At various stages of the technological cycle of commodity circulation, there are various losses of raw materials, semi-finished products, energy carriers, finished products, and then goods. These losses can be measured in kind and monetary terms, depending on what they are divided into groups - commodity and material.

Commodity losses- losses caused by partial or complete loss of the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the goods in physical terms.

Material losses- losses caused by partial or complete loss of value in monetary terms.

These two groups of losses are interrelated, but commodity losses are primary, and material losses are secondary, that is, a consequence of commodity losses.

Commodity losses by the type of lost characteristics of the goods are divided into two subgroups - quantitative and qualitative (Fig. 6).

Quantitative (standardized) losses

Quantitative losses characterized by a decrease in mass, volume, length and other quantitative characteristics of goods.

Losses of this subgroup are caused by natural processes inherent in a particular product that occur during storage and commodity processing. Therefore, in a number of regulatory

Rice. 6.

documents they are also called natural, and in order of write-off - normalized.

Quantitative, or natural, losses are inevitable. They can be reduced or changed the place of their occurrence by purposeful regulation of the factors of the external or internal environment of the product, but it is impossible to completely exclude them. This explains the establishment of norms for natural losses.

Depending on the causes of occurrence quantitative losses are divided into two types - natural loss and pre-implementation losses.

Natural decline - quantitative losses caused by processes that are inherent in goods and occur during their transportation and storage.

The reasons for the occurrence of natural loss are the following processes: evaporation of water, or shrinkage; spray (fading, spraying); pouring (smearing); volatilization of substances; absorption of the liquid fraction of the food product into the package; breath (only for goods that are living objects); breaking glass or crushing polymer containers.

Let us consider the causes of natural loss in more detail.

Shrinkage - one of the main reasons for the natural loss of consumer goods containing water even in small quantities. This process accounts for 50-100% of all natural loss. Shrinkage occurs even if the product is hermetically sealed (canned food, drinks, etc.). Another thing is that the evaporated water does not pass into the environment, but remains in the part of the container free of the product. Both packaged and piece goods are drying up, but the norms of natural loss are not provided for for them, therefore, the natural loss of these goods is actually paid by the consumer. Shrinkage causes a natural loss of not only food, but also non-food products. These processes are practically the only ones that determine the natural loss of both meat, fish, dairy and confectionery products during storage, as well as fabrics, leather, creams, etc. more water in a product, its water-holding capacity is less and packaging is less reliable.

Spray (outage, spraying) is characteristic only of finely ground products and occurs due to the loss of a part of the product in the form of light dust-like particles during repackaging, packing and weighing, as well as due to the adhesion of particles to the walls of the container. Outage most typical for flour, starch, powdered sugar and sand, table salt, cereals, powdered products (milk powder, bulk concentrates, washing powders, chalk, cement, etc.).

Filling (smearing) - quantitative losses of liquid and viscous, buttery products due to adhesion of particles to the walls of the container, as well as to auxiliary aids used to move goods from one type of container to another. This process causes the loss of drinks, honey, etc.

Volatilization of substances - quantitative loss of goods due to the transfer of part of the volatile substances into the environment. The greatest losses are observed in alcoholic beverages (volatilization ethyl alcohol), in the first period of pickling vegetables due to volatilization of CO2 ("waste").

Absorption of the liquid fraction of the product into the package typical for products containing a readily mobile water or fat fraction. In this case, not only does the mass decrease, but also other consumer properties of goods change. Products for the natural loss of which this process is essential include pickled vegetables (cabbage, cucumbers, etc.), salted fish, flour confectionery, halva, chilled meat, fish, etc.

Breathing - the biological process of the decay of energetic substances and the release of energy, partially used to ensure the vital activity of living objects (fresh fruits and vegetables, flour, unboiled cereals, eggs, live fish). The share of losses due to respiration accounts for 10-50% of all natural loss of food products. This process is unusual for most non-food products.

Break of glass containers standardized only for alcoholic, low-alcohol and non-alcoholic beverages. A battle occurs due to the effect of dynamic and static loads that exceed the mechanical strength of the container. For other types of containers, including plastic bottles, losses from damage and crushing are not standardized, although cases of crushing are quite common.

Pre-sales loss of goods, or waste, call the processes (operations) associated with the preparation of goods for sale. These losses are liquid and illiquid. Waste generating processes include:

• removal of low-value parts of goods, which can be sold at a lower price or sent for industrial processing. For example, liquid waste occurs when stripping butter by weight from the staff, separating the skin, bones from meat-smoked meats, removing the head and fins from fish;
• branch component parts goods, not possessing its functional purpose or having lost it. So, illiquid waste occurs due to packaging and dressing materials, removal of containers, filling liquids, rejection of specimens with critical irreparable defects - decay, mold, etc .;
• crumbling of goods when dividing into parts (chopping meat, cutting cheeses, smoked meats, etc.) or during transportation, storage, weighing (cookies, crackers, pasta, halva, etc.);
• separation of its constituent components from the bulk of the goods - water, fats and others (separation of broth from boiled sausages, buttermilk - from butter, cheese whey - from cheeses, sprinkling glaze - from gingerbread, sweets, paraffin - from cheese heads and other protective casings).

Qualitative (activated) losses

Unlike quantitative losses, qualitative losses are written off not according to norms, but according to acts, therefore they are also called activated.

Quality losses- losses caused by microbiological, biological, biochemical, chemical, physical and physicochemical processes. The list of these groups of processes is ranked in descending order according to their importance.

Microbiological processes cause damage to goods, significantly reduce their quality, make it impossible to use them for their intended purpose or reduce their reliability. Spoilage of food products occurs due to different types of fermentation (butyric acid, propionic acid, alcohol, acetic, lactic acid), decay, sludge, mold, development of toxic bacteriosis (botulinus, salmonellosis, etc.).

Microbiological processes are one of the causes of food biodegradation.

Biological processes- damage (processes) caused by insects: moths (fruit, barn, etc.), beetles (beetles, weevils, etc.), caterpillars (apple, plum, nut moths), larvae (moths, wireworms, cheese flies, chocolate, carrot).

In storage, consumer goods are severely damaged by rodents that not only eat and contaminate food, but also damage it.

Biochemical processes are characteristic mainly of food products, as well as non-food products that are biological objects (for example, fresh flowers and animals). They occur with the participation of a variety of enzymes.

Violation of the natural course of these processes can cause various physiological disorders, which ultimately can lead to the death of biological objects. As a result further use their intended purpose becomes impossible.

The most common biochemical process, the violation of which can lead to the death of biological objects, is respiration. So, in fresh fruits and vegetables, respiratory failure causes anaerobiosis (suffocation), in grain, flour and cereals - self-heating and even spontaneous combustion, in animals (fish, crayfish, etc.) - death due to anaerobiosis.

Chemical processes lead to spoilage of goods due to changes in substances, for example, rancidity of fat in fat-containing products - flour, cereals, nuts, flour confectionery, butter, margarine products, animal fats, meat and fish products, darkening of dried fruits and vegetables, canned food, etc. ; oxidation of aromatic substances, which deteriorates the aroma of products.

Physical and physical and chemical processes caused by mechanical damage or deformation of goods. These include: deformation of bakery products, crushing of fruits and vegetables, complete crumbling of confectionery products, egg breaking, severe deformation, battle.

The physical processes include shrinkage, which causes withering and drying of fresh fruits and vegetables, cheeses, meat, sausages, fish, including frozen, dried, etc. The shrinkage of some goods provokes physical and chemical processes, as a result of which the goods become substandard, for example, drying bread accelerates its staling.

So, let us list once again the reasons for the fall in the energy level, leading to material losses.

Causes

• A low level of concentration of a person's energy due to laziness, lack of self-discipline, lack of independence, inattention to one's physical and psychological state.
• Energy spreads, is sent to the past or freezes in place as a result of the lack of goals in life, longing for the past, the collapse of hopes and expectations.
• Energy is directed to the wrong space due to illusory or too limited ideas about the world.
• Fear of material losses, robbery leads to a drop in the energy level.
• Imbalance: the person took less than he gave.
• Imbalance: the person took more than he gave.
• The need to get rid of old things.
• The transition to a higher stage of development is accompanied by material sacrifices.

Impaired concentration of energy

We know that each person lives in his Personal Universe, with his own laws. Here problems arise when a person builds this Universe without freedom of choice.

For example, a child from childhood was brought up in the spirit of one religion or ideology. As a result, his ideas about the world are limited, and if he can successfully exist in the circle of people with similar ideas, then, once in a different society, a person will turn out to be a black sheep with all the ensuing consequences. Being in one universe, he will direct energy to a completely different universe. And for the real Universe, he will be a man - invisible. But he was going to earn money here and now, and not in Jerusalem at the time of the birth of Christ and not in a religious community in the south of the United States.

It is necessary to comply with the laws of real time and real space so that your energy does not go into some virtual worlds. The real universe is the universe of the majority. Of course, in our society there may be many people who today live according to the laws of exclusively Christianity, Islam or communism, but these are not the laws of the majority, not universal laws.

How to avoid the loss of wealth

When a person corresponds to the surrounding Universe, he follows the path of least resistance, and his energy costs are less. On the contrary, the environment supports it. It is not for nothing that in the animal world everyone is trying to disguise themselves as an environment, this is necessary for survival. And not only for those who are afraid of being eaten, but for predators in the first place, so as not to starve to death! And the white crow, which stands out sharply from the environment with its views, is forced to spend a large amount of energy, overcoming the resistance of the environment, as a result, the energy level drops, and this sharply hits financial situation... And from a psychological point of view, it is clear that the environment is not very inclined to support and feed a stranger.

Therefore, you can never be limited by the framework of one ideology, religion, doctrine, become a fanatic. So you create for yourself a very narrow, local Universe, close for yourself access to other Universes. The more you study the most different directions, traditions, ideas, the more you will see how much they really have in common. And you will see the universal laws behind all religions. When a person begins to see the general behind the particular, to look at the world more broadly, he gets out of the captivity of false (too narrow) ideas about the world, his energy level immediately rises, because instead of locally encompassing one universe, it encompasses everything.

In addition to being in a too local Personal Universe, violations on the same point include being in illusions about reality, i.e. being in a kind of virtual universe instead of the real one. It also greatly lowers the person's energy level. Because the energy of a person is directed not to the real, but to the illusory world. And what money can he make from this? That's right, only illusory. And real money will become virtual for him, slip through his fingers.

Examples from life: victims of a robbery by their friends or relatives. And there are quite a few of them out of the total number of victims of the robbery. The statistics on clients who asked for help in the investigation of thefts are as follows: a very small percentage of thefts are committed by accident, strangers, without a tip. But the person himself is in illusions, not noticing the true face of the people around him, although their intentions are quite obvious. For example, if you became aware of some acquaintance of yours that he is a drug addict, now sits without money with a bunch of debts, and has already been repeatedly seen in thefts, is it worth it to make friends with such a person and invite him to your house? There is no need to naively hope that he will steal from everyone except you - for people in such a situation there is no concept of friendship, and the likelihood that they will correct themselves is negligible. The grave will fix the humpback.

Some people like to turn the apartment into a courtyard, drink with the first person they meet, and then they are surprised that the last one was taken out of the apartment. Again, drunkenness is an attempt to escape reality into an illusion.

A person pays for his illusions and nonsense in his head with material losses. And the reason for leaving reality: he does not want to take responsibility for his life, make decisions himself, wants others to decide everything for him, indicate what and how to do, and even better - would do everything themselves. And most importantly, there should be someone to blame. For example, a beggar over a bottle of vodka scolds the state and laws that do not create conditions for him to work, and he himself was fired for drinking. Fleeing from reality, a person flees from himself, not wanting to see a disgusting face in the mirror of truth. He does not want to admit that this is his personal Universe, that is how he created it.

Disruption of energy in time

What do we mean by the harmonious flow of energy in time? When a person has goals for the future (i.e. created a channel of intention), while living in a real moment (fills the channel with energy), relying on existing values ​​(acquired in the past).

The following variants of violation of the flow of energy in time lead to a drop in the energy level.

No goal - energy spreads

We know that energy from the present materializes a goal in the future, walking along clearly laid channels of intention. And if a person has no purpose in life, if life begins to seem meaningless to him, then he has no channels of intention, and his energy level falls.

If, for example, you had one dream - to buy an apartment, you have been striving for this for many years, worked, acquired it, and there are no more desires left. The result is that you no longer know what to live for.

This is why many rich (and not only rich) people start to freak out with fat, or even commit suicide altogether. Their desires were very primitive and limited, basically, they boiled down to the acquisition of a certain set of material wealth, and, having received this rather quickly, they lost interest in life.

As a result of the resulting indifference, the energy level of such people decreases, and they can no longer keep the accumulated money and values.

The problem is at the energy level: energy spreads, does not go into the future.

How to avoid this: goals and desires should always be. Make sure you have goals for the future ahead of time. It is necessary, in addition to material acquisitions, to have interests that represent unlimited opportunities for self-realization. This is creative expression, scientific research, esoteric education. You can set yourself a global goal. For example, protecting the environment, changing the world, exploring the mysteries of the universe. Here you have enough work for more than one life!

What can lead to material losses

A person in his life must have an inner support. Those internal laws that drive him. But not all have their own inner core - the majority relies on those laws, the ideology on which they were brought up, grew up. Now imagine that there is a crisis of ideas in society, a change in ideology and worldview. Thousands of people are immediately left without any support.

If, for example, you believed (I mean, really) in the ideas of communism, and lived well under the Soviet system, then when this system is a thing of the past, and new ideas and new rules came to replace it, you are somehow time were at a loss, could not readjust to this new one. You constantly remembered the past and tried to live in the old way under new conditions. This means - you directed energy into the past. But someone may not have internal restructuring - they will direct energy into the past until the end of their lives. It already depends on personal indicators. And also from age - what older man, the more difficult it is for him to rebuild.

Let's take a more local example - not a change in the social system, but a change in the market situation, the emergence of new technologies, a change in supply and demand. A company that tries to work with old proven methods, trade in familiar products, without noticing that the market situation has changed, directs energy into the past. This means that it will inevitably incur losses.

Another example: a divorced wife or a widow who only remembers her departed husband, not noticing anyone around, as a result, remains lonely.

As a result of nostalgia, longing for the past, the energy level at the present moment in time decreases, leading to material losses.

The problem is at the energetic level: energy is directed into the past.

How to avoid this: you need to observe changes in the environment and change along with the environment, update along with the updated external conditions, keep up with life.

Have internal basic values ​​that do not depend on the ideology prevailing in society, the market situation, the presence or absence of a partner nearby ...

What is the cause of material loss

Cancellation of the goal - the energy freezes in place. Sometimes there are such very unpleasant situations when you have to break the created channel of intention, because the target turns out to be false. It is clear that the reason for this is in some initial illusions, otherwise the false goal would not have arisen. But still, energetically, this situation is very difficult.

For example, a certain man saw happiness for himself only in the family, and when his wife left him (evidence that, being in dreams, he did not notice reality), he literally lost all desire to do something, business naturally began to go poorly. All his energy seemed to freeze, he could not immediately switch it to any other goal, but the old goal is now not connected with his future, and directing energy to it means directing it into the past. At such moments, a person resembles a computer: a clear program was laid in it, but since it cannot be executed, the computer generally freezes.

Let's take a simpler example: you go to work to do an important thing, but, having quarreled with someone on the way, you absolutely cannot concentrate on the matter. This happened because something happened to you that did not fit into your idea of ​​how everything was supposed to be today.

Energy freezes when a person experiences severe stress, emotional shock, mental crisis. And this happens in situations when something unexpected happens that does not fit into the plans. As a result, material losses may occur.

The problem is at the energetic level: the energy freezes in place.

How to avoid this: not to be like a frozen computer, to provide exits from the program if something unexpected happens. And to do this, provide for several options for the development of events. When determining your priorities in life, do not put everything on one horse, have several different interests, and do not make all areas of your life dependent on one. To increase psychological stability, calmly perceive small unpleasant surprises simply as a part of life in which everything happens, and not as a personal tragedy, believing that only what you consider good should happen in life.

Metabolic imbalance

We examined disturbances in the flow of energy in a person himself, disturbances in the flow of energy in time, as well as disturbances in the flow of energy in space. Now let's talk about violations in human-to-human exchange.

This is the same situation with charity to poor relatives, which has already been considered repeatedly in our Bible, as a result of which an energy channel of energy and money leakage is created, and how special case consequences of this, the same relatives of a person rob. This is one of the options.

The next option - if you are ashamed to take decent wages for your work, invest more energy than you get money, on the subtle plane your energy will flow away, and on the physical plane money will go away with it, in particular, it can be taken away by thieves. Example: a few years ago, such an incident happened to a healer I know. She received information that now the ceremony of removing the damage should not cost 300 rubles, as before, but 800 rubles. But she decided to accept one woman at the old price. Having performed, as usual, a ritual to remove damage, the healer felt headache- already a sign of violation. This usually didn't happen. Moreover, the healer herself knew that this only happens to those of her colleagues who take on the client's spoilage as a result of too low a fee. But there was already nothing to change. She finished her work, shoved the 300 rubles into her wallet and drove home from the office. The bus got surprisingly full. The healer was in some strange state that she practically did not notice what was happening around her. Only when she reached the house, she discovered that the wallet had disappeared from the bag - apparently, it had been pulled out on the bus, which never happened. Moreover, she herself remembered that she practically did not close the bag, i.e. she subconsciously left the wallet in plain sight. Of course, her loss was small: those 300 rubles, plus some small money and a wallet that was already old and needed to be replaced. Having calculated the total amount of the loss (including the cost of the old wallet), the healer found that it was ... 800 rubles. The same amount that she had to take for her work. This is how a signal came from a subtle plan: today you lost 800 rubles. Taking the amount less, the healer took the client's spoilage upon herself, and then gave it to the thieves along with the old wallet and money in it. Having given the money taken for the removal of that damage, she also gave away the damage. However, if she took the right fee, this all would not have happened, the Universe would have given her enough energy to completely destroy the client's corruption, and not to pass it on like a baton.

How to prevent material losses

If some lose money from the fact that they underestimate their energy costs, but others - because they overestimate. When a person takes payment for his work much more than he actually invested energy, this also leads to the loss of money. Because if he grabbed too much money without backing it up with an appropriate investment of energy, without having worked out, then it turns out that he borrowed energy from the money egregor. But the egregor will have to repay the debts - the egregor cannot be fooled. The debtor will be withdrawn energy, or surplus money taken in excess of real energy costs. And in the worst case, you will have to pay with your life for the money you get. Even so. Especially if a person flirted with criminals or serious occult things to get this money. Since it is easier for me to give examples from areas close to my field of activity, I will tell you about one more lady who was engaged in spiritual practices. She called herself the mother of the world (no less) and undertook to work with the most difficult karmic cases, asking for large sums at that time. Everything would be fine, but in reality she could not untie the karmic knots with which she worked, therefore, accepting this money, she simply took the problems of her clients upon herself. At some point, the level of negative energy reached a critical level, and this woman died. You should not take on more of your real capabilities - no powers, no titles, no money. Titles too, because they oblige a person to correspond energetically. As they say: he called himself a load - climb into the box. Otherwise, sooner or later, such a title will begin to devour its master. So the expression heavy Monomakh's hat has a hidden meaning precisely in this vein, and not in the fact that it is heavy in weight. The same meaning bears the expression of the burden of power, the burden of responsibility.

The next moment from the same series: if you promised to pay someone for work, for services, but you cheated and did not pay, then you will lose much more later.

An illustrative example (again from a sphere familiar to me): one woman used the services of an astrologer, but did not pay her. And a lot of work was done, a lot of energy was spent on this client. And so this client meets a group of gypsies on the street, they hypnotize her, she leads them to her home under hypnosis, and they take everything out of her apartment, all the furniture and furnishings ALL in broad daylight. Those. she becomes a victim of a planned robbery. Although no one personally planned her as a sacrifice, it was she who turned up for the gypsies. And why? Because on a subtle plane, it was not her that hung a debt that she did not want to repay. The most interesting thing is, guess who she immediately ran to after that? Yes, to the woman astrologer whom she should have! But not to repay her debt, no! And so that she helped her find the thieves, again, on credit! Yes ... - the astrologer told after that - I looked at her - the person did not understand absolutely nothing. I wonder what will happen to her next? As you can see, the laws of Cosmic Justice are working relentlessly. If you deceived someone and did not pay for real help or service, then you will lose much more. If you were deceived and did not pay for real help, the service - the cunning will lose much more. However, in the latter case, I still recommend, in order to avoid misunderstandings, to simply either take the money right away, or provide for some kind of impact on the debtor. Otherwise, do not provide a service, do not sell a product. After all, many people do not pay, not even because they deliberately want to cheat (although there are some), but because they keep postponing payments, preferring to spend the money that comes on their needs. Remember, we have already said that the subconscious of a person resists paying for what he has already received, when unfulfilled desires beckon. And then the person begins to reason: well, nothing will happen - they will wait for my payment. Or: but I remember - and I didn't really like it all (it helped) (although at first I was scattered in thanks!). Therefore, it is better in the morning - money, and in the evening - chairs.

As can be seen from the given example, the disturbed energy balance in terms of money is restored with the help of people who are not even aware of their mission, but are pursuing their goals. Here I must say a few words about the role of crime. V Soviet times the state imprisoned robbers and bribe-takers with confiscation of property, and now the function of Cosmic Justice is more performed by ordinary bandits. A thief steals from a thief. Thieves are also needed, they carry out their task of restoring energy balance. If you cannot energetically hold on to such an amount of property, give it back. If someone only takes, saves all the time, but does not give a percentage of the Outer Universe, a part of him will also be forcibly withdrawn. If someone is used to only taking from others, but does not want to give anything for it, he will be forced to give.

If we talk about thieves, then by and large the monetary egregor is absolutely indifferent to how a person receives money, even at least steals, if someone is destined to be robbed according to the law of equilibrium, his property will go to the thief, and the balance will be restored. A thief also spends energy on business, he needs quick wits, cunning, intelligence, special skills. Another thing is that thieves are not some kind of privileged representatives of Cosmic Justice. Yes, they do the dirty work of the Ecumenical Tax Police, but at their own peril and risk. If a thief is caught, it means that he is such a specialist in his field, he has worked poorly, and the Higher Forces will not protect him (only a personal guardian angel, a lucky star, a talisman, etc.) A thief can quickly receive a large amount of money, say, robbing a bank, committing a major theft. Such an amount for which others need to work for years. But if he gets caught, he will pay with the same years of his freedom. And the stolen may not even have time to use.

Thieves have their own egregor, which protects them. And it works on the principle of insurance. The lucky thief gets a big jackpot, and pays nothing for it. And the unlucky thief gets nothing, paying for years of freedom, or even life. That is, the luck of some thieves, in fact, is paid for with their freedom by other thieves, and in general the balance is maintained.

Releasing the old is associated with losses

Some people like to save up old junk at home, any unnecessary junk, not wanting to part with the energy of the past and creating a stagnation of the energy flow. This is a consequence of an inner unwillingness to change. The life of such people turns into a meaningless existence. And here the Higher Forces render them a great service if they send thieves or start a fire. In this way, the Universe gives people the opportunity to transform, gives them a chance to think and start life anew. But not everyone is provided with such a service! And even fewer are those who are able to evaluate such help and draw the right conclusions for themselves. For example, one man unsuccessfully tried to convince his elderly parents that they should not turn the apartment into a warehouse of old things, they should be thrown away. His parents not only saved their old stuff, but also picked up some unnecessary things on the street and dragged them into the house. One room in a three-room apartment has been completely converted into a warehouse for old junk. But on the son's offer to exchange an apartment in order to improve his living conditions, the parents responded with a unanimous refusal. Still - there will be nowhere to put old stuff! And here is the result - thieves climbed up to them, took out the TV, and some other things. The son said that this is a natural result of the thirst for the accumulation of old things, and that this can happen again if you do not get rid of the trash. However, the parents did not seem to understand the meaning of what happened. Of course, there are true values, antiques, objects of historical value, heirlooms, the value of which only grows over the years. But, you must admit, they do not include worn out, moth-eaten things, broken outdated equipment, etc.

Another variant of material losses for the same reason: a person himself subconsciously wants to get rid of the annoying thing, but does not find a real excuse or does not dare to make new costs. And his subconscious creates a situation when this thing is spoiled, stolen, or lost. For example, one girl told the following story: she was thinking about purchasing a new fur coat, but could not make up her mind, like the old one is still nothing, although she has been worn for many years. And so she was on the bus, and the hooligans cut her fur coat on the back of her back, so she had to buy a new one - with a patch to wear it is not the same. A deeper reason for such situations is the prohibition of a person to himself to have several things (several fur coats, several nail polishes, several cars ...) at the same time, the installation that you must first wear out one thing to the holes, and then you can buy another. This attitude is introduced by upbringing in a poor or stingy family, as a result, having become an adult and even having the opportunity to buy many things at the same time, a person cannot psychologically afford it, because his subconscious mind makes such a cunning move with damage or loss of things. By the way, an exercise for you: think about what happens to the partners of a person who has an attitude that it is impossible to have several partners (husbands, wives) at the same time ...

So, we have considered the possible causes of material loss. If they take place in your life, then no iron doors and alarms will protect you from robbery or fire, no attempts to save money will keep the level of income from falling. On the other hand, if these reasons do not exist in your life, then you can live with an open door, and carry a lot of money in a string bag - thieves will not come to you and don’t go to your property.

There is also a reason - it has more to do with a general drop in income levels than with theft or damage to property. Now we will consider it as well.

A new stage of development is not complete without losses

Yes, oddly enough, but there is also such a reason for material losses. Often, the transition to a higher stage of development and the transformation of a person's personality is accompanied by a decrease in the material level.

In fact, this is quite natural. You become a different person, which means that you should now be surrounded by other things. But you need time, first for internal restructuring, and then for realizing your new personality and its new needs. During this transitional period, channels of intention to the former, habitual goals are not created, because You no longer need this, the energy of desire does not go to the monetary egregor. And channels of intention cannot be created for new goals either, because you do not yet know what your new goals and desires are.

Any significant changes require large energy costs, one might say, a certain sacrifice, so for a while the material level may decrease. For example, to move from a small town to the capital, a person sells his three-room apartment in a small town and buys a one-room apartment in the capital. Of course, in doing so, he loses two rooms. But on the other hand, life in a large city opens up great opportunities for self-realization for him (if he knows what he wants to realize, there are goals), and therefore for earning money. As a result, after some time he will again be able to have a three-room apartment, but this will be another apartment of a higher energy level. Because a large city in comparison with a smaller city is always a place of a higher energy level. Or, for example, a person sells his small business in order to get a job in a larger city or another country, and in the future open a larger business there, which will bring income at a different level. He sacrifices little to get more, but his sacrifice will pay off in the future.

Note: Of course, there is some risk involved in any transition. Nobody guarantees your success in another city or another country. No one. If you didn't guarantee it to yourself! Why do crowds of immigrants come back disappointed - they have heard that in such and such a country or city there are a lot of opportunities for earning money. And they rushed there, imagining that these opportunities themselves would fall into their hands. And why would such heavenly conditions arise somewhere? Another myth for those in the illusion of easy money (i.e. directing energy into dreams, into virtual universe instead of real). They did not think that, yes, there are more opportunities, but according to the Law of Equilibrium, this means that more efforts will have to be made, and the struggle for a tidbit is tougher! In addition, you will have to change something in your worldview. After all, a person travels to a different environment, a different Universe, and, as is known, they do not go to a strange monastery with their own law.

Those people who did not manage to successfully gain a foothold in a new place are those who went to a strange monastery with their own law, or those who did not want (or did not know what was needed) to make efforts (more efforts than before), dreamed of freebies. And sometimes both together.

Resonance of place and person

Highly important role plays the energetic resonance of a place and a person. If a person successfully lived in one place, then his energy was in resonance with the energy of this city, country. And now he is moving to another place, and it remains to be seen how harmoniously his energy will be combined with the energy of the new place of residence. If it is not very harmonious, then you need to determine what the disharmony is and, if possible, correct it. But for this you will need to change something in yourself. Or refuse and go back. Better to calculate everything in advance. How? With the help of astrology, or even better, this question will be answered by the map of a person's compatibility with a city or country, which can be calculated using the numerology of the Moon Maps. This card will immediately show the possible pros and cons, difficulties on the way, what you need to consider, what to change in yourself in order to successfully settle down in a new place.

Moving to a larger city or a more developed country is always a step forward. high level, this must be understood. If this step is a consequence of the transition that has already taken place to the next stage of development, to a new Personal Universe, it passes harmoniously and is given easily. If a person only feels the need to move, then the step is more difficult, because personality changes take place in the process of external changes, the new Personal Universe is built under the influence of the External Universe. If a person simply thinks to himself that he is supposedly ready for the transition, sees only the outer side (oh, they earn more in that country!), But does not see the inner side (but there is also a different mentality), then he will face maximum difficulties, maximum the discrepancy between his Personal Universe and the Universe of a new place. However, he still has a chance to change under the pressure of the external environment.

Fear of losing money

It turns out a paradoxical situation: in order not to be afraid of robbery, you need ... not to be afraid of robbery! Yes it is. Any fear consumes energy and makes you vulnerable. Fear blocks the corresponding chakra, the energy level drops, and what usually happens to a person with low energy in this chakra happens. Those. in fact, a person creates for himself what he is afraid of. A person who is afraid of losing money blocks his second chakra, thereby lowering the level of just that energy that is necessary to attract and retain money.

Pay attention: very often people who are not rich at all become victims of thefts, from whom the thieves take some ridiculous sums and old junk. These people themselves attract thieves by thinking about the possibility of being robbed. And not only with thoughts, but also with actions. There is nothing of value in the apartment, but they put up iron doors. How to perceive this in the external environment is nothing but a challenge. It is known: aggression and fear have similar vibrations. The external environment perceives a person's fear as aggression towards himself and takes adequate measures.

Remember, the fear of being robbed attracts thieves! Grandmothers are shaking, going to the market, that they will pull out a wallet with their pennies, in which unthinkable places they hide money, as soon as they are not sophisticated. And as a result, forgive me, they will even get money out of their ass. And a person who is confident in himself, who does not even think about the possibility of robbery, can safely carry money in his bag.

Of course, some precautions must be taken, but reasonable, and not develop paranoia on the basis of fear of being robbed, do not panic. Such fears, insecurities in themselves can be a sign of low energy levels. A person subconsciously feels unprotected due to a low level of energy, hence fears and doubts arise. But these same fears further lower the energy level.

There is only one way out of the vicious circle - by a volitional effort to stop fears and start raising the energy level using the methods listed above. And the most important thing is to stop holding on to your material goods and money, shaking over them like a chicken over an egg. After all, whoever does not hold on to money so much does not have the fear of losing it.

The main protection can only come from within, from the person himself. With a low energy level, you can put at least steel doors, walk with at least a dozen guards - all the same, they will be robbed and killed. So it is better to spend the money that is spent on external, visible means of protection, to spend on gaining internal protection (psycho-trainings, methods of increasing the level of energy and confidence) and on hidden funds (for example, you can have a talisman to protect property). This is something that is not striking, annoying others, but gives real protection.

Briefly, you can once again describe a lifestyle that contributes to an increase in energy levels: avoid negative fantasies, be in a calm, balanced state of mind, move more physically, be in nature, do work that gives you satisfaction, and find time for your hobbies, hobbies ... But also responsibly perform even a not very pleasant obligatory on this moment work. Make plans for the future, taking concrete steps to implement them. Engage in special energy practices, connect to the Higher Planes through religious and esoteric traditions. If at least part of this list is fulfilled, the energy level will increase, and fears will recede.

Decreased energy in chakras leads to material losses

The energy that comes inside the human conductor will not linger there by itself if the chakras do not make special efforts. Yes, some necessary level of it will remain, but in order to increase concentration, additional efforts are needed, this will not happen automatically.

To increase the energy level of a person, a concentration of energy is needed (the pressure of a river flowing along a clear channel is greater than that of water spreading over a field).

When will the chakras be activated? With mental and physical activity, manifested in the framework of a harmonious movement towards the set life goals. Then all the chakras work together to complete a common task, and the higher chakras guide the lower ones.

Your energy will stagnate and spread if you are lazy, inactive, cannot force yourself to act, rely only on others. Or when you are in vain fussing, mindlessly wasting energy, acting crazy, breaking into closed doors and destroying everything around like an elephant in a china shop.

The first situation is a problem with the third chakra (there is no strength to force oneself to act). Second (no desires, not satisfied, tired). Or fourth (there is no sense of correctness - the sanction from above did not reach).

The second situation is problems with the fifth chakra (lack of information to solve). Sixth (can't think strategically). Seventh (intuition is silent).

Hence: You must be active, but reasonably active, perform only useful deliberate actions that will bring results.

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Commodity losses- these are losses caused by partial or complete loss of the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the goods in physical terms.

Material losses- these are losses caused by partial or complete loss of the value characteristics of the goods in monetary terms.
Material losses are the result of loss of goods.

Product losses are divided into 2 subgroups - quantitative and quality.

1. Quantitative (natural, normalized) losses Is a decrease in mass, volume, length and other quantitative characteristics goods.

Losses of this group are called natural, inherent in a particular product, processes occurring during storage and commodity processing.

Quantitative losses, depending on the causes of occurrence, are divided into 2 types - natural decline and pre-implementation losses.
1.1. Natural decline Are quantitative losses caused by processes that are inherent in goods and occur during their transportation and storage.

The reasons for the natural loss are the following processes.
1.1.1. Drying (evaporation of water)- This is one of the main reasons for the natural loss of consumer goods containing water even in small quantities.

This process accounts for 50-100% of all natural loss.
The natural loss due to shrinkage is the higher, the more water is in the product, the less its water-holding capacity and the less reliable the packaging.

Shrinkage causes a natural loss of both food and non-food products.
These processes are practically the only ones in determining the natural loss for the following goods:

1. meat products;
2. fish products;
3. dairy products;
4. confectionery products;
5. fabrics;
6. leather;
7. cream;
8. and etc.

It happens:

1. if the product is hermetically sealed (for example, canned food, drinks, etc.), where water remains in the package;
2. for packaged and piece goods, but shrinkage rates are not established for piece goods.

1.1.2. Spraying (fading, spraying)- This is the loss of a part of the product in the form of light dust particles during repackaging, packaging and weighing, as well as due to the adhesion of particles to the walls of the container.

This process is characteristic only of finely ground products.
Shrinkage is most typical for the following products:

1. flour;
2. starch;
3. powdered sugar;
4. granulated sugar;
5. salt;
6. cereals;
7. powdered products (milk powder, bulk concentrates, washing powders, chalk, cement, etc.).

1.1.3. Filling (smearing)- This is the quantitative loss of liquid and viscous, buttery products due to the adhesion of particles to the walls of the container, as well as to the auxiliary means used to move the goods from one type of container to another.

This process causes the loss of the following goods:

1. beverages;
2. paints;
3. drying oil;
4. etc.

1.1.4. Volatilization of substances- This is the quantitative loss of goods due to the transfer of part of the volatile substances into the environment.
This process causes the greatest losses for the following goods:

1. alcoholic beverages (ethanol volatilization);
2. perfumery and cosmetic products (alcohol, aromatic substances);
3. paints;
4. drying oil;
5. etc.

1.1.5. Absorption of the liquid fraction of the product into the package- these are quantitative losses and losses of other consumer properties of goods due to the transition of the easily mobile water or fat fraction of the product.

This process is essential for the following products:

1. pickled vegetables (cabbage, cucumbers, etc.);
2. salty fish;
3. flour confectionery;
4. halva;
5. chilled meat, fish;
6. and etc.

1.1.6. Breathing (only for goods that are living objects) Is a biological process of the decay of energetic substances and the release of energy, partially used to ensure the vital activity of living objects.

The share of losses due to respiration accounts for 10-50% of all natural loss of food products.
This process is not common for most non-food items.
This process is essential for the following products:

1. fresh fruits and vegetables;
2. flour;
3. unboiled cereals;
4. eggs;
5. live fish;
6. and etc.

1.1.7. Breakage of glass containers (crushing of polymer containers) Is a process arising from the impact of dynamic and static loads that exceed its mechanical strength.

For polymer types of containers (including plastic bottles), crushing losses are not standardized, although cases of crushing are common.

This process normalizes the loss of glass containers for the following products:

1. alcoholic drinks;
2. low alcohol drinks;
3. soft drinks;
4. perfumery and cosmetic products;
5. drying oil in glass containers;
6. dishes;
7. mirrors;
8. etc.

1.2. Pre-sales loss of goods (waste)- these are the processes (operations) associated with the preparation of goods for sale.
These losses are subdivided into liquid and illiquid.

Liquid waste can be implemented with restrictions.
Illiquid waste must be disposed of.

1. Removal of low-value parts of goods that can be sold at a lower price or sent for industrial processing.
For example, liquid waste arises when stripping weight-scale butter from plaque; detaching the skin, bones from meat smoked meats, removing the head and fins from fish, trimming the haze (extreme) ends from tissues, etc.

Waste includes the following processes:
2. Separation of the component parts of the goods that do not have its functional purpose or have lost it.
For example, illiquid waste occurs due to packaging and dressing materials; removal of containers, filling liquids, rejection of specimens with critical fatal defects (decay, mold, etc.).

Waste includes the following processes:
3. Crumbling of goods when dividing into parts or during transportation, storage, weighing.
For example, when chopping meat, slicing cheeses, meat smoked meats, when transporting, storing or weighing cookies, crackers, pasta, halva, etc. crumbling occurs.

Waste includes the following processes:
4. Separation of its constituent components from the bulk of the product - water, fats, etc.

For example, separation of broth from cooked sausages; buttermilk - from butter; cheese whey - from cheeses; sprinkles of glaze - from gingerbread, sweets; paraffin - from cheese heads and other protective casings, etc.

2. Qualitative (activated) losses- these are losses caused by microbiological, biological, biochemical, chemical, physical and physicochemical processes.

The list of these groups of processes is ranked in descending order according to their importance.
Quality losses are written off on the basis of acts.

2.1. Microbiological processes- these are processes that cause damage to goods, significantly reduce their quality, make it impossible to use them for their intended purpose or reduce their reliability.
They are one of causes of biodeterioration.

For example spoilage of food products occurs due to different types of fermentation (butyric acid, propionic acid, alcohol, acetic, lactic acid, etc.), decay, mucousness, mold, development of toxic bacteriosis (butulinus, salmonellosis, etc.); for non-food products (fabrics, leather, furs and products from them), only mold is characteristic.

2.2. Biological processes Are processes (damage) caused by insects and rodents.
These include:

1. moth (clothes, fruit, barn, etc.);
2. beetles (beetle, weevil, etc.);
3. caterpillars (apple, plum, nut moth, etc.);
4. larvae (moths; wireworm; cheese, chocolate, carrot flies, etc.);
5. mouse-like rodents (mice, rats, badgers, chipmunks, etc.).

For example, damage to food products, furs, leather, fabrics and products from them.

2.3. Biochemical processes- these are processes that occur with the participation of various enzymes and are characteristic of biological non-food items and food products.

Violation of the natural course of these processes can cause various physiological disorders, which ultimately can lead to the death of biological objects.

For example, respiratory failure in fresh fruits and vegetables causes suffocation (anaerobiosis); in grain, flour, cereals - self-heating or spontaneous combustion, in flowers and animals - death due to anaerobiosis.

2.4. Chemical processes- these are processes that lead to the deterioration of goods due to changes in substances.

For example, rancidity of fat in fat-containing products (flour, cereals, nuts, flour confectionery, butter, margarine products, animal fats, meat and fish products, cosmetic products - creams, lotions, etc.); darkening of dried fruits and vegetables, canned food, etc.; oxidation of aromatic substances, which worsens the aroma of perfumery and cosmetic products; etc.; corrosion of metals for non-food products and metal containers, which impairs their appearance, etc.

2.5. Physical and physicochemical processes- these are processes caused by mechanical damage or deformation of goods.
For example, deformation of bakery products; crushing fruits and vegetables; full crumbling of confectionery; egg breaking; severe deformation, broken dishes or chipped enamel on it; deformation or destruction of individual component parts of household appliances; deformation of the packaging of household chemicals, etc.

Physical processes include shrinkage that causes the products to wither or dry out.

For example, fresh fruits and vegetables, fresh flowers, cheeses, meat, sausages, fish (frozen, dried, etc.), bread (acceleration of staling), etc.

Page 4 of 16

GENERAL HUMAN LOSS OF THE COUNTRY

The most difficult consequences of the fascist aggression for the Soviet Union are its casualties of both military personnel and civilians, totaling 26.6 million people 1 . This figure was derived from extensive statistical research demographic scientists and subsequent work in the late 1980s) state commission to clarify human losses. It was promulgated in a rounded form ("almost 27 million people") at a ceremonial meeting of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on May 8, 1990, dedicated to the 45th anniversary of the victory of the Soviet Union in the Great Patriotic War.

In the specified number demographic casualties (26.6 million people) include servicemen and partisans killed in action, dead from wounds and diseases, starving to death, civilians killed during bombing, artillery shelling and punitive actions, shot and tortured in concentration camps prisoners of war, underground workers, as well as workers, peasants and employees who did not return to the country, driven to hard labor in Germany and other countries.

Never before has our country faced such military casualties. Even for the combined eight-year period of the First World War (1914-1918) and the Civil War (1918-1922), with their deadly epidemics (typhoid, cholera, malaria, etc.), it was killed, died from wounds and diseases almost in three times less - 10.3 million people 2. At the same time, the decline in the population of Russia in the First World War (demographic losses of servicemen and civilians) amounted to 4.5 million people. A similar decrease in Civil war- 8 million people.

The number of losses of our country in the Second World War significantly exceeded the total number of casualties suffered in the First World War and the Civil War. The fact is that the Great Patriotic War, like the Second World War as a whole, differed from all previous wars in its decisive goals on both sides, an unprecedentedly huge number of troops involved and a manifold increase in the lethal force of weapons and military equipment.

Moreover, the war was not limited to confrontation between the belligerent armies, as it was in the past. The German fascist invaders inflicted their deadly blows on both the troops and the civilian population, making no difference between the front and the rear, between military personnel and civilians. All this sharply increased the number of victims.

The scale of human losses in the USSR during the Great Patriotic War was determined by two methods - accounting and statistical and balance sheet.

The first is to estimate losses based on available accounting records. This method was used to determine, in particular, the losses of personnel of the Armed Forces of the USSR, given in the following sections.

However, the accounting and statistical method cannot be applied to the assessment of many categories of civilian casualties due to the lack of the necessary registration and statistical materials. A full assessment of irrecoverable human losses can be obtained here only by the demographic balance method, by comparing the size and age structure of the USSR population at the beginning and end of the war. This method was the basis for the work of the state commission to clarify human losses, which consisted of scientists, specialists from ministries and departments, representatives of public organizations engaged in demographic problems.

The total human losses calculated by the commission using the balance method include all those who died as a result of military and other actions of the enemy, who died as a result of an increased mortality rate during the war in the occupied territory and in the rear, as well as people who emigrated from the USSR during the war years and did not return after its end. The number of direct human losses did not include indirect losses: from a decrease in the birth rate during the war and increased mortality in the post-war years.

The calculation of losses using the balance method was carried out for the period from June 22, 1941 to December 31, 1945. The second boundary of the period was moved from the end of the war to the end of the year in order to take into account the deaths from wounds in hospitals, the repatriation of prisoners of war and displaced civilians to the USSR population and repatriation from the USSR of citizens of other countries. The demographic balance assumes a comparison of the number of the population within the same territorial boundaries. For calculations in this case, the borders of the USSR were taken on June 22, 1941.

The estimate of the population of the USSR as of June 22, 1941 was obtained by moving the results of the pre-war census of the country's population (January 17, 1939) to the indicated date, adjusting the number of births and deaths over the two and a half years that elapsed from the census to the attack. fascist Germany... Thus, the population of the USSR in the middle of 1941 is determined at 196.7 million people. At the end of 1945, this number was calculated by shifting back the age data of the 1959 All-Union Census. In this case, updated statistics on the mortality of the population and data on external migration for 1946-1958 were used. The calculation was made taking into account the changes in the borders of the USSR after 1941. As a result, the population as of December 31, 1945 was determined at 170.5 million people, of which 159.5 million were born before June 22, 1941, i.e. before the start of the war.

The total loss (dead, deceased, missing and ended up outside the country) during the war years amounted to 37.2 million people (the difference between 196.7 and 159.5 million people). However, all this value cannot be attributed to the human losses caused by the war, since in peacetime over 4.5 years the population would have undergone natural decline due to ordinary mortality. If the mortality rate of the population of the USSR in 1941-1945. take the same as in 1940, the number of deaths would have amounted to 11.9 million people. After deducting this amount, the loss of life among citizens born before the start of the war is 25.3 million people. To this figure it is necessary to add the loss of children born during the war years and who died at the same time due to increased infant mortality (1.3 million people).

Table 10

Calculation of the number of human losses of the Soviet Union in the Great Patriotic War (June 22, 1941 - December 31, 1945)

Note... The calculation was carried out by the Department of Demographic Statistics of the USSR State Statistics Committee in the course of work as part of a complex commission to clarify the number of human losses of the Soviet Union in the Great Patriotic War. (Source - Mobilization Directorate of the GOMU of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, house 142, 1991, inv. N ° 04504, fol. 250.)

As you can see, the number of losses is enormous. Thousands of citizens of our country died every day in battles at the front, died from bombs and shells in cities and settlements frontal strip. Hitler's executioners mercilessly destroyed our people as representatives of the "lower race" in the gas chambers of the death camps, sparing neither the elderly, nor women, nor children.

The war unleashed by the Nazis against the USSR was a war for the extermination of entire peoples, primarily the Slavic, Russian population. "For us Germans, it is important to weaken the Russian people to such an extent that they would not be able to prevent us from establishing German rule in Europe," read one of the interpretations of the so-called Ost master plan, a monstrous policy document Hitlerite genocide in the occupied territory of the USSR.

Notes:

1 Demographic decline in the country's population as a result of the impact of the war.

2 World War in numbers. M.-L., 1934; with. 31.

Civilian casualties

The destruction of the civilian population was carried out by the Nazis in the most sophisticated ways and means. For this, the methods of mass executions, the use of "gas chambers", the use of gas "cyclone" and crematoria furnaces in concentration camps were worked out in advance, industrial utilization of the remains of millions of killed people was organized. For the execution of criminal plans, cadres of professional murderers were trained. Villainous rules of conduct on the occupied land were instilled in every soldier of the Wehrmacht. For example, in one of the points "Memo German soldier"It was written:" You have no heart and nerves, they are not needed in a war. Destroy pity and compassion in yourself, kill every Russian, do not stop if you have an old man or a woman, a girl or a boy in front of you. Kill, by this you will save yourself from death, secure the future of your family and become famous forever ”1.

According to the plan of Hitler's colonization and Germanization of the "eastern space", not only the Slavic peoples, but also other peoples living on the territory of the USSR were subject to destruction. The most cruel attitude was towards Jews, whom the Germans exterminated in the first place, on a par with the communists. The criminal intentions of the Nazis also extended to Moldovans, Lithuanians, Latvians, Estonians, etc.

Thus, the barbaric extermination of civilians in accordance with Hitler's plan "Ost" was carried out in all the republics of the USSR, subjected to enemy invasion. In total, more than 7.4 million people were deliberately exterminated in the occupied territory. With a breakdown by republics, this information is presented in table. eleven.

Table 11

The number of the civilian population of the Soviet Union, deliberately exterminated in the occupied territory

Notes (edit)... 1 Great Patriotic War 1941-1945. Encyclopedia - M., 1985, p. 619.

2 Sociological research. 1991, no. 12, p. 7. (Data on children is incomplete).

3 Voenno-istoricheskii zhurnal, 1990, No. 6, p. 23.

4 Great Patriotic War 1941-1945. Encyclopedia. - M., 1985, p. 398.

5 Ibid., P. 457, (this number does not include 240 thousand Jews and 25 thousand Gypsies, whom the Romanian fascists destroyed between the Dniester and the Bug with the complicity of the Nazis and Bandera).

6 This number does not include partisans and underground fighters, whom the Nazis, in the event of capture, were referred to as prisoners of war.

Great damage to the Soviet population, which was under occupation, was caused by the forcible hijacking of the most able-bodied part of it for hard labor in Germany and neighboring industrially developed countries, which were also under German occupation. The Soviet slaves were called there "ostarbeiters" (eastern workers). The number of stolen citizens for each republic is shown in table. 12.

Of the total number of Soviet citizens taken to work in Germany (5,269,513 people), 2,654,100 people were repatriated to their homeland after the end of the war. They did not return for various reasons and became emigrants - 451,100 people. The rest 2 164 313 people. perished and died in fascist captivity. The reasons for the high mortality rate among the Ostarbeiters were hard labor, poor nutrition, and cruel punishments for the slightest deviation from the camp regime.

Table 12

The size of the population driven away by the Nazis to work in Germany from the occupied territory of the USSR

Notes (edit)... 1 Military history journal. 1991, no. 8, p. 28.

2 Great Patriotic War 1941-1945. Encyclopedia. - M., 1985, p. 742.

3 Military history journal. 1990, no. 6, p. 27.

4 Sociological research. 1991, no. 12, p. nine.

In addition to those killed at work in Germany, among the general losses of the civilian population should be attributed to the dead and perished civilians in the occupied territory. By the beginning of 1943, about 2 million square meters were under occupation. km of Soviet territory, on which, according to the State Planning Committee of the USSR, 88 million people previously lived 2.

In the course of an organized and spontaneous evacuation, about 15 million people left to the east, and were also drafted into the Armed Forces. Remained under the rule of the German, Romanian, Hungarian and Finnish fascists at least 73 million people, or 37 percent of the total population of the USSR, which on June 22, 1941 was 196.7 million people.

For most of the occupied areas, this dreadful period lasted 2-3 years. The invaders introduced rigid labor service for Soviet citizens between the ages of 18 and 45 (for citizens of Jewish nationality, between 18 and 60). At the same time, the working day, even in hazardous industries, lasted 14-16 hours a day. Those who dodged work were sent to hard labor prisons or to the gallows. Overwork, chronic hunger, as well as illness and lack of elementary medical care led to the widespread death of tens and hundreds of thousands of people. According to available data, 8.5 million people died during the occupation for these reasons.

If we subtract from this number the 6 percent decline in the population of the occupied regions, calculated for peacetime conditions and amounted to 4.4 million people, then the number of premature deaths from the brutal impact of the occupation regime will be at least 4.1 million people. The general summary data on the deaths of the civilian population of the USSR are given in table. 13, the indicators of which allow us to conclude that the number of civilians killed during the war years as a result of the Nazi occupation turned out to be more than half of all human victims of the Soviet Union (compare 13.7 million people and 26.6 million people). Consequently, all the Soviet land captured by the Nazis was turned by them into a huge death camp. When the Red Army liberated the occupied territories, most of them were literally depopulated as a result of the unheard-of atrocities of the Nazis.

Table 13

Information on the number of victims of the civilian population of the USSR during the occupation

Note... * In addition to those killed in forced labor in Germany, 451,100 so-called non-returnees from the "Ostarbeiters" who, with the active participation of the military authorities of England, the United States and France, were recruited as cheap labor in the countries Western Europe, Latin America, the United States and Australia and became emigrants (Sociological Research, 1991, no. 12, p. 10).

In addition to the victims associated with the fascist terror, the brutal conditions of the occupation regime and the deportation of Soviet people into fascist slavery, the civilian population of the USSR suffered heavy losses from the enemy's military influence in the front-line areas, besieged and besieged cities. So, in Leningrad during the blockade (from September 1941 to January 1943) 641 thousand 4 died of starvation, 17 thousand inhabitants of the city died from enemy artillery shelling.

In Stalingrad in August 1942 alone, more than 40 thousand people were killed during the massive raids by fascist German aviation. civilian population 5.

Losses of civilians from the bombing of Sevastopol and Odessa, Kerch and Novorossiysk, Smolensk and Tula, Kharkov, Minsk and Murmansk are counted in tens of thousands.

Russia's human losses from the occupation regime are enormous. According to the available data, given in table. 14, only in ten administrative formations of the Russian Federation the decrease in the civilian population was more than 3.9 million people.

If out of the total population decline in territories, regions and autonomous republics listed in table. 14 ("Population reduction" by 3.9 million people), to exclude the number of Soviet citizens who returned from German penal servitude after the end of the war (450 thousand people), and the number of those deported in 1944 from North Caucasus to the eastern regions of the country of Chechens, Ingush, Balkars, Kalmyks, Karachais and people of other nationalities (600 thousand people), not related to demographic losses, then as a result we get the total number of irrecoverable losses of the civilian population in ten indicated administrative-territorial units - 2 , 85 million people. Approximately the same number of people were missing in the remaining 13 regions of Russia (according to the administrative-territorial division of the war years), which underwent Nazi occupation (Leningrad, Pskov, Velikolukskaya, Smolensk, Bryansk, Kaluga, Novgorod, Kalinin, Oryol and others). Consequently, the barbaric actions of the German fascist invaders to exterminate the Soviet people, especially the Slavic peoples and primarily the Russian, claimed 5.7 million human lives in the Russian Federation alone. And if to this number we add almost 0.7 million more people who died and died from starvation of Leningrad during the blockade of the city, then we get the final figure of irrecoverable losses of the civilian population of Russia - 6.4 million people.

Table 14 6

Names of edges, areas, autonomous republics	Population (thousand people)		Population decline (thousand people)
	before the occupation according to the 1939 census	after liberation from occupation	number
Krasnodar region
Stavropol region
Voronezh region
Kursk region
Rostov region
Stalingrad region
Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
Kalmyk ASSR
North Ossetian ASSR
Chechen-Ingush ASSR
	15 690,2	11 765,5

The largest decline was in cities such as Voronezh, Kerch, Novorossiysk, Rostov-on-Don, Stalingrad. For example, in Stalingrad and Voronezh, which the Nazis did not manage to completely capture, the largest losses of the urban population are noted. In Stalingrad, by the time the enemy was driven out, only 12.2% remained, and in Voronezh - 19.8% of the pre-war population, most of which are part of the disabled.

The lack of complete statistical materials on the types of civilian casualties under consideration does not allow showing them with sufficient accuracy in all regions of the country subjected to German occupation.

There is also no documentary information about the losses of paramilitary formations of various civilian departments (people's commissariats of communications, communications, sea and river fleets, civil aviation of the defense construction department of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the NKVD of the USSR), about the losses of a number of formations of the people's militia, as well as fighter detachments and battalions created in cities and regions.

Almost four years of fierce confrontation with fascist Germany and its allies cost the peoples of the USSR dearly. The human losses and material damage suffered by the country from the German fascist aggression are incomparable. History has not yet known such destruction, barbarism and inhumanity, which marked the path of the Nazis on Soviet soil.

Notes:

1 Collection of reports of the Extraordinary State Commission on the atrocities of the German fascist invaders. M., 1945. 7

2 Sociological research. 1991, no. 12, p. 4.

3 Sociological research. 1991, no. 12, p. nine.

4 Some studies say about 800 thousand people who died in Leningrad during the blockade. - (The war of Germany against the Soviet Union. 1941-1945. Berlin, 1992, p. 67).

5 Great Patriotic War 1941-1945. Encyclopedia. - M., 1985, p. 401.

6 Kolesnik A.D. RSFSR during the Great Patriotic War. - M., 1982, p. 223.

Losses of military personnel

The number of losses of personnel of the Red Army and Navy determined by the method of analysis and generalization of reporting and statistical materials of the General Staff, reports from fronts, fleets, armies, military districts and the Central Military Medical Directorate. Other documents available in the archives of the Ministry of Defense and central state archives were also examined. Information about the losses of the border and internal troops of the NKVD was received from the State Security Committee and the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs.

The losses of the troops of the active fronts and armies, from which reports were not received by the General Staff due to the difficult operational situation, were determined by calculation.

The treacherous invasion of the multimillion-strong Hitlerite Wehrmacht into the territory of the USSR, its sudden cleaving attacks on Soviet troops that were not on alert, disrupted communications and control, and led to the fact that the military headquarters sometimes had no time to take into account losses. The poorly organized collection of reports under these conditions, and often the lack of any opportunity to report on the availability and expenditure of personnel, did not allow the higher headquarters to accurately determine the true state of affairs in the front troops. The units and formations that were surrounded did not have the opportunity to provide information about their situation. Only during July-October 1941 were not received reports on the number of personnel and losses of 35 rifle divisions Southwestern Front, 16 divisions of the Western, 28 divisions and 3 brigades of the Southern, 5 divisions of the Bryansk and 1 division of the Reserve fronts 1.

The total payroll of these troops alone, judging by their latest reports, amounted to 434 thousand people. In addition, a large number of tank, cavalry and other formations and individual units of front-line and army subordination did not submit reports during this period. Therefore, when determining the number of losses of formations and formations defeated by the enemy or found themselves surrounded, their latest reports on the payroll number of personnel were used, as well as archival materials of the German military command.

The losses unaccounted for as a result of this are referred to the number of missing and are included in the information of the respective fronts and individual armies that did not submit reports in the third and fourth quarters of 1941. Although the data obtained by the calculation method on the losses of these troops are not absolutely accurate, they generally give quite a real picture of the number of casualties, especially in the first strategic defensive operations.

Notes:

1 TSAMO, f. 13-A, op. 3028, d. 2, l. 39, 43, 114, 115.

Irrecoverable losses

As a result of the analysis and generalization of reports on the number of human losses, recorded in an operational manner by the headquarters of all instances and military medical institutions, it was established that during the years of the Great Patriotic War, including during the campaign for Far East in 1945, irrecoverable demographic losses Armed Forces of the USSR (killed, died of wounds and diseases, died as a result of accidents, shot by military tribunals, did not return from captivity) amounted to 8 million 668 thousand 400 military personnel on the payroll.

This number did not include 500 thousand persons liable for military service, who were called up for mobilization in the first days of the war, but disappeared without a trace on their way to military units. Some of them were captured by the enemy, some were killed in air raids, and many remained in the occupied territory.

Irrecoverable losses of servicemen from among the citizens of the RSFSR amounted to 6 million 537.1 thousand people, or 71.3% of the total losses of the Armed Forces of the USSR.

In terms of age, the victims of the war among the fallen were mainly the youngest and most capable people. There were more than 6.4 million of them in the total number of 8.7 million people who died from wounds and diseases and did not return from captivity.

Table 15

The procedure for calculating the irrecoverable losses of military personnel

P / p No.	Loss types	Total losses (thousand people)	Including
			Red Army and Navy	border troops 1	internal troops
	Killed and died of wounds during the stages of sanitary evacuation (according to troop reports)
	Died of wounds in hospitals (according to reports from hospitals)
	Non-combat losses: died from disease, died as a result of accidents, condemned to be shot (according to reports from troops, medical institutions, military tribunals)
	Missing, taken prisoner (according to troop reports and repatriation authorities)
	Unaccounted for losses of the first months of the war (killed, missing in the troops that did not submit a report)
Total losses of military personnel			11 285,0
	In addition, there were missing (on the way to military units) conscripts called up for mobilization, but not yet enlisted in the lists of troops.
Excluded from the list of irrecoverable losses (total)
Of these: - servicemen who were previously surrounded and recorded at the beginning of the war as missing in action (recruited into the army for the second time in the liberated territory)
Soviet servicemen who returned from captivity after the war (according to the repatriation authorities)
Irrecoverable loss of payroll

Notes (edit)... 1 Including troops and state security agencies.

2 Included in the total loss of the country's population (26.6 million people).

Table 16

Irrecoverable loss by age

Each nation has suffered great irreparable losses. These were representatives of all nationalities and ethnic groups inhabiting the Soviet Union, while 2/3 of the fallen soldiers were Russians.

Table 17

Irrecoverable losses by nationality

	Number of losses (thousand people)		Nationality of the killed military personnel	Number of losses (thousand people)	% To the total irrecoverable losses (8 668 400 people)
Ukrainians
Belarusians
			The peoples of Dagestan
Mordvin			Kabardians and Balkars
Azerbaijanis			Chechens and Ingush
Moldovans
			Czechs, Slovaks
			Yugoslavs
Turkmens			Other nationalities
			Total

Notes (edit)... 1. In the form of a name list established by the Table of Urgent Reports, no indication of nationality was provided for the dead, deceased, missing and captured. The information on losses by ethnic composition given in the table was obtained using proportionality coefficients (in percent), which were calculated on the basis of reports on the payroll number of Red Army servicemen by socio-demographic characteristics as of January 1, 1943, 1944 and 1945. (TsAMO, f.13-A, op.3029, d.130, 227.229, 276.)

2. It was not possible to establish the ethnic composition of the 500 thousand conscripts called up for mobilization, who disappeared along the route in the units not included here.

As you can see from the table, the Russian nation suffered the greatest losses. At a gala reception in the Kremlin, held on May 24, 1945, toasts sounded in honor of the Soviet soldiers who defeated the fascist aggressor, all the workers of the front and

rear. Highly appreciating the contribution of all the nations of the Soviet Union to the achievement of Victory, I.V. Stalin proclaimed a toast to health Soviet people, and above all for the health of the Russian people, because it is the most outstanding nation of all the nations that make up the Soviet Union. “The Russian people,” he said, “have earned in this war general recognition as the leading force of the Soviet Union among all the peoples of our country. He has a clear mind, steadfast character and patience ... "The confidence of the Russian people in the Soviet government, according to I.V. Stalin, turned out to be the decisive force that ensured the historic victory over the enemy of humanity - over fascism.

Losses among women and civilians forms of reporting documents (Form No. 8 / OD, Order of NCO No. 023 dated February 4, 1944) were not allocated a separate line, therefore the number of dead, dead and missing female military personnel was shown in the columns corresponding to their military ranks, along with losses of the entire personnel of the troops, and the persons of the civilian personnel were shown in the column "privates". For this reason, the researchers, unfortunately, did not have the opportunity to determine the exact number of losses among this category of persons. They are taken into account in the total number of losses of servicemen.

According to the reports of the military districts on the number of notifications handed over by the military commissariats to the relatives of the dead and the dead, 94,662 civilian workers and employees were taken into account for the entire period of the war.

Of these: killed - 42 627 people.,

Died from wounds - 10 491 people,

Died from diseases and as a result of accidents - 5960 people,

Missing - 32 083 people,

Died in captivity - 3501 people.

Information about the losses of civilian personnel who were in special formations of various civilian departments (railway and water transport, communications, health care, hydrometeorological services and others), as well as in partisan detachments, was not submitted to the General Staff.

All losses of these departments were included in the general loss of life of the country (26.6 million people).

In 1993-1995. in the regions, territories and republics of the country, a lot of work was carried out to identify and register by name all the dead and missing during the Great Patriotic War, including militias, partisans and underground fighters, specialists of the sea, river, railway and road transport, health and communications workers who served in special formations of various departments. This made it possible to restore many new names of the fallen and to name them all by name in the Books of Memory, who, like soldiers in battle, while fulfilling their official and patriotic duty, gave their lives in the name of saving the Motherland.

In order to bring the calculations and assessments of the actual loss of personnel out of action during the period of hostilities as close as possible to the reliability, in the future, when comparing and analyzing the scale of losses by quarters, years, periods and other indicators, the maximum number of irrecoverable losses indicated in the 15th table was taken (11 444.1 thousand people), recorded promptly during the war. Based on this, all subsequent calculations of quantitative and percentage ratios of losses were made. So, by type, irrecoverable losses will be characterized by the following indicators (Tables 18 and 19).

Table 18

General irrecoverable losses of the Red Army and the Navy on the Soviet-German front and in the war with Japan

If we analyze the losses only in the war with Japan, then this ratio will look somewhat different (Table 19). For 25 days of hostilities in the East (from 9.08 to 2.09.1945), troops of three eastern fronts and the forces of the Pacific Fleet lost 12 thousand people, of which more than 80% were killed and died from wounds.

Table 19

The peculiarities of the Navy, as well as the specifics of the tasks performed by it, were also reflected in the nature of the losses incurred by ships and units of the fleet. If in the ground forces most of the losses are accounted for by those killed and those who died from wounds, then in the navy this ratio looks different. Here the number of missing persons exceeds the number of those killed by two times (Table 20). These are mainly the crews of ships and aircraft that did not return from a combat mission, about whose fate there was no information.

V last years thanks to the great research work members of the Joint Council of Veterans-Submariners of the Navy (St. Petersburg) G. Gavrilenko, F. Dmitriev, I. Kautsky, the names of many submariners who were previously listed as missing have been resurrected. The mournful list of the names of 3,632 people who were buried at the bottom of the sea of ​​all four fleets has been clarified, the coordinates of the deaths of 96 submarines that participated in military campaigns have been clarified. The research results are reflected in the Book of Memory edited by V. Kozlov. 1 The search work of the veteran submariners continues.

Table 20

Irrecoverable losses of the Navy on the Soviet-German front (from 06/22/1941 to 05/9/1945) and in the war with Japan (from 08/09/1945 to 09/02/1945)

Concluding the analysis of the total number of irrecoverable losses, it should be noted that in the course of preparing this work, the books of military registration and enlistment offices were also studied on the registration of notifications received from the troops or the Office for Personal Accounts of NCO losses for handing over to relatives for the dead, dead and missing servicemen. 12 million 400.9 thousand notices are registered in these books. This figure adds another 956.8 thousand people to the total losses recorded promptly (11 million 444.1 thousand people). The discrepancy in the figures is explained, as the study showed, for several reasons.

At first, in the books of registration of military registration and enlistment offices (at the place of conscription of military personnel or residence of relatives) all notifications are registered, including those received at the request of relatives and friends from the Office for Personal Accounts of Loss and for those who were in the people's militia, in partisan detachments, extermination battalions of cities and districts, in special formations of other departments, from which reports on the number and losses were not submitted to the General Staff. The losses of these formations were included in the total number of human losses in the country (26.6 million people). Also included in the books of the military registration and enlistment offices are those liable for military service, called up for mobilization and missing before their arrival at military units.

Secondly, there was often a duplication of the registration of notifications for the dead (missing), when two or more notifications with appropriate registration were sent to the same person to different military registration and enlistment offices (at the request of relatives, in connection with their evacuation, relocation).

Thirdly, from the registration books of notifications by military registration and enlistment offices, servicemen who were alive, who were previously recorded as missing, were not excluded.

These circumstances led to an overestimation of the number of casualties recorded by military commissariats. Proceeding from this, the authors took as a basis only reports from the troops and other archival documents.

Notes:

1 Independent Military Review, No. 41, 2007.

Sanitary losses

In the fierce war against the German fascist invaders, along with the irrecoverable huge, there were also sanitary losses of servicemen.

According to reports from fronts, fleets, individual armies and flotillas, sanitary losses of our troops (forces) amounted to 18 344 148 people, including 15 205 592 wounded, shell-shocked and burned, 3 047 675 sick and 90 881 people. frostbitten.

However, as evidenced by military medical statistics, the scale of these losses was much greater. In total, in the period from June 22, 1941 to September 1945, 22 326 905 people who were hospitalized were taken into account in medical institutions of all names (of which in the years of the war, Table 21).

Table 21

The excess of the number of sanitary losses recorded by the military medical institutions (Tables 21, 22 and 23) was due to the sick (4593.6 thousand people more than in the reports of the troops). This can be explained by the fact that the number of sanitary losses includes all sick personnel, including those who entered medical institutions from troops (forces) that did not take part in hostilities, from military echelons and marching units that were en route to the front, as well as from military formations of civilian departments, formations and units of the people's militia, partisan detachments and other units and institutions that did not submit reports on the number and losses of their formations to the General Staff.

The discrepancy in the number of wounded, shell-shocked and frostbitten (and, according to the troops, there are more of them than accounted for in hospitals) could be due to the fact that a significant part of the wounded after treatment in regimental and divisional medical centers remained in the ranks and were not included in the lists of units. was excluded.

When calculating and analyzing sanitary losses, it is also necessary to take into account the fact that a large number of servicemen were wounded (shell-shocked) from two to seven times during their stay at the front, and in this regard, they were shown repeatedly in reports of losses. Therefore, re-counting (as already mentioned in the preface) is possible not only among the wounded, but in general when calculating all combat losses. If, for example, a serviceman returned to service after being wounded, but then died, then he will be counted in combat losses twice: first as a wounded person, and then as a killed person.

For completeness, consider the following military medical statistics. After the end of the war (as of October 1, 1945) in Soviet army only among those who remained on military service, more than a million military personnel who had several combat wounds and therefore were repeatedly treated in hospitals were counted.

From table. 22 shows that 1,191,298 servicemen who received two or more injuries are shown in the generalized information on the number of sanitary losses as 3,035,936, that is, on average, each of them is included in the number of wounded 2.5 times. Since from the total number of those who received two or more wounds in the ranks by October 1, 1945, most likely only an insignificant part of them remained, there is reason to assume that, in fact, not 15,205,592 servicemen were wounded during the war, but much less. This applies equally to those who are sick.

Table 22

The number of military personnel who received multiple injuries

Number of wounds	The number of military personnel who received repeated injuries				Multiplicity	Included among the wounded
	officers	sergeants	soldiers	Total
Total				1191 298		3 035 936
1 wound

Military medical statistics show that 71.7% of the wounded, shell-shocked and frostbite who entered medical institutions for treatment during the entire war were returned to service, 20.8% were declared unfit for service and dismissed from the army with exclusion from the military registration or on long-term leave for injury and illness, and about 7.5% died. At the same time, the number of deaths in hospitals is taken into account both in sanitary and in total irrecoverable losses.

Table 23

Sanitary losses by type and outcome of treatment (including the war with Japan)

Loss types and treatment outcomes	Number of cases
Wounded, shell-shocked, burned and frostbitten (total)	14 685 593
of which: - returned to service
Dismissed from the register or sent on leave due to injury
Died *
Sick (total)	7 641 312
of which: - returned to service
Dismissed from the register or sent on sick leave
Died **
Total hospitalized	22 326 905 ***
of which: - returned to service
Dismissed from the register or sent on leave for injury (illness)

Notes (edit)... * Included in the number of irrecoverable combat losses in the column "Died from wounds in hospitals", with the exception of the dead servicemen of the border and internal troops (see Table 18).

** Included in the number of irrecoverable non-combat losses (see Table 18).

*** In the future, when assessing the scale of losses by years, periods of war, strategic operations and fronts, the number of sanitary losses received from troop dispatches (18,344,148) will be taken as a basis.

Table 24

Analysis of military personnel injuries based on more than 14 million case histories

Table 25

Average length of stay in medical institutions of the wounded and sick

The huge number of sanitary losses shows how difficult the work of medical workers at the front and rear was. More than 22 million military personnel and civilians have passed through their caring hands. Their great merit, first of all, is that over 17 million of those who were defeated in battles and sick were returned to service. And from among the wounded after recovery, more than 10.5 million people continued to fight the enemy.

Colonel General of the Medical Service E.I. Smirnov, during the war years the head of the Main Military-Sanitary Directorate of the Red Army, in his book "Frontline Mercy" rightly writes that "military medicine from a charity service for those who were injured in battles and sick in past wars has turned into one of the main sources of replenishment of the active army with experienced in combat terms, soldiers and officers returned to duty after treatment. "

It is appropriate here to emphasize the enormous amount of work carried out to create an extensive network of army, front and rear hospitals to provide medical care to the wounded and their effective treatment. Only in the rear of the country was formed by the health authorities of the union and autonomous republics, regional, regional and city Soviets of workers' deputies of rear hospitals for almost 1 million beds. An army of 700,000 doctors and nurses, as well as orderlies, orderlies, porters, medical instructors at the front and in the rear, was busy rescuing the wounded and restoring their health 1. The work of the people of this noble profession is highly appreciated by the Motherland. Orders were awarded to 8 medical and sanitary battalions, 39 military hospitals, orders and medals were received by over 116 thousand doctors and more than 30 thousand other health workers, and 47 doctors were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union 2.

Many true heroes among the medical profession have remained unknown. Some died saving the wounded, others, along with the hospitals, were surrounded and captured by the Nazis, others disappeared into the occupied territory during the retreat of our troops.

The personnel of army and front-line hospitals and the wounded and sick who were in them for treatment are often initial period wars, were the victims of capture and destruction by the enemy.

So, out of more than 6 thousand hospitals formed during the war years:

Captured by the enemy and are listed as dead ................ 117

They suffered heavy losses when leaving the encirclement and were disbanded ....... 17

Disappeared during the hostilities ................ 14

The fate has not been established (in the accounting documents there is no information about their activities since a certain time) .................................. ............. 79

Total................................................. ........................... 227 3

Notes:

1 Smirnov E.I. Frontline mercy. - M., 1991.S. 98.

3 TsAMO. Card file of the Military Medical Museum for the registration of hospitals

Overall loss estimate

Returning to the analysis of the total number of casualties in the army and the navy, it should be noted that the statistical information available about them makes it possible to quite reliably estimate the loss of personnel, taken into account in an operational manner by years and periods of war, campaigns, strategic operations, battles and individual battles.

On closer examination of the table. 26 presents an objective picture of the scale of our losses during the war years. Impassive statistics reminds of the first heroic, and more often tragic days, of the most difficult situation in which the defenders of the Motherland had to fight in the memorable 1941. These are bloody battles with an enemy superior in numbers and weapons at the border, the defense of the Brest Fortress, the first successful counterattacks, desperate attempts break out of the encirclement and captivity. Irrecoverable and sanitary losses in six months and nine days

1941 amounted to 4 million 473 thousand 820 people. Of these, 465.4 thousand people were killed and died at the stages of sanitary evacuation, 101.5 thousand people died from wounds in hospitals, died from diseases, died as a result of accidents, etc. - 235.3 thousand people, missing and taken prisoner - 2335.5 thousand people, wounded, shell-shocked - 1256.4 thousand people, 66.1 thousand people got sick, frostbitten - 13, 6 thousand people The percentage (52.2% of the total losses) of those who are missing and taken prisoner is especially high.

Irrecoverable losses were no less significant in 1942. The table confirms this conclusion. The fascist troops continued their offensive. The organized resistance of the Soviet soldiers also grew. The enemy suffered its first major defeat near Moscow. The high intensity of hostilities is reflected in the number of irrecoverable losses this year - 3258.2 thousand and sanitary - 4111.1 thousand people.

The scale of the major battles waged by the Red Army, driving out the fascist invaders from their native land, is indicated in the table by the data on the number of casualties by quarters in subsequent years. And only for the Great Patriotic War(including the campaign in the Far East) irrecoverable losses of the army and navy amounted to 11 million 285 thousand and sanitary (according to reports from the troops) - 18 million 344 thousand people.

How the irretrievable and sanitary losses were distributed among the categories of servicemen can be seen from Table. 27 and 28. If all losses are taken as 100%, then officers among them make up 7.68%, sergeants - 17.62%, soldiers - 74.70%. The greatest losses fell to the share of the rank and file.

Table 27, showing the number of losses by their types, and the graph of the ratio of losses by quarters, years and periods of the war (Table 29), characterize the difficult front-line situation throughout the war. Losses grow or decrease in strict dependence on the intensity of hostilities at the front. If you follow the line indicating the percentage of missing and taken prisoners, it started from its climax in 1941. The sudden attack of Nazi Germany on the USSR put the Soviet Armed Forces in dire conditions. The border military districts immediately lost the bulk of their people. Poorly organized accounting of losses, and often the lack of any opportunity to report them, did not allow higher headquarters to accurately determine the true state of affairs in the front troops.

Table 26

LOSSES
Red Army and Navy by type, quarter and year of war
(ratio)

Period		Irrecoverable losses
		killed and died during the stages of sanitary evacuation		Died of wounds in hospitals		died from disease, died as a result of accidents		missing, captured		TOTAL
	quarter	quantity		quantity		quantity		quantity		quantity
Total for the war with Germany										11273026
Campaign in the Far East
Total										11285057

End of table 26

Period		Sanitary losses								Total
		wounded, shell-shocked, burned		got sick		frostbitten		total
	quarter	quantity		quantity		quantity		quantity		quantity
Total for the war with Germany		15186030						18319723		29592749
Campaign in the Far East
Total		15205592						18344148		29629205

Table 27

LOSSES

Red Army and Navy by categories of servicemen, quarters and years of war

Period		Irrecoverable losses					Sanitary
	quarter	officers	sergeants	soldiers	total		officers	sergeants
In total for the war					11273026
Campaign in the Far East
Total		900188 7,98%	1988171 17,62 %	8396698 74,4%	11285057 100%		1374311 7,49%	3232285 17,62 %

End of table 27

losses			Total					Period
soldiers	total		officers	sergeants	soldiers	total		quarter
13722269	18319723				22111974	29592749		In total for the war
								Campaign in the Far East
13737552 74,89 %	18344148 100%		2274499 7,68%	5220456 17,62 %	22134250 74,7%	29629205 100%		Total

Notes to tables 26 and 27... 1. Losses incurred in the period from June 22 to June 30, 1941 are included in the third quarter of 1941, and from April 1 to May 9, 1945 and later (in battles with the remnants of fascist troops and various bandit formations), as well as the dead from wounds in hospitals in the period May - July 1945 - included in the second quarter of 1945

2. Servicemen who did not have officer ranks, but held officer positions, are represented among the sergeants, and workers and employees (civilian personnel) - among the soldiers.

3. Among the irrecoverable losses are shown all those who died from wounds and diseases both at the stages of sanitary evacuation and in hospitals. They are also taken into account in sanitary losses.

The units caught in the encirclement often did not provide information about their position. Many of those killed on the battlefield were considered missing or were not counted at all. This was the general picture in the first months of the war. Subsequently, with some stabilization of the front, the number of missing and prisoners of war decreased noticeably and reached 10% of the total losses by the first quarter of 1942. This is followed by a series of unsuccessful defensive operations and again the number of prisoners and missing persons reaches almost 35%. By the end of the year, this figure falls, and then becomes the minimum until the end of the war.

A clear reflection of the events at the front is also the number of wounded, shell-shocked, and burned people. In percentage terms, this indicator has always been high. But it especially increased in the summer of 1943, reaching 65% of all losses. It is known that at this time there were fierce battles in the Kursk region. The fascist German command tried here to take revenge for Stalingrad. But also in Battle of Kursk enemy troops were defeated. Both sides suffered heavy losses. The number of those killed and died of wounds in our troops in the third quarter of 1943 rose to almost 20%.

It is also seen that with a decrease in the activity of hostilities, the number of wounded and killed decreases, but the number of those who are sick and frostbitten increases. This figure reaches its peak in the second quarter of 1943 (about 35%), when there was a certain lull at the front. A similar relationship also persisted in 1944 and 1945.

Change in the number of losses (for each of their types), displayed graphically in table. 29, confirms the direct relationship between these indicators and the situation at the fronts in a particular campaign, a particular period of the Great Patriotic War.

Table 30 makes it possible to see the ratio of irrecoverable and sanitary losses over the years of the war.

In 1941, our troops fought fierce defensive battles, retreated, often being surrounded. This explains the high percentage (27.8%) - irrecoverable and relatively low (7.3%) - sanitary losses. Of course, the sanitary losses were also large, but it is completely impossible to take them into account. Many of the wounded remained on the battlefield occupied by the enemy and were among the missing. Therefore, the columns of different sizes in the table are indicators of types of losses.

This ratio changed significantly in 1942. As before, irrecoverable losses were high (28.9%). However, health care increased, although at the beginning of the year a significant part of the wounded were also reported missing.

Irrecoverable losses were somewhat reduced in 1943 - largely due to a decrease in the number of missing and captured. The evacuation of the wounded was carried out in a more organized manner. Accounting has become better and more complete, including in medical institutions. Sanitary losses increased to 30.2%.

1944 - time offensive battles, major battles of the Red Army. During this year, irrecoverable losses have decreased, and sanitary losses have remained almost twice as large. Approximately the same ratio was preserved in 1945.

Table 28

The ratio of the average number and losses of the Red Army and the Navy by categories of servicemen

Average monthly number

All the losses

Sanitary losses

Irrecoverable losses

Table 29

The ratio of losses of the Red Army and the Navy by their types, quarters, years and periods of war
(as a percentage of the total number of losses)

Table 30

The ratio of irrecoverable and sanitary losses by years of war