selected parallel or perpendicular to A.. Analyzer II in the direction B. Acts the same ‡ .

Fig. 1. A mental experiment Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen-Boma with photons . Two photonsv 1. andv 2. emitted from equation (1), analyzed by linear polarizers in directions a. and B.. You can measure the probabilities of single or pair detection in the channels of polarizers.

It is easy to obtain quantum-mechanical predictions for these measurements of polarization of single or paired. Consider first single probabilities P± (A. ) obtaining results ± for photonv 1. , and just as single probabilities p± (B. ) obtaining results ± on the photonv 2. . Quantum mechanic predicts:

‡ There is a direct matching with an EPR mental experiment in Boma version, dealing with a pair of particles with spin 1/2 in a singlet state, analyzed by two Stern-Gerlacha filters.

(Q. M.) (2)

These results are in agreement with the comment that we cannot assign polarization to each photon so that each individual measurement of polarization gives a random result. Now let us consider the probabilities p±± ( ab.) Joint detectionsv 1 and V 2 in channels + or - polarizersI. or II in directionsa. and B.. Quantum mechanic predicts:

(Q. M.) (3)

We are going to show that these quantum-mechanical predictions have far-reaching consequences.

2.2. Correlation

Consider first the specific situation (ab.) \u003d 0, when polarizers are parallel. Quantum mechanical predictions for probabilities of joint detection (equation 3):

(4)

According to this result and taking into account (2) we conclude that when the photonv 1 N. ayden in + Polarizer ChannelI, V 2 Found with reliability in + channel II (anxicient for channels -). For parallel polarizers, thus, a complete correlation is established between the individual random results of the polarization of two photonsv 1 and V 2.

A convenient way to measure the correlation value between random values \u200b\u200bis the calculation of the correlation coefficient. For measurements of polarization, discussed above, it is equal

(5) *

Using prediction (3) quantum mechanics, we find the correlation coefficient

(6)

In the specific case of parallel polarizers (( a, B.) \u003d 0), we find E. Qm (0) \u003d 1: This confirms that the correlation is complete.

So, quantum-mechanical calculations show that even each idivid measurement gives random results, these random results are correlated, as equation (6) shows. For parallel (or perpendicular) orientation of polarizers Correlation Full (|E Qm | \u003d 1).

2.3. Difficulty representation formalism Quantum Mechanics

As a naive physicist, I love to raise the issue of finding simple images to understand these strong correlations. The most natural way to find a figurative representation is possible in quantum-mechanical calculations leading to (3). In fact, there are several ways to make these calculations. Very straight should design of the cooking vector (1) in their own status status vectors. This gives immediately combined probabilities (3). However, since this calculation relies on the status vectors, describing globally, these two photons, I do not know how to build a picture in our usual space.

To overcome this problem and identify separately these two dimensions produced at both ends of the experiment, we can divide the combined measurement for two steps. Suppose, for example, that at first there is a measurement on the photonev 1 and gives the result + on the polarizer I in the direction a.. Result + (associated polarization | A\u003e) It has probability 1/2. To continue the calculation, we must then use the postulate of the reduction of the status vector, which declares that after this measurement, the new status vector, the description of the pair is obtained by the design of the initial vector vector (equation 1) to its own space attached to the result +: this two-dimensional own space has base (| A, x.\u003e, | a y.\u003e). Using the appropriate projector, we will find after a small algebra

(7)

This means that immediately after the first measurement of photonv 1 receives polarization | a\u003e: This is obvious, because it was measured by a polarizer focused on A., and was obtained + the result. More surprisingly distant photonv 2, which has not yet interacted with any polarizer, also designed to state | A\u003e with a specific polarization parallel to the one that was found for photonov 1. This amazing conclusion, however, leads to the correct final result (3), starting with the direct application of the Law of Malus, that the subsequent measurement performed by B. On the photonev 2 will lead to

(8)

Therefore, the calculation of two steps gives the same result as direct computation. When measuring in two steps, the following picture occurs:

i.Photonv 1, which did not have a clearly defined polarization before it is measured, receives polarization associated with the result obtained during its measurement: it is not surprising.

iI. When the measurement on V 1 is done, the photon V 2, which did not have a certain polarization before this measurement, is designed to the polarization state parallel to the measurement result on V 1. It is very surprising, because this change in the description of V 2 occurs instantly, irrelevant distance between V 1 and V 2 at the time of the first measurement.

This picture is in contradiction with relativity. According to Einstein, an event in this area of \u200b\u200bspace-time cannot be influenced by the event that occurred in space-time, which is separated by a spatial-like interval. It is unreasonable to try to find more acceptable paintings to "understand" the EPR correlation. This is a picture that we consider now.

2.4. Extra options

Correlations between remote measurements on two divided systems that previously interacted are common in the classical world. For example, if a mechanical object with a zero linear (or angular) pulse is fragmented into two parts by a certain internal process, linear (or angular) pulses of two separate parts remain equal and opposite in the case of free development. In general, when each fragment is subject to some exposure, these two pulses remain correlated, as they at the time of definition received the initial values \u200b\u200bthat had a completely defined amount.

Tempting to use such a classic picture to keep an account EPR correlations in terms of the general properties of these two systems. Let us again consider the full correlation of polarization measurements in the case of parallel polarizers ( a.,b.) \u003d 0. When we find + forV 1, we are confident that we will find + also forV 2. Thus, we can recognize that there is some essence (Einstein said the "physical reality element"), which is related to this specific pair and determining the result ++. For another couple, when the results -, we can similarly encourage the general entity that determines the result -. Then it is enough to recognize that half of the steam is emitted with an essence ++, and half - with an essence - to reproduce all the measurement results in this configuration. Please note that in these properties that differ from one pair to another, the quantum-mechanical status vector is not taken into account, which is the same for all pairs. This is why we can conclude with Einstein that Quantum mechanics - not full. And this is why such additional properties are called " additional parameters" or " hidden variables» *

* Einstein did not actually spoke about "hidden variables" or "additional parameters", but rather about the "elements of physical reality". Accordingly, many authors say rather about "realistic theories", and not about "theories with hidden variables" or "theories of additional variables".

As a conclusion, it seems possible to "understand" the EPR correlation as a classically looking picture, attracting additional parameters that differ from the pair to the pair. You can hope to return statistical quantum-mechanical predictions when averaging is made according to additional parameters. It seems that this was the position of Einstein . Please note that in this stage of reasoning, the recognition of these provisions does not conflict with quantum mechanics: there are no logical problems to fully take predictions of quantum mechanics and Apply additional parameters that give an acceptable picture of EPR correlations. This involves consideration of quantum mechanics as a description of the statistical mechanics of a deeper level.

3. Bella inequalities

3.1. Formalism

Three decades after an EPR article, Bell translated into mathematics preceding discussion and clearly introduced additional parameters, denoting theml. . Their distribution on the ensemble of the pairs of pairs is determined by the probability of distributionr. ( l. ) , such that

(9)

For this pair, characterized by this additional parameterl. , measurement results are given by double-digit functions.

(10)

The specific theory of additional parameters is fully defined by an explicit form of functions.r. ( l. ), A (l. , a.) I.B.( l. , b.) . From here it is easy to express the probabilities of various measurement results. For example, we note that the function takes the value of +1 for + result and 0 otherwise (and in the same way takes a value of +1 for - result and 0 otherwise) we can record

(11)

Similarly, the correlation function takes a simple form.

(12)

3.2. Example (naive) theory of additional parameter

As an example of the theory of the additional parameter, we present a model where each photon traveling along 0z. It is assumed to have a clearly defined linear polarization defined by its angle (l. 1 or l. 2 ) from X axis. To explain a strong correlation, we assume that two photons of one pair are emitted with the same linear polarization determined by a common anglel. (Fig. 2).

Fig.2 - Naive example . Each pair of photons has a "direction of polarization", a certain l. which is an additional parameter model. Polarizer I. makes polarization measurement A., at an angle q. 1 from the X axis.

Polarization of various pairs are randomly distributed, according to probability distributionr. ( l. ) So we take the rotational invariant:

(13)

To finish our model, we must explicitly set a form for functions. BUT( λ ,a.) I. B ( λ , b.). We take the following form

(14)**

where angles q. I. and q. II. Indicate the orientations of polarizers. Please note that these forms are very intelligent: BUT( λ ,a.) Takes the value of +1 when photon polarizationv 1 forms an angle of less than p./ 4 with an analysis direction A., and -1 for an additional case (polarization closer to perpendicular to A.).

With this explicit model, we can use equations (11) to calculate the probabilities of different measurements. We find, for example, single probabilities

,(15)

identical quantum-mechanical results. The model also allows us to calculate the combined probabilities, or equivalent to the correlation function, and we find using (12):

(16)

This is a wonderful result. First, note that E ( a, B.) Depends only on the relative angle ( a, B.) as a quantum-mechanical prediction (6). In addition, as shown in Figure 3, the difference between predictions of a model of simple additional parameters and predictions of quantum mechanics is always small, and exactly coincides for the angles 0 and , i.e Cases of full correlation. This result obtained using an extremely simple model of additional parameters is very encouraging, and it would be possible to hope that a more complex model could be able to accurately reproduce the prediction of quantum mechanics. Bella opening is the fact that the search for such models is hopelessWhat we're going to show now.

Fig.3 - The polarization correlation coefficient, as a function of the relative orientation of polarizers: (i) the dotted line: CM prediction; (ii) solid line: naive model.

3.3. Bella inequalities

There are many different forms and demonstrations of Bella inequalities. Here we give a very simple demonstration leading to the form directly applicable to experiments **.

Let's consider expression

Remembering that these four values \u200b\u200ba and B. take only value of ± 1, a simple inspection of the second line (17) shows that

(18)

Mean S. by λ Therefore, concluded between + 2 and - 2

According to (12), we can rectify these inequalities

Thisbchsh - inequality, i.e Bella inequalities derived by Claus, Horre, Shimoni and Holt. They relate to the combination S. Of the four polarization correlation coefficients, tied to two directions of analysis for each polarizer ( a. and b ' For polarizer I., B. and b ' For polarizer II.). Please note that they are applicable to any theory of the additional parameter of the most common form defined in section 3.1 (equations 9, 10, and 12), from which our naive model is only an example.

** It is important to see the difference between inequalities that show a mathematical contradiction between quantum mechanics, but without the possibility of experimental testing with (mandatory) imperfect apparatus, and inequalities that allow an experimental test provided that experimental imperfections remain in some (permissible) limits.

4. Conflict with quantum mechanics

4.1. Obvious

We can use predictions (6) quantum mechanics for EPR-couples to evaluate the magnitude S (aa ", b, b"), determined by equation (21). For a specific set of orientations shown in Fig. 4.A, result

(22)

This quantum-mechanical prediction is definitely in conflict with Bella inequality (20) which has the power for any theory of the additional parameter of the total form defined in §3.1.

Thus, we found a situation where quantum-mechanical predictions cannot be played (mimicked) in accordance with the theories of the additional parameter. This is the essence of Bella theorem: it is impossible to find the theory of the additional parameter, the general form of which is defined in §3.1, which reproduces everything Predictions of quantum mechanics. This statement, as generally shown in Fig.3, is for a specific model of the additional parameter considered in §3.2: the model accurately reproduces the predictions of quantum mechanics for some specific angles (0, p./4, p./ 2), but somewhat deviates from it under other angles. The importance of the Bell Theorem is that it is not limited to the specific model of the theory of the additional parameter, but is universal.

Fig.4. - Directions giving the biggest conflict between Bell inequalities and quantum mechanics.

.

4.2. Maximum conflict

It is interesting to see the maximum impaired inequalities of Bell predictions of quantum mechanics. Take quantum mechanical importance S.

(23) equal

(26)

(27)

This value is solutions (25). The corresponding orientation sets are shown in Fig.4. They give maximum violations of Bella inequalities.

More generalized in Fig. 5 shows that there is a complete range of orientations leading to the conflict with Bella inequalities. However, it is also clear that there are many orientation sets for which there is no conflict.

Fig.5 - S.(q.), How predicted by quantum mechanics for EPR pairs. Conflict with Bell inequality occurs when | S | More than 2, and this is a maximum of orientation sets shown in Fig.4.

5. Discussion: Local condition

We formulate the Bella theorem in the following form: Quantum mechanics are in contradiction with any theory of the additional parameter, as defined in §3.1, as it disrupts the conclusions (Bella inequalities) of any such theory. At this stage, it is interesting to see hypotheses underlying formalism presented in §3.1. Then you can hope to indicate a certain hypothesis responsible for the conflict. Therefore, we now investigate various hypotheses underlying the theories of the additional parameter presented in Sections 3.1.

The first hypothesis is the existence of additional parameters. As we have seen, they were introduced to take into account correlations at a distance. This hypothesis is urged with the concept of reality, as expressed by Einstein, where the concept of individual physical reality for the coordinated particles is meaningful. You can even get the existence of additional parameters from general statements about physical reality in the spirit of Einstein's ideas. It seems that hypotheses in this spirit absolutely inevitably lead to inequalities that are in contradiction with quantum mechanics.

The second hypothesis involves determinism. In fact, the formalism of the section 3.1 is deterministic: as soon as l. Installed, results A (l.,a.) and b (l.,b.) Measurements of polarization have become defined. Someone will say that this may be a serious basis for conflict with non-deterministic formalism of quantum mechanics. In fact, as first showed Bell in, and subsequently developed in, it is easy to summarize the formalism of the section 3.1 to Stochastic Theories of the additional parameter, where deterministic measurement functions A (l.,a.) and b (l.,b.) Replaced by probabilistic functions. Then others will find that Bella inequalities are still holding out, and that the conflict does not disappear. Therefore, it is generally accepted that the deterministic nature of formalism is not the reason for the conflict.

The most important hypothesis, as Blesl in all his articles is emphasized, is the local nature of the formalism of the section 3.1. We really implicitly accepted that the result A (l.,a.) Measurements in polarizer I., does not depend on the orientation B.remote polarizer II., and vice versa. Similarly, it is assumed that the probability distribution r.(l.) (i.e The path for which the pairs are emitted) do not depend on the orientation a. and B.. it Local assumptionit is critical: Bella inequalities could not do without them. It is really clear that the demonstration of § 3.3 fails with expressions of the type A (l.,a b. ) I.r.(l. , a. , B. ) .

We conclude that these are two hypotheses, which seem to be needed by Bella inequalities, and, therefore, a conflict with quantum mechanics:

Remote correlations can be understood by submission of additional parameters related to separated particles, in the spirit of Einstein's ideas when individual objects have separate physical reality.

Expressions A (l.,a.) and b (l.,b.) , I. r.(l.) obey Local condition, i.e They do not depend on the orientation of the remote polarizer.

These are the main conditions why quantum mechanics are in contradiction with local realism.

Translator Notes:

Page numbering and the footer of this translation correspond to the original.

* IN The last term fixed the order of signs in the index. In the original B.euration (5) has the form:

** Fixed: COS 2 instead of COS 2. The original expression (14) has the form:

(14)

Literature

1. Original article: Bell's Theorem: Theorem: The Naive View of An Experimentalist Alain Aspect, Institut D "Optique Théorique et Appliquée Bâtiment 503-Centre Universitaire D" ORSAY 91403 ORSAY CEDEX - FRANCE